0% found this document useful (0 votes)
95 views14 pages

Lec 03 ODE Lin

Here are the key steps to solve the exercises: 1) x' = x + e-t p(t) = -1 μ(t) = e^t General solution: xe^t = ∫e^t e^-t dt + C x(t) = Ce^-t 2) Use an integrating factor of μ(t) = e^∫-sin t dt = e^-cos t General solution: x(t)e^-cos t = ∫2te^-cos t e^cos t dt + C x(t) = (C + 2sin t)e^cos t 3) Homogeneous equation: x2 - 9

Uploaded by

Mustafa El-Araby
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
95 views14 pages

Lec 03 ODE Lin

Here are the key steps to solve the exercises: 1) x' = x + e-t p(t) = -1 μ(t) = e^t General solution: xe^t = ∫e^t e^-t dt + C x(t) = Ce^-t 2) Use an integrating factor of μ(t) = e^∫-sin t dt = e^-cos t General solution: x(t)e^-cos t = ∫2te^-cos t e^cos t dt + C x(t) = (C + 2sin t)e^cos t 3) Homogeneous equation: x2 - 9

Uploaded by

Mustafa El-Araby
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

Differential Equations

(First-order ODEs)
(Homogeneous DEs – Linear DEs)

Dr. Ahmed Sayed AbdelSamea

Giza, Egypt, Spring 2018


[email protected]
Sec 2.6: Homogeneous DE (transformed to separable)

A function 𝑭(𝒙, 𝒚) is said to be Homogeneous of degree


𝒏 if : 𝑭 𝒕𝒙, 𝒕𝒚 = 𝒕𝒏 𝑭 𝒙, 𝒚 .

Example 𝑭 𝒙, 𝒚 = sin(𝒙/𝒚): Homogeneous of degree 0

Example 𝑭 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 : Homogeneous of degree 2

Example 𝑭 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 : Homogeneous of
degree 3
Sec 2.6: Homogeneous DE (transformed to separable)
The DE: 𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
is Homogeneous if: 𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 and 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 are both
Homogeneous of the same degree (each term of both
has the same degree).

Example (𝒙𝒚 − 𝟐𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎


𝒅𝒚
Example = sec(𝒚/𝒙) + (𝒙/𝒚)
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
The DE: = 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 is called Homogeneous if 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)
𝒅𝒙
𝒚 𝒙
can be expresses as a function of the ratio or
𝒙 𝒚
i.e., 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝑮 𝒚 𝒙 or 𝑯 𝒙 𝒚
Sec 2.6: Homogeneous DE (transformed to separable)
Every Homogeneous DE can be transformed to a separable
DE by the following procedure:
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒗
Let 𝒗 = 𝒚 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒗𝒙 = 𝒗 + 𝒙 , then
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚
The Homogeneous DE = 𝑮 𝒚 𝒙 becomes
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒗
𝒗+𝒙 =𝑮 𝒗
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒗
= + ln 𝒙 = 𝑪
𝑮 𝒗 −𝒗 𝒙 𝒗−𝑮 𝒗
Example Solve (𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 )𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

Divide by 𝒙𝒚𝟐 and rearrange


𝟐
𝒅𝒚 𝒙 𝒚 𝒚
= + =𝑮
𝒅𝒙 𝒚 𝒙 𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒗
Let 𝒗 = 𝒚 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒗𝒙 =𝒗+ 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒗 𝟏
𝒗+𝒙 = 𝟐+𝒗
𝒅𝒙 𝒗
𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝒗𝟑
𝒗 𝒅𝒗 = = ln 𝑥 +𝒄
𝒙 𝟑
(𝒚/𝒙)𝟑
= ln 𝑥 + 𝒄
𝟑
𝒅𝒚 𝒙𝟐 +𝟑𝒚𝟐
Example Solve = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝑪𝒙𝟑
𝒅𝒙 𝟐𝒙𝒚

Example Solve the IVP


𝒚 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒚 𝟏 = 𝟎

sinh−𝟏 𝒚/𝒙 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑪
Let 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟎 𝑪 = 𝟎
sinh−𝟏 𝒚/𝒙 = ln 𝑥
𝒚 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐
Exercise Solve 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝒚𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
Sec 2.4: Linear ODE
The linear ODE is given by :
𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒚 𝒏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 𝒚 𝒏−𝟏 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝟏 𝒙 𝒚′ + 𝒂𝟎 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 ,
where
𝒂𝒏 𝒙 , 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 , … , 𝒂𝟏 𝒙 , 𝒂𝟎 𝒙 and 𝒇 𝒙 are functions of 𝒙.
The first-order linear DE is given by :
𝒂𝟏 𝒙 𝒚′ + 𝒂𝟎 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 , or equivalently
𝒚′ + 𝒑 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒒 𝒙 ,

By using the integrating factor 𝝁 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙𝒑 𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 , then

the general solution is: 𝝁 𝒙 𝒚 𝒙 = 𝝁 𝒙 𝒒 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝑪


Sec 2.4: Linear ODE
Theorem
The first-order linear DE in the form: 𝒚′ + 𝒑 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒒 𝒙 ,
where 𝒑 𝒙 and 𝒒 𝒙 are continuous functions has the
general solution given by:

𝝁 𝒙 𝒚 𝒙 = 𝝁 𝒙 𝒒 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝑪

where 𝝁 𝒙 is an integrating factor and is given by:


𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝝁 𝒙 = 𝒆 .
Sec 2.4: Linear ODE
Problem solving procedure:
1. Rewrite the 1st-order linear DE: 𝒂𝟏 𝒙 𝒚′ + 𝒂𝟎 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 , in
the standard form 𝒚′ + 𝒑 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒒 𝒙 .

2. Get the integrating factor 𝝁 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙𝒑 𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 .


3. Write down the general solution using the formula:
𝟏
𝒚 𝒙 = 𝝁 𝒙 𝒒 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝑪
𝝁 𝒙

4. For the IVP, evaluate the constant C using the given ICs.
Sec 2.4: Linear ODE
𝒅𝒚
Example Solve: − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟔
𝒅𝒙
𝒑 𝒙 = −𝟑
𝒑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝝁 𝒙 = 𝒆 = 𝒆−𝟑𝒙
𝒚 𝒙 = 𝒆𝟑𝒙 𝟔𝒆−𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝑪 = 𝑪𝒆𝟑𝒙 −𝟐
𝒅𝒚
Example Solve: 𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 = 𝒙𝟔 𝒆𝒙
𝒅𝒙

𝒑 𝒙 = −𝟒/𝒙
𝒚 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟓 𝒆𝒙 − 𝒙𝟒 𝒆𝒙 +𝑪𝒙𝟒
Sec 2.4: Linear ODE
Example Solve: 𝒚′ + 𝒚 tan 𝒙 = cos𝟐 𝒙, 𝒚 𝟎 = 𝟐
𝒑 𝒙 = tan 𝒙
𝝁 𝒙 = 𝒆 tan 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = sec 𝒙
𝒚 𝒙 = (𝟐 + sin 𝒙)cos 𝒙
Example Solve the IVP: 𝒙′ = 𝒙 tan 𝒕 + sin 𝒕 , 𝒙 𝟎 = 𝟐

𝒑 𝒕 = − tan 𝒕
𝝁 𝒕 = 𝒆 −tan 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = cos 𝒕
− cos 𝒕 𝟓
𝒙 𝒕 = +
𝟐 𝟐 cos 𝒕
Sec 2.4: Linear ODE

′ 𝟏 𝟎≤𝒙≤𝟏
Example Solve: 𝒚 + 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙), 𝒇 𝒙 =
𝟎 𝒙>𝟏

𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏: 𝒚′ + 𝒚 = 𝟏
𝝁 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙
𝒚 𝒙 = 𝟏 + 𝑨𝒆−𝒙
𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝒙 > 𝟏: 𝒚′ + 𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒚 𝒙 = 𝑩𝒆−𝒙
𝟏 + 𝑨𝒆−𝒙 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏
Then, 𝒚 𝒙 =
𝑩𝒆−𝒙 𝒙>𝟏
Sec 2.4: Linear ODE

′ 𝟏 𝟎≤𝒙≤𝟏
Example Solve: 𝒚 + 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙), 𝒇 𝒙 =
𝟎 𝒙>𝟏

Try the IC: 𝒚 𝟎 = 𝟎.


𝟏 + 𝑨𝒆−𝒙 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏
𝒚 𝒙 =
𝑩𝒆−𝒙 𝒙>𝟏
𝒚 𝟎 = 𝟎 → 𝑨 = −𝟏
For continuity at 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝑩 = 𝒆 − 𝟏, then the solution is
𝟏 − 𝒆−𝒙 𝟎≤𝒙≤𝟏
𝒚 𝒙 =
(𝒆 − 𝟏)𝒆−𝒙 𝒙>𝟏
Sec 2.4: Linear ODE

Exercise Solve: 𝒙′ = 𝒙 + 𝒆−𝒕 .


Exercise Solve: 𝒙′ = 𝒙 sin 𝒕 + 𝟐𝒕𝒆− cos 𝒕 , 𝒙 𝟎 = 𝟏.
Exercise Solve: 𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟗 𝒚′ + 𝒙𝒚 = 𝟎.

You might also like