Government of Tamilnadu

Department of Employment and Training

Course : TNPSC Group II Exam

Subject : General English
Topic : Article

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Indefinite Articles ‘A’/ ‘An’

Article A or An is used before a singular noun. The choice between A or An is
determined by the first sound of pronunciation (not by the letter of alphabet even it
may be A, E, I, O, U) of the noun. If it is pronounced with vowel sound, use An
otherwise A.
The indefinite article ‘a’ or ‘an’ means ‘one’ and is used only with
singular countable nouns.

Examples
(a) He is a European. (B) He is an MLA

Usage of ‘A’:
 Before a word beginning with a consonant
Eg: a kettle, a woman, a fan, a chair
 Before a word that begins with a vowel letter but with a consonant sound
Eg: a university, a European, a one- eyed man
 Before a singular countable noun when it is mentioned for the frist time
Eg: He bought a book
 With an expression of quantity
Eg: a lot of time, a dozen oranges, a great deal of money
 With certain numbers
Eg: a thousand rupee note, a thousand times
 Before half and when half follows a whole number
Eg: half a litre, two and a half kilos
 Before a stressed ‘h’
Eg: a hotel, a hostel, a history student
Usage of ‘AN’
 In front of singular noun that starts with the vowel sound (the sounds of a, e, i,
o, u)
Eg: an orange, an apple, an egg, an ink pot
 Before a mute ‘h’
Eg: an honest man, an hour
 Before individual letters spoken with a vowel sound (f, h, l, m, n, r, s x)
Eg: an FIR, an HMT watch, an LIC agent, an MBA, an MP, an NOC.

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Definite Article ‘The’

The definite article ‘the’ refers to a particular person or thing and can be
used with both singular and plural nouns and also with uncountable nouns
Usage of “The“
 While speaking of a particular person or thing or one already referred to.
Example: She found a purse. The purse contained a golden chain. The
golden chain is very precious.
 ‘The’ is used with the names of renowned building, gulf, river, ocean, sea etc.
Example: The Taj Mahal, The Persian Gulf, The Char Minar, The
Pacific, The Ganga, The Red Sea, The Yamuna, The Thames.
 When a singular noun is meant to represent a whole category / class
Example: the dog is a faithful animal. (Or we can say Dogs are faithful
animals)
 ‘The’ is placed only before the plural names of islands and the mountain
ranges, chains of mountains, plural names of countries. Example the
Netherlands, the Phillipines, The Bahamas, The Laccadives islands, The
Himalayas, The Alps
 ‘The, is used before the names of countries but if the name of a country
contains word like; States, Kingdom, Republic, we use ‘the’ before them. E.G.,
The USA, The Ussr, the UK. The Republic of Ireland, the Domonican
Republic.
 ‘The’ is used before names consisting of adjective + noun (provided the
adjective is not East /West etc.)
 ‘The’ is also used before names consisting of noun + of + noun. Example: The
Cape of Good Hope, The Boy of Biscay, The gulf of Mexico.
 ‘The’ is used before superlatives. Example: She is most beautiful girl in our
college.
 Before such common nouns that are names of things unique of their kind.
Example: The Sun, The Earth, The Sky, The World, The Sea, The
Environment.
Examples
(a) The Sky is dark and the Moon is shining.
(b) The Sea seems calm today.

(i) In following cases we do not use ‘The’ before ‘Sea’.

(a) We go to sea as sailors.
(b) He is at sea now-a-days. (on a voyage)

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(ii) We can use ‘the’ before ‘Space’ if it means place.

He tried to park his car there but the space was too small.
But if it means area beyond the Earth’s atmosphere, do not use ‘the’ before it.
Example: There are lakhs of stars in space.
 ‘The’ is used before the name of persons (Family) in plural.
Example: The Raymonds, The Ambanis, The Birlas
 Before the names of important and renowned books.
Examples:
(a) The Kuran (b) The Ramayana (c) The Mahabharata
But we say – Homer’s Illiad, Valmiki’s Ramayana, Jaidev’s Geet Govind.
 Before musical instruments and name of inventions.
Examples
(a) He can play the flute/the tabla/the harmonium well.
(b) Who invented the telephone?
 Before terms referring Nationality or Community.
Example: The Indian, The French, The American, The English
 Before a proper noun, only when it is qualified by an adjective.
Example: The great Caesar, The immortal Shakespeare, The brave Napoleon.

 With ordinals like.

Examples:
(a) He was the first man to stand up.
(b) The sixth chapter of this book is very interesting.
First, Second, third ________ are called ordinals.
One, Two, Three ________ are called cardinals.

 When a person being referred by his designation, ‘the’ is used.

The Chairman, The Director, The President, The Chancellor.
Example: All financial decisions will be taken by the Chairman.

 When the thing referred is understood.

Examples:
(a) Kindly return the book. (That I gave you)
(b) Can you turn off the light? (The light in the room).

 Before an adjective, when the noun represents a class of persons.

Examples:
(a) The young will support the motion.
(b) The poor can be trusted.
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 When two or more nouns refers to one person, put ‘the’ before the first noun
only. If both the nouns refer two different persons or things, ‘the’ is used before
both of them.
Examples:
(a) The producer and financer was present there. (Producer and financer is
one person)
(b) The producer and the financer were present there. (Producer and financer
are two different persons)

 Before a common noun to give it the meaning of an abstract noun.

Examples
(a) The moralist in Gandhi, revolted against the injustice.
(b) The judge in her prevailed upon the wife and she sentenced her husband
to prison.

 ‘The’ is used before name of Newspaper, Community, Political Party, Historical

event, Train, Ship, Aeroplane etc.

 ‘The’ is used as an adverb with a comparative.

Examples:
(a) The more she gets the more she demands.
(b) The sooner you complete the better it is.

 ‘The’ is used before comparative degree being used for selection or comparison.
Examples:
(a) He is the stronger of the two.
(b) This is the better of the two novels.

 ‘The’ is used in some phrases also.

Examples:
(a) What is the matter?
(b) Come to the point.
(c) She came to the rescue.
(d) Keep to the left.
(e) The market is hot with the rumour.
(f) He is in the wrong.
In phrases; Go to the cinema, Go to the theatre ‘the’ used.

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Examples:
(a) He went to the cinema yesterday.
(b) She is going to the theatre.

 Before name of things single in kind; Hell, Heaven, God, Parliament, Paradise
(But ‘The Pope’, ‘The Devil’ are exceptions)
Examples: (a) He was condemned to hell.
(b) The Pope delivered a religious speech.
 Before Abstract Nouns that express qualities, state, feeling, actions
Examples: (a) Honesty is the best policy.
(b) Virtue is its own reward.
 When abstract nouns, instead of referring qualities, express person or things
possessing such qualities or express qualities of definite objects. They are
preceded by Article.
Examples:
(a) She possesses the cunningness of a fox. (Here cunningness refers the
quality of an object that is ‘fox’)
(b) He is the justice of peace. (‘Justice’ stands for judge).

Zero Article Position

Students should learn the following points carefully avoid the wrong use of articles.
Article is omitted in following cases.
 Before a Proper Noun.
Example: Akbar was a great king.

When an ‘Article’ is used before a proper noun, it become common noun.

Examples:
(a) Mumbai is the Manchester of India.
(b) This man is a second Sachin.

 Before a Common Noun, used in its widest sense

Examples:
(a) Man is mortal (b) what kind of bird it is?

 Before Plural Nouns referring a class in a ge—sense

Examples:
(a) Bankers are generally honest.
(b) Lawyers are generally intelligent.

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 Before name of regular meals.

Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner
Example: The dinner hosted by the queen was superb.

 Before names of ‘Languages’ or ‘Colours’. Examples:

(a) 1 do not know ‘Hindi’ but know ‘English’.
(b) I like red and blue colours.

 Before names of diseases like Fever, Cholera, Consumption etc.

(But if the names of diseases are plural in their form, the article is generally
used as, the measles, the mumps).
 Before names of public institutions, (Church, School, University, Prison,
Hospital, Court, etc.) if they are used, for the purpose they exist rather than
actual building.
Example: He went to Church. (It means he went to church for saying his
prayer)
He went to the church and from there he took a bus. (Means thast he went to
the place where building of the church is situated)

 Before certain titles and names indicating the relationship.

Emperor Ashoka, President Bush, Dewan Bahadur.
Examples
(a) Prince Charles is Queen Elizabeth’s son.
(b) President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas.
(c) Dr.Watson was ‘Sherlock Holmes’ friend.
(d) He is duke of York.
(But, the Queen of England, the Pope are exceptions)

 Before Material Nouns.

Examples:
(a) Iron is a hard metal.
(b) Silver is a semi-precious metal.
 When material nouns express things instead of matter of which they are made
they are representing ‘Common noun’, So they can be preceded by the Article.
Examples:
(a) He threw a stone on the cow.
(b) She threw a stick at the pig.

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 Before a noun following the expression ‘kind of’’

Examples
(a) What kind of girl is she?
(b) What kind of boy is he?

 In certain phrases.
To take breath, to set sail, to leave school, to lay siege, to catch fire, at home, in
hand, at school, by water, at Sunset, on Earth, by land, by train, by car, on
demand, in debt, in jest etc.

 Before nouns, which are plural in their meanings, though singular in form i.e.,
Cattle, gentry, furniture, scenery, advice, information.
 When two or more descriptive adjectives qualify the same noun and adjectives
are connected by ‘and’ the article is used before the first adjective only.
Example: This is a Hindi and English Dictionary. (Here dictionary is one)

 Article is omitted after the possessive case.

Example: His brother’s car, Peter’s house.
 Article is omitted with professions.
Examples:
(a) Engineering is a useful career.
(b) He’ll probably go info medicine.

 Article is omitted with years.

Examples:
(a) 1947 was a wonderful year.
(b) Do you remember 2000?

 No article is used before name of games, sports.

Examples:
(a) I am playing cricket.
(b) He is found of playing tennis.

 No article is used before number + noun.

Examples:
(a) The train arrives platform 7.
(b) I want shoes in size 10.

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 Work (= place of work) is used without definite article ‘the’.

Examples:
(a) He is on his way to work.
(b) She is at work.
(c) They haven’t back from work yet.

 ‘Nature’ when means environment, do not use article before it.

Example: If you interfere with nature you will suffer for it.
 No article is used before name of ‘Season’.
Examples
(a) In spring we like to clean the house.
(b) She is planning to visit her parents in winter.
 Definite article ‘the’ is not used before ‘Time of day’.
Examples:
(a) We travelled mostly by night.
(b) We’ll be there around midnight.
 Usually no article is used with the name of Airlines, companies.
British Airways, Sony, IMB, KODAK, Indian Airlines etc.
 No article is used before a noun when it is modified by either a possessive
adjective or a demonstrative adjective.
Examples:
(a) Do you like my shirt? (Possessive adjective ‘my’)
(b) I like this pen. (Demonstrative adjective ‘this’)
 No article is used before a noun when it is preceded by a distributive adjective.
Examples:
(a) Every student got a prize. (Distributive adjective ‘every’)
(b) Each student was present in the hall. (Distributive adjective ‘each’?

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