CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Industrial training is a platform in which a student gets to have the practical aspect of what is
studied in theory within the semesters. Students get to experience practically how things are
done in the field of work. This chapter provides a brief information of the organization where
I had my industrial training and the objectives of the training. It also contains an overview of
the whole industrial training process.

1.2 Background of Hisem and Soxiba limited

Hisem and Soxiba limited is a limited liability company that is located at stage 6, New
Portbell road, Luzira Kampala Uganda.

Hisem and Soxiba limited is sub-contracted to China Aero Technology International

Company at the Uganda Business Facilitation Center site where I had my industrial training.
This site is located at Roscoe road, Kololo Kampala next to City high school.

Hisem and Soxiba basically deal in electrical, mechanical and ICT works. At this particular
site the company is in charge of electrical installation as well as mechanical installation in the
form of plumbing and fire fighting. There were eight employees at this particular that were
working for the company.

The company Email is [email protected] and the contacts are +256705522333 and
+256776533522. The companies’ post office number P O Box 71352

1.3 Objectives of industrial training

Industrial training is carried out to enable students acquire practical skills and experience
such that they work on projects with supervision of experts who guide them.

The industrial training process is aimed at providing students with an opportunity to meet and
network with the personnel in organizations thus picking out the potential, techniques, talents
and the knowledge of skilled personnel.
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More to that, industrial training is meant to boost the confidence of students through the
hands on training they acquire that prepares them for future challenges.

1.4 Scope of industrial training

The industrial training, I carried out at the Uganda business Facilitation center site with
Hisem and Soxiba commenced with a brief orientation of all the areas around the site
followed by being introduced to my workmates.

Right from the beginning to the end of the whole industrial training process, safety
precautions as well as electrical installation rules and regulations were emphasized. All
installations are done according IEE Regulations or British Standards.

A variety of working tools and equipment used during the installation process as well as the
devices and materials were introduced and their usage shown to me.

Electrical layouts that involved lighting, smoke detection, small power, sockets and circuitry
schematics for Miniatures Circuit Breakers layouts are used during the all installation
process. This necessitated interpretation of these layouts to that the right devices are installed
according to plan.

I was involved in the piping or the putting of conduits through which the cables are to be
passed both in the slab and the walls. Lastly I was also carrying out the last bit of the
grounding and structural bonding for the all structural.

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 CHAPTER TWO: SAFETY, RULES AND REGULATIONS

2.1 Introduction

While doing any kind of electrical installation in Uganda, IEE (Institution of Electrical
Engineers) regulations have to be followed to ensure safety of beneficiaries of the power as
well as putting work together that is nice and is in appropriate locations for the users.
Therefore, the electrical design and equipment used should comply with the relevant product
standards. Thus the all installation should conform with the standards and regulations. During
the installation the safety of the workers is also crucial and therefore given particular
attention.

2.2 Hazards and risks at site

In electrical installation at a building site, there are numerous risks and dangers that one faces
which include working at heights, using of electrical powered tools that are quite risky and
dangerous such as grinders, falling objects, working in confined places, electrocution and
personal injuries, working with live equipment and circuits, dust and manual handling such
as pulling, chiseling, lifting and pushing.

There are also various hazardous substances encountered such as man-made fibres that might
cause skin or eye irritation (e.g. loft insulation), solvents that cause skin and respiratory
irritation (the solvents are used to cement together PVC conduit fittings), fumes and gases
that lead to asphyxiation (burning PVC gives off toxic fumes) and cement as well as wood
dust causing breathing problems and eye irritation.

2.3 Safety responsibilities of company and the employees at site

While working on site a company and its employees have the responsibility to ensure health
work and safety. Therefore, a number of regulations were put up which are enforced by the
clerk of works at the building site to stimulate and encourage high standards of health and
safety at work on site.

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Therefore, to ensure proper safety the company endeavors to give adequate instruction,
training, supervision and information to the workers to make them contribute positively to
their own safety and health at work. It also pays particular attention to ensure that the
equipment and systems provided are safe. The company also make sure that there is safe
arrangement, storage and transport of materials and substances as well as safe place to work
and safe access to it. Safety documentation is another that the company provides to make the
employees safety conscious.
However, as a worker there are safety responsibilities to fulfill to take care of our health and
safety as well as that of others that may be affected by the unsafe actions. These include
taking reasonable care to avoid injuries to oneself and others, proper storage of working and
personal protective equipment, follow the instruction on the safety documentation and signs.
These regulations are statutory and therefore can be punishable by law in case they are not
followed and anything happens to workers or the users.

2.4 Personal Protective Equipment

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) can be defined as all equipment designed to be worn or
held to protect against a risk to health and safety. This includes most types of protective
clothing and equipment such as eye, foot and head protection, safety harnesses for heights
working and high visibility clothing.
The company provides the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to the workers and thus they
are expected to make full and proper use of it. Safety signs are used as a remainder of the
type of PPE to be used in a particular area.

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Figure 2.1: Safety signs showing type PPE to be worn

The vulnerable parts of the body which are protected are head, eyes, ears, lungs, torso and
feet. Additionally, protection from falls is also considered.

Objects falling from heights are the major hazard at a building site against which head
protection is provided. Other hazards include striking the head against projections and hair
getting entangled in machinery. The typical method of protection includes helmets, bump
caps and hairnets.

The eyes are very vulnerable to liquid splashes, flying particles and light emissions such as
ultraviolet light, electric arcs and lasers. Types of eye protectors include safety spectacles,
safety googles and face shields.

Breathing reasonably clean air is a right of every individual particularly at work. However,
some construction processes produce dust which may present a potentially serious hazard.
The main effect of inhaling dust is a measurable impairment of lung functions. This is
avoided by wearing an appropriate nose mask, respirator or breathing apparatus.

A worker’s body also needs protection against heat, chemical or metal splashes, impact or
penetration and contaminated dust. Alternatively, there is also a risk of worker’s own clothes

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getting spoilt due to the rigorous work involved in the all process. Appropriate clothing such
as overalls and overcoats are recommended.

Hand and feet also need protection from abrasion, temperature extremes, cuts and punctures,
impact or skin infection. Gloves and gauntlets provide protection for hands during the all
installation process.

Boots and shoes with in built toe caps give protection against impact of falling objects and
when fitted with a mild steel sole plate can provide protection from sharp objects penetration
through the sole.

Noise is another of the hazards at site which may be defined as any disagreeable or
undesirable sounds generally of a random nature, that do not have clearly defined
frequencies. Therefore, in situations of extreme noise the intensity can be reduced using ear
protectors, ear plugs and ear muffs.

2.5 IEE Regulations

The IEE Regulations are non-statutory regulations in electrical installation that relate
principally to the design, selection, erection, inspection, and testing of an installation whether
permanent or temporary in and about a building.

The IEE Regulations apply to installations operating at a voltage up to 1000V a.c (low
voltage) and thus these involve regulations on selection and erection, isolation and switching,
inspection and testing, protection against electric shock, protective against overcurrent and
earthing and bonding.

2.6 Isolation during installation

While working with an electrical circuit during installation is key to always shut off the
power supply(isolate) to a circuit or device that you will be working on. This is the first thing
that one has to do before working on any electrical circuit. After turning the circuit off it’s
then checked with a tester to be sure that it is indeed off. A procedure is adopted to ensure the

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circuit worked on is actually dead one. Firstly, the test device is connected to the supply
which is to be isolated. This indicates the mains voltage. The supply is then isolated and the
test device observed to find out if reads 0 V. The test device is then connected to another
source of supply to prove that the device is working correctly. Lastly the supply is locked off
and warning notices placed. Only then can work commence on the dead supply. The test
device incorporates fused test leads.

Isolation prevents risks like electric shock and death. Electric shock occurs when a person
becomes part of the electrical circuit. The level or intensity of the shock depends upon many
factors such as age, fitness and the circumstances in which the electric shock is received. The
lethal of shock is approximately 50 mA, above which muscles contract, heart flatters and
breathing stops. Thus a shock above 50 mA is therefore fatal unless the person is quickly
separated from supply.

2.7 Safety signs

The rules and regulations of working environment are communicated to the workers by the
company by written instructions, signs and symbols. All signs in the working environment
are intended to inform and give warnings of possible dangers and are expected to be obeyed.
The regulations establish an intentionally understood system of safety signs and colors which
draw attention to equipment and situations to do that could affect health and safety.

Safety signs fall into four categories which include prohibited activities signs, warning signs,
mandatory instructions and safe conditions. The prohibited signs are a must not do signs.
These are circular white signs with a red border and red cross bar. They basically indicate an
activity which must not be done.

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Figure 2.2: Prohibition signs

Warning signs give safety information. These are triangular yellow signs with back borders
and symbols. They give warnings of a hazard or danger.

Mandatory signs are must do signs. These are circular blue signs with a white symbol and
they give instruction which must be obeyed.

Figure 2.3: Mandatory signs

Advisory or safe condition signs give safety information. These are square or rectangular
green signs with a white symbol. They give information about safety provision.

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Figure 2.4: Advisory or safe conditions signs

2.8 Accidents at work

Despite instructions, safety signs, education and training plus safety information accidents do
still happen while working. An accident can be defined as an uncontrolled event causing
injury or damage to an individual or property.

An accident can nearly always be avoided if the correct procedure and methods of working
are followed. To avoid accidents is detrimental to follow all safety procedures such as safety
signs when isolating and screening off work arears from the general public, not misuse or
interfere with equipment provided for health and safety, dress appropriately and use PPE
when it is necessary, behave appropriately and with care, avoid over enthusiasm and
foolishness, stay alert and avoid fatigue and lastly take a positive decision to act and work
safely.

2.9 First aid

Despite all the safety precautions taken on the construction site to prevent injuries to the
work force, accidents still do happen. First Aid is the treatment of minor injuries which
would otherwise receive no treatment or do not need treatment by a doctor.

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Therefore, first aid is treatment for the purpose of preserving life and minimizing the
consequences of an injury or illness until the necessary help is obtained.

However generally first aid is the initial assistance or treatment given to a casualty for an
injury or sudden. At the construction site of the Uganda Business Facilitation Center there is
a mini clinic that provides first aid to the workers in case of any short comings.

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 CHAPTER THREE: ELECTRICAL LAYOUTS AND PIPING

3.1 Introduction

There are various entities involved in the all installation process, each of which have
different responsibilities in the all process. Hisem and Soxiba as the sub-contracting
company in charge of electrical installation at the Uganda Business Facilitation Center is
responsible for the installation of all electrical equipment and systems in the structure.

3.2 Contractors responsibilities and services

Hisem and Soxiba as the electrical installation company is responsible for installation of
electrical equipment and systems in and around the building. Once the building is fully
operational it may also provide maintenance service of the facility.

The installation company provides a design and installation service, install electrical wiring
systems and also build control panel which incorporates the isolation and protection systems
required for the electrical installation.

Lighting and power installation is another service provided by the company. This ensures
that the all structure is illuminated to an appropriate level, has the power circuits to drive the
electrical and electronic equipment required by those who will use the building.

The other which are installed are emergency and security systems. These include smoke
detection system, CCTV cameras, fire alarms and security lightings. These ensure that the
structure is safe to unseen or adverse situations and is secure from intruders.

The company also installs consumer and commercial electronics such as data systems, hand
dryers, telephone and television systems. These are meant to give access to data processing
and number crunching, electronic mail and the internet or world wide web, audio and video
systems.

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3.3 Personnel involved

There is clear distinction between the duties of the individual employees, each do some
activity unique from another that contributes to the overall electrical installation process.
Responsibilities vary even in personnel holding the same job title and some hold more than
one job title. Personnel involved include electrical designer, cost engineer, projects manager,
foremen and operative personnel.

The electrical designer works with the clients and other trade professionals to interprete the
customers’ requirements. The designer produces the design specification which enables the
cost of the project to be estimated. At this particular project Multi-Konsults is in charge of all
the designing of all electrical layouts for the Uganda Business Facilitation Center.

Cost engineers measures the quantities of labor and materials necessary to complete the
electrical project using the electrical plans and specification for the project.

The project manager is responsible for the day to day management of one particular contract
or project and is also responsible to see that the design specification is carried out
appropriately.

Foremen on the project are responsible for the operative personnel who carry out electrical
work under guidance and direction. They have immense knowledge and experience
concerning electrical work.

The operative personnel carry out the electrical work under the supervision and guidance of
the foremen.

3.4 Electrical layouts

Technical information is in most cases distributed and retrieved using conventional drawings,
specifications and diagrams. An electrical layout is a scale drawing based upon the architects
site plans of the building which shows the positions of the electrical equipment to be
installed. The electrical equipment is identified by graphical symbols. The standard symbols
used are those recommended by the British Standards EN 6607, Graphical Symbols for
electrical power, telecommunications and electronical equipment. Some of the symbols are

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shown in the appendix. The electrical layouts are drawn to scale, smaller than the actual size
of the building. Therefore, to find the actual measurements to be taken, the distance on the
drawing is multiplied by the scale. For example, if the site plan is to a scale of 1:100, then for
every 10mm on the layout represent 1m to be measured in the building. An example of an
electrical layout is shown below.

Figure 3.1: Electrical layout

However apart from the electrical layouts, there are other kinds of drawings that are
necessary and useful during installation. These include detail and assembly drawings,

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location drawings, distribution cable route plans, block diagrams, wiring diagrams, circuit
diagrams and schematic diagrams.

Detail drawings are additional drawings produced by the architect to clarify some point of
detail. For example, a drawing might be produced to give a fuller description of a suspended
ceiling arrangement or the assembly arrangement of the metalwork for the suspended ceiling.

Location drawings identify the place where something is located. It might be position of man
hole covers giving access to the drains. It might be the position of all water step taps or
position of emergency lighting fittings. This type of information is usually placed on a blank
copy of the architects site plan or on a supplementary drawing.

In large installation like at Uganda Business Facilitation Center there is more than one
position for electrical supplies. Distribution cables radiate from the site of the electrical
mains in take positions to other sub mains positions. The site of sub mains and the route
taken by the distribution cables are shown on blank copy of architects site plans or the
electricians fitted drawings.

A block diagram is very simple diagram in which the various items or pieces of equipment
are represented by a square or rectangular box. The purpose of the block diagram is to show
the components of the circuit and equipment relate to each other. Therefore, the individual
connections are not shown. Figure 3.2 shows an example of a block diagram.

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Figure 3.2 Block diagram of storm water sump

A wiring diagram or connection diagram show the detail connections between items of an
equipment. However, they do not indicate how the equipment works. The purpose of a
wiring diagram is to help during the actual wiring.

Schematic diagram is an outline of a circuit. It uses graphical symbols to indicate the inter-
relationship of the electrical elements in a circuit. These help to understand the working
operation of the circuit but are not helpful in showing how wire the components. An
electrical schematic looks very like a circuit diagram.

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Figure 3.3 Circuitry schematic diagram of distribution board

3.5 Conduit work in installation

Electrical conduit fittings form the outer covering for most electrical wiring from one part of
an installation to another. They shield the cable wires from the external environment so as to
make cable last longer and also keep the users safe from electric shock and other
vulnerabilities to them. The electrical conduits are predominantly made of insulating material
for optimum functionality. Therefore, the general purpose of conduit or duct is to provide a
clear, protected pathway for a cable or for a smaller conduit sometimes called an inner duct.
This kind of installation is known as concealed electrical wiring and it is the most commonly
used in today because it is aesthetically appealing, protects cables from damage and increases
the longevity of the cables.

Conduits are produced in different sizes and are made of different materials. They are either
flexible or rigid with an acceptable radii of bending. The types of conduit include Rigid

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Metal Conduit (RMC), Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT), Flexible Metal Conduit (FMC),
Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride Conduits (PVC). However, the type of conduit to be used is as per
the specification of the designer of the electrical layouts. The minimum and maximum sizes
of conduits employed are 20mm and 50mm diameter respectively depending on the cable
size that will run through them. Diameters of conduits are often designed to maximize the
conduit fill.

Before conduits are installed in either a concrete slab or in a wall, the positions of
termination points such as circular boxes, adaptable boxes, MK boxes, switches, sockets and
the pathways for the conduits are marked out.

The appropriate length of the conduits from supply points to the electrical box outlets are
determined and the necessary bends and offsets are made using a bending spring or helical
spring. The spring is fitted internally through the conduit to the point where the bend is to
made at a workable angle or the conduit can be warmed sufficiently for it to move without
avoidable wall thinning of the outside of the bend. The conduit system however has to
comply with the requirement of the specified standards and regulations.

Joints between PVC conduit fittings are made with suitable adhesive, but expansion couplers
where any length of conduit inclusive of draw boxes. Slab conduits are laid between the top
and bottom reinforcements of steelwork. When the conduits are run on the shuttering before
the laying of concrete insitu, additional security is provided near to every electrical box and
at intervals of not more than 1.2 meters of conduit length, binding short lengths of steel wire
of not less than 2mm diameter are twisted around the conduits and the reinforcing steel. This
is done to ensure that the PVC conduits are adequately fixed preventing excessive
movements and damage the during the pouring and setting of concrete and the conduits are
protected from damage.

The conduit system laid is checked to ensure that there is no damage before casting to ensure
that there is none damaged and that the conduit installation is as per the electrical layout.
Where the conduits are left open ended most especially for socket outlets prior to wiring they
are protected with a plug or filled with papers. This is the same case with electrical boxes in
the slab, they have to be filled with papers to ensure that they are not filled with concrete.
Proper supervision is also performed during the pouring of the concrete to ensure that the

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conduits are not damaged in any case. In case of any damaged, it is replaced and ensured it is
watertight.

Figure 3.4 PVC conduit system laid

Figure 3.4 show the how the PVC conduits are used link the electrical boxes or outlets in a
slab, the necessary bend and offsets that are made to ensure that the pipe work is as per the
electrical layout, conduit joining using coupler and normal bends and how the laid between
the top and bottom reinforcements.

All conduits run are designed to permit wiring to be readily installed after the complete
erection of the conduits through the available draw boxes, accessory and luminary
suspension boxes.

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The whole piping system of a particular slab or floor are all linked to the electrical and data
ducts where they are to be supplied through the raising main bus bars. These are mainly
linked to the distribution boards.

Figure 3.5 Column looping for sockets

Figure 3.5 shows an example of open ended conduits that require to covered with a plug or
filled with papers.

However, laying of conduits in walls is somewhat different laying of the conduits in the slab.
Concealed conduit work is carried out after the construction of masonry walls but before
plastering work is done. Therefore, once the curing of the brickwork is complete after a
period of about 7 days, chiseling is carried out to create pathways for the conduits at the
marked locations that are in accordance to the electrical layouts. This is done using tools such
as hammer, chisel and grinders.

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First, the wall conducting activity is started with level marking on the wall,

keeping the height of the finished flow level in mind. This is ensured using a water level
device because sometimes the ground is rough and makes it hard to measure using other
measuring tools. After that chasing is carried out at the measured height. The width of
chasing is limited to the number of conduits to pass through and depth to at least 10 mm from
the masonry wall to have the conduit recess.

Mk boxes and other accessories are then mounted at the appropriate level from the ground.
This level has to be the same for all boxes as long as they are in the same room as per the IEE
regulations. This makes the installation to be aesthetically appealing to the users. The
conduits are fixed and joined to the boxes using bushes. Conduits enter an MK box or fitting
via bush because it protects the cables from abrasion as it enters. To ensure proper routing
and wiring the electrical conduits are fixed with approved clips. Bends or elbows are not
good to use for wall conduit work, bending spring is used if a change in the direction of the
pipe is required.

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Figure 3.6 Conduits fitted in the wall

All the horizontal conduit runs are straight at the box levels. The light point conduits run
straight vertically to the switch.

Once the conduits, boxes and accessories are fixed, the chiseled surface is filled with cement
mortar.

Concealed switch boards and boxes are fixed properly on level based on the architects’
design for example distance and height from finished floor. The gap between switch boards
and boxes is uniform and it is maintained across all the installations. The switch boards are
readymade modular type metal boxes of the approved kind and are fixed 3mm below the
plastered surface.

However, determination of the conduit dimensions begins with the largest cable or inner
ducts intended for occupancy of the conduit. It also depends on other considerations such as
diameter of cable and the form of placement and the pulling lengths.

Perhaps the most serious and least conduit and cable placement in an installation is that of
ovalisation or kinking of the conduits. This condition is brought about by tensile yielding,
severe bending of the conduit, excessive sidewall loading and probably the more frequently
crushing action of rocks. Thus more robust conduit materials and design has to be selected to
with stand most of such situations.

Conduits during placement are often routed around corners or change directions which
necessitates creation of bends or offsets. As result of such changes in the courses of the
conduits the pull tensions are increased for the cables that will go through the conduits.
Therefore, it is importance to determine the minimum workable radius to which the conduit
can be bent without mechanically degrading the performance of the conduit.

Since conduits are intended for buried applications in most cases, attention is given to the
number of bends or offsets and their distribution over a given length of conduit network
during the conduit placement and as well during the pulling process of the cables. This is
important such that the cables are not damaged during the pulling process due to friction,
twisting and tensile yielding.

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Cables are installed in the conduits by attaching a pull line such as binding wire to the cable
and the cable is pulled through the conduit. The conduit is first supplied with a pre- installed
pull line. This line is usually a woven tape or pull metallic tape which are various tensile
strengths. This pre-installed pull tape is the used to pull a pull line such as binding wire into
the conduit which is later used to pull the cables.

3.6 Installed systems

Depending on the electrical layouts and plans there are various electrical systems which are
installed. These include small power and data outlets such as sockets, lighting systems,
specialized electrical equipment such as office equipment or cookers and electrical
distribution systems.

Small power outlets are usually general purpose outlets located throughout the whole facility.
These small power outlets are usually not specified to serve any particular load but rather are
for general purposes. The piping for such outlets is done using the layouts for that particular
floor and the points have to be marked accurately in the right positions. This is such that the
outlets are in line with the masonry walls that are constructed later. There are other small
power outlets such television outlets, UPS outlets, three phase outlets and data outlets which
are kind of specialized.

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Figure 3.7 Floor box for a number of outlets

Other installed systems include the specialized electrical requirements that require separate
or dedicated circuitry that serves only the specialized equipment. Such equipment includes
water pumps, cookers, transformers, RMUs, network servers and heavy office equipment.
Because of their electrical load requirements as per the manufactures requirements, these
pieces of equipment require individual circuitry and special grounding methods. The conduits
that are used to supply such equipment are bit larger because the cable intended for their
occupancy are usually larger.

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Figure 3.8 Earthing piping for transformer and generator

Lighting systems have the greatest complexity both in the designing and actual installation
because their numerous number of all the electrical systems. These include light fittings of
various types and their controls or switch gears. The switches are of various kinds for
example one gang one way, two gang one way, two gangs one way, intermediate switches
and grid switches which have more than one gang. Each gang controls a circuit

The lighting systems of a particular floor are installed on the slab of the next floor before it is
casted. They are terminated at the switch points which are marked at the right positions and
also the points for the light fittings are also marked and boxes put as the outlets.

The other of the electrical systems are distribution systems. A distribution system is installed
to provide the distribution of electrical wiring throughout the facility. Distribution system
includes a main switch board which receives the power source from the serving utility and all
the associated components such as board that distributes all the required branch circuits
through the building.

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The smoke detection systems are networked from box outlet to box outlet with a supply
conduit and out conduit from each of the boxes. They are terminated at points called the
break glass call point and sounder.

3.7 Tools and equipment used

There are various tools and equipment used to accomplish the overall installation for both the
piping and the wiring for the electrical systems.

Table 3.1 Examples of electrical tools and their functions

Tool Function

Bending or helical spring This is used to bend the conduits to the

workable angles

Measuring tape Used for making measurements on the

structure

PVC solvent Used to keep conduits watertight and

together at the coupling areas or joints

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Tester For identification of the live conductors

Pliers Joining of strands of cable together

Opening of circular boxes
Tightening of pipes on the steel
reinforcements

Grinder Creation of channels in the masonry walls

for conduit installation

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 CHAPTER FOUR: ELECTRICAL PROTECTION

4.1 Introduction

The provision of a safe electrical system is fundamental to the whole concept of using
electricity in and around a building safely. The electrical installation as a whole has to be
protected against over load, short circuit damage and the people using the installation must
be protected from electric shock.

4.2 Basic protection

If the body of a person becomes part of an electrical circuit such as electrical mains and
current flows through it, the body’s normal electrical operation through the nerves is
disrupted. The shock current causes an un natural operation of the muscles and the result is
usually that the person is unable to release the live conductor causing shock. The current that
flows through the body is determined by the resistance of the human body and the surface
resistance of the skin on the hands or feet. Thus this leads to the consideration of exceptional
situations where people with wet skins and wet surfaces are involved such as in washroom
installations.

Two of contact result in a person receiving an electric shock, that is, direct contact and
indirect contact. Direct contact with the live parts involves touching a terminal or line
conductor that is live. Protection against such contact according to the regulation is called
basic protection. In an installation operating at normal mains voltage, the primary method of
protection against direct contact is by insulation. All live parts enclosed in an insulating
material such as rubber, PVC and other kinds of plastics. Protection can also be provided by
fixing obstacles such as guard rails around an open switch board.

4.3 Fault protection

Indirect contact results from contact with the exposed conductive parts such as the metal
structure of a piece of equipment that has become live as a result of a fault. Protection against
such is called fault protection. Generally, protection against indirect contact (fault protection)

27
according to the IEE regulations is achieved by connecting exposed conductive parts of the
equipment to the main protective earthing terminal. Earthing is the connection of exposed
conductive parts of and installation to the main conductive earthing terminal of the
installation. There are however numerous methods of protection against contact with metal
work that become unintentionally live such protective equipotential bonding coupled with
automatic disconnection of the supply, use of earth free equipotential bonding and electrical
separation.

For the case of protective equipotential bonding coupled with automatic disconnection of the
supply. Bonding is the linking of together of the exposed and extraneous metal parts of an
electrical installation for the purpose of safety.

This relies upon all the exposed metalwork being electrically connected together to an
effective connection. Not only are all the metalwork associated with the installation be so
connected, that is, conduits, trunking, metal switch and the metalwork of the electrical
appliance.

Thus the regulations require to connect the extraneous metalwork of service pipes, gas
conditioning systems and exposed metallic structural parts of the building to the protective
earthing terminal. In this way the possibility of voltage appearing between two exposed metal
parts is removed. For current to flow there should be a difference of potential between two
points but if the points are linked together then there is no potential difference.

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Figure 4.1 Copper plate for bonding

For automatic disconnection of the supply in the event of a fault occurring that causes the
exposed metalwork to become live. This is achieved using devices such as MCBs (Miniature
Circuit Breakers or fuses.

4.4 Over current protection

A consumer unit has to provide protection against over current. An over current is current
exceeding the rated values. An over current can be an over load current or a short- circuit
current. An over load current is current that exceeds the rated value in an otherwise healthy
circuit. Overload current usually occurs because the circuit is abused, the cables used are not
of the right size or the circuit is modified in an un healthy manner. Overload current causes a
rise in the temperature which would damage the installation.

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A short circuit current is an over current resulting from fault of negligible resistance or
impedance connected between conductors. A short circuit current usually occurs as a result
of poor insulation.

Fuses and MCBs are used to provide over current protection. Fuses provide overcurrent
protection when situated in the live conductors, they are not connected to the neutral
conductors. Circuit breakers are used in place of fuses in which case they provide a means of
isolation.

4.5 Isolation and switching

Isolation can be defined as the cutting off the electrical supply to a circuit or equipment in
order to ensure the safety of those working on the equipment by making dead those parts
which are live in normal service.

The purpose of isolation is to enable electrical work to be carried out safely on an isolated
circuit or equipment. An isolator is the manually operated mechanical device that is used to
open and close a circuit off load. An isolator switch is provided close to the supply point such
that all equipment is made safe.

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CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction

This chapter basically gives a summary of what took place during the all industrial training.
The strength and weaknesses involved, the opportunities and possible threats involved in the
all process.

5.2 Discussion

Industrial is basically aimed at creating an opportunity to discover, learn systems, structures

and familiarize with equipment as well as techniques or skills as a student that are needed in
the real work of technical work.

Hisem and Soxiba offers installation of all kinds of domestic equipment needed putting into
consideration of all the necessary accessories needed to make an installation safe. Since the
Uganda Business Facilitation Center is a large project that has vast number of equipment for
installation of different making. Some of the equipment are single phase while others are
three phase equipment and also the reasons of their positioning. Therefore, as student I got
various techniques in installation of the different kinds of equipment.

The techniques, materials and tools used by Hisem and Soxiba are up to date, safe and
therefore make the installation aesthetically appealing, trusted and make the all installation
process fast and swift.

5.3 Conclusions

The period of the industrial training was successful thanks to the support and expertise of the
personnel at the different levels who ensured that the process is smooth. A lot of safety
measures were emphasized and the overall installation right from the putting of conduits to
the finishing touches is done according to plan and regulations.

I therefore learnt to relate appropriately with personnel at the organization such that I can
easily obtain and learn their skills as well as obtaining knowledge from them. I also obtained

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technical skills like the use of some kind of equipment such as grinder during the installation
process.

5.4 Recommendation

Although a lot of caution is taken to ensure that conduits are not blocked by concrete, still
there are many of them that are blocked thereby making everything hard since some supplies
cannot be ignored. I would therefore recommend that new pulling methods are taken on to
make the whole process smooth.

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REFERENCES

1. Cronshaw, G.D.; et al. (2015). Requirements for Electrical Installations (17 Amendment 3
ed.). Part 2, Definitions: IET/BSI. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-84919-769-4.

2. ASEE Illustrated Guide to the IEE Wiring Regulations (15th Edition 1981)

3. RRC International, Health and Safety at Work For Dummies, John Wiley & Sons,
2016, ISBN 1119287243 Chapter 13 section Reduced voltage systems

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 APPENDIX

Definitions

Phase; The point or stage in the period to which the rotation oscillation or variation has
advanced relative to a standard position or starting point.

Single phase; A system of alternating current power where the phase relationship between
un grounded or live conductors is zero degrees or ten degrees.

Three phase; A system of alternating current power where the phase relation between the un
grounded conductors is zero or one hundred twenty degrees.

Conductor; A substance or body with the capability of transmitting electricity.

Box; An enclosure designed to provide access to the electrical wiring system. Uses include
but are not limited providing device and lighting outlets. They also provide wiring junction
points.

Trunking; A system used to contain wires or cables. Cable trunking is an enclosure with a
regular cross section and with a removable or hinged side and provide space for other
electrical equipment.

Bus bar; It is defined as a conductor or group of conductors used for collecting electric
power from the incoming feeders and distributing to the outgoing feeder.

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Some of the electrical symbols

Symbol Name

Main control or in take point

Main or sub main switch

Three pole one-way switch

Single pole one-way switch

Double pole one-way switch

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Socket outlet

Cord operated single operated one-way

switch

Switched socket outlet

Socket outlet with pilot lamp

Two-way switch

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Intermediate switch

Push button

Luminous push button

Electric bell or sounder

Electric buzzer

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 Single fluorescent lamp

Projector or lamp with reflector

Exit signage
EXIT

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