Scribd
Upload
14K views

BLDC Motor Control Using A Variable DC Link Six

The document discusses BLDC motor control using a variable DC link six-step inverter. It describes how BLDC motors require electronic control to properly apply voltage waveforms to the motor phases based on rotor position. A special power stage with a variable DC link six-step inverter is used, which uses six transistors controlled by gate signals to regulate voltage levels. Commutation is also discussed, which ensures proper rotor rotation by changing the voltage patterns applied to phases as the rotor position changes.

Uploaded by

sashank rawat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
14K views

BLDC Motor Control Using A Variable DC Link Six

The document discusses BLDC motor control using a variable DC link six-step inverter. It describes how BLDC motors require electronic control to properly apply voltage waveforms to the motor phases based on rotor position. A special power stage with a variable DC link six-step inverter is used, which uses six transistors controlled by gate signals to regulate voltage levels. Commutation is also discussed, which ensures proper rotor rotation by changing the voltage patterns applied to phases as the rotor position changes.

Uploaded by

sashank rawat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

BLDC Motor Control Using a Variable DC Link Six-Step Inverter

The BLDC motor is driven by rectangular voltage waveforms coupled with the given rotor position
(see Figure 2-2). The generated stator flux interacts with the rotor flux generated by a rotor magnet,
defining the torque, and thus speed, of the motor. The voltage waveforms must be properly applied
to the two phases of the 3-phase winding system, to keep the angle between the stator flux and the
rotor flux close to 90° to generate maximum torque. To achieve this, the motor requires electronic
control for proper operation.

Figure 2-2. Voltage Waveforms Applied To the 3-phase BLDC Motor


For standard BLDC motors, a power stage with a 3-phase inverter is used. Control is provided by
applying gate signal to the IGBTs of the 3-phase inverter. However, there are small high-speed
BLDC motors with very low inductance. The BLDC motors require a special power stage with a
variable DC link six-step inverter. The power stage uses six power transistors fully turned on/off
to control the commutation. The voltage level is controlled by two transistors in the variable DC
link six-step inverter.
Three Phase Inverter:
Single phase inverter covers low range power applications. Meanwhile, 3-phase inverters are
usually used for a high-power application. The 3-phase inverters generally are used for supplying
3-phase load especially in AC motor drives and uninterruptible AC power supplies. In order to
avoid undefined states in the VSI, and undefined AC output line voltages, switches between upper
leg and lower leg of the inverter cannot be switched off simultaneously as this will result in
voltages that will depend upon respective line current polarity. In addition, it is also would result
in short circuit across the DC link voltage supply which will damage the inverter system if the
switches is switching on simultaneously. There are six modes of operating the switches, where in
a cycle the phase shift of each mode is 60º. In order to generate a desired voltage waveform, the
transistor condition moves from one states to another. The load can be connected in wye or delta
connection. The line current is determined when the phase current are known. For a wye-connected
load, the line to neutral voltages must be determined to find the phase current.

Fig.4.2.1. Three phase bridge inverter


As in single-phase VSIs, the switches of any leg of the inverter (S1and S4, S3 and S6, or S5 and
S2) cannot be switched on simultaneously because this would result in a short circuit across the dc
link voltage supply. Similarly, in order to avoid undefined states in the VSI, and thus undefined ac
output line voltages, the switches of any leg of the inverter cannot be switched off simultaneously
as this will result in voltages that will depend upon the respective line current polarity.
Table 4.2.1 Switching sequence per switch taking a full 360 electrical degree with 60 degree
per cycle

Interval S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
(In degrees)
0 T0 60 ON OFF OFF OFF OFF ON

60 TO120 ON ON OFF OFF OFF OFF

120 TO180 OFF ON ON OFF OFF OFF

180 TO 240 OFF OFF ON ON OFF OFF

240 TO 300 OFF OFF OFF ON ON OFF

300 TO 360 OFF OFF OFF OFF ON ON

Commutation
Commutation provides the creation of a rotation field. As previously explained, it is necessary to
keep the angle between stator and rotor flux close to 90° for a BLDC motor to operate properly.
Six-step control creates a total of six possible stator flux vectors. The stator flux vector must be
changed at a certain rotor position. The rotor position is usually sensed by Hall sensors. The Hall
sensors generate three signals that also comprise six states. Each of Hall sensors’ states
corresponds to a certain stator flux vector. All Hall sensor states with corresponding stator flux
vectors are illustrated in Figure 2-6. The same information is detailed in Table 2-1 and Table 2-2.
Figure 2-6. Stator Flux Vectors at Six-Step Control
The following two figures depict the commutation process. The actual rotor position in Figure 2.7
corresponds to the Hall sensors’ state ABC [110]; see Figure 2-6. The actual voltage pattern can
be derived from Table 2-1. Phase A is connected to the positive DC Bus voltage by the transistor
Q1; Phase C is connected to the ground by transistor Q6; Phase B is unpowered. As soon as the
rotor reaches a certain position (see Figure 2-7), the Hall sensors’ state changes its value from
ABC [110] to ABC [100]. A new voltage pattern is selected from Table 2-1 and applied to the
BLDC motor. As shown, when using a six-step control technique, it’s impossible to keep the angle
between the rotor flux and the stator flux precisely at 90°. The actual angle varies from 60° to
120°. Commutation is repeated every 60° electrical. The commutation event is critical for its
angular (time) accuracy. Any deviation causes torque ripples, leading to a variation in speed.
Figure 2-7. Situation Right before Commutation
Figure 2-7. Situation Right before Commutation

Table 2-1. Commutation Sequence for Clockwise Rotation


Hall Sensor Hall Sensor Hall Sensor Phase A Phase B Phase C
A B C
1 0 0 -VDCB +VDCB NC

1 0 1 NC +VDCB -VDCB

0 0 1 +VDCB NC -VDCB

0 1 1 +VDCB -VDCB NC

0 1 0 NC -VDCB +VDCB

1 1 0 -VDCB NC +VDCB

Table 2-2. Commutation Sequence for Counterclockwise Rotation


Hall Sensor Hall Sensor Hall Sensor Phase A Phase B Phase C
A B C
1 0 0 +VDCB -VDCB NC

1 1 0 +VDCB NC -VDCB

0 1 0 NC +VDCB -VDCB

0 1 1 -VDCB +VDCB NC

0 0 1 -VDCB NC +VDCB
1 0 1 NC -VDCB +VDCB

2.1.4 Speed Control


Commutation ensures proper rotor rotation of the BLDC motor, while the motor speed depends
only on the amplitude of the applied voltage. The amplitude of the applied voltage is adjusted by
using the Variable DC-Link Voltage Control technique. The required speed is controlled by a
speed controller. The speed controller is implemented as a conventional PI controller. The
difference between the actual and desired speed is input to the PI controller and, based on this
difference, the PI controller controls the input voltage amplitude required to keep the required
speed.

Figure 2-9. Speed Controller


2.1.5 Torque Control
For applications requiring the motor to operate with a specified torque regardless of speed (e.g.,
in-line tensioning), a current controller can be used, since torque is directly proportional to current.
In this mode, the speed will be held at the value set by the speed reference signal for all loads up
to the point where the full armature current is needed. If the load torque increases further, the speed
will drop because the current-loop will not allow more armature current to flow. Conversely, if the
load attempted to force the speed above the set value, the motor current will be reversed
automatically, so that the motor acts as a brake and regenerates power to the mains. The current
controller is implemented as a conventional Proportional-Integral (PI) controller. The output from
the speed controller will be input into the current controller, along with measured DC Bus current.
The output of the current controller will control the duty cycle of the PWM pulses. The
combination of both speed and torque controllers is shown in Figure 2-10

Figure 2-10. Combination of Speed and Torque Controllers

Variable DC-Link Voltage Control


Using a variable DC voltage source to control the applied voltage consequently to control the
motor phase currents, can have some advantages over the PWM control scheme. This technique is
cheaper than a Pulse Width Modulation control but the losses can be high at low voltage and high
current conditions. However, at high speed, a linear power stage can be the best alternative when
switching losses and commutation delay of a pulsed power stage significant. The variable dc-link
voltage control technique is the only technique that does not cause high frequency disturbances, if
assumed that the variable voltage source is ideal. Its performance was similar to the PWM method
but it produced much smoother torque due to the absence of high frequency switching. In the
frequency domain, the variable dc-link voltage control technique contains only harmonics caused
by the current commutation. Its performance was similar to the PWM method but it produced
much smoother torque due to the absence of high frequency switching. In the frequency domain,
the variable dc link voltage control technique contains only harmonics caused by the current
commutation.

You might also like