BUS IDENTIFICATION DEVICE FOR THE BLIND PEOPLE

ABSTRACT
Generally, journey in a bus is a safe and comfort factor, but due to increase in number
of busses and passenger its going be tougher now a days and it will be more difficult
for blind people to travel in bus so with this project, we can make a system which can
help blind people to find the bus at the bus stop as they cannot able to see which bus
is coming on the bus stop.

By providing a device which can help them to know which bus is coming on bus stop.
In this project we have microcontroller, RFID reader and Bluetooth for voice
announcement as basic blocks. Whenever the bus come to stop the RFID reader will
be reading the tag (which is given to every bus for particular route) and depending
upon the tag it will give voice intimation by using Bluetooth the blind person can
know the bus number.
 INTRODUCTION

Microchip has positioned itself to target the motor control market, where our
advanced designs, progressive process technology and industry leading product
performance enables us to deliver decidedly superior performance over our
competitors, which includes the best of the industry. These products are positioned to
provide a complete product solution for embedded control applications found
throughout the consumer, automotive and industrial control markets. Microchip
products are meeting the unique design requirements of the motion control embedded
applications.

EMBEDDED SYSTEM:

An embedded system is a special-purpose system in which the computer is

completely encapsulated by or dedicated to the device or system it controls. Unlike a
general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, an embedded system
performs one or a few predefined tasks, usually with very specific requirements. Since
the system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing
the size and cost of the product. Embedded systems are often mass-produced,
benefiting from economies of scale.

Personal digital assistants (PDAs) or handheld computers are generally

considered embedded devices because of the nature of their hardware design, even
though they are more expandable in software terms. This line of definition continues
to blur as devices expand. With the introduction of the OQO Model 2 with the
Windows XP operating system and ports such as a USB port — both features usually
belong to "general purpose computers", — the line of nomenclature blurs even more.

Physically, embedded systems ranges from portable devices such as digital

watches and MP3 players, to large
stationary installations like traffic
lights, factory controllers, or the
systems controlling nuclear power
plants.
 Examples of Embedded Systems:

 Avionics, such as inertial guidance systems, flight control

hardware/software and other integrated systems in aircraft and missiles
 Cellular telephones and telephone switches
 Engine controllers and antilock brake controllers for automobiles
 Home automation products, such as thermostats, air conditioners,
sprinklers, and security monitoring systems
 Handheld calculators
 Handheld computers
 Household appliances, including microwave ovens, washing
machines, television sets, DVD players and recorders
 Medical equipment
 Personal digital assistant
 Videogame consoles
 Computer peripherals such as routers and printers.
 Industrial controllers for remote machine operation.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), sometimes called Wireless Sensor and Actuator
Network (WSAN) is a wireless network consisting of spatially distributed
autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as
temperature, humidity, pressure, etc.
A WSN system incorporates a gateway that provides wireless connectivity back to the
wired world and distributed nodes. To cooperatively pass their data through the
network to a main location. The more modern networks are bidirectional, also
enabling control of sensor activity.
The increasing demand for energy, the continuous reduction in existing sources of
fossil fuels and the growing concern regarding environment pollution, have pushed
mankind to explore new non-conventional, renewable energy resources such as solar
energy, wind energy, etc for the production of electrical energy. Since India receives
sunlight all 12 moths of a year. Hence utilizing it in the different fields is a wise idea.
India is an agricultural country. India ranks second worldwide in farm output. At
present, farmer manually irrigates land at regular interval. This process sometimes
consumes more water or sometimes the water reaches late due to which the crops get
dried. Solar powered smart farming irrigation system not only overcomes this
problem but also provide clean source of energy.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION:

This Project mainly consists of Power Supply section, ARDUINO UNO

Microcontroller section, Bluetooth module, RFID module.

Power supply:

This section is meant for supplying Power to all the sections mentioned above. It
basically consists of a Transformer to step down the 230V ac to 9V ac followed by diodes.
Here diodes are used to rectify the ac to dc. After rectification the obtained rippled dc is
filtered using a capacitor Filter. A positive voltage regulator is used to regulate the obtained
dc voltage.

ARDUINO UNO MICROCONTROLLER:

The Arduino UNO is an open-source microcontroller board based on

the Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc. The board
is equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be
interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. The board has 14
Digital pins, 6 Analog pins, and programmable with the Arduino IDE (Integrated
Development Environment) via a type B USB cable. It can be powered by a USB
cable or by an external 9 volt battery, though it accepts voltages between 7 and 20
volts. It is also similar to the Arduino Nano and Leonardo. The hardware reference
design is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license
and is available on the Arduino website.

HC-05 Bluetooth module:

HC‐05 module is an easy to use Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol) module,
designed for transparent wireless serial connection setup. The HC-05 Bluetooth
Module can be used in a Master or Slave configuration, making it a great solution for
wireless communication. This serial port Bluetooth module is fully
qualified Bluetooth V2.0+EDR (Enhanced Data Rate)3Mbps Modulation with
complete 2.4GHz radio transceiver and baseband. It uses CSR Blue core 04‐External
single chip Bluetooth system with CMOS technology and with AFH (Adaptive
Frequency Hopping Feature).

RFID MODULE:

Radio frequency Identification (RFID) is a wireless identification technology that uses

radio waves to identify the presence of RFID tags. Just like Bar code reader, RFID
technology is used for identification of people, object etc. presence. In barcode
technology, we need to optically scan the barcode by keeping it in front of reader,
whereas in RFID technology we just need to bring RFID tags in range of readers.
Also, barcodes can get damaged or unreadable, which is not in the case for most of
the RFID.RFID is used in many applications like attendance system in which every
person will have their separate RFID tag which will help identify person and their
attendance. RFID is used in many companies to provide access to their authorized
employees. It is also helpful to keep track of goods and in automated toll collection
system on highway by embedding Tag (having unique ID) on them.
 HARDWARE COMPONENTS

POWER SUPPLY:
The power supply is designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to
a suitable low voltage supply for electronic circuits and other devices. A power supply
can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular
function. A D.C. power supply which maintains the output voltage constant
irrespective of a.c mains fluctuations or load variations is known as “Regulated D.C
Power Supply”
For example a 5V regulated power supply system as shown below:

Fig 22: Functional Block Diagram of Power supply

Transformer:
A transformer is an electrical device which is used to convert electrical power
from one electrical circuit to another without change in frequency.
Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little
loss of power. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why
mains electricity is AC. Step-up transformers increase in output voltage, step-down
transformers decrease in output voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down
transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage to a safer low voltage. The
input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary. There is no
electrical connection between the two coils; instead they are linked by an alternating
magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the
middle of the circuit symbol represent the core. Transformers waste very little power
so the power out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped
down current is stepped up. The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the
turn’s ratio, determines the ratio of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large
number of turns on its primary (input) coil which is connected to the high voltage
mains supply, and a small number of turns on its secondary (output) coil to give a low
output voltage.

Fig 23: An Electrical Transformer

Rectifier:
A circuit, which is used to convert a.c to dc, is known as RECTIFIER. The
process of conversion a.c to d.c is called “rectification”
Types of Rectifiers:
 Half wave Rectifier
 Full wave rectifier
1. Center tap full wave rectifier.
2. Bridge type full bridge rectifier.

Full-wave Rectifier:
From the above comparisons we came to know that full wave bridge rectifier
as more advantages than the other two rectifiers. So, in our project we are using full
wave bridge rectifier circuit.
Bridge Rectifier:
A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve
full-wave rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with individual
diodes wired as shown and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is
wired internally.

A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement as shown

in fig(a) to achieve full-wave rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both
with individual diodes wired as shown and with single component bridges where the
diode bridge is wired internally.

Operation:
During positive half cycle of secondary, the diodes D2 and D3 are in forward
biased while D1 and D4 are in reverse biased as shown in the fig(b). The current flow
direction is shown in the fig (b) with dotted arrows.

Fig(24.B)
During negative half cycle of secondary voltage, the diodes D1 and D4 are in
forward biased while D2 and D3 are in reverse biased as shown in the fig(c). The
current flow direction is shown in the fig (c) with dotted arrows.
 Fig(24.C)

Filter:
A Filter is a device, which removes the a.c component of rectifier output but allows
the d.c component to reach the load.
Capacitor Filter:
We have seen that the ripple content in the rectified output of half wave
rectifier is 121% or that of full-wave or bridge rectifier or bridge rectifier is 48% such
high percentages of ripples is not acceptable for most of the applications. Ripples can
be removed by one of the following methods of filtering:
(a) A capacitor, in parallel to the load, provides an easier by –pass for the ripples
voltage though it due to low impedance. At ripple frequency and leave the d.c.to
appears the load.
(b) An inductor, in series with the load, prevents the passage of the ripple current (due
to high impedance at ripple frequency) while allowing the d.c (due to low resistance
to d.c)

(c) various combinations of capacitor and inductor, such as L-section filter

section filter, multiple section filter etc. which make use of both the properties
mentioned in (a) and (b) above.
Filtering is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across
the DC supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying
DC voltage from the rectifier is falling. The capacitor charges quickly near the peak
of the varying DC, and then discharges as it supplies current to the output. Filtering
significantly increases the average DC voltage to almost the peak value (1.4 × RMS
value).
To calculate the value of capacitor(C),
 C = ¼*√3*f*r*Rl
Where,
f = supply frequency,
r = ripple factor,
Rl = load resistance
Note: In our circuit we are using 1000microfarads.

Type of Rectifier
Parameter Half wave Full wave Bridge
Number of diodes
1 2 3
PIV of diodes
Vm 2Vm Vm

D.C output voltage Vm/ 2Vm/ 2Vm/

Vdc, at 0.318Vm 0.636Vm 0.636Vm

no-load

Ripple factor 1.21 0.482 0.482

Ripple
frequency f 2f 2f
Rectification
efficiency 0.406 0.812 0.812
Transformer
Utilization 0.287 0.693 0.812
Factor(TUF)
RMS voltage Vrms Vm/2 Vm/√2 Vm/√2

Table: Comparison of rectifier circuits:

Regulator:
Voltage regulator ICs is available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or
variable output voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them.
Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most
regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current ('overload
protection') and overheating ('thermal protection'). Many of the fixed voltage
regulator ICs have 3 leads and look like power transistors, such as the 7805 +5V 1A
regulator shown on the right. The LM7805 is simple to use. You simply connect the
positive lead of your unregulated DC power supply (anything from 9VDC to 24VDC)
to the Input pin, connect the negative lead to the Common pin and then when you turn
on the power, you get a 5 volt supply from the output pin.

Fig 25: A Three Terminal Voltage Regulator

78XX:
The Bay Linear LM78XX is integrated linear positive regulator with three
terminals. The LM78XX offer several fixed output voltages making them useful in
wide range of applications. When used as a zener diode/resistor combination
replacement, the LM78XX usually results in an effective output impedance
improvement of two orders of magnitude, lower quiescent current. The LM78XX is
available in the TO-252, TO-220 & TO-263packages,
Features:
• Output Current of 1.5A
• Output Voltage Tolerance of 5%
• Internal thermal overload protection
• Internal Short-Circuit Limited
• No External Component
• Output Voltage 5.0V, 6V, 8V, 9V, 10V, 12V, 15V, 18V, 24V
• Offer in plastic TO-252, TO-220 & TO-263
• Direct Replacement for LM78XX.

ARDUINO UNO:
The Arduino UNO is an open-source microcontroller board based on
the Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc. The board
is equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be
interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. The board has 14
Digital pins, 6 Analog pins, and programmable with the Arduino IDE (Integrated
Development Environment) via a type B USB cable. It can be powered by a USB
cable or by an external 9 volt battery, though it accepts voltages between 7 and 20
volts. It is also similar to the Arduino Nano and Leonardo. The hardware reference
design is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license
and is available on the Arduino website.
Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware are also available.
"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software
(IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the
reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is the
first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino
platform. The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preprogrammed with a
bootloader that allows uploading new code to it without the use of an external
hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol. The Uno
also differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial
driver chip. Instead, it uses the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2)
programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.
Background:
The Arduino project started at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Ivrea,
Italy. At that time, the students used a Stamp microcontroller at a cost of $100, a
considerable expense for many students. In 2003 Hernando Barraging created the
development platform Wiring as a Master's thesis project at IDII, under the
supervision of Massimo Banzi and Casey Reas, who are known for work on
the Processing language. The project goal was to create simple, low-cost tools for
creating digital projects by non-engineers. The Wiring platform consisted of a printed
circuit board (PCB) with an ATmega168 microcontroller, an IDE based on Processing
and library functions to easily program the microcontroller. In 2003, Massimo Banzi,
with David Mellis, another IDII student, and David Cuartielles, added support for the
cheaper ATmega8 microcontroller to Wiring. But instead of continuing the work on
Wiring, they forked the project and renamed it Arduino. Early arduino boards used the
FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip and an ATmega168. The Uno differed from all
preceding boards by featuring the ATmega328P microcontroller and an ATmega16U2
(Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.
Technical specifications:

 Microcontroller: Microchip ATmega328P

 Operating Voltage: 5 Volts
 Input Voltage: 7 to 20 Volts
 Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
 Analog Input Pins: 6
 DC Current per I/O Pin: 20 mA
 DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
 Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
 SRAM: 2 KB
 EEPROM: 1 KB
 Clock Speed: 16 MHz
 Length: 68.6 mm
 Width: 53.4 mm
 Weight: 25 g

PINS:

General Pin functions:

 LED: There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH
value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
 VIN: The input voltage to the Arduino/Genuine board when it's using an
external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other
regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying
voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
 5V: This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The
board can be supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 20V), the
USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-20V). Supplying voltage via
the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage the board.
 3V3: A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current
draw is 50 mA.
 GND: Ground pins.
 IOREF: This pin on the Arduino/Genuine board provides the voltage reference
with which the microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read
the IOREF pin voltage and select the appropriate power source or enable voltage
translators on the outputs to work with the 5V or 3.3V.
 Reset: Typically used to add a reset button to shields which block the one on
the board.

Special Pin Functions:

Each of the 14 digital pins and 6 Analog pins on the Uno can be used as an input or
output, using pinMode(),digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at
5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive 20 mA as recommended operating condition
and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50k ohm. A
maximum of 40mA is the value that must not be exceeded on any I/O pin to avoid
permanent damage to the microcontroller.The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0
through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values).
By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the
upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analog Reference() function.

In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

 Serial / UART: pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit
(TX) TTL serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the
ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
 External Interrupts: pins 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an
interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value.
 PWM (Pulse Width Modulation): 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 Can provide 8-bit
PWM output with the analog Write() function.
 SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface): 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK).
These pins support SPI communication using the SPI library.
 TWI (Two Wire Interface) / I²C: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support
TWI communication using the Wire library.
 AREF (Analog Reference): Reference voltage for the analog inputs.

Communication:

The Arduino/Genuino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a

computer, another Arduino/Genuino board, or other microcontrollers. The
ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial communication, which is available on
digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial
communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to software on the
computer. The 16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no external
driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino Software
(IDE) includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and
from the board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being
transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not
for serial communication on pins 0 and 1). A SoftwareSerial library allows serial
communication on any of the Uno's digital pins.

Automatic (Software) Reset:

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the
Arduino/Genuino Uno board is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by
software running on a connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines
(DTR) of the ATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the reset line of the ATmega328 via a
100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops
long enough to reset the chip.

This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to a computer running
Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from software (via
USB). For the following half-second or so, the bootloader is running on the Uno.
While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of
new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after a
connection is opened.

Pin Description:

Pin Category Pin Name Details

Power Vin, 3.3V, 5V, Vin: Input voltage to Arduino when using an
GND external power source.

5V: Regulated power supply used to power

microcontroller and other components on the
board.

3.3V: 3.3V supply generated by on-board voltage

regulator. Maximum current draw is 50mA.

GND: ground pins.

Reset Reset Resets the microcontroller.

Analog Pins A0 – A5 Used to provide analog input in the range of 0-5V

Input/Output Digital Pins 0 - Can be used as input or output pins.
Pins 13

Serial 0(Rx), 1(Tx) Used to receive and transmit TTL serial data.

External 2, 3 To trigger an interrupt.

Interrupts

PWM 3, 5, 6, 9, 11 Provides 8-bit PWM output.

SPI 10 (SS), 11 Used for SPI communication.

(MOSI), 12
(MISO) and 13
(SCK)

Inbuilt LED 13 To turn on the inbuilt LED.

TWI A4 (SDA), A5 Used for TWI communication.

(SCA)

AREF AREF To provide reference voltage for input voltage.

Arduino Uno Technical Specifications

Microcontroller ATmega328P – 8 bit AVR family microcontroller

Operating Voltage 5V

Recommended 7-12V
Input Voltage

Input Voltage Limits 6-20V

Analog Input Pins 6 (A0 – A5)

Digital I/O Pins 14 (Out of which 6 provide PWM output)

DC Current on I/O 40 mA
Pins

DC Current on 3.3V 50 mA
Pin

Flash Memory 32 KB (0.5 KB is used for Bootloader)

SRAM 2 KB
EEPROM 1 KB

Frequency (Clock 16 MHz

Speed)

Other Arduino Boards

Arduino Nano, Arduino Pro Mini, Arduino Mega, Arduino Due, Arduino Leonardo

Overview

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on 8-bit ATmega328P microcontroller.

Along with ATmega328P, it consists other components such as crystal oscillator,
serial communication, voltage regulator, etc. to support the microcontroller. Arduino
Uno has 14 digital input/output pins (out of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6
analog input pins, a USB connection, A Power barrel jack, an ICSP header and a reset
button.

How to use Arduino Board

The 14 digital input/output pins can be used as input or output pins by using
pinMode(), digitalRead() and digitalWrite() functions in arduino programming. Each
pin operate at 5V and can provide or receive a maximum of 40mA current, and has
an internal pull-up resistor of 20-50 KOhms which are disconnected by default. Out
of these 14 pins, some pins have specific functions as listed below:

 Serial Pins 0 (Rx) and 1 (Tx): Rx and Tx pins are used to receive and
transmit TTL
 serial data. They are connected with the corresponding ATmega328P USB to
TTL serial chip.
 External Interrupt Pins 2 and 3: These pins can be configured to trigger an
interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value.
 PWM Pins 3, 5, 6, 9 and 11: These pins provide an 8-bit PWM output by
using analogWrite() function.
 SPI Pins 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO) and 13 (SCK): These pins are
used for SPI communication.
 In-built LED Pin 13: This pin is connected with an built-in LED, when pin
13 is HIGH – LED is on and when pin 13 is LOW, its off.

Along with 14 Digital pins, there are 6 analog input pins, each of which provide 10
bits of resolution, i.e. 1024 different values. They measure from 0 to 5 volts but this
limit can be increased by using AREF pin with analog Reference() function.

 Analog pin 4 (SDA) and pin 5 (SCA) also used for TWI communication using
Wire library.

Arduino Uno has a couple of other pins as explained below:

 AREF: Used to provide reference voltage for analog inputs with analog
Reference() function.
 Reset Pin: Making this pin LOW, resets the microcontroller.

Communication

Arduino can be used to communicate with a computer, another Arduino board or

other microcontrollers. The ATmega328P microcontroller provides UART TTL (5V)
serial communication which can be done using digital pin 0 (Rx) and digital pin 1 (Tx).
An ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial communication over USB and
appears as a virtual com port to software on the computer. The ATmega16U2
firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed.
However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino software includes a serial
monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino board.
There are two RX and TX LEDs on the arduino board which will flash when data is
being transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer
(not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1). A SoftwareSerial library allows for
serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins. The ATmega328P also
supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes a Wire
library to simplify use of the I2C bus.

Arduino Uno to ATmega328 Pin Mapping

When ATmega328 chip is used in place of Arduino Uno, or vice versa, the image
below shows the pin mapping between the two.

RFID Reader EM18

 Radio frequency Identification (RFID) is a wireless identification technology

that uses radio waves to identify the presence of RFID tags.
 Just like Bar code reader, RFID technology is used for identification of people,
object etc. presence.
 In barcode technology, we need to optically scan the barcode by keeping it in
front of reader, whereas in RFID technology we just need to bring RFID tags
in range of readers. Also, barcodes can get damaged or unreadable, which is
not in the case for most of the RFID.
  RFID is used in many applications like attendance system in which every
person will have their separate RFID tag which will help identify person and
their attendance.
 RFID is used in many companies to provide access to their authorized
employees.
 It is also helpful to keep track of goods and in automated toll collection system
on highway by embedding Tag (having unique ID) on them.

RFID based system has two basic elements

1. RFID Tag:
RFID tag includes microchip with radio antenna mounted on substrate which carries
12 Byte unique Identification number.

RFID Tag Inside

RFID Tag

2. RFID Reader:

It is used to read unique ID from RFID tags. Whenever RFID tags comes in range,
RFID reader reads its unique ID and transmits it serially to the microcontroller or PC.
RFID reader has transceiver and an antenna mounted on it. It is mostly fixed in
stationary position.
 EM18 RFID Reader Module

Basically, RFID systems categorised as active and passive based on how they are
powered and their range.

1. Active RFID system

Active RFID tags have their own transmitter and power source (Mostly battery
operated). They operate at 455 MHz, 2.45 GHz, or 5.8 GHz, and they typically have a
read range of 60 feet to 300 feet (20 meters to 100 meters).

2. Passive RFID system

Passive RFID tags do not have a transmitter, they simply reflect energy (radio waves)
back coming from the RFID reader antenna. They operate in Low frequency (~125
KHz) as well as High frequency (~13 MHz) band and have limited read range of up to
~1m.
There are two modes of coupling for communication used in RFID as,

Inductive coupling, in which RFID reader emits magnetic field and whenever RFID
tags enters the magnetic field which creates energy response from RFID tags and is
detected by RFID reader. As the magnetic field drops sharply with distance, it is used
for short distance applications.

Capacitive coupling, where reader emits electromagnetic waves and whenever that
waves encounters RFID tags, RFID tag reflects signal containing information of ID.
How RFID system works?
RFID Reader has transceiver which generates a radio signal and transmits it through
antenna. This signal itself is in the form of energy which is used to activate and power
the tag.

When RFID tag comes in range of signal transmitted by the reader, transponder in the
tag is hit by this signal. A tag draws power from the electromagnetic field created by
reader. Then, the transponder converts that radio signal into the usable power. After
getting power, transponder sends all the information it has stored in it, such as unique
ID to the RFID reader in the form of RF signal. Then, RFID reader puts this unique
ID data in the form of byte on serial Tx (transmit) pin. This data can be used or
accessed by PC or microcontroller serially using UART communication.

There are various RFID readers available according to their frequency are shown as
follows,

Frequency Range Different modules Applications

EM-18, ILA-12, Factory data collection, identifying animals

120-150 kHz 5-20 cm
etc. etc.

MFRC522,
13.56 MHz 10 cm – 1m Smart cards
SM130

EM18 RFID Reader

EM18 is a RFID reader which is used to read RFID tags of frequency 125 kHz.

After reading tags, it transmits unique ID serially to the PC or microcontroller using

UART communication or Wiegand format on respective pins.

EM18 RFID reader reads the data from RFID tags which contains stored ID which is
of 12 bytes.

EM18 RFID reader doesn’t require line-of-sight. Also, it has identification range
which is short i.e. in few centimetres.

RFID reader EM-18 features:

1. Serial RS232/TTL output

2. Operating Frequency is 125KHz.

3. Range is 5-8 cm.

RFID Reader to PC/Laptop communication

We can see RFID reader output on serial terminal of PC/Laptop.

RFID Serial Interface

When we bring RFID tag near to the reader, it reads the data from the tag and
immediately transmits 12-byte unique ID on the serial port.

12 Byte Unique Identification Number

RFID Tags contain 12 Byte unique ID.

1st 10-Byte Data Last 2-Byte

Tag no. Checksum

These checksum bytes will be the XOR result of 1st 10 bytes, i.e. Tag no.
HC-05 Bluetooth Module:

Bluetooth is a technology for wireless communication. It is designed to replace

cable connections.It uses serial communication to communicate with devices. It
communicates with microcontroller using serial port (USART). Usually, it connects
small devices like mobile phones, PDAs and TVs using a short-range wireless
connection to exchange documents. It uses the 2.45GHz frequency band. The
connection can be point-to-point or multi-point where the maximum range is 10
meters. The transfer rate of the data is 1Mbps.

HC-05 Bluetooth module provides switching mode between master and slave mode
which means it able to use neither receiving nor transmitting data.

Comparing it to the HC-06 module, which can only be set as a Slave, the HC-05 can
be set as Master as well which enables making a communication between two
separate Arduino Boards.
You can use Bluetooth module simply for a serial port replacement to establish
connection between MCU, PC to your embedded project and etc.

HC-05 Specifications

 Bluetooth protocol: Bluetooth Specification v2.0+EDR

 Frequency: 2.4GHz ISM band
 Modulation: GFSK(Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying)
 Emission power: ≤4dBm, Class 2
 Sensitivity: ≤-84dBm at 0.1% BER
 Speed: Asynchronous: 2.1Mbps(Max) / 160 kbps, Synchronous:
1Mbps/1Mbps
 Security: Authentication and encryption
 Profiles: Bluetooth serial port
 Power supply: +3.3VDC 50mA
 Working temperature: -20 ~ +75Centigrade
 Dimension: 26.9mm x 13mm x 2.2 mm
 It is IEEE 802.15.1 standardized protocol, through which one can build
wireless Personal Area Network (PAN). It uses frequency-hopping spread
spectrum (FHSS) radio technology to send data over air.

Pin Description

It has 6 pins,

1.Key/EN:It is used to bring Bluetooth module in AT commands mode. By default

this pin operates in data mode. Key/EN pin should be high to operate Bluetooth in

command mode. The default baud rate of HC-05 in command mode is 38400bps and

9600 in data mode.HC-05 module has two modes,

 Data mode: Exchange of data between devices. Baud rate is 9600bps in data
mode.
 Command mode: It uses AT commands which are used to change setting of
HC-05. Baud rate is 38400bps in command mode.
 HC-05 Bluetooth

2. VCC: Connect 5 V or 3.3 V to this Pin.

3. GND: Ground Pin of module.

4. TXD: Connect with Microcontroller RXD pin of Microcontroller. Transmit Serial

data (wirelessly received data by Bluetooth module transmitted out serially on TXD
pin)

5. RXD: Connect with Microcontroller TXD pin of Microcontroller. Received data

will be transmitted wirelessly by Bluetooth module.

6. State: It tells whether module is connected or not. It acts as a status indicator.

Package Information

HC-05

HC-05 Bluetooth
 Hardware

HC-05 Bluetooth Hardware

For HC-05 Bluetooth Hardware Package details you can refer the document which we
have provided at the end of article.

HC-05 HC-06

Master and slave mode can be switched Master and slave mode can’t be switched

Bluetooth name: HC-05 Bluetooth name: linvor

Password:1234 Password:1234

Master role: have paired memory to remember last slave

Master role: have no function to remember
device and only make pair with that device unless KEY
the last paired salve device. It can be made
(PIN26) is triggered by high level. The default connected
paired to any slave device.
PIN26 is low level.

KEY: PIN34, for entering to the AT

KEY: PIN26, for master abandons memory.
mode.

Default communication baud rate: 9600, Default communication baud rate: 9600, 1200-1.3M are
4800-1.3M are settable. settable.
During the communication mode, by
During the communication mode, the module can’t enter to
setting PIN34 to high the module can enter
the AT mode.
to the AT mode.

Pairing: Master device can’t only make

pair with the specified Bluetooth address, Pairing: Master device search and make pair with the slave
it can also search and make pair with device automatically.
the slave device automatically.

HC- 05 vs HC-06

Connecting HC-05 with Microcontroller

1. Connect Power Supply(based on datasheet of modules) for Bluetooth and

Microcontroller which you are using.
2. Connect TXD pin of HC-05 Bluetooth module to RXD pin of Microcontroller.
3. Connect RXD pin of HC-05 Bluetooth module to TXD pin of Microcontroller.
4. Common grounding should be needed for both
modules.
5.

6.

Connection between HC-05 and MCU

7.

Applications

 Computer and peripheral devices

  GPS receiver
 Industrial control
 MCU projects

Modes of Operation

1. How to get to the AT Mode

a) Way 1:

 Step 1: Input low level to PIN34.

 Step 2: Supply power to the module.
 Step 3: Input high level to the PIN34. Then the module will enter to AT mode.
The baud rate is as same as the communication time, such as 9600 etc.

b) Way 2:

 Step 1: Connect PIN34 to the power supply PIN.

 Step 2: Supply power to module (the PIN34 is also supplied with high level
since the PIN34 is connected with power supply PIN). Then the module will
enter to AT module. But at this time, the baud rate is 38400. In this way, user
should change the baud rate at the AT mode, if they forget the communication
baud rate.

How to get to the communication mode

 Step 1: Input low level to PIN34.

 Step 2: Supply power to the module. Then the module will enter to
communication mode. It can be used for pairing.

2. How to set this module be the Master Role

 Step 1: Input high level to PIO11.

 Step 2: Supply power to the module. And the module will enter to the order-
response work mode.
 Step 3: Set the parameters of the super terminal or the other serial tools (baud
rate: 38400, data bit:8, stop bit:1, no parity bit, no Flow Control)
 Step 4: Sent the characters “AT+ROLE=1\r\n” through serial, then receive the
characters “OK\r\n”. Here, “\r\n” is the CRLF.
  Step 5: Input low level to PIO, and supply power to the module again. Then
this module will become master role and search the other module (slave role)
automatically to build the connection.

3. Notes

 HC-03 and HC-05’s command should end up with “\r\n”. It’s different from
HC-04 and HC-06 (They don’t need terminator).
 The most common commands for HC-03 and HC-05 are: AT+ROLE (set
master –slave), AT+CMODE( set address pairing) , AT+PSWD (set
password). If you want the master module has the function of remembering
slave module, the most simply way is: First, set AT+CMODE=1. Make the
master module pair with the slave module. Second, set AT+CMODE=0. Then
the master module just can make pair with that specified slave module.
 When PIN34 keeps high level, all commands can be used. Otherwise, only
some of them can be used.
 SOFTWARE DISCRIPTION

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE) -

contains a text editor for writing code, a message area, a text console, a toolbar with
buttons for common functions and a series of menus. It connects to the Arduino and
Genuino hardware to upload programs and communicate with them.

Writing Sketches:
Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches. These sketches
are written in the text editor and are saved with the file extension .ino. The editor
has features for cutting/pasting and for searching/replacing text. The message area
gives feedback while saving and exporting and also displays errors. The console
displays text output by the Arduino Software (IDE), including complete error
messages and other information. The bottom righthand corner of the window
displays the configured board and serial port. The toolbar buttons allow you to verify
and upload programs, create, open, and save sketches, and open the serial monitor.

NB: Versions of the Arduino Software (IDE) prior to 1.0 saved sketches with the
extension .pde. It is possible to open these files with version 1.0, you will be
prompted to save the sketch with the .ino extension on save.

Verify
Checks your code for errors compiling it.

Upload
Compiles your code and uploads it to the configured board.
See uploading below for details.

Note: If you are using an external programmer with your board, you can
hold down the "shift" key on your computer when using this icon. The text
will change to "Upload using Programmer"
 New
Creates a new sketch.

Open
Presents a menu of all the sketches in your sketchbook. Clicking one will
open it within the current window overwriting its content.

Note: due to a bug in Java, this menu doesn't scroll; if you need to open a
sketch late in the list, use the File | Sketchbookmenu instead.

Save
Saves your sketch.

Serial Monitor
Opens the serial monitor.

Additional commands are found within the five

menus: File, Edit, Sketch, Tools, Help. The menus are context sensitive, which means
only those items relevant to the work currently being carried out are available.

File

 New
Creates a new instance of the editor, with the bare minimum structure of a sketch
already in place.
 Open
Allows to load a sketch file browsing through the computer drives and folders.
 Open Recent
Provides a short list of the most recent sketches, ready to be opened.
 Sketchbook
Shows the current sketches within the sketchbook folder structure; clicking on any
name opens the corresponding sketch in a new editor instance.
 Examples
Any example provided by the Arduino Software (IDE) or library shows up in this
 menu item. All the examples are structured in a tree that allows easy access by topic
or library.
 Close
Closes the instance of the Arduino Software from which it is clicked.
 Save
Saves the sketch with the current name. If the file hasn't been named before, a name
will be provided in a "Save as.." window.
 Save as...
Allows to save the current sketch with a different name.
 Page Setup
It shows the Page Setup window for printing.
 Print
Sends the current sketch to the printer according to the settings defined in Page Setup.
 Preferences
Opens the Preferences window where some settings of the IDE may be customized, as
the language of the IDE interface.
 Quit
Closes all IDE windows. The same sketches open when Quit was chosen will be
automatically reopened the next time you start the IDE.

Edit

 Undo/Redo
Goes back of one or more steps you did while editing; when you go back, you may go
forward with Redo.
 Cut
Removes the selected text from the editor and places it into the clipboard.
 Copy
Duplicates the selected text in the editor and places it into the clipboard.
 Copy for Forum
Copies the code of your sketch to the clipboard in a form suitable for posting to the
forum, complete with syntax coloring.
 Copy as HTML
Copies the code of your sketch to the clipboard as HTML, suitable for embedding in
web pages.
 Paste
Puts the contents of the clipboard at the cursor position, in the editor.
 Select All
Selects and highlights the whole content of the editor.
 Comment/Uncomment
Puts or removes the // comment marker at the beginning of each selected line.
 Increase/Decrease Indent
Adds or subtracts a space at the beginning of each selected line, moving the text one
space on the right or eliminating a space at the beginning.
 Find
Opens the Find and Replace window where you can specify text to search inside the
current sketch according to several options.
 Find Next
Highlights the next occurrence - if any - of the string specified as the search item in
the Find window, relative to the cursor position.
 Find Previous
Highlights the previous occurrence - if any - of the string specified as the search item
in the Find window relative to the cursor position.

Sketch

 Verify/Compile
Checks your sketch for errors compiling it; it will report memory usage for code and
variables in the console area.
 Upload
Compiles and loads the binary file onto the configured board through the configured
Port.
 Upload Using Programmer
This will overwrite the bootloader on the board; you will need to use Tools > Burn
Bootloader to restore it and be able to Upload to USB serial port again. However, it
allows you to use the full capacity of the Flash memory for your sketch. Please note
 that this command will NOT burn the fuses. To do so a Tools -> Burn
Bootloader command must be executed.
 Export Compiled Binary
Saves a .hex file that may be kept as archive or sent to the board using other tools.
 Show Sketch Folder
Opens the current sketch folder.
 Include Library
Adds a library to your sketch by inserting #include statements at the start of your
code. For more details, see libraries below. Additionally, from this menu item you can
access the Library Manager and import new libraries from .zip files.
 Add File...
Adds a source file to the sketch (it will be copied from its current location). The new
file appears in a new tab in the sketch window. Files can be removed from the sketch
using the tab menu accessible clicking on the small triangle icon below the serial
monitor one on the right side o the toolbar.

Tools

 Auto Format
This formats your code nicely: i.e. indents it so that opening and closing curly braces
line up, and that the statements inside curly braces are indented more.
 Archive Sketch
Archives a copy of the current sketch in .zip format. The archive is placed in the same
directory as the sketch.
 Fix Encoding & Reload
Fixes possible discrepancies between the editor char map encoding and other
operating systems char maps.
 Serial Monitor
Opens the serial monitor window and initiates the exchange of data with any
connected board on the currently selected Port. This usually resets the board, if the
board supports Reset over serial port opening.
 Board
Select the board that you're using. See below for descriptions of the various boards.
 Port
This menu contains all the serial devices (real or virtual) on your machine. It should
automatically refresh every time you open the top-level tools menu.
 Programmer
For selecting a harware programmer when programming a board or chip and not using
the onboard USB-serial connection. Normally you won't need this, but if
you're burning a bootloader to a new microcontroller, you will use this.
 Burn Bootloader
The items in this menu allow you to burn a bootloader onto the microcontroller on an
Arduino board. This is not required for normal use of an Arduino or Genuino board
but is useful if you purchase a new ATmega microcontroller (which normally come
without a bootloader). Ensure that you've selected the correct board from
the Boards menu before burning the bootloader on the target board. This command
also set the right fuses.

Help

Here you find easy access to a number of documents that come with the Arduino
Software (IDE). You have access to Getting Started, Reference, this guide to the IDE
and other documents locally, without an internet connection. The documents are a
local copy of the online ones and may link back to our online website.

 Find in Reference
This is the only interactive function of the Help menu: it directly selects the relevant
page in the local copy of the Reference for the function or command under the cursor.

Sketchbook
The Arduino Software (IDE) uses the concept of a sketchbook: a standard place to
store your programs (or sketches). The sketches in your sketchbook can be opened
from the File > Sketchbook menu or from the Open button on the toolbar. The first
time you run the Arduino software, it will automatically create a directory for your
sketchbook. You can view or change the location of the sketchbook location from
with the Preferences dialog.
Beginning with version 1.0, files are saved with a .ino file extension. Previous
versions use the .pde extension. You may still open .pde named files in version 1.0
and later, the software will automatically rename the extension to .ino.

Tabs, Multiple Files, and Compilation

Allows you to manage sketches with more than one file (each of which appears in its
own tab). These can be normal Arduino code files (no visible extension), C files (.c
extension), C++ files (.cpp), or header files (.h).

Uploading
Before uploading your sketch, you need to select the correct items from the Tools >
Board and Tools > Port menus. The boards are described below. On the Mac, the
serial port is probably something like /dev/tty.usbmodem241 (for an Uno or
Mega2560 or Leonardo) or /dev/tty.usbserial-1B1 (for a Duemilanove or earlier USB
board), or /dev/tty.USA19QW1b1P1.1 (for a serial board connected with a Keyspan
USB-to-Serial adapter). On Windows, it's probably COM1 or COM2 (for a serial
board) or COM4, COM5, COM7, or higher (for a USB board) - to find out, you look for
USB serial device in the ports section of the Windows Device Manager. On Linux, it
should be /dev/ttyACMx , /dev/ttyUSBx or similar. Once you've selected the correct
serial port and board, press the upload button in the toolbar or select
the Upload item from the Sketch menu. Current Arduino boards will reset
automatically and begin the upload. With older boards (pre-Diecimila) that lack auto-
reset, you'll need to press the reset button on the board just before starting the
upload. On most boards, you'll see the RX and TX LEDs blink as the sketch is
uploaded. The Arduino Software (IDE) will display a message when the upload is
complete, or show an error.

When you upload a sketch, you're using the Arduino bootloader, a small program
that has been loaded on to the microcontroller on your board. It allows you to
upload code without using any additional hardware. The bootloader is active for a
few seconds when the board resets; then it starts whichever sketch was most
recently uploaded to the microcontroller. The bootloader will blink the on-board (pin
13) LED when it starts (i.e. when the board resets).
Libraries
Libraries provide extra functionality for use in sketches, e.g. working with hardware
or manipulating data. To use a library in a sketch, select it from the Sketch > Import
Library menu. This will insert one or more #include statements at the top of the
sketch and compile the library with your sketch. Because libraries are uploaded to
the board with your sketch, they increase the amount of space it takes up. If a sketch
no longer needs a library, simply delete its #includestatements from the top of your
code.

There is a list of libraries in the reference. Some libraries are included with the
Arduino software. Others can be downloaded from a variety of sources or through
the Library Manager. Starting with version 1.0.5 of the IDE, you do can import a
library from a zip file and use it in an open sketch. See these instructions for
installing a third-party library.

To write your own library, see this tutorial.

Third-Party Hardware
Support for third-party hardware can be added to the hardware directory of your
sketchbook directory. Platforms installed there may include board definitions (which
appear in the board menu), core libraries, bootloaders, and programmer definitions.
To install, create the hardware directory, then unzip the third-party platform into its
own sub-directory. (Don't use "arduino" as the sub-directory name or you'll override
the built-in Arduino platform.) To uninstall, simply delete its directory.

For details on creating packages for third-party hardware, see the Arduino IDE 1.5
3rd party Hardware specification.

Serial Monitor
This displays serial sent from the Arduino or Genuino board over USB or serial
connector. To send data to the board, enter text and click on the "send" button or
press enter. Choose the baud rate from the drop-down menu that matches the rate
passed to Serial.begin in your sketch. Note that on Windows, Mac or Linux the board
will reset (it will rerun your sketch) when you connect with the serial monitor. Please
note that the Serial Monitor does not process control characters; if your sketch
needs a complete management of the serial communication with control characters,
you can use an external terminal program and connect it to the COM port assigned
to your Arduino board.

You can also talk to the board from Processing, Flash, MaxMSP, etc (see
the interfacing page for details).

Preferences
Some preferences can be set in the preferences dialog (found under
the Arduino menu on the Mac, or File on Windows and Linux). The rest can be found
in the preferences file, whose location is shown in the preference dialog.

Language Support
Since version 1.0.1 , the Arduino Software (IDE) has been translated into 30+
different languages. By default, the IDE loads in the language selected by your
operating system. (Note: on Windows and possibly Linux, this is determined by the
locale setting which controls currency and date formats, not by the language the
operating system is displayed in.)

If you would like to change the language manually, start the Arduino Software (IDE)
and open the Preferences window. Next to the Editor Language there is a dropdown
menu of currently supported languages. Select your preferred language from the
menu, and restart the software to use the selected language. If your operating
system language is not supported, the Arduino Software (IDE) will default to English.

You can return the software to its default setting of selecting its language based on
your operating system by selecting System Default from the Editor Language drop-
down. This setting will take effect when you restart the Arduino Software (IDE).
Similarly, after changing your operating system's settings, you must restart the
Arduino Software (IDE) to update it to the new default language.

Boards
The board selection has two effects: it sets the parameters (e.g. CPU speed and baud
rate) used when compiling and uploading sketches; and sets and the file and fuse
settings used by the burn bootloader command. Some of the board definitions differ
only in the latter, so even if you've been uploading successfully with a particular
selection you'll want to check it before burning the bootloader. You can find a
comparison table between the various boards here.

Arduino Software (IDE) includes the built in support for the boards in the following
list, all based on the AVR Core. The Boards Manager included in the standard
installation allows to add support for the growing number of new boards based on
different cores like Arduino Due, Arduino Zero, Edison, Galileo and so on.
 Arduino Yùn
An ATmega32u4 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 12 Analog In, 20 Digital I/O
and 7 PWM.
 Arduino/Genuino Uno
An ATmega328P running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 6 Analog In, 14 Digital I/O and
6 PWM.
 Arduino Diecimila or Duemilanove w/ ATmega168
An ATmega168 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset.
 Arduino Nano w/ ATmega328P
An ATmega328P running at 16 MHz with auto-reset. Has eight analog inputs.
 Arduino/Genuino Mega 2560
An ATmega2560 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 16 Analog In, 54 Digital I/O
and 15 PWM.
 Arduino Mega
An ATmega1280 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 16 Analog In, 54 Digital I/O
and 15 PWM.
 Arduino Mega ADK
An ATmega2560 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 16 Analog In, 54 Digital I/O
and 15 PWM.
 Arduino Leonardo
An ATmega32u4 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 12 Analog In, 20 Digital I/O
and 7 PWM.
 Arduino/Genuino Micro
An ATmega32u4 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 12 Analog In, 20 Digital I/O
and 7 PWM.
 Arduino Esplora
An ATmega32u4 running at 16 MHz with auto-reset.
 Arduino Mini w/ ATmega328P
An ATmega328P running at 16 MHz with auto-reset, 8 Analog In, 14 Digital I/O and
6 PWM.
 Arduino Ethernet
Equivalent to Arduino UNO with an Ethernet shield: An ATmega328P running at
16 MHz with auto-reset, 6 Analog In, 14 Digital I/O and 6 PWM.
 Arduino Fio
An ATmega328P running at 8 MHz with auto-reset. Equivalent to Arduino Pro or Pro
Mini (3.3V, 8 MHz) w/ ATmega328P, 6 Analog In, 14 Digital I/O and 6 PWM.
 Arduino BT w/ ATmega328P
ATmega328P running at 16 MHz. The bootloader burned (4 KB) includes codes to
initialize the on-board bluetooth module, 6 Analog In, 14 Digital I/O and 6 PWM..
 LilyPad Arduino USB
An ATmega32u4 running at 8 MHz with auto-reset, 4 Analog In, 9 Digital I/O and 4
PWM.
 LilyPad Arduino
An ATmega168 or ATmega132 running at 8 MHz with auto-reset, 6 Analog In, 14
Digital I/O and 6 PWM.
 Arduino Pro or Pro Mini (5V, 16 MHz) w/ ATmega328P
An ATmega328P running at 16 MHz with auto-reset. Equivalent to Arduino
Duemilanove or Nano w/ ATmega328P; 6 Analog In, 14 Digital I/O and 6 PWM.
 Arduino NG or older w/ ATmega168
An ATmega168 running at 16 MHz without auto-reset. Compilation and upload is
equivalent to Arduino Diecimila or Duemilanove w/ ATmega168, but the bootloader
burned has a slower timeout (and blinks the pin 13 LED three times on reset); 6
Analog In, 14 Digital I/O and 6 PWM.
 Arduino Robot Control
An ATmega328P running at 16 MHz with auto-reset.
 Arduino Robot Motor
An ATmega328P running at 16 MHz with auto-reset.
 Arduino Gemma
An ATtiny85 running at 8 MHz with auto-reset, 1 Analog In, 3 Digital I/O and 2
PWM.
 REFERENCES

1. Himshekhar Das, L.C.Saikia, “GSM Enabled Smart Energy Meter and

Automation of Home Appliances”, PP-978-1- 4678-6503-1, 2015 IEEE.
2. Ofoegbu Osita Edward, “An Energy Meter Reader with Load Control
Capacity and Secure Switching Using a Password Based Relay Circuit”, PP-
978-1-4799-8311-7, ‘ Annual Global Online Conference on Information and
Computer Technology’, IEEE 2014.
3. Yingying Cheng, Huaxiao Yang, Ji Xiao, Xingzhe Hou, “Running State
Evaluation Of Electric Energy Meter”, PP978-1-4799-4565-8, ‘Workshop on
Electronics, Computer and Applications’, IEEE 2014.
4. Sahana M N, Anjana S, Ankith S,K Natarajan, K R Shobha, “Home energy
management leveraging open IoT protocol stack “, PP- 978-1-4673-6670-0,
‘Recent Advances in Intelligent Computational Systems (RAICS)’, IEEE
2015.
5. Luigi Martirano,Matteo Manganelli,Danilo Sbordone,‘‘Design and
classification of smart metering systems for the energy diagnosis of
buildings’’ IEEE 2015.
6. J. Widmer, Landis,” Billing metering using sampled values according lEe
61850-9-2 for substations”,IEEE 2014.
7. Cheng Pang,Valierry Vyatkin,Yinbai Deng, Majidi Sorouri, “Virtual smart
metering in automation and simulation of energy efficient lightning system”
IEEE 2013.
8. Amit Bhimte, Rohit K.Mathew, Kumaravel S, “Development of smart energy
meter in labview for power distribution systems”, “IEEE INDICON 2015
1570186881”, 2015.
9. H. Arasteh, V. Hosseinnezhad, V.Loia, A.Tommasetti, O.Troisi, M.Shafie
Khan, P.Siano, “IoT Based Smart Cities: A survey”IEEE 978-1-5090-2320-
2/1631.00,2016.
10. Clement N. NYIRENDRE, Irvine NYANDOWE, Linda SHITUMBAPO, “A
comparison of the collection tree protocol (CTP) and AODV routing protocol
for a smart water metering.”, PP NO. 1-8,2016.