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Types of Shock

This document discusses three main types of shocks: 1) Detonation waves involve a shock supported by an exothermic chemical reaction that drives the wave forward through a combustible medium like explosives. 2) Detached shocks form ahead of blunt bodies like space vehicles when the maximum deflection angle is exceeded, curving around the body. 3) Attached shocks appear attached to the tip of sharp bodies like supersonic wedges, with the shock angle determining downstream properties based on equations for inviscid flow.

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Ganesh Natarajan S
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121 views3 pages

Types of Shock

This document discusses three main types of shocks: 1) Detonation waves involve a shock supported by an exothermic chemical reaction that drives the wave forward through a combustible medium like explosives. 2) Detached shocks form ahead of blunt bodies like space vehicles when the maximum deflection angle is exceeded, curving around the body. 3) Attached shocks appear attached to the tip of sharp bodies like supersonic wedges, with the shock angle determining downstream properties based on equations for inviscid flow.

Uploaded by

Ganesh Natarajan S
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TYPES OF SHOCK

Detonation wave
Main article: Detonation

A detonation wave is essentially a shock supported by a trailing exothermic reaction. It


involves a wave traveling through a highly combustible or chemically unstable medium,
such as an oxygen-methane mixture or a high explosive. The chemical reaction of the
medium occurs following the shock wave, and the chemical energy of the reaction drives
the wave forward.
A detonation wave follows slightly different rules from an ordinary shock since it is
driven by the chemical reaction occurring behind the shock wave front. In the simplest
theory for detonations, an unsupported, self-propagating detonation wave proceeds at the
Chapman-Jouguet velocity. A detonation will also cause a shock of type 1, above to
propagate into the surrounding air due to the overpressure induced by the explosion.
When a shockwave is created by high explosives such as TNT (which has a detonation
velocity of 6,900 m/s), it will always travel at high, supersonic velocity from its point of
origin.

Shadowgraph of the detached shock on a bullet in supersonic flight, published by Ernst Mach in
1887.

Detached shock

These shocks are curved, and form a small distance in front of the body. Directly in front
of the body, they stand at 90 degrees to the oncoming flow, and then curve around the
body. Detached shocks allow the same type of analytic calculations as for the attached
shock, for the flow near the shock. They are a topic of continuing interest, because the
rules governing the shock's distance ahead of the blunt body are complicated, and are a
function of the body's shape. Additionally, the shock standoff distance varies drastically
with the temperature for a non-ideal gas, causing large differences in the heat transfer to
the thermal protection system of the vehicle. See the extended discussion on this topic at
Atmospheric reentry. These follow the "strong-shock" solutions of the analytic equations,
meaning that for some oblique shocks very close to the deflection angle limit, the
downstream Mach number is subsonic. See also bow shock or oblique shock
Such a shock occurs when the maximum deflection angle is exceeded. A detached shock
is commonly seen on blunt bodies, but may also be seen on sharp bodies at low Mach
numbers.
Examples: Space return vehicles (Apollo, Space shuttle), bullets, the boundary (Bow
shock) of a magnetosphere. The name "bow shock" comes from the example of a bow
wave, the detached shock formed at the bow (front) of a ship or boat moving through
water, whose slow surface wave speed is easily exceeded (see ocean surface wave).

Attached shock

These shocks appear as "attached" to the tip of a sharp body moving at supersonic speeds.
Examples: Supersonic wedges and cones with small apex angles
The attached shock wave is a classic structure in aerodynamics because, for a perfect gas
and inviscid flow field, an analytic solution is available, such that the pressure ratio,
temperature ratio, angle of the wedge and the downstream Mach number can all be
calculated knowing the upstream Mach number and the shock angle. Smaller shock
angles are associated with higher upstream Mach numbers, and the special case where the
shock wave is at 90 degrees to the oncoming flow (Normal shock), is associated with a
Mach number of one. These follow the "weak-shock" solutions of the analytic equations.

Recompression shock

These shocks appear when the flow over a transonic body is decelerated to subsonic
speeds.
Examples: Transonic wings, turbines
Where the flow over the suction side of a transonic wing is accelerated to a supersonic
speed, the resulting re-compression can be by either Prandtl-Meyer compression or by the
formation of a normal shock. This shock is of particular interest to makers of transonic
devices because it can cause separation of the boundary layer at the point where it
touches the transonic profile. This can then lead to full separation and stall on the profile,
higher drag, or shock-buffet, a condition where the separation and the shock interact in a
resonance condition, causing resonating loads on the underlying structure.

Source : http://nprcet.org/e%20content/Misc/e-Learning/Mechanical/III%20year/
ME1303-GAS%20DYNAMICS%20AND%20JET%20PROPULSION.pdf

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