TWO MARKS - QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

UNIT – I - CONNECTIONS – RIVETED, WELDED & BOLTED

1. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of steel structures?
Advantages:
Ability to resist high loads
Due to its high density, steel is completely non-
porous Durability
Easy to disassembling or replacing some steel members of a structure
Disadvantages:
Corrosion
At high temperature steel loses most of its strength, leading to deformation or failure
2. What is meant by Girder?
Girder means a major beam frequently at wide spacing that supports small beams.
3. What is meant by joists?
It is a closely spaced beam supporting the floors and roofs of buildings
4. What is meant by Purlins?
It is a roof beam usually supported byrusses
5. What is meant by Rafters?
t is a roof beam usually supported by purlins
6. What is meant by Lintel?
It is a beam over window or door openings that support the wall above.
7. What is Girts?
It is horizontal wall beams used to support wall covering on the side of an industrial g 8.
building
What is meant by Spandrel beam?
It is beam around the outside perimeter of a floor that support the exterior walls and the outside
edge of the floor
9. Name the different types of nections?
Riveted connections
Welded
connections Bolted
connections Pinned
connections
10. What is meant by rivet value?
The least of the strengths in shearing and bearing is the rivet value
12. What is meant by gauge distance?
The perpendicular distance between two gauge lines, is called gauge distance
13. Name the different modes of failure of a riveted joint?
Tearing failure of the plate
Shear failure of the the
 Slate Shear failure of
Slate Shear failure of
rivet Bearing failure of
the rivet Splitting failure
of plate
14. As per the American practice where the neutral axis lie in the rivet group?
It is assumed that the line of rotation lies at a distance of 1/7 the of the effective bracket
depth from the bottom of the bracket
15. What are the factors that govern will govern the structural
design? Foundation movements
Elasticaxial
shortening Soil and
fluid pressures
Vibration
Fatigue
Impact (dynamic
effects) Erection loads
16. What are the load combinations for the design
purposes? Dead load + Imposed Load (Live
load)
Dead Load + Imposed Load + Wind Load or earthquake
load Dead Load + Wind Load or Earthquake load
17. What are the steps involved in structural
design? Forces or loads
Structural arrangement and material
selection Analyzing internal stresses
Proportioning of members
18. Which type of steel is most commonly used in general construction? Why?
Mild Steel is most commonly used in general construction because of its
urability and malleability
19. What are Black bots? Where are they used?
Black bolts made from M.S shank left unfinished – remain loose in holes resulting in
large deflections. It is used during erection and for temporary structures
20. How the rolled steel beams are classified?
Indian Standard junior beams
(ISLB) Indian Standard light beams
(ISLB)
Indian Standard medium weight beams
(ISMB) Indian Standard wide flange beams
(ISWB)
21. Define permissible stresses and Working stresses.
yield stress

Permissible stresses = factor of

safety

Working stresses: The stresses used in practical design are working stresses and they should
never exceed the permissible stresses specified by codes.
22. Explain ISLB 200?
ISLB 200 means Indian Standard light gauge beams of depth 200mm
23. Name the types of beam
connections? Framed
connections
Seated connections – Stiffened connections and Unstiffened connections
24. What is meant by framed connections?
A framed connection is the one when a beam is connected to girder or a stanchion by
means of two angles placed on the two sides of the web of the beam
25. When the seated beam connections are preferred and name the types?
When a beam is connected to the flange (or the web) of a steel stanchion, the width of the
flange (or the depth of the web) may be insufficient to accommodate the connecting angles,
in such cases framed connection is not suitable and seated connection is preferred.
26. What is unstiffened seat connection?
The seated connection is a horizontal angle with its horizontal leg at its top is used to
receive the beam on it, in such a case it is called unstiffened seat connection
27. What is stiffened seat connection?
In addition to the seat angle, a web cleat is provided when the beam is connected to a
beam and a flange cleat is used when the beam is connected to a stanchion. The angle cleats
are essential because they keep the beam stable in a vertical position and prevent it from
lateral buckling
28. What is meant by throat thickness?
It is the perpendicular distance from the root to the hypotenuse of the
largest isosceles right-angled triangle that can be inscribed within the weld
cross-section.
Throat thickness = 0.7 x size of the weld
29. What is plug weld and slot weld?
Slot weld is one of the type of weld used to join the two touching contiguous
components by a fillet weld round the periphery of a slot in one component so as to join it the
surface of other component.
Plug weld is made by filling in a hole in one part with filler metal so as to join it to
the contiguous part exposed through a hole.
30. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of welded connections?
Disadvantages:
Requires skilled labour
Joints are over rigid
Difficult to inspect
31. State the common defects in welding Incomplete fusion
Incomplete penetration
Porosity Slag
inclusions
CracksUnder cutting
32. Name the types of bolted connections?
Ordinary unfinished 0r black
bolts Turned and fitted bolts
High strength bolts
33. Write the advantages of high strength bolts?
As there is no slip between the plates, the joint is rigid
Alternating loads cause little variation of the stresses in the bolts; hence fatigue
strength is also high.
No shearing or bearing stresses occur in bolts.
High strength of the joint due to high frictional resistance is obtained.
34. Write down the interaction equation?
σ 2
tf τ vf 2

,cal ,cal

 1

σ τ
tf vf
35. How will you calculate the number of rivets?
n P P
 strength of a 
rivet R
where P is the pull or push carried by the member.
UNIT – II - TENSION MEMBERS

1. Tie member – Explain.

Tie member or a tension member is a structural element carrying an axial tensile
force. For the tensile force to be axial it is necessary that the load be applied through
centroid of the section of the member. But under axial tension the member gets
straightened and eccentricity of the force decreases. The member is almost straight at the
yield point and the distribution of the stress over the section becomes uniform.
2. How the tension members are classified?
It is classified according to its shape and size and it depends upon the type of
structures. Wires and cables – Used in hoists, derricks, suspenders in suspension bridges
Rods and bars – Used in radio tower, small spanned roof trusses with different cross-
sections such as round, rectangular or square
3. What is meant by single section member?
Structural sections such as I-section, T-section, angle, and channel are used as
tension members. As the structural shapes provide more rigidity than cables or rods, their
buckling tendency under compression load is reduced and so can be used where reversal
of stress takes place.
4. Under what circumstances you would go for Built-up members?
When single structural sections fail to provide required strength and stiffness to
carry tension as well as compression in case of reversal of stresses, built-up members are
used.
5. How the tension members are selected?
It depends upon the various factors such as type of fabrication, type of structure,
type of loading, i.e. whether the member undergoes reversal of stresses, and the maximum
tension to be carried by the member.
8. How is net effective area of single angle used as tension member
calculated? Net effective area = A1 + A2K
A1- Net area of connected leg
A2- area of outstanding leg
3A1
K= 3A1 
A2

9. What is net sectional area of a tension member? How it is calculated in chain riveting?
The gross sectional area of the tension member minus the sectional area of the
maximum number of rivet/bolt holes is known as net sectional area.
In case of chain riveting, anet= (b – nd) t
10. What is Lug angle?
A larger length of the tension member and the gusset plate may be required
sometimes to accommodate the required number of connection rivets. But this may not be
feasible and economical. To overcome this difficulty lug angles are used in conjunction
with main tension members at the ends. It provides extra gauge lines for accommodating
the rivets and thus enables to reduce the length of the connection. They are generally used
when the members are of single angle, double angle or channel sections
11. What are the main objectives of the lug angles?
They produce eccentric connections, due to rivets placed along lug angle. The
centroid of the rivet system of the connection shifts, causing eccentric connection
 and bending moments. Stress distribution in the rivets connecting lug angles is
not uniform. It is preferred to put a lug angle at the beginning of the connection
where they are more effective and not at the middle or at the end of the
connection. Rivets on the lug angles are not as efficient as those on the main
member. The out-standing leg of the lug angle usually gets deformed and so the
load shared by the rivets on the lug angles is proportionately less.
12. What is meant by Tension splice?
Splicing of tension members is necessary when the required length of the member is
more than the length available or when the member has different cross-sections for
different parts of its length. If actual member is to be of greater length, two or more
lengths shall have to be spliced at the joints.
13. What is the net effective area of a pair of angles placed back to back connected by one leg
of each angle subjected to tension?
Anet = A1 + A2 K
A1 - effective cross – section area of connected legs
A2 – Gross area of outstanding legs
5A
K= 1 5A1  A
2
14. What is the permissible stress in axial tension?
As per IS: 800 – 1984, the permissible stress in axial tension σat = 0.6 fy N/mm2
fy = minimum yield stress in steel in N /mm2.
15. How will you join the member of different thickness in a tension member?
When tension member of different thickness are to be jointed, filler plates may be
used to bring the member in level.
16. What happens when a single angle with one leg is connected to a gusset plate, which is
subjected to an eccentric load?
The rivets connecting the angle to the gusset plate does not lie on the line of action
of load. This gives rise to an eccentric connection due to which the stress distribution
becomes non-uniform. The net cross-sectional area of such a section is reduced to account
for this non-uniform stress distribution resulting from eccentricity.
17. What is the allowable stress in axial tension for channel section?
The allowable stress in axial tension for channel section is depends upon the diameter of the
section
Diameter σat = 0.6 fy N/mm2
Upto 20mm 150
20mm to 40 mm 144
Over 40 mm 138

18. What are tacking rivets? Why are they essential in compression members?
Rivets used to connect long length of members to reduce the effective length of individual
part
19. Write down the Steinman’s formula
 2

s
Anert = t (b - nd)  m
4g

Where n = no. of rivets in the section considered

m= no. of zig zags or inclined lines.
20. What will be the maximum pitch when the angles are placed back to back? The
maximum pitch when the angles are placed back to back is 1mm.

UNIT – III - COMPRESSION MEMBERS

1. What do you mean by compression members?
Compression members are the most common structural elements and it is termed as
columns, struts, posts or stanchions. They are designed to resist axial compression.
2. Name the modes of failures in a column.
Failure of the cross-section due to crushing or yielding
Failure by buckling, due to elastic instability
Mixed mode of failure due to crushing and buckling
3. Define slenderness ratio
It is defined as the ratio of effective length l of the column to the least radius of gyration r
of the column section.
4. Classify the columns according to the slenderness ratios

Short columns - l/r <60

Medium columns - 60< l/r <100
Long columns - l/r >100
Distinguish column and
5. strut
Columns are the vertical members which carry the loads to the beams, slabs
etc,
generally they are used in ordinary buildings.
Struts are commonly used for compression members in a roof truss; it may either
be
in vertical position or in an inclined position.
What is meant by
6. stanchions?
These are the steel columns made of steel sections, commonly used in buildings.
7. What is Post?
It is loosely used for a column, but in truss bridge girders, end compression
members
are called end posts.
8. What is a boom?
It is the principal compression member in a crane.
9. State the assumptions that made in Euler’s theory.
The axis of the column is perfectly straight when unloaded.
The line of thrust coincides exactly with the unstrained axis of the
 strut. The flexural rigidity EI is uniform
The material is isotropic
10. Why the lateral systems are provided in compound columns?
If the plates are not connected throughout their length of the Built up sections,
lateral systems may be provided, which act as a composite section. In such cases the load
carrying elements of the built-up compression member in the relative position, without
sharing any axial load. However when the column deflects, the lateral system carries the
transverse shear force.
11. Name the lateral systems that are used in compound columns and which is the mostly
used one?
Lacing or latticing, Battening or batten plates, perforated cover plates.
Lacing or latticing is the most common used lateral system and the sections are flats,
angles and channels.
12. What will be the thickness for the single and double lacing bars?
The thickness of flat lacing bars shall not be less than one-fortieth of the length
between the inner end rivets or welds for single lacing, and one-sixtieth of the length for
double lacing.
13. What is the purpose of providing battens in compound steel columns?
Batten plates consist of flats or plates, connecting the components of the built-up
columns in two parallel planes. These are used only for axial loading. Battening of the
composite column should not be done if it is subjected to eccentric loading or a applied
moment in the plane of battens.
14. What is the thickness of a batten plate?
The thickness of batten plate shall not be less than one fiftieth of the distance
between the inner most connecting lines of rivets or welds. This requirement eliminates
lateral buckling of the batten.
15. Where the perforated cover plates are used and mention its advantages?
They are mostly used in the box sections, which consist of four angle sections so
that the interior of column remains accessible for painting and inspection.
Advantages:
They add to the sectional area of column and the portions beyond the perforation
share axial load to the extent of their effective area.
There is economy and fabrication and maintenance
Perforations conveniently allow the riveting and painting work on the inside portion.
16. Name the types of column base?
Slab Base, which is a pinned base.
Gusseted base, which is a rigid base.
17. State the purpose of column base?
The base of the column is designed in such a way to distribute the concentrated
column load over a definite area and to ensure connection of the lower column end to the
 foundation. It should be in adequate strength, stiffness and area to spread the load upon
the concrete or other foundations without exceeding the allowable stress.
18. Give the difference between slab base and gusseted base for steel columns.
Slab base is a thick steel base plate placed over the concrete base and connected to
it through anchor bolts. The steel base plate may either be shop-welded to the stanchion,
or elsecan be connected at the site to the column through cleat angles. The column is
faced for bearing over the whole area.
In a gusseted base, part of the load is transmitted from the stanchion through the
gusseted base plate. The gussets and stiffeners support the base slab against bending and
hence a thinner base plate can be used. The gussets serve for more or less uniform
transmission of the force field from the column to the base plate. The gussets itself resists
the bending as double cantilever beam supported on flanges of the column.
19. What is slab base and for what purpose is it provided?
The base plate connected to the bottom of the column to transfer over wider area is
known as slab base. Column end is machined to transfer the load by direct bearing. No
gusset materials are required.
20. When the slenderness ratio of compression member increases, the permissible stress
decreases. Why?
The section must be so proportioned that it has largest possible moment of inertia for
the same cross-sectional area. Also the section has approximately the same radius of
gyration about both the principal axes.
BEAMS
1. What is a beam?
A beam is a structural member, which carries a load normal to the axis. The load
produces bending moment and shear force in the beam.
2. What is meant by castellated beam?
A rolled beam with increased depth is to be castellated. To obtain such sections, a
zigzag line is cut along the beam by an automatic flame-cutting machine. The two halves
thus produced are rearranged so that the teeth match up and the teeth are then welded
together.
3. How the beams are failed?
Bending failure
Shear failure
Deflection failure

The designs are based on these three failures which are to be

determined.
4. What do you mean by bending failure?
Bending failure may be due to crushing of compression flange or fracture of the
tension flange of the beam. Instead of failure due to crushing, the compression flange may
 fail by a column like action with side ways or lateral buckling. Collapse would follow the
lateral buckling.
5. What is the maximum deflection that to be allowed in steel beams?
The deflection of a member, shall not be such as to impair the strength or
efficiency of the structure and lead to finishing. The deflection is generally should not
exceed 1/325 of the span.
6. What is web crippling?
Web crippling is the localized failure of a beam web due to introduction of an
excessive load over a small length of the beam. It occurs at point of application of
concentrated load and at point of support of a beam. A load over a short length of beam
can cause failure due to crushing and due to compressive stress in the web of the beam
below the load or above the reaction. This phenomenon is also known as web crippling or
web crushing.
7. What are laterally supported beams?
The beams which are provided with the lateral supports either by embedding the
compression flange in the concrete slab or by providing effective intermediate (support)
restraints at a number of points to restrain the lateral buckling is called laterally supported
beams.
8. Mention the advantages of using rolled steel wide flange section as beams More section modulus
Lesser area
Economical
9. Why does buckling of web occur in beams?
Diagonal compression due to shear
Longitudinal compression due to bending
Vertical compression due to concentrated loads
10. What are the permissible stresses used in the beams?
The permissible stresses, which are used in the beams are bending and shear stress.
Bending Stress
For laterally supported beams,
σ bt or σ bc  0.66f y
For laterally unsupported beams,
f
cb. f y

σ bc  0.66 1/ n , Where n is assumed to be

( fcb )n  ( f y )n  1.4
Shear Stress
τ vm  0.45 f y , τ vm = maximum permissible shear stress
11. Under what situations the plated beams are used?
When a bending moment is large which cannot be resisted by the largest
available rolled beam section
 The depth of the beam is restricted due to headroom requirements.
12. Why intermediate stiffeners are required for plate girders?
The web of the plate girder relatively being tall and thin it is subjected to buckling.
Hence it is stiffened both vertically and horizontally using intermediate stiffeners.
13. What do you mean by curtailment of flanges?
The section of a plate girder is to be designed first at mid span. The bending
moment will goes on decreasing towards the supports. Hence the flange plates, provided
at the maximum section can be curtailed.
14. What is the purpose of providing the bearing stiffener?
It prevents the web from crushing and buckling sideways, under the action of
concentrated loads
It relieves the rivets connecting the flange angles and web, from vertical shear.
15. Name the components of a plate girder.
Web plate Vertical or transverse stiffeners
Flange plate Bearing stiffeners
Longitudinal or horizontal
Flange angles stiffeners
Web splice plates End bearings or end connections
Flange splice plates
16. Mention the basic design assumptions of a plate girder?
The web plate resists the shear force.
The shear stress is uniformly distributed over whole cross sectional area of
web. The flanges resist the bending moment
17. Where the plate girders are used?
The plate girders are used in the buildings where the span is more and heavy
loads are expected and in the bridges. Most commonly they are used in the bridges.
18. What are the methods that are adopted to determine the flange design?
Flange area method Moment of inertia method
The former method is an approximate method, which is used for determining the trial
section. In this method, it is assumed that the stress distribution in the tension and
compression flanges is uniform, whereas in the latter case it is the exact method and is
recommended by the IS code. Generally, the section designed by the flange area method
is checked by this method.
19. What is the economical depth of a plate girder?
The economical depth of a plate girder
is
d M = permissible bending stress in compression in
, where b N/mm2.
1.1 σ
c
σ
bctw
tw = thickness of the web plate.
20. The pitch of the rivets connecting cover plates with flanges of rolled steel beam is
designed for what force?
 These rivets are designed for horizontal shear between the flange plate and flange
angles. Since the vertical load is transferred by the flange plates to the flange angles by
direct bearing, there will be no vertical shear due to the vertical load. Here the rivets will
be in single shear.
UNIT – V – ROOF TRUSSES AND INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
1. Name the types of roofing systems.
Flat roofing consists of either RCC construction or RSJ slab
construction Sloping roofing
2. Where the steel roof trusses are used?
Industrial buildings, workshop buildings, storage godowns, warehouse and even for
residential buildings, school buildings, offices where the construction work is to be
completed in a short duration of time.
3. Mention the advantages of a roof truss.
Its mid-span depth is the greatest specially where bending moment in the span is
the maximum Great economy.
Sloping faces of trusses facilitate in easy drainage of rainwater.
4. What is the factor that is considered in the roof truss and why?
The factor, which is considered in the roof truss, is pitch, it is defined as the ratio
of
the span length to the depth of the truss, is governed by the roofing material and
other
requirements such as ventilation and light.
5. How the trusses are classified according to the pitch?
Small pitch - span depth ratio is more than 12 m
Medium pitch - span depth ratio is between 5m to 12 m
Large pitch - span depth ratio is 5 or less.
6. Sketch the various types of roof truss.

7. Name the components of a roof truss. Principal rafter or top chord

Ridge line
Bottom chord or main tie
Eaves
Ties
Panel points
Struts
Roof coverings
 Sag tie
Shoe angle
Purlins
Base plate, anchor plate and anchor bolts
Rafters

8. What is gantry girder and what are the forces that are acting on it?
A gantry girder, having no lateral support in its length, has to withstand vertical
loads from the weight of the crane, hook load and impact and horizontal loads from crane
surge.
9. What is meant by purlins?
Purlins are structural members which are supported on the principal rafter, and
which
run transverse to the trusses. The span of the purlins is equal to the center-to-center
spacing
of the trusses. The purlins support the roof covering either directly or through
common
rafters. They are usually made of either an angle section or a channel section and
are
therefore subjected to unsymmetrical bending.
10. Why the bracings are provided?
Bracing is required to resist horizontal loading in pin-jointed buildings, including
roof
trusses. Bracing of roof trusses and supporting columns provide still rigid structure.
When
wind blows normal to the inclined surface of the trusses, it is efficiently resisted by all
the
members of the truss and the wind forces are transferred to the supports at the ends of
the
truss.
11. Name the most common roof covering materials.
Slates Glass
Tiles Corrugated aluminium sheets
Lead sheets Galvanized corrugated iron sheets (G.I. sheets)
Zinc sheets Asbestos cement sheets (A.C. sheets)
12. Write the equation to calculate the design wind pressure.
Design pressure is  0.6V k
p 2
k k V 2
z z 12 3 b
Vb = Basic wind speed in m/s at 10 m height

k1 = Probability factor (or risk coefficient)

k2 = Terrain, height and structure size
factor k3 =Topography factor
13. Mention some of the requirements of a good joint.
The line of thrust should pass through the C.G of the rivet group and the rivets
should be symmetrically arranged about this line.
 For a tension member, the rivets should be so arranged that the area of the
member joined is not reduced more than necessary.
The number and the diameter of rivets should be sufficient to develop the
maximum stresses induced in all the members at the connection.
Members should be straight and bolts used to draw them together before the
rivets are driven.
14. What are the conditions that to be satisfied for the end supports?
The size of base plate should be sufficient so that the bearing pressure does not
exceed the permissible value. Anchor bolts should be provided at one end to
accommodate the thermal expansion of the truss. The lines of forces in rafter,
bottom tie and vertical end reaction meet at a point.
15. Where the gantry girders are used?
Gantry girders or crane girders carry hand operated or electric over head cranes in
industrial buildings such as factories, workshops, steel works etc., to lift heavy materials,
equipment etc., to carry them from one location to the other, within the building.
16. Sketch the various forms of gantry girders.

Forms of gantry girders

17. What is drag force?
This is caused due to the starting and stopping of the crane bridge moving over the
crane rails as the crane m0oves longitudinally, i.e. in the direction of gantry girders.
18. What is the permissible deflection where the electrically overhead cranes operated over
500kN?
The maximum vertical deflection for crane girder, under dead and imposed loads
shall not exceed L/1000, where L is the span of the crane runway girder.
19. Define shoe angle.
It is a supporting angle provided at the junction of the top and bottom chords of a
truss. The reaction of the truss is transferred to the supports through the shoe angle. It is
supported on the base plate.
20. What is panel point?

These are the prominent points along the principal rafter, at which various
members (i.e. ties and struts) meet. The distance of the principal rafter between any two
panel point is termed as panel.