Compressible Fluid Flow For B.E1.Tech Engineering Students {As Per Revised Sylabus of Leading Universities in India lncluding Dr. AP! Abdul Kalam Technological University, Kerala Dé.S. Ramachandran, ME.1%. Dr. A, Anderson, M6 Pho. Professars ~ Mech Sathyabama Institute of Seience and Technology Chennal -119 AIR WALK PUBLICATIONS (esr All India Radio) 0, Kareeshwarar Koil Sto. Mylapore, Chennai ~ 600 004 Ph. 2466 1909, 94440 81904 Email: eishram2006@gmail. com, siewalk800@ gmail.com ‘rwaiewatkbooks coe, www ebooks. 7gFirst Edition : 08-07-2018 Compresble Fuld Flow Cewoe Fan AI Rights Reserved by the Publisher Metal aa tert 1 [intact Compete Row Cmca a] SP Is ‘This book or part thereof should not be reproduced in | | Seariee of ans, ewan aot any form without the written permission of the author i [= sageton ne couprembany "Enos and publisher. rane Wave popeaion ~ Aes vloiy Mac Nao reacts onter erf Mach rion ecm" Pear cen” ya Price Res. 235/- sigence tween incomprenb._sabene Sone so sapenon flown Mach cine = Sone Scan Reece ects ime enc eo Sata enrps oust = mr aterm a ur ow fins on nesdy ow site ine T]oee aiicasaal wethenon ow =|] ‘Ontnepurcesing can be done tough our webs Atanas sd neues ow = ete wwwcalrwalkbooks.com ma wwW.stbooks.org ets equtone = Ace Vac remien sag I pponimnion~ nose a dct = mas (29 trough iw = chckng hemes fw ~ Row ectncns an eicency of mise andar amazon.com je oving ies = thane and bor | feenzpie tom opeaton of norde unde aye re eis = ove spoon ad Boa ios dow ew er payra na ARWALK PUBLICATIONS) oregon in ee fc Wo soreeraest” CFSE: BODIES Bank ea, Serta | | FIRST INTERNAT EXAM 40) a eR branch, Mylapore, Chena ‘SRamachandran, AeNoAB2EOK4AT GFSCHOISOO0SZON, Inn Berk, ‘Typeset be akshras mata aslayam, Cheol = 18, Ph: 0442496 4508 {Gar scoooone,sopaaoe2 one dimensional shock wave ~staonay normal shock ~ governing oquaons ~ Prandil~ Moye lations = Shoek strength ~ Rankine ~ ogo Relation ~ Norma) Shock on T-5 dapam —| woehing formula = carves and bles ~ Oblique shock waves ~ sipersonic fw over compreston Jan expansion comers (ase denn),Comonts_¢t [Flow is 3 constant wen doc wih Fic Fam} Flow) ~ Governing Equations = Fass ine ee Jar and Pv diagram ~ Fanoo rcloson for a perfect ess — Chocking due to fiction - working aes for Fanno. fiow Toohey! fg Glementry teatmens ey) ‘SECOND INTERNAL EXA Flow ioogh conta ax aio Fa] emster Gyieigh Mow) — Govening unto J-"Raylegh line ones end Rov venga Rayleigh relation for paver gee ~ manimun posite beat nd Toate of macinn entpy na ~ thuemal chocking wanking fables for Rayleigh tow “Table of Content Modole- I; Introduction T# Compressible Flow 1.1 Introduction to Compressible Flow... ic 1.2 Concept of Continwsm - 2 113 Controt Volume Approsch |. ed aa 14 Conservation of Mass. : le 15 Momentum Equation. ae as 16 Energy Bqvation --.00.00 000. coo 61. Bnergy equation for a flow process. 1I5 162 Adiabatic eneray equation. Lo a6 163 Adiabatic energy transfer and energy transformation 116 417, Stagnation Site Aad Stagnation Propertios at 171 Stagnation enthalpy (ho) fei 172 Stagnation temperature (or) Total tomperoture (To) 117 4143 Stagnation presoure (Po) (or) Total preseure.... 118 174 Stagnation velocity of sound (a9) 18 175 Stagnation density (0) cl ae 1.8 Compressibiity A) eas 1.9 Acoustic Velocity (or) Sound Velocity 120 1.10 Mach Number And Effect of Mach Number on compressibility : 123 411 Regions o€ Flow on Steady Flow Adiabati ellipse ... 1.25 {@ Incompressble fle region 7 137 (i) Subsonic low region : 127 (ai) Tranconic low region .-. 127 (le) Supersonic flow region ei 127 (@) Hypersonic low region. : 137 1.12 Mach Angle snd Mach Cone ey 137 4138 Sonie Boom... 130 114 Impulse Function. 1st 116, Reference Velocities 00... : 133 115.1 Non-dimensional Mack Number QW) 136 116.2 Relationship between M" end M.. 137(62 Compossbie Fd Flom «wn sinabis com ey 116.3 Croiee Number (Gres... 2139 310 Impossibility of Rarefaction Shock Wave 229 1.16 Bemoull’s Equation : 159 | 341 Strength of a Shock Wave an $3.12 Supersonic Wind Tunnels... Tage Module = 2: Iemtropic Flow wi Variable Arca Se acai aan : a 21 Introduction « 21 313:1 Deolopment of oblique shock wave .\\0...s 827 ‘21.1 Comparison of Ieniropic and Adiabatic Processes. 2.2 3.182 Pundamantal Relations 320 23 Mack Number Variation. + 23 8.18.8 Prandtl Meyer Bquation 22 28 Stagnation (0) and Critical States (©) 27 3184 Ronkine Hugoniat Ezuotion fr) Danaty Ratio worse 25 Ienpulae Function : 212 the shock ° 335 28 Mass Flow Rate..... 2u 13.135 Trigonometrical Relations 338 261 Mess flow rate in terms of Pressure ratio, 215 13.186 Density Ratio across the Shock =... 3a 26.2 Mass flow rate in terms of arco ratio 2a8 3.13.7 Pressure Roto Across the Shock 345 263 Mass flow rate in terms of Mach number 219 518.8 Pimperature Ratio ccros the Shock 3a 27 Flow Through Notales Under Varying Prearure ation | 2.21 3548.9 Stagnation Presure Ratio 3a 27.1 Convergent noses 221 3.13.10 Change in Entropy ocroas the Shock 348 27.2 Convergentedivergent noszies, 229 ‘8.13.11 Deflection Anate : 3a Se raging tn undermine = mite. 23% te Ha Cian Act Dat Fin aa Fa oo wean 32 43 Fane (Curve Li one Darn a avi ano Flow = Governing Equstions “a oe ee 7 237 43 solution of Fanno Flow Equations 49 Module = 3: Flow with Normal and Obique Shock Waver ‘44 Variation of Flow Properties 433 1 Introduction a “441 Temperature ai SLI Development of @ Normal Shock Wave ar 4:42 Pressure 413 2.2 Governing Equations 33 443 Voocty und Density au ‘S21 Fanno Line : ae 444 Stagnation Pressure. ae as 32.2 Rayleigh Line ae 4.45 Impulse Punction IN ae 8. Prandthmeyer Relation a 446 Change of Bneropy Cae 8.4 Mach Number Downstream of the Normal Shock Wave 3.10 145 Variation of Mach Number with Dect Length Lar 235 Static Pressure Ratio Acree the Shock 38 {18 tuothermal Flow ina Constant Area Duct with Pricion 4.8 36 Temperature Ratio Across the Shock au 48:1 Isothermal Flow Bqustions..... sees 480 1827 Density Ratio Acrocs the Shock (or) Rankine hoponit 462 Voriation of Flow Properties ve aa Equation. . a5 38 Stagnation Pressure Ratio Acras the Shock a9 39 Change in Ertropy Across the Shock aa(CA_Compresibe Fis flow = wan satis com Modute - $: Flow tn Constant Area Ducts with Heat Transfer and ‘without Friction (Rapteigh Flow) 5.4 Rayleigh Line on bes and Por Diagram. 5a 5.11 Slope of the Rayleigh Line. Nl 63 52.2 Constant Entropy Lines, coos ba 5.1.3 Conetant Bnihalpy Lines need 62 General Equations in Rayisigh Plow Process 57 458 Rayleigh Flow Relations for Perfect Gas. 36 5.3.1 Preseure fs : 58 53.2 Temperature : 59 5.3.8 Density and Velocity 59 5.3.4 Stagnation Preseure 5.0 1983.5 Stagnation Temperature 510 5.3.6 Change of Entropy, Bn 5.2.7 Heat Transfer sun 5.38 Impulse Function sar 64 Variation of Plot Propertice 512 85 Maximum Hest Addition ~ Location of Maxinsom Enthalpy Point 528 Modute - 6: Compresibe Flow Field Violation and Measutement 62 Intraduction : et 5.2 Classifiation of The Fiow Visualization Tectmiques |... 62 1. Diet Injection 6a 11 Option? Moet: Shadoweraph method. 68 6.2.1 Interferometer oan 63 Proseure Measurements 515, 62.1 Liquid Menometert 616 6.3 Ring Bolance Manomecer and Barometer 61s 63.9 Dial Type Pressure Gauges. 620 6.3.4 Pressure Transducers 622 6.8.8 Strain Gauge Pressure Cell 622 656 Flattened! tube pressure ca 22 6.3.7 Oplindrical Type pressure cals 623 onsen 6.4 Temperature Measurement -....2.0.-.00+5 2 64.1 Bimetallic thermometers «-. Ll eae 4.2 Pressure Thermometers (Plaid expansion type). 6.25 4.3 Resistance thermometer u) a29 8.44 Thermistors (Thermal Resistors)... so. 6S 65 Velocity Measuremenis : : ee etal 65.1 Ansmometerg..- ovo yoo 632 6.5.2 Cup Anemometere ex 65.3 Vane Anemometer. : 633 65:4 Hot Wire Anemometer 634 6.56 Laser Dopplar Velocimetery... 693 65.7 Moosurement of flow velocity in Subsonic Flow and Supereonis Flt ons 640 658 Shock tube 640 65.9 Pitot tube Tl eae. 66 Flow Direction Measurement 64s 86.1 Five hole truncated probe eas 8.82 Cobra probe ae aa 66:3 Wedge probe... eae 67 Stagnation Temperature Measurements 648 67.1 Laminar Flow 69 67.2 Turbulent Flow 609 65 Stagnation Prosture Measurement. 250 68.1 Kia! probe 650 69 Wind Tunels 6st 69.1 Types of wind Sunnel: ese 6.92 Subsonic Wind Tunnet 058 62.9 Supersonic Wind Tunnel 656 69:4 Blow down wind Tunnel (Open circuit typo). 658 6.9.5 Blow down wind Tunnel (loved civeult type). 6.59 6.9.6 Shook Tunnel Fi 650Module » 1 Introduction To Compressible Flow Totton io Compra Flom — Canciet conta and conrol volume approach ~ conservation of mast: momentum and energy aeration sate compresiblty ~ Enfopy relations Wave propagation ~ Acoustic velocity ~ Afach number ~ effect of Mack ‘mer on compresibitiy = Pressure coefllet~ Phsca dlference Brseen ‘compres. subsonic, sonic ond supersonic flows ~ stack cone ~ Sonic bom = Reference veloiter ~ Impulse faction ~ edabate energy equation eeratetation of serous flow regimes on cad fl adabti ellse 1.1 INTRODUCTION 70 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW "Gos dynamics dats wih the sted’ of compressible Dud flow when {ts in motion. I anayees the high speed lowe of ees and vapours ith considering comprssibiy. Applications The sppications of Ga Dynuasler ae (i) wi in steam and Gaz ferines (2) high speed aerodynamicr (Gi) Jet and Rocket propulsion Go) high speed turbo compressors et ‘The ud dynamics of compwesible Now problems which Inveves the ‘elation between fore elit, dency and mis ce. Thrtore the flown Taw ace frequently sed for saving the Gar Dynan problems 9 [deved fom Best kaw of © Steady ow energy equa ‘Thermodynamics (4) Entopsreatons [derived from second la of Thermodynamics! (58) Continuity equation Jdesved from law of conservation of mas) Ge) Momentum equation [derived from Newton's Second law of motion!12 Compressible Fit Flow - wrwainalibooks com Compressible Flow Tacompresibie Flow ie tia vcs — we] The lela sal previ compu ain |” compared withthe velo Se eum pan cy Trenton vari in|) "Te atonal aati i Baty "Csincoee forthe evar so sala 10 Semty nt oma. Senos ce, the deny The aration in prewar ad paternal ree ime Compresibliy factor ts one i) Te fractional varatlens ia (omperature and’ preeare | fr ot significant magi CCompressibiiy factor is eee] ) wo 1.2 CONCEPT OF CONTINUUM "The concept of coninaim if kind ef idealization of the cotinsous description of mater where the properties of the mater are considered 25 ‘ominuoas Function of Space sabes. Although any materi composed of everat molecules, the concept of continuum srsomes continuous distbaton ‘mass within the mates Gr sytem with ho empsy space intend of stu ‘conglomeration of separte molecules. Desribing a fluid flow quanttatvely makes it necestry to assure thc flow variables (Pressue, velocity ele.) and thi properties vary oninvunly om ove poin wo anther. Mathematical description of 8 this basic hay proved 10 be rlale and treatment of fluid medium 3 3 connaum hax firmly Become esublished For example, the density at a point fs noxmally defined 38, =z] WW very large, pi flected by the inomogenites in he Hid Imedivms, Considering another condition, 36 AV ie very sal, random Inovemen: of stone or moecsen would change ther number at ferent Inwoducion to Compressible Fow 13 oe se conn potnan pn deve ee he ae tmpnnde aA fre ua! custens bce ee, Set conino nk an i ema by ae we) (ne of tt ane! nga emi te vty of cain oss neica Sea. he ete ee trae wh cher by mn ae pat Os oe nny umn ngr dae be, maken ite baer ‘een alt I'he eu ie ph ey sal conga wh Sumac ing now dua ten We ean fe Wael cairn melon i be mam fs pul begs Wigan Wnt haracteistc length the 2a cannot be conser eotinaaus and shoul be analysed by molecule theory = tim ay ave Ba, where 2 ts he mean fre path and Lis the characterise length, M deserbes the Aepice of departure fom continu [A imensionles parameter known an knoe number &y ‘Usally when 4,> 000, the concept of costinuem doesnot hal pood ‘eyound this ential range of Knudsen uber, the Mow are knosen Ship Now (001 <4, <0.1) ‘Transition low (0.1 hy =10) Free snoecute Now (ky > 10) However, forthe flow teions considered. whee (001 and tis wu 0 sy tht the Maid is coin, is aways ess han (Oter factor which checks the validity of coninoum i the elapct time between ellison. The tine should be small enough so tat the random satistial deseipon of molecular acvity Holds good.ua ibe Fuld Flow - wu sialiboks com Im comtingum approch, Mud properties such as density. vissorty, ‘hema conductiviy, temperature ec, can be expresied as continous funetions of space and tine 1.3 CONTROL VOLUME APPROACH ‘Control volume is defined a repon im apace across the boundaries of sich maton energy and momentum ny flow and tix region within ‘which source of sink of the same quanti may prevail. It a rpion on Which extemal forces may ot The contol volume i loated within 8 ving ‘ai. There are two approsches in control vole (@) Bnterian approach Here the contol volume is xed in the space, and the wansport of Aid scons the Fixed contol volume studi Messorements made asng stations insrumens (elt ee, hot wire, laser doer) can be directly cormpaed with the coltions of diferent] cqutions obiined by the euleron approach, Except when dealing With ceria ‘ppet of ansteady flows, the exleian approach in generally ised for Is notional nlc. () Lagrangian approach ‘ere the cont yolune Is moving in space with respect to time. 14 CONSERVATION OF MASS ‘This derivation is derived by camesinn femme work (Cartesian inate system). A camtesian coostinate sytem sede decribe the canesian contol volume in three dimensions. Consider a parle piped 8 8 conto volume of sides 8 Ay 2 a sy and directions respctvely. ‘Won We consider the conservation of mass, we assume fixed conto volume and stady the amount of mass entering and leaving the contol volume Consider she tase low ening the onl vue fm x— dreton, and the mass flow leaving the contal volume in x— decion, considering the mass Now entering the cont volume by means by taylors 2 wuayaaas puayderSouaraa the mass Now rate entering the contol volume in y direction, tnd the mass low rate leaving the contol olume in y direction, Axds+ 2 @varaaa: pvasaerZ@varanay Sia the mass Now rte entering he contol volume is = dion, sn the mass flow rate leaving the contol vleme in # dieton xt dye2(pwaxdyae pwartayeS(ow asap.18 Com Fld gw = wow snglhbooks com rom law of conservation mas, PEST || Sete” | [Se | a Net change im na from the sytem, along x direction a --ewayaxavar ‘Simaly [Net change in mass trom the system. along y dtection 2 a. = Zevaracayy, ako [Net change in mast from the comsch volume i & dection a =-Zewarayanar ut change of tim he conto! volume shen hy n2@acssaa 4, w #42 6y+200+2 m=! +2 (ons oneZem=0 as 1 8 cocina fee representation, 2 eon Secs a3) ewig 12 2. Bow Be pl 2. ord rn Boo( 1261s the nin of ine and poson dap 053.8 Be 2 aoe we 8 yi 1 tos mapi. 22 SE Ron' m2 20), aay sing corti ee eam oe. Vimo ie aay ror sey tow, “Te velocity i divergence free Ge) Eso pe from eqn 1.53, fF steady fom, for compressible ow,2 lg Few - wi com a Fou 19 1. mower EOUATION 2s fourtzacJooa satin, 7 roe nn ee os Te ee tc sg econ nt = [oye Sntasae Ps ‘The mormal shear Free ating i istion i on eid i and the oma shear fore sting along = dietion im wter side of og ea: laze: og? es: lavan ‘Apoying the Newton's law, “The shear sreses actin the diction of et somal, which point asiay rm the srfice, The pressor fers also a in che ervton of nee Tre force verte i equal to the rate of change of a velocity ae normal, but they ae compective i naire, which pot towards the sufae. Fon BY enP tt cotsdering the force ating o® th cord volume. ayt= Poy Body forces aT ‘he force por whit volume in x y= dition I P&P he Presate fone Viscous shear ‘The norma shear free tetng in « dein in tet hand side ‘The viscous ear acing tngetial 10 the faces wou dyse (Ge) « pane on one sie ‘The mocmalshear force eting i x destion in igh hand sid wemayas110_Comprssiie Ful Flow = mw alwalboks com “The Viscous shear sting tangemi 0 the ces (Ge) « plane on anther side “[oortgacJivae Sinitry, “The viscous shear sting on tangential to the foes (Le) y plane on botom side land the viscous shear acting on tangential 1 the foes (Le) y planes Sinioy the other viscous Shear ating tangent the faces are Ge) y planes in 2 iretion on tp side and the viscous shear acting tangential to faces are Ge.) y plone in 2, : [ser Stay Jaros the viscous sear ating tangemlal to the fees are (20) & panes i «direction one sie and the viscous shear acting tangent! 10 the faces re (Je) plates fn x direction on atoter side lnoducton tp Compressible Flow 1.11 ‘Tre Viscous shear acting tangential tothe faces ake Ge) x plane in 1 izecton on one side tehe dy the viscous shear sting tangential tothe faces ae (.e) = plane in ¢ stn mt to acy Sioa, ‘The viscous shear acting tangential fo the FALE a Ge} lane ia 1 Section on one side =f, yx and the viscous sear acting tangential to the faces ar Ge) < plane in 1 rection one anor side [ tng al the Hess togeter i a tensor form, and expand the tensor form, we get the mate form as, [E23] Net force im dieton a a nyt Seas layae eree[ oan eM acayacT112 Comprossiin Fu Aw + we seakbonis com en vate crete Ion ‘Assuming there i= m6 rotation to this consol volume caused by the lubalance frees ‘Tie assumpsion lity the unknown om 9 1 6 “The forces ae expumied and eqused to th total desivative. Hence Be mu Be de Be Den ae ant Oy fame Sint, : Inlodunjon to Compressbie Flow 1.33 be abvoltevisosty (6) shear viscosity nd ‘Aebulc waco (oe) second coefclem of Wiscosy siiey, fo Shear esses i «Newtonian Ai, ton tenn[ 2 mol oe a cov “To elt, blk viscosity and sher vss, sos hpi ed Bae2neo Here replsing srs io ters of sin rts. Sia. for y~ momentan Bove oaae me con a2 (es [ee] “This equations re the moment sitions for con fom. a 1.8 ENERGY EQUATION “The Ft Iw of hemdymamics at at when # sem ease a cele procta, the sles sum of work waar is proportional 10 the SNeeoie vm oem ater $av-d20 $aw=s$a0 When heat a Won Le ae expres inthe se unis $40-faveo “Te quanty “AQ ne ull fll the pth fc Bat the vanity (40 di) does non cepend onthe path of the process. Terre, the chara in uni Qa) Hs» propery called “Energy” (. Ths ded fae f do-f aw eB 0-W O=w+ Ep 05 fn the above equation, he ence term “Ey ints Kinetic ener ‘ners energy, grvitational pc ener, sta ergy. magnetic em etc. By ignoring magnetic eatty tnd san energy te ery et nina o conn eadomg ze dmc? Me teeta om of Bon (1.5 seme emg ays 4m ace Integrating the above equation between the Hints 1 an 2, Shan the eaeton becomes, 6) -(W,-up me @-2) +4 m[ GG] an stunting (1.7) 9 equstion (1:5) & general form of emery equation is bined. te lo-woey-uprmeezoeimlG-G]] ay, LOL Rnergy equation fora Mow process ‘A ckange oF 8 series of changes “tow process”, Examples ae (Flow trough nozztes, sttsers and ducts ec, (4) Expansion of steam aod in wrtines (i) Compression of ale and gases in turbo compressors ete In such ow process the werk arm (W) ncades the Now work aso 1m open sytem Is Kaown ab 8 Wem + eerYD i 1 Sta work ow work ax shige equation (8, we gt 0° (HP, Y= (Ua-U) +m a2) +a d-cf] but, we Koo th the ely = 0+ PY{LAB Compress Fuld Be - war siwaboces com mt aomys thoy omezyone hn dome g, ebm ro=tt, mez, +3mhs W, 10) a a mn tetyt Fteo hs estat Som, oan ler unit Ug mas] “This ig «sendy flow energy equiton whichis gescaly se ow! roleme of ese and vapours, 162 Adiabatic energy equation Compared to ether quaniies, the change im elevation #(.~5) it reaiible i= ow problems of gates ard vapour. In a reversible aiabatc ‘ress, the Hea infer “qe nepligibly mal and canbe gnoced Expansion fF gtce and vapour in noszik and difuers ae examples of ruc proces For such procenes equation (11) i raced t (1.2) bw, 01 1.63 Adiabatic enerny transfer and energy transformation In adiabatic enezy tener process, the shaft work wil rent) expansion of pace in qrbines and compression in compressor ee, fe an “dla eneraytansormation proces, the aha work i =r0. eg. expansion Of erees in nopsles and competion in difucerse, “The adiabatic energy equation (1-1) i valid for peacestes involving ‘oth enerey transfer and energy tansormaton. The eherey equation for G a nt dow, ay) "The energy equation fora norte and die is ~ 8) r to Compssiie Flow 147 117. STAGNATION STATE AND STAGNATION PROPERTIES. ‘The site of Mid attained by tentroplcally declerating Ito ero ‘octy a pero clevaian Is verre to ac te etgnation wate 1 soften eda a reference sae. The ropes ofthe Auld at magnaton site ae the agmtion properties ofthe fui. ef stagnation temperature, stagnation prvenre, stagnation enthalpy cto, 1.7. Stagnation emtbalpy (y} Stapsaion eahalpy of + gat or vapour is tena when iti atinbsaly decelerated to ae ely a zor eatin. AS pr the deiiton. [At the nl sate > hy =: Cy = Cand [AL the final tke 9 hgh # Ce By substan thief eqution (14), We get as) whee y= stagnation ehalpy and = tae enthalpy In a adic anergy tansfenation proces, the stagnation euhalyy 172 Stagnation temperature (or) Total temperature {Ty} ‘Stagnation temperature of ga OF vapour defied a the txipersture When itis adibatcally decelerating to 20 velocity at er evasion, For perfec 28, the equton (1.15) can be wate ee a ree aT ae 16) where, Ty = Stagnation temperate T= Stic temperate Velocgy empertreible Fluid Flow - wow webbots com se From equation (1.16) am 173 Stagnation pressre {Fy} (or) Total pressure Stagnation pressure isthe pressure of the gus when i 6 adiabatically eceesed to aero velocity at 20 elevation, The slabaie relation for 3 “ach er aus) Stagnation velocity of sound (45) We know tha the scoutc velocity of sound a= WYRT. For a given aluc of stagnation tempers, the stagnation velocity of sound 49 VR ence sc-avenan aetna trredueton to Compressbie Flow 1.1 175. Stagnation density (2) For the given values of sagnation pressive and temperture, the sxpntion density ie given by OPE) (BGP 1.8 COMPRESSIBILITY (149 19) Compresiblity Is the invere of bulk modulus of elaticiy “The bulk modulus of clasticy of « uid is defined by ‘po — lorem in gretsre ‘Waive change n vans: (sinus sgh Is ecaae, increase in prestre takes pace by dressing ‘ssttng this In equation (1.16) we geibe Fluid Flow - wera aye dp ode Bad mgt [Be] oa aoe Hen, Comsiy(f 1.9 ACOUSTIC VELOCITY (or) SOUND VELOCITY isthe velocity of sound in fst median or the Speed with which smal dinturbonce Ir Wanemite trough the id ' $$ ittaiuston to Commosstio ow 1.21 Consider « saionary fui im an insted cylinder fed wih {cioniess pit. The piston and gas inthe tbe are at reat origally at 3 prere 7 Lat the preter sro the wave foot Gs plane ston which ‘reste ant density changes suddenly and there will be a ascominaity 10 resrre, temperature and densi) be at shown In Figs3, 1 soll impulse ie given to the platon the gas immediately afjcent 1 the pson wil expeionse a alight ze in pressure (dp) or in er words it willbe compressed, The change im density (29) taker place cause the is compressible and therefore, here i «lapse of time tatwcen the motion ‘tthe pitlon and the ime. Tht (ation of piston) i observed atthe fare ‘oF the tbe. Ths i wl take certain tne 10 reach for end of the tbe ori ‘chard thr i nite velooity of propagation which i coud velo. Wis shown in Fig13, Inthe case, the stagnant gat at presen the sith ide moving wth a velocity “at toward left and thus is presse rabed to (ap) a es velely lowered to (2d). Tis e because of the ‘elociy ofthe piston (de) sts opposite to the movement of 04 (2, Before deriving the equation he olowing srumptoes are made 1. The fd wey ie sesame 0 be Scot Yeaity 2 ‘There i no Heat ranser i dhe pipe and the low i hgh constant cs pis 3. The changes scots an iiss pressure wave ea be assumed a5 reversible adiabatic (r) entropic ‘Appving momentum eqoation beticen the two sides ofthe wave: PAM ap) A min (a-de)—)} fi t Prestare force Input force liepael Alp-p—de\=BA bam de) 1g cant) 29 From coninvity @quton fr the fy sides of the waveJntedueson 10 Compressible How 1.28 142_Compreasiie Fuid Flow - ww aiwalibook fan pAaniprdo)Aa—de) 140 MACH NUMBER AND EFFECT OF MACH NUMBER ON COMPRESSIELITY pa=patadp-pde-dpde a2 he de is very smal, 5 Kis ignored ‘The equation fp Mech number (0) ee ee : Wis @ pondimensional number and i defi ae dp =p de Sebsttting this In equation (1.20), we get From Bemoulli equation for incompressible ow, the vale of pesire en tap co-efficient (00) compressibility factor ie uni a fon. 422) * : a2 = Cod = constant ‘For compressible flaw, the value of geessure co-efficient deviates from unity she mop of dei nes th he mah moe oe 0m pe"Y constant We brow ta, Ditremlaing be above enon = elgg ]oet Fo (PYF an Mey? af-ve 1 fap Jee tan Be( Be a1eSg ae cpvertap lapse tapso dpe Pa Pye Tep ap s0 dpa: dpa tPade Salat Dae - Papens fue pe } “is conte expe ty Biol xpson ° DpyneoNe=2 3, Seaver # 6 j Sting thin enston (122 i on (2 er i Poe apa ae a = a-*9-D* te 2 algachp San tiatiae, ‘This is am Important equation fer solving 68 dyamie problemsaay 29 For y= 1a am Equation (1.27) gives the percentage deviation of the pressure ‘o-fficien fom is incompresible flow value with the Mach number. By btuing diferent values of M, we get the following table. Irodsclon to Compressble Fw _ 1.25 ‘Table 11 tect of Compresbicy ‘Mach Nomber M deviation 02 10 os 6a 06 3 28 2 0 10) as ‘From te able fy observed tha, pceaage Geviton iene when Mach number increases." When the mach number i unity, the percentage deviation fe 27.5% 1.11 REGIONS OF FLOW ON STEADY FLOW ADIABATIC. curse The antic cer eatin fr pret ei sve ints of tui veloc and sand velo Then ped rapa athe Fie"e dy ae eect From ssa ener etn, toh coment We know dha, [eau] By sbsting this in equation (115), we get1.26 Gompreseie Flys Flow - woew walks com HS constant itt 28 At TOO 02048 % Cone “Therefore equation (1.28) becomes or 029) At C=O ;0> 4) “Therefor, from equation (1.28) +8. = consi “yet 30 aan Equation (1.31) 6 an anther form of sable eneray equation. By seating diferent waves of @) si (4) In the above equation ant by Ploting the values asleady flow elip® s obtained. 1 is shown fm FiL.15 fd there ar five different cepons on he clipe "Fight Var veins Intoducton to Compreesble Flow 1.27 (compressible flow region ‘The region of flow cose to the axis “' isan inconpresible ow region. The Mud velocity is much emailer than the sud veloty which i thown in Fig. LAS. Therefore the Mach number M <1 and i Yiry else (Subsonic low rsion "The region the Fight of the incompressible replon and uplo a mach umber ese than ny. (ily Trantonie flow resion ‘When the Mach numberof low is iy, the flow is sonie Now. A all rezion igh les han ony and st above the sonic poi eered 1 tesonie flow region. The mach gurber in hi tegon fn betren 08 lz (ie) Supersonic flow region The Tepion is om the ight sie ofthe Wansone flow epi. The mach number in this rion ie alvays above nis and up 10 (9) Hypersonic flow region Th this rion, the flow velocuy Is very high compared 0 the sound ‘locity and ence the mach pombe is very high L6, above 5. The region ose to the '° axis alledhypernnic repion, 12 MACH ANGLE AND MACH CONE ‘When a body moves trough § uid or when foi Nos past & Body oe wih the was of mac, each Glen! nf tf surice lends to vert the Aud fom ts direction of flow. Fer example, la cae of projectile moving Uieolgh a. each clement of the project's wuace ea pushes the seightouring ai ou of the way, and this focal disturbence sts a pease pe which propaites in 4 the extrce ai, The pressure field ceed by th thst eletenary type af moving dstarbance i clled “Paint source of dirbance”. Piet source may be Sngined to rit infinitesimal peesure ave which spreads ephelly fom the plat of emission wih the speed of120 nln Fuld Few - wan airaibooks.com © @s Fig. 1.6 (a, b, © and a) shaw te movement of a source of aiurtance “O° at velocity © in ld from ght to Hef “Tne disturbance travels distances of Sanit vies respectively. In an incompressible low Fig 1.6 (8) the welocty of source of asturbaree °C reliibly emall compared to the Welty of ome evens feel a velocity 7" inal restos The 4 ae propagation wil be a se of concent < oy Gries a shown a Fle Lata OS Fig. 18@) Seperane tow (>a) >) oun “a Ti cud aves In x subeonic flow, the pont source traveling With a velocity Cea shown in Fig. LA the pont of turbance is assumed to be at 0. source wil have moved 19 1 andthe distance ct, AC unt tine 2 unite later, the soutee wll have moved 19? ct and so on. Ite observed that the wave fronts move ahead ofthe point source and the intensity is not symmetrical, “The practical use ofthis inthe case of automobiles, which move with (C<:The hom i heat el the vehicle eat 2 penn tng on he rd At he eefeence tie, tine ltr the pont In a sone flow {r= 1, he point source taels wit he same velocity 45 that of the wave. The wave flonts ae slays concider withthe point Source and cannot move ahead ot We wot Rear ny sound a the upateam ‘dei called “Zone of silence” andthe sownsteam is “zone af action” In 2 supersonic Rw, all the pressive dstrbances are inte 2 ‘cone which har the poi source a ie apc and the effect ofthe dintrbsnce not felt wpsteam of the cource of disturbance. Le, the pit source 1 always ahead of the wave fons, The cone within which the distances1.90_Compressble Fuld Flow - www aiwabiooks, sr confined calat Afach Cone and the half angle ‘a° of this cone is own as Mach angle. The space (of) zone outside the Mach Cone i call 1 Zone af silence Le thre ie wo effet of Ssturbance i his ephon. While the rgion inside the Mach Cone ie caled Zone af action. Inthe region the ‘ud properties are afeced by the ditrbance rom the Fig. ww ™ th 7 1.13 sonic Boom ‘A sic boar it the sound atsocited with the shock wave eeitd whenever an abject travelling BOWER the air travele faster thi the spced of sound. (Speed of sound st approtimmely 332 mle or 1195 ki). These spoedt are called spersonic peads. Hence this phenomens i sommes ile the supersonic Boom. Sone boom generate significant amour of sound nergy. Sounding similar to an explosion ey «thundecap to the huuan eae NNowmally for 3 plane that & going st subsonic speeds (ower than tht ‘of sou, the sound of the plane i radiated in all dreion. However the individual sound wavelets ace compressed as the front ofthe plane, Decane ofthe forward speed of plane. This effect in known as Doppler effect and ‘ecount forthe ehange of the pitch of the plane's wound ar i passes us ‘Won the plane i approsching ue H's sound has higher pitch than of is soine away fom vs [Now sf the plane e traveling atthe supersonic mad i 16 going faster than the speed of its sound. Ax > rel.» prenate wave ix produced in the shape of the cone afore venex atthe mise ofthe plane, ad whose bose in behind the plone. The angle opening oF the cone depres om the sual epced tho plane is taveling af All of the sound pressure te contained In this cone. The crack of supersonic bullet pasting overeat or the rack of ball whip ae examples of sonic boom in minaure Inzoducton o Compressbie Flow_ 1.24 4.44 IMPULSE FUNCTION For solving jt propulsion problems itis sometimes convenient employ a quantity called impale function. Ke defied asthe sum of presse forced impulse force. fe Fe pk + Presse free Imps farce 035) (One dimensional ow though & comol surface ie shown in Fit 17. The ne thet (0 side wall hast produce by the stream is result of anges in presse and. Mach number between ‘Apptying momentum cmeon exc By the fad Fize eG) [Fy] Cot PaAy-[ nc PA] Pada Ca+ PAs -[ PACE, + PAs] =ehiG + Pete orasch+ PA] T= Fa~ Fy = change in impute nction For pene gs, as) ~ paiva?) aa By sbstaing hi in eget (30, we got sora[ tend eon tet] 0361132 Compressbe Fuld Flow - wun aiwaincks com “The above equation ie convenient 10 find the thst exerted by the owing fluids axing Mach number (M), To absin a relation beween the non-dimensional impulse functions and the Mach number the flow i assumed {0 be foeropi, At M=1. F=P'ahe equation (1.35) becomes Flreuen paLieve] PO Fen ash 2, a= ye oye arte] S a= “Terefore the above equation tecomes Mate Vier enn Sobstituting this in equation (1.3), we pe F fra (ae waren Vari oe 036) 1,48, REFERENCE veLocmnes. In compressible Tid Mow analysis, K i often convenient to expres the lid velocity in non-dimensional forms. The various reference velocities sed re (Local veloty of sound, 6) Stagnation velacicy of sound, 99 (iy Maximum velocity of Bi, Ca is) Crea velocity of Matdhound, C* =a" (@ Local velocity of sound (@) “The local velocity of sound NE (© Stagnation velocity of sound, ay 1 ie a sound velocity atthe stagnation conditions, and its value Is ‘constant. Ia an adiabatic Now for given sapnation temper te. a9= WRTe (i) Maxioum veloc of fi, Cae From adie enerey equation, hy f+ Cn tas two components oe ty te es 2 wn Sate enialpy ie zero (ec) when the ene eneray it made up of kintle ‘nergy only. The above equation becomes,Comer Benoa, (15!) Gh em 2, 7 = 27 py snag iin cation (140 Vr _ NEE 0) Creat vec of fuidsound, Cat [oven-8] oi) aan Divide caution (1.39) by (LAD, we got CGR 20)1128 _Compressble Fusd How - wow arwansks com 0) me ND 08 we ao ah ‘Substituting ogeton (142), we get as “Therefore equation (142) becomes 2 5 Con, nett 181 Nonimenonat Mach Number 87) 2e x Gow e-neaen Tis a anche pe of mach noms and dels be beres the fea eyofd he evlty of sed te tS oe 2H ay aE eater) w0-[ Zeo-v]-aro 0? «Saiyan & Poe we 4s) Te is more convenient 1 wee IM” incead of M hecane AC igh uid welckles approaches infin. ‘Terefore, for doing cleulations i ie sitcue if HY14153. Croce Number ¢,} CCipcco umber fe & noi-dimenslonal Maid velocity which is det the ratio of fluid velocity to ie maximum fad velocity. Cx La fl vlan ea Ra fis Multiply both Ne and Dr. by C* 4s) By subainting equation (145) in (1.46) i eer any ea adechaty- newton 2cz=My-1)- GaP 1) a= y= tr CP 22 Naam ae Inrodueton 129 We know that, as) i) Velocity of sound at $00 K (i) Valet of sound ot stagnation condos (it) stesimam stot of Jet (és) Stagnation enthalpy o)_ Graco number. ea Given Date: 400 K, At sonic, condiion M=1 and C= ,y 14 (sil) Velocity of sound a= VyaT Vinca anes To= 7400 480K. Velocity of sound at stagnation condition o|149_Compressle Fuld Flow. worw aiwatiboks com trreduston to Compressbie Flow 141 sage WR, cian Data aie T= 599K Y= 13, RAD ange M12 Nias pee : ov. 3003 eK = 439,16284 msec Ory OF 3335 1g" (68) From stitute eerty equton [1ot520]p Som Per ~[1+ S$ xca? Js ~ Lome Velosty of sound 0 = VR r VaR (G0) ‘Stapeation enthalpy, hy a RD (9) Grosso number, Gy = 25 = SEP® = 0.408247 N13 469 xT OR : = 662039 mle Reva Encalpy Gp T= 1208.17366 eg (Velocity of sound « = 400899 mee myaeyTen HOLL tg (i) Velosiy 0f sound at stagnation conditions y= 439.162 sec eee, Maximum velocity 0 Ft Cy, = 982 misec ee (G0) Stappation emaly hy 482.16 tins (9) Crocco mumber Cr = 0.408247 ax 165050. 17120111 alee Problem 12 The Jt of gan ot SOF G=13 ond R= ADDIE R) Fa a Mack numer of 12. Determine for static and stagnation conditions (i) Velocity of sound i) ‘Entelpy iy_What it the maximum etainabie velocity of Hist? (EA{142_Compressble Fld Flow = wn swabs. com Result State | Stagnation Condition | “condition [_[ aoa oF wand Ceo) wore eases [co Yfetay Caihe) j= aos 1ise6 fiassapie iy [Masimien stainable velocty of ja] = 17120111 ican rie Frotlen Tir (a) Batemans he elect of air Ta = 2005 eek) cwvraponding 102 veecty of temperate af YC (8) Devermine the Mack number of an sitcrafi a which the velocity temperature of cra theeniry ofthe engine equals the sie temperature, Given Data: (Y= 1A, C= 1.005 KKK 2 TeaGeniememn e Fagen 2: C= VASE W 1065 = 742.1185 mes o rer We know that Tyo Te 7 =3P Bearers 8 Pareto? eae WE 2238 Reset (©) Veloiy of sie C=782.1185 ce 0) Mach mumbor 9 ae acre Ma 2.236 Intotucton tp Gompeessble Flow 149 ‘Frabiea LA Air fows From a reserol" at 350 KPa tad 70°C. Aasaming Iontropte flow. Caeutce the veto, tempers, presure nd deny ion where M =O, FAQ) (Given Data: {in a reservoir the Mid i in x stagnation state Le. the veto of se sug C=91 “Pg S50 KPa, Ty= 704273 = 03K since the tlw is seep rom entropic tale y= 1 and M06 Exo9n, £1 Enos fora T=220019 K and P= 4.312 bar mek comer - oa 215.151 aves We know that 12 u ae pam ar 0 f 45968 yf? est ) Vecty of now € (Temperature atthe section T . (63). Pressure of the section P 5 2S. miter 320019 K (392 be 4.6948 kgm’. 0) density tthe ston p : ‘Beatie Se ar artim aT Ua od 400K fag wh a wy of4 id ow «yo. Given Date: (P= ba, 7400 K, C= 400 mle © ier a Via xara 0997s (0 se mans ME 2 Ben 58a 162 ar? oun sar 6416K. From adiabatic sstaios, Py 18879 be Resa (Stagnation Pressure Py = 18879 bar (6 Seagnation temperature Ty = ——ATB.AIG K Probiom 16) Air ones a argh aulpmincie ct TG, 145 bar and 130 mise and leaves 4C, 2058 bar and 260 m/e. Under adiabatic flow ‘onions for ar ile erase sectional area of 50D s9.oms. estimate the Stagnation fmperanue, maximum veloc. mass flow rate andthe ex area. FAQ) aoteaee roe Cen Das TMemeMOK —Hesssee, c= 1SOmtee nem ree2tstin, C0200 he Ayes one 16D at 0° [1428 t04n? sw res2k We know tat age FAIS Vian 29" 353.61 mise ue=790.93 ioe Mass low ete, si = Py Ay Ch{L48_Comprsbie Fuld Flow - worw aiwativsks com rom continuity equation r= pps Cy~P2 aCe 2am BE age ‘air, 30052265287 x27 (2° BG” 205810 260 = 0.044689 m? = 4464986 on? (@) Stgnaion vemperatre Ty = IDK emt velOcy Coa 790.508 misoe (i) Mage flow rate = 3205226 bghee (io) Bat area of the act Ay 5 ers Problem 17! The Fig speed BOO bivhr The wagnaion Condon are 105 kBuand 38°C, Find the satie condensed the flight mach number (FAQ) Given Data 001000, 60 222.222 les, Py 108 4Pa Ty=354273=208 K roc aliabaic nerey es Viana 308 = 35178764 mice sa so Compresebie Flow 147 “3 -GsLmey? gaz ‘a= 3374579 mice Fight Mach number, Mm Resale 6) State presure # = 78481 kPa (i) Ste temperstre T = m0 Kk Fight Mach mumter M- = 065851 Wrobien TR Determine the veloly of sind tn al of SHC what dowd the minimarrmiporaure of rif has tobe hypersonic when it has @ ‘ela of 1500 mse ‘Ag (Given Data: 8 Kyo 14 R= 287 Ie K ——148_Coms Flow = wo Velocity of sound a= Vea = Via 27308 3887674 mes (i _ When the flow is hypersonic, the Mach number A= 5 (Assumed) We know that ny 200 on Wir 300 7 OOF ©) Velocy of sound a (6) Minimum temper of ie Fran 190A wapnaon con a omperaars 3f OE Determine the velocity of sound tnd the maximum posible uid velocity Wher ts the elo of sound whem Me fw tat half he maxim velo FAQ) Given Data T= 800K i) Welsity 6 sound ap = NVRTg = Vian 287 00 ~ 566.9567 mise (3) Maximum Aid velocity Sow : Introduction 0 Bow 149 ne EEE 0.250 when the flow velocity °C i at half ofthe maximum veloc Cpyy ten Cm Sa 6228760 mle Sis 2 We know tn, Sims Si 7 ‘Bbc TH Fiad The wapnation properties of aiz By calaaton 7 HS ais pressure is 250 4Pa and sae temperatire fe 128°C and elo 2 ee eC Given Data:Intedielon to Commpossbie Flow 1.51 rable LITA plane els ha way of TORT lat alae there the pressure ond temperature are 40 tPa and ~35%C. Find the mach (mle and mach munber x Visas 395 Given Data: c= OO 1000 277.7778 ese. P= 40 KPa, lzaseen as reossemsezer oe ae roe[ Heth xesors roe War afrrs108x qT -00es ee 3-(3F ' eto tama ea ose) voc M2210 a0 ime et no un ne mech enh on (gu JO | amet [os 4 © Mat eine em Tr | Problem Lid: The pressure, temperature and tach Ramaber a Oke erry OF Pio hanee ov La tas PO md Lo mem Vas aa A. ae eee ieee aie eee eee Se ee ee ery cancers es fact abana care = Grape Stagnation pressure Fo = 296.5789 kPa mn ee Gi) Scagoation temper == ‘Ty = AIT9N08 K (6)_Stagnation density Po = 2aT2T2 kat1L52_Compressble Fuss Flow . wan sinaoois ery (Prom lentrople table, y= 13 and Mfy= 14 = Ti coans (@ Saagnation temperature ofthe pus Tp = 388.0983 K oo (i) Temperature of gas at ext T,=20025872 K 2. Toy = 288.0989 K aoe i Velocity of gas a ext Cy = 872.5622 mice In an adiabatic flow, the magntion temperature is constant thoughout, : Tu *Ton=Tos (6) Plow ae port a tn = 1OREOD yn? ae rebiem Lise An acral Tong of an ace of TODD meat a mah number of O82. The crocs sectional area ofthe inlet aier before the LP Compresior sage is 0m. Determine {ey The mass of alr enering the compressor pe: second (8) The speed ofthe aircraft (e) The stagnation presure and temperature of at at the difuser en (0, From isentropic table, Y= 13 and M;=25 We tno at = c= Ma VWRT = 25 Vise ax 20 873.5622 mhec Given Data: Altude, Z= 12000 m Af, #082, A=05 m2 From table 2 (page number 19) at an tude of 12000 m, the properties 7 =21665K, P,= 0193 bar, 9, = 0311 kgf and a= 2952 niece 1. From isentropic table, (6) The flow rate? ofthe Sale area of cross section Meteo an oreo Pom fms & Torts nt fo seta ie ene Yar, Ya69 «300 = 242.064 eee = 10426024 beeen? = 27143 kenwas i hom : wr siatiooks, tration to Comprosebie ow 1.55 Mass flow re, n= 441 C, 2:2 WYRE, = 2598894 mee 0.311 x05 «242064 lie renee ato of inal wo final acoustic velocity Reult Result () Tempenture and density tthe final ste (@) Mass of air entering the compressor per sac = 37.64 he () Speed of the se cmt C = #7143 evr (©) Stagnation pressure & diffuser entry Py = 0.300155 bar (Ratio of ita w final acoustic velocity, SL = 1.0757 T,= 32234658 Kp, 12971072 kfm? (4) Sagnnion temperatre at difseeeney Ty = 245.913 (©) Pywttbar 7) 233-+773=306K,¢,=200 01 Brablem Cin (a) Air capone Teiropcaly rom 30 bar ond TOPE vo eo y= 387132277 lee ~-(} Py 196172 ba 12 bar, Determine she tmporae sa Cen The fal ste. Alo fee My 91208 te er tm fi ty. tr mre | Year, Via 2sr 06 SBC and presre of 11 bar W Rowing with a Yelchy of 320 mn Determine the tte! préssire, temperature and density FAQ) To=[ 10 GDaa |r, Given Dates Toe] 1+ 94x 092097 J ones J saffron : Ty 3869706K a=W s 1 (27 a | 23)" t if Po 1.886172 108 + oy p= AMBIT serosa? elt pet (0 Tost pesare Py = aser72 bar Bis Bis (i) Toad temperwre Ty 3559706 K ee (iy Toa density = 181055?156_Gomoressie Fd iow - win alwaibonks ‘Problem TAS A ga whe yOTAH onl molecalar weight = 3957 stored in @ reservoir ef 298 K, determine stagnation enthalpy and velocity ots Given Ty=208K e168 ‘i= (lecular weight) = 39.94 To find (Stagnation enbaloy (2) (4) Stagnation velsity of sound (2) ad ot ~oaoei6.ns k k= 2086 sn | Stagnation velocity of sound 1658 208.16 or = s24st hg K tnroducton to Comocessble Row 187 4 Stagnation enapy hen CpTe 2524514298 [hg = 156304 1a Preble L1G te a sting chamber air i at Pua bar T, Dasermine the value of be. fmuc TC ond 3 Given dat ys Stoe re fod (© Stagacion enalpy (h) (i) Stagnation velocity of sound (a) Gy Masxizoum velocity of Aid (Cys) G0) Cia temperate (9) Ceieal veloaty of fad (oF) sound © We know that, stagnation eothalpy, = GT (Gy 1005 Akg K, R= 287g1:16 BERNOULLIS EQUATION Stating from the sabe enrey equation, derive lor reversible incompressie Sew (jg i) Maximum velocity of fl (Cru) v1 Joo ‘We know that rom adiabatic enerey equation, gz h+ S=consan | By diferntinng this gestion, we get nr 2E a (ie) Crteat temperatare msciceo = ee er ee comesponding #2.M= y= It Pandit the flow is assumed 10 be © ant te ved r incomes: = 6 Tome incomes: = constant r Ines the egoion (149) 7-088 1 aps f cc comm 27-4183] (0) Creat velocity of uid (or) sound ("=a") 10) Wren the flow is inntopiclly csr 10 zero velocity mero levaton, the resutatpresare Se Hagnton press Coe RF aT AT Eon [ra = 408s me atte In an incompressible low; p= constant °9= Pp i | | } | | when Co=0,P= Pp pryPs Poop, seelyoty asy 1s the well known Bernouli’ equation and its valid only when ‘the lve is Bente and incompresibe “Te adiabatic energy equation can be expresed in terme of prstuee for compresibe flows aso. For a pectst gas hoc, Tetareo/ ye yal 4) [: From adisatc enerey equation, ay By substituting this in egution (1.52), we get a4 oe ee Fees (ca bil ceca ee eo ie ear a oe Se ee eee Inonter (4) Stagnation pressure olues asuming the flow as compresile (Et incompressible respective "(PAQ) [Apel 2016 » Calica Unters asy Given Dat Gyn 10S eK, Y= 138, Py =3% 10° Nis? 7, = 500K [03 # =00705855 (0) Mass Now et, ns &s C= ZEA Cy 3X10" x 0.0706858 1200 pg _OF= o.oo = 29307 keke @ Tor +(%) > Veosity temperature 200}? S800 951050 251900 K_——_tttasurtion 10 compass Rows Given Data: Cy =300 mise, P= 100 kPa, 7,» 290K. Y= tae as = 10045 snek x 1082003" We know tat | ‘Has1308 5003 415x108 Nin? [rom 315 bar | Result : xr (©) Mass flow re f=29387 Kel sco (0) Stagnation temperate Ty #519087 K Poy = 16532994 Co) sas number M Vand dc is poate (ie) tare ts no change in area of cross secon rene 4A sso pontine, There te Ope of mre eae snd is own n Fle 23 222 Compraion i ditasers Dieses we ied 0 meas fe pose and dace he vl er we psc The shape af he ifwer spends on th oe ach me spd by subsiuting M valve in uation (26), we get tre ilferenposiie Caopergent soni fen) Cer onvergeat aa eta Woe (0) when M1 mC iment A tl be postive. The shape of he ier wll be verges tp nc shown Fe 23) (0 (0) when Att x0 Ge) temo ches a of ce secon “Therefore, there i no change ithe pasage and the ston is that Section and ie show in Fig 23 (). Ipsnoois Flow with Variable Aes 27 (i) when M> Land dC anesiv, A ts nega, Theron, the sape ofthe diser Is convergent and is shown tn Fig 23 (0) 1 may be noted that, contour sceleration and aecteration is posible the shape of the nozle and diner is» converpem divergent ome 23. STAGNATION (0) AND CRITICAL STATES (+) Stagnation sates are decved for isentropic process ja the previous apie i D a (both ienropie and Adiabatic) mel [A the ral state, the mach mymber Me nity Coa VR 24 Comparison of adiabatic and entropic expansion processes Fig 24 showe the comparison of alate and isentropic expan Process. 1 assumed thatthe i ae common for both the process {agnation stat) andthe temperature afer expansion also same for Bo = 2 = entropic expansion ‘he temperate at the crcl sine is same for bth alibi and lsenuopic poceses But the presses and sagation pressres ae ferent28 Compressbie Fuld Flow - ww siwakbooks.com n critical ste, Mach number M ta. =f oD By puting this inthe above 27, es) ‘The above equations give the relationship between stagnation and tel states, To find the relationship beoween the eric and Ta fe cont, matty teste eatin 1.2 ana pct 9-0 oo a=p op 24 Area ratio a8 8 function of Mach Number ste 210) aw 0.1 ‘Area ratio is also a sel quanity Uke termpertue, presare and ent ratio. Herr local conions ae compared with erica condins nw pACn" aC We know thatleone Bbw nah Varco Aros_ 2.11 UE “Taking squsre root and Invene 4f2_,a=0, 2 o-na} [steel aes oS i pete F 5 Mw aot 1 peed Gxt 2 as12 Compressible Fuld Flow. wm abwalbooks com 25 IMPULSE FUNCTION For solving J propelsion problems, it is somtimes convenient 10 rmpoy 2 quan called Impulse funcion. I's defied a the sum of pressure force and smpulse Fore PAs. pat Presse force Impaie foce One dimensional flow theeeh a ‘onto surface is shown in Fig, 2.6.THe | © net thst (00 side wall thrst produced | F ty he area i a result of changes in prestre and Mach uber between fectons 1 and 2 ‘Applying momentum _oqaton mend Cs 0y PaAe-[ PIMC XE, +P] nosed rvs-[ odors} 1+ Fy~F y= change nimple antion 2~ Fy = change nip 218) For a perfect ra, eta Bae Pera sya xa aL sone] 219) By stag thi in eintion 218), We ast sePa[ emery 2 om] on Isonrople Flow with Vafabe Area 2.13 ‘The shove equation le comveniot to find the thmst excited by the owing fois using Mich number M. To obtains elation Beaneen the tondimensionl pole functions a the Mach number the flow i suid to be konto, AUM=1 PF she equation (2.19) becomes FePa en pal teva] y xb From equation (2.11) ef wan 2 .9- nye Be j worn i oe B= ‘Therefore the shove eution becomes ree Ear | Sutaing 8 eps 2, 0 ot : ia [ee meen Nei een"te flow rate will be maxitum st the throat section where Mach kee and AA Byline all ia 20, 263. Mase flow rate jn terme of Mack, mumber From equation 15) 3 8 nytt yt Ww) 20-0twontopie low with Vertis Ara 2:21 220. Compressible Fuld Flow = www siuainoks com 27 FLOW THROUGH NOZZLES UNDER VARYING PRESSURE RATIOS: "As we have sted in thi chapter, convergent nonales are sed for sonic and subsonic Hows. They can also be used as Now repusing and Now roosting devices ‘Convergent - divergent noraes are used for super sonle Noms, They 20 ved in composons and turbine Made ows 271 Convergent norstes ‘The flow fiom an Infnie reserve to an exhaust chamber though a comerget nozzle i showa la Fg. 27. The stagnation conditions (Pp To ete) in th teserir ix ape constant, Su the exhaust chamber prestre C28 be sade bY wing a valve wig fe) a [1-gDae Fors For maximam miss flow conditions M= Lan ese vals In equation (2.29), ex © * 264 Numerical valoe of now-dimensonal maxiaemn mass Dow wena | parameter ). 28) a a Prom te equations 2) 228 and 225) sown ha the mas | Te" 4a == sone flow can por men st 2 en Mach mint ely ronal wots Oye a fenaonpesre an inversely Proprio the sare 0" of Sapnaton rr | vo From egiaon 227 Some sag Vay cempical formula known as Flegner's formula FOC wr Y= 14 and R=287 Seg K. Therefore, “The pressure varatiows along the length of & nozle and the exhaust ‘amber is shown in Fig. 2, When there ie 20 ow, the stgnation pressure fom NT, (aft AP222 slo Fuld Row nr.attols com Aa 1, sinner, (coh, Mien ae pressure is reduced by opening a valve, fow wil tke pace and dhe pressure ‘decreases along the nozzle and up tp the nozzle ex curves (a,b,c and d) the pressure at the exit of the nowate (P2) i Same as the prose hie enh thaniber (Pi showa in Fle 2.7 (Regine ‘When he exis chamber peace (P) ix reduced fhe (below th ec al), the nozale xk pressure ie equal oe encal posure but the Chamber presume is tedied is shown in cue e and Regine = T.Fig: 24 (nt 0 we a nin ey an) ee foe pms ei shes re na (8) ect Flom wit Vatie fen 2:23 ‘When ther Is mo dow.ats fw te 2am and chamber pss wit (Sot tr oe nae a rosin oh fit wdfan Yay, a em 2S sant fhe ed met SPSS mc Ba Giro adhd nants fenure egg ne note oa prema Shon Wei wen cranes ere rer noe Sire Yorn nd pr etna tow te SEERA mu oe Zee 272. Convergentaivergent nore a Fig 29 shows the oom an jnfinte Fervor trough 2 convergent clvergent nozzle. to an eustchurber. The experiment Is sniar tothe coe ove, except that = conerging ~ divvping nozale 4s to waed. In curves a, Bande, the sceleraion takes plot ithe converge! pt ad Wo the throat The sverping past act a8 fuer though which the presre ies to the chamber peessulp-Pp Hence these curves ace as “Vent” ‘The peste ratio a the toa i erica for the curve 2721 Checking tn ti Continsous acceler tke place inure“ ce iti a design can bt ae curves arp, of-desan chee. When back pes is frther, lowered, the velocity 1S sopersonlc after the Uhoat io point where Siscomtity inthe flow oegus. curves and, flow diconinsous and fier ae formed after the throat which reste eudden increase in presate (ibook ave) 6 that tack prise ie reached ‘When, the hack prezue i owered fuer the shgsk wave, movge ‘wnsteam til it reaches the ent ag I curve fhe, ck, pressure Ines ddenly hough a shock wave and ip above the nezle exit pressue CP) eg ck pr eed ate haber es «sd ths deg reso fs sown In Fig2.24 Compressible Fd Flow - wor siwakbooks com loontrople Flow wih Varistie Aree 2.28 Fig 2.10 (=) and (b) shows We variston of the mozzle exit resire Pressure and nozzle exit pets i tre in curves ab, €.dande, Therefore, {he point a,b, e-dande on the line ir inclined at 45 degrees. At point 7 lhe Bone ent pressure iy reduced and hen i is constant even though the (% and mass flow parameter with chamber pressure (% “The chamber Chamber pressure ie reduced fre (pint). ‘When the back pretire ie reduced mass flow rte Increases and i goes upto the erie sate (2) and then there is no urher Increase im mae flow with docreae in back pressure, This condition of flow is ehocked flow. “The neceusry condos or this How ie the presture rao must be equal 0 1273 Over expanding and nder-expanding in nozles 1 the Back pressure is greater than the design peste, the nozole i ssid f0 be over expanding and if ig lesz, the nozsle isd to be under expending. 274. Note fclency es defined asthe catioof setwal change or drop in enthalpy to the ‘Actual change or drop in eal - "w= Tenropie change or opt entaipy 1k meaeures the fraction of avaiable enerzy of expansion that is converted into Kinetic frm,2 ids how = ww sinwabooks com 28 FLOW THROUGH DIFFUSERS Difoson poles the dceleratio f ow With a Prete. Fig 2.11 shows bot eveble and nessa dition of soperoni lew. The comma par peop ap the divergent pt soni Tn SFenropc iano, Gonna itl wl rare ke place peta = lene flow wih aia Aca 237° caves this Kil 6 di lpi! nae’ toc inticed at te throat section which inréasshe Besund sda. The mach number se the shock is subeone (4 <1, 281 Dilfer eclency For a small presi rie Dir effceney = Sul phi ie in sl process | PL~ Py ‘Slai presrue inthe Weal ocst ~ Py =P, poses rabies 21 “The presure veociy aad Tompcrare of ar Te oop seco ore 200 ka 145 mince and 330K: thet presure is 150 te (i) Whar 1 the shape of the noce (i). Detcomine for lw dhe mach number at entry and est. Alin ‘Etomine the flow rae itl marion posible kgrbee 2010 November 2015 - Ki 143 mes: 7, “390K y= 1S0KPO From ientrople table, Y= 1.4, Toy 34035728 jy = 223-46369 KPa228 Compressible Fl Flow = wow aiwalioots Since entropy 5% constant, therefore the flow isentropic ie Toy = Ton = 34055728 K and a Fa Dow From isentropic table corresponding 10 My ors anda 1.0098 ow ric feos ~ 297x330" us leeotole Flow wih Varabie Area. 2.29 Resa (‘Shape of the nozzle i convergent (@ Mach number a etry snd eit ae Ay =O. and My = O75 i s Gi). Flow enti aren = 306.9786 EE (Maximum posible Now rate Fas ee94507 I Fyablew BA concal diac has an tlt Tancier of WO om ado Eomeer of 50 om Air enters the difser with tate pressure of 200 KPa Sine temperaure 37°C and velocity of 268 mice cleuate i Mars flow rate and (1) Properies tex (il) What il be the change Besos Maxim possible ron Bee (gis FP (af = 480.4307 kpc? since Ay > Ap + te shape of the nozzle i convergent P= See ec ie esr cal (raciay 07 Cine Data nb dy=08 mF, =204Pa F-34278 =310% 6 Mass fh Aca ebxayxc, snow ep 6p AL 2aiheoaraass, ear ess86hgiee aS 28. Vai Vase Fram ientrople table, My = 0.75, y= 14230 Compressible Fiuid Plow - vww:abwaktbooks:com. Foot To 30x? = 01183274 m? 4208 a rom bentropie tbl, y= 14 eda zc 25 aa [ oan [ome [oe ae Therefore by lear erpolaiog (6497 4.18 20315 0002 (24974248) 0249 = 202020. go158 E-o9si-oonist-o9962 Sinilany, we can cacue Zadar = 298682 209 = 28675 KPa "cant. 200" 28675 KR Flow wih Variable Wes_ 2:31 om eT en CoM, WRT, ~01379 VIIA Cyes125 mee ‘0899 2310 (Force exerted on the differ walls €=F;— Fy [AC the thot section A= 1.9 We know dha, FisBeriaiae) = 13.4883 x 10° x0.1188274 0.4) (3588512 13.39653- 1031) 103014.038 N= 105014 KN222 Compress Fluid Flow - ww aiwakhooks com _—zanttonic tow wh variate Area_2.29 Resalt oe (Mase flow ate fe = 748586 betes We koow that, si=py 4, Cy =p" °C 16) Properties at exit 28675 bP t 2 ss.an96 K mnt Cy = 51.23 msec (i) Face eet on the fee was ¢___ 103.014 KN Bobi 23 "Air flning ot 1 rate of TTS PDC wh an appre WIGS Of 80 msc, fs expanded tne convergent = divergent nowle. Phe tie properties of ovat inlet are 9 ka and PC. The sate presi ot ett [103 KPa. Coeuiate the required throat and el grea for ientopic om Ifthe leeeropic of the nocle is 85% and Uf the lose occurs only in the ivergent section, Find the loss 18 sta! head pressure, [M9208 ADVE Given Data frat tSkghec; C)=8O mee: Py=si2APs Ty=16042732433K: Py =103KPS c 0 Rr 19179 <049 Viaeaeras From entopie tbl, Y= 14 8, = 019 Fx090 7-097 Toy =436082K Poy = 422.568 6 From oetopetble, y=t and A= Toa Enomehoose 1363.67 K [e-war] NEP 11s Visser PP maa KOT 1407359510 1407359 ca ra20i-105) = 01901695 tar = 4085473 hae Wa, 249256 KPa)234_Compressbie uid Flow - ww sinusntoots com From iesuople table coreipondig to F-02545, he mach member M155 Rename aye in0istten? : el © goat aes 4° = 14079 on? (de in tote pees 5 = 019016485 be ‘Problem Zari expands From a Taree Vestry Trough @ conver ‘ergent dct having a Tenia of ext 10 throat area of 2.005. The press Gf air Inthe reservoir 700 kPa and back pressure 1s 400 ken Commer ‘the flow and sath the posse vrlation of pressure dnd mach mabe} Miah diane along the ax of the node [AU Dee A THFAG,| Given Dat, [The condition of ai in x reseevoit and sting chamber is stagnation on ‘Te exit presse Le, back pressure P= 40D KPa which is above the ‘sca! peste (P" = 368.6 kPa. Since pressure crests 4% oat 0 ex erefore the dvervent par ofthe duct sete as a difse. P40 2 osne [AC ie at section, M= Amv 88 — From isenropi ute conesponding to £2 = 0.57142, = 4, dhe mach [AL ste (1), the presuve fe stagnation presare Py=700KPS Te presote atthe throat section i= 360.6 KPa, Since presse decremes fro inlet to host, the converge pt Ate at nozzle. The mach number 4 teservic i Ze0 andi inctesses in the convergent part up to he toate tach namber M= ence the converge part ats as & mate andthe divergent pat acts 1% diuser. Mercfre the Converge! verge det acta 283 Vent2:36 Compete Fluid Flow = smn swalibooks.com ay er Brita EEA PONE Aficar, Tae alr To ae Terie Tow Poa prom entropic table, Y= 14, My 15 Pa onber uf) o.0 mach number of 15. The ate condions of a Se ete se end TPC. he mate flow rte of ir is 23 Mebec Ml rg. as Fa the acgnaton condions (0) eer et trot and ext) Seal nO: == aoa; A rose fal 1 Apia ra5137; ATOEP: —Ayeoonso7T ven Data: Mod siyn 15: Py=TOMPA:Ty==74273 = 266K; ne 125 oe CaM RR rom entropic table My-=3.7=14 Enos: f-omm | ee (Stagnation condone “ Py =2573.529 kPaandT = 145098 K eee Area the nose AP = 3221260 ‘Aa at the exit Ap = aesorren? famoy Ay Gye ph My WORT : (i) State condone of ale m ext PA MNT : y= 10.372 K: Py= TODKPaand Cy = 681259080 ver i File SEA cara dieing a Dar ro a Woo fa (ho of 2. Air cners the nose witha sagnationprsire of? bara @ ee Lteguain temperate of OPC. The theatre Sen Determine the Inet rove of flow, ext pressure el tomperatre, eat mach number and ext ‘ele Jor the following conditions (2) Smt velocity atthe tract diverging section acting ao nose (8) Sonte velocity at the vost diverging secon acting a 2 ifr [AU Ape 201 125 aT ee 70x10 Via y= 0430997 we nate or Tyy=373K a= Ate eoos2e12238_Comprossile Fuld Pow = ww siwaibooks oom (@) Sone velocity at the throat, ‘Siverping scion aclng as 0 norte, Note! Since the divergent section acts ss 2 none, the mich number Mf must te grester than or equal to 1 Iwortopic Fw with Variable Ara 2 c= N68 mice Py Heian Can BREA G 01h 10-4 1698 = 090909 bg P2=06545 bar, Ta i | me agnes [PEO omar | (ots aoc wy Po nagar, Von Pe Soo cae Nn o Sse ewe fama | 22 | armas 06545108 13910422 FF «9 surge gee a Varia =e y=, WRT = 60703526 mee oy aewome | ose | ae | ams | os | ese (i Sonle velocity atthe throat, diverging section acting 9 difer one Noes te diverging section acting 4 iffiser tbe Mach mumber wi a bev kee. than I. ‘Therefore, om isnopie le conesponding tof Rablem 300i aus ov iearope difse’ wil @ Mak manler PTS a tnd decorated 10 ¢ mach maber 3. The fer pases fw Of 13 2andy=14 the mach number amynosos £ Py=656 ba Ty com VR {pice The iat ctatic presture and temperate ofthe ait are 1:08 bar and 40°C Assuming Y= 18 cleat (i) Tlt area tal pressare and otal temperatare a ine (i) Ext area. eal preset emperatre and state eset i (AU Dec. 20111FAQ] ‘Given Data: My=36, Pi=1.05 bar . ea 1S kee Ti=d0+7B= 313K,‘240_Compresslo Eid How - wnw.sinesibooks om (From isentropic table My =36.7= 14 Anras Toy= 259K: Pp, 5922601 bar mec Bea RE DAM vee Pee YR an _ Tass 1036 = 00100519 m? . = 1005519 em? A" = 1349248 em? (i) Since the flow is iuentopio, = the stagnation pressure and stagnain Temper ts constant 2 Poy Poa" 922671 bar end Toy = Tig = 1259 K rom isentropic lable Y= 14 My=2 Enors; Mesa Pye UA bars Ay 1.687% 1549248 622.7618 cn Result Inet area Ay = 100519¢n# “Tonal pressure at ile Poy = 922671 bar ‘otal temperate a lt To, 1259 K @ Bsit area Az < 227618en? Total pressine at ext Pop = 92267 bar Toul temperate at ext Tp = 11289 K Sue pressure a exit Py = 1181 bar ‘Bablews BB Find the mast ate of The are of We Ta We and Ihe fl properties a the throat and txt sections a supersnie wind unnal ‘esgned for M=2.5 and having a thrt section of 930 sem. Te ar Sup {a 1.05 bar abe and 20°C and has a negligible veloc. (AU May"2011)1FAQ] Given Data Mach number a he tet seston M=2..A" = 930 em? Since the velocity is negliaible, therefore the sate of air soppy is stagnation sate Le, Py. = LOS bars To) = 294 K y= 14 rom lsntropie table Y= 14, M,=25 Fen o0s6sand A y= 245241 en? Ga MNTRT, r2a ble Fuld ow - wwe slwakbooks com fren, A,G, z, a Femme, = 2.051425» 108 2452.41 10-4 572.5456 Bh x 130.596 = B3.02169 aloe ‘From tentrople table, at the throat section 3 =: Foam tases yond T=24596K, F-05844 bor CAG = 013878 mee secon | rowrene | ANS | Preswe Vaso, cy] Yseey tow rate | Gat) | thar) ‘need Fim | asanes [930 | ossee | ausane | Sttare ren Bones | 22a | aosieas | nose | SP sas6 ‘yatta 291 Ae ar nol Wa Be desgeed Jor on en mach rae S15. The stagnaicn ondilons for the iesropic low are 800 Pant 24ores Enimate presire, temperate, via and Oreas at throat ad ext Geass flow vat of 33 kanes [Oct 2013-AUIEAQ! Given Data My=25;Po=8004Ps; Ty=240+203- 513 Kim=3Skyee Jconrople Flow wih Vavitie Ara 2.43 rom iemtropie table Y= 14 and My 35 ©. 2s9. T= Ma2s7K. rom continity equation Foo: teat Ay: the shape of nozzle bs dive Ag> Ay the shape een, a Wy Result ine © Mremare wen, See 35361 oe (6) Temperate at eal (3 ko 68) Vetocigy at ent (C3) 2259.9 mv 0) Mach Number at ext (MG) ~ 256 Problem 217. Air STA R=DHT A Ig I) ener «alg ame (het or 300 K, 545 bar and 150 mis-and leave tat 277 R 2038 bar end : 260 m/e The area of eroezecton at en), Ie Dem. Azsuming adiabatic ow determine {0) Stagnation Temperarure. Cae = 790.693 mts | Gi) Meaxiram Volotoy . i (iy Mass flow rate and a i in) Area of cron sion at exit __{May 2010, AUL (May 2016 - KU Mass flow rate | moc 345% 108 500 i 27309 * gt 1? fen 3005226 496 —s |age ARTs 3008226 4287 277 2 PGs 2058108260 = 0014689 m2 Ay= M0698 ‘Problem 218 A siporsle oases From Po=2 bar and Ty = 050K | (nent pressure of 435 bar: the ext area ofthe nol ie 100 m2. Determine (i) theoat arc (i) proasure and temperare cs the trot (ie) eat veloc os Fraction oft masinum anainable velo nase flow tae ‘Noe 2000, au) Given Poy=28 ba Toy =1050K, A= 10cm? y= 06017 0.607 1050 Toe 738K [A throat section: M'= 1s Y= 14 fom isentropic table r ea Enos; Foss T0847, rews7K | 0528,£280_Comorssbte Fuld Flow - ww alwabbooks com lseorople Flow with Variable Area 261 ELE ze Raneceresax 13.2 x 10° x 69.492 «10-4 VTE Fo 6.91 bar = 6,91 % 10° Nim? reas Py09nber=098% 10°? santas womens - Sine fw Is hemp ae VIR ETST Ponte ae Fata Py oss ran eat Rest 7 a eae tee ue, creping wo feet y= 14 Co) Pree a Tempe rst (iy Tempertuce at exit 637.35 K (Gs) But velocity as fiacton of maximum atanable velocity = 06272 (6) Mass low rte =21.64 kp Problem 219 Air G dacharged from @ raven a Fy 1g 325°C through a nocle to an ext pressure of O88 bar Ifthe flow rate 1 3000 kgf, determine throat area presture and vlociy atthe throat ext ‘area ext Sach. number and. masioum velocity, Consider the flow 1 one 013, AU|May 2016, KUIFA 31 far ot T= 0573 x98 34R6seK A eos Section Given Data: Fy OSM 1 =0898 598 = 498.79 K 98 bar k= 3600 kee Fyn O28 =0528x691 «3.696 bar252_Compjessile hid Flow - ww swabocks com aoa oe eee ae oe vn Pe ee From sable energy aqution, Ree GO 2020, san j 4 fv. 20-0 eg GO Gam een, INE sore erin Bow bai a ar en By substinting equations @.16) and G17) in equation 1), * Gan}? Gan fovea JGR -erene-@ an y=2116,6) smiaty, $202 (ret 90, C.-C, 6.2296, 6, onFlow wit Noma) and Oblique Shock Waves 2:11 aM 6m, Sateng tose ves nego 0321, MARR 0 5 (Eom 230_Comprecnibie Fuld Flow - wanesnwakbooks com Gena” 246,6-16, C+ 6, Cy WADE G4 Cy wee =6,c,07401 ne =6,6] The ahove equation (3.19) ir a PrandelMeyer cyssion ‘The another weefl form of Prandi-Meyer ration 4 MACH NUMBER DOWNSTREAM OF THE NORMAL SHOCK wave [Mg= Mach number Before the normal shock (9) upseasn Mach number awe Myx Mach number afer the shock Yat) Downstream Mack sanber From equation (19), a" = €, 6, by substan isn the above equation xT 66> Bo ay We know that, My= EE 4, « SE Veer, TEow with Normal and Oblique Shook Waves 3.13 35 STATIC PRESSURE RATIO ACROSS THE SHOCK rom equtions (34) and G5), f=, Pedant We know that, p Cm PH? i Pet eae ere ae ero ag-aq—o[ + . Perens ero Pag 2¢7-0[ 14 GD ot Divide toh Numertr and Denominator by 2¢7=1) ene! ae yf tere] a lien] o29 Seyae-[1o 0g] Sse eon 29) gation 20 een Pas adsayag-2¢—n| Me hod see Fide hsayad= a nao on ~ 025, “The above equation gives the downstrenm Mach number in terms pstreamMachnumber.3:14 Compressible Fuid Fow- wewaiwaigooks com oa vies > 10> thal peo a he ik Wi 7 if myot Bean Tega wh a Lrr— Ds 212, 7 pm anced Eas e 26 TEMPERATURE RATIO ACROSS THE SHOCK u Ta “a ‘We know tht, 2q-n# ox Foe gag 7 HY, ate ene | Ben fERE IE In an adiabatic process, Toy =To}=To eee 62H a, Bla 37 DENSITY RATIO ACROSS THE SHOCK (OR) BR, ANKINE-HUGONIOT EQUATION The Hankin Hogoit eqution giver the latonip between the %, see and dent aon seta shock wave ia perfect ® a2 ff Fm comin eqn . 0.6, )Cy=9 Coonan Sutatinting Mn the above eqn U*A= conten vas yO momentum eto, ts-F)=PeG-¢p eA), Rom sibs ary eon, hg=h+ Sm consiam ryt SconeCe oe ae Ce Multiply equation 3.29 on both ses by SETS a ‘Theabove equation canbe writen atin terms of pressure ratio serost the sock From a gael Equating (30) and G30) ae Bh orf ile eylow wih Nomal end Odteve Shock Waves 3.19 STAGNATION PRESSURE RATIO ACROSS THE SHOCK ‘Shock wave isan ieverible one acoes which ther anne in sesic pressre and entopy but lost in stagnation precue. This stagnation gros ratio is derived under at function of uptcam Mach mute Bguations G33) and G34) are known as Rankine-ttupo Po, Po Page ‘equations, These equations sre compared with seep process equation ig aa ae exw the same pressure-densy relation and is shown in Fig 34 a G30 #(S) tor am entropic 1k otmerved rom he gt tht for a given dey, he ‘esion. When Mich number cess, he pee ao Incense Siterence is appecable. But a Tower Mich numbers eile elie and fe conlced eal lcd Be ee yg os) ae f* aeonsFlow with Normal ee Obique Shock Waves 2:21 CHANGE IN ENTROPY ACROSS THE SHOCK ‘The change In extoy for perfect gs is given by & seal pm ) ‘Teo cs ay eo hk bs 5,-5= mF} 0 from eqaion (825) f= 2 wg By subsinting equtions (38), 39) and (825) in equation 2.36, oan ~ ea)‘Substtating eston (40) in equation C48), we get AS, tf 22D]. 2y_ yg = feoyni | geome er |" ae wal Flow wih Nomal end Obgue Shock Wavee 9.29, ‘310 WAPOSSIBILITY OF RAREFACTION SHOCK WAVE “The varaions of downstream Mach number and chatge in entropy ith wpatream mach number is howe in Fig. 35. When th mach number efor the shock i preter, the mach sumber wet the shock is very smal Fg. Vernon ofty 456 (6) wt, ‘When ty is greater dan 1, fie Bear than 1. By subatang “My value equation (345) for given value of , the change im entropy 16 sive. On the ofr hand, whon Af, & les than 1 subsonic) My wil Be ‘ewer than (supersonic) andthe dowasearpresure (Pi es that the spaveam pres: (,) Tit wil be possible only boc sock. But the change in entopy i negtive. A decree in entropy in an Siac process which violates the second law of ehermadynanves, Teer, ‘2 expansion shock wave (Rarfacon shok) is imposible nd the smock is sways a comgresion shock J expansion324 Compressble Fuid Fine - wnwakwakibosks com 8.11 STRENGTH OF A SHOCK WAVE. ‘The suengih of a shock wave i defined asthe ratio of incest in preasure de fo shock #9 the presare before the shock. I is sed in shot ‘wave ana. PPP, se svength, =P aes ae a9) Substituting equation 25) fF inthe above equation, e-[ Bhat a Fe P| agiyteMitiercn ee Baga oan 1). Wes “Thus, the strength of shock wave proportional to “ic preter the shack waves wl by song shocks Sobstitating equation @:30 in G46) “The stongth ofthe shock wave becomes 2x [be 1 ow wan None! and tis observed ffom the above equation, when the density mito 6, te srength of the shock is iit. 312 SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNELS “he convergent divergent section of 9 spersonie wind tunnel shown In Fg. 3.6 and 37 consis of « noel, tst scion and der, Nora Shook wes pace atthe test section shown in Fg.6. The sipersonie flow faving the tes section ie then reversibly doceleraind inthe dieser which ales the eas pressure ta bck pessure vale, } QT Le =a Ik Perse as} ‘Dus to ounday Iyer growth, the difer vost area ie greater han le nose hrs aren As tru of shack wave hee wil be 3 stagnation esre log sora the shock and change i ele aeas, Put mass flowFlow wah Normal end Oblique Shock Waves 3.27 4413, OBLIQUE SHOCK WAVE two dimeaslonl, compression wive inclined 1 the (esto of ow i en be oblique Shock wave. A blique shock wave is tf conieal shape, Considering normal fiock wave, a special ease of oblique Sok wave in which the wave angle Pes 1:90" A suonger oblique shock wave {loser toa normal shock wave where the wave angle i nearer 12 SIP. A swatr oblique shock Wave has smaller wave ange 12.26 Compressible Fi Flow - won aintbosks com Applying Flegner’s forms across the shock wave ain Ne gous MPa Poy shoe sn = consan ed 7," To ®To = constan AyPoy=AiPoy Bot scrose the shock wave, Poy a Poy 3.49) eee ee oa ee aga ee ees oa reac eer Sacco nae Pe 22 Diffuser efficiency "10" change in enthalpy in actual diffusion “his oblique shock wave usually occur when a supersonic Now is uo into il? (0) a supersonic flow Ie defected inwards All he seam lines re defied 10 the same angle @ at the shock, resuing in air tow downatream of shock. The angle @ is named as lw deflection angle ‘There ace large changes in low parameters acs the oblique shock cos he shock wave the mach number decreases and the presse, density {ad the tempersare increase, The comer which we the lw ino el fled campresion (or) concave comer CObigee shocks ave found to occur athe ext of turbine blade passages io sapersote flow, which ales the ies of Je atthe exit of he Blades, ALLL Development of obigue shock wave “The gure shoms » sapesnic Now vam over concave comer of & tured wall oblique shock i paced at the comer, The lw js pare ‘othe wll before an ser the stock. The included angle between the obgue Sock oh the inal drction of low i called asthe wave ale “o”. The sperm mach numer ie Mf and down, ear Mach namber is My. Consider «supersonic flow flowing thro & passage. A noc shock sumed wo be formed having the veloc at upstream and downtreapt 149d Gas Now the flat Hallowed Io flow over a wall with comet pint "A" The wall is tamed upward aa comer through the deeeton esp20 uit Em tan 0 which indeatcs vat the How devsiss amichkwse afer pssing ‘rough the shock wave. The angle of deviation (of) defection, From velocy winged, angle "0", (ie) comer i concave. Te flow a the wall mst be tangent the wall, lence, the seam line in the Wal alka deflected upward oy, the angle 0, Hence oblique shock is fected whenever & spersonie How i turned Hato act Hence, the nommal shack patem i tansormed in since Gia < Cut ‘soordinate nstem which ie moving downwards a velocity C, This impet z ‘upward velocity component of C othe Hows bath wpevesm and downs 2Gcos 20) 3 AELI2. Supersonic owe over compression snd expansion corners In compression of rapersoni fo over the comer of a concive. wall ecuph oblique compression shock waves the ming of the wall was invards or aniclckvise. From thi ic to be expected that i the wali red may from the flow (in the elackwise ection) an inilly supersonic flow wil experience acceleration or ‘pansion. It has teen proved that for Accelerating and accelerating eopersonic flows convergent and dvergeat pustges rapectively are required.Fig.(e). Supersonic flow over an In Convex corner of a wal Mach waves or iniesimal waves could be dawn anywho spernic flow fel, Figor (a) shows Mac ves emanating om the cn omer of wall curving fnvards. Ar °h: Mach mumber is propesti eceasing the diection of Mach waves is changing scoring to in c= “Thus, they converge o form an oblique shock shown Ia the igure In contrast this, Figure b) shows supenonic Now over an ut carving wall with convex comers. The Mach lines emanating rom ‘omare are verging ot sooout ofthe progresive gree of Mach num therfore, these Mach waves cannot form a shockwave. Ths nthe bs ‘of ether ieverstlies sypersnic flow over conven wall ean be as 1 leenrope bevatse of the presence of Mach waves nly Flow with Normal and Oblique Shock Waves 951 ‘Smoothly conversing ad avergag pages fr sipenonic ows can te looked upon a mide up of an infinite numer of infinitesimal comers shown in Figures (a) and). ‘Soperioic low over conver wall ACB is shown in Figure (6) the val as an infitsinal outward (aegative)trnng of 8. The Mac wave amgle a is & function of the Inkal Mach umber. The vpstcam and steam velocity tangles relative to the wave are shown in the gore, ‘he estan velocity vectors ej =e and cp =e de we pall to the walls AAC and CB respectively: the normal and tangenisd componens of wese sects a also shown, For an infinitesimal change aca the Mach wave the magnitude of te velocity vector OP inceaser fom ¢ to e+ de (OQ). Sine thereto no tung! presi gradient Ca=Came, ‘The upsrcam velocity wiagle cam be combined with that oo the renscam a shown inthe Figue: ONP and ON ae the psc snd tevetream velocity wangls. Figure (©) represents accelerating Now. the low her is eto on ‘count of the presence of only Mach waver inthe Now fi “his ientopially accelerating flow over the convex wal is Known as Prand-Meyer fom, om the velocity wisngles of Figure () ym econ (ete 08 (0-45) ©6080 (e+ de) (on 00 dB + xn sind. For small values of 6 sin d5=d8 and coe d= 1 Traore, cease = (c+ de cos a+ dino) cea coota red Saint decoset ded sin‘252_Commressie Euld Flow - won otwabocks com [Neglecting the Se term as a product of wo small quanties el Bain de cos c= fa-dsuna From the defisiion of Mach number encom MAT 1 Ine~ “(contin +n ats bin 0 siterestition tis sven Tis tphae Again by logarihmie dierentiaton HOM ay Tigi 7 Combining Equations (i) and (fi) we get au__lo=mala aut THq-nayae a ieee ©" Teta= aa [200 with Normal apd Oba Shock Wavee 9.59 Substiating from Esuations () and Gv) in (A), we get ed ‘The stove relation Is the aitferental equation fr he PranduMeyer for. ‘Fabio Si Co) Agar Wa 1a Ra DRT Tg BY a a ack maber TE. PHBOKPa and T~3I3K passes through a normal shock Determine ts Geni, ater the shock Compare ia value in an teetrople compression (Brough the same pressure rato {Non 95 MSU, Dex. 2008 AE) (8) A Jet of air at 273 K and 69 4Pa has an inal mach number 2. It user through a normal shock wave determine a dante ofthe shack the folowing Mach meer, pee, temperae, deny, ed of and and te [PAQ, April 2017 At 4 6) | Given Date (M,= 18, 7,9 804Pa 7, 78 Ky 14, Re 287 IegK, Px 802102 2x33 ,= 0.7473 kgm? ‘0 | Prom Normal Shock Table fy 18,714, 0616 Beeson Zora Be oe AT 3613 fang Rip reat cece 2 By 1.1623 kgs? ooFlow wih Normal end Obbeve Shock Waves 9.55 {154 Commie uid ow - men aceatvotacon In an latronic fa, (Pe al 9, @618)!4xo7473 y= 187 ha? GG Density fer the noma shock py =1.7623 koh (i) Demity ater the shock a an sentopiccompeesion 0, = 1.87 ke () Given Data: Ty =275 Ki; P= KPa: M=2 From Nema Suk Tb, Myint mycosr fens Bev mi 08742 kgm? Pee Te AS 0 26674 pena Tent 726 2972382 kg? Speed of sound = 249.17 mite Result ()Dowszeam Mash numer M, = osr (8) Downsieam Pressure P= MOS ira (Gi) Dowaseeam temperate 7, = 463905 K (io) Dwnazeam density ae eee (9) Downs sped of ound = BLT6 mice (Downstream jet velocity G = U8AI7 mle ‘Problems S35 airplane having @ ise designed For sabione TR Jas « norma shock tached tothe edge ef the difser when the plane te foing aa cetin mach rmber Yat Det of the der te mack mabe 1°05. What must be the fight mack manberaanuning lerope difaon behind the thot? The aren at nets 029 3 end that ot ex is O44? AG Art 2096 0 ‘Given Data My=03:A,=Ay 029m? y= 044 4204s 2.24 sim From Innzople whe, My=03,y=14, Pinos; Faas; 2-205 ra ees Mee ersir nee“Comprecsbe Faid Flow - woe irwaibooks com A From Isentopie table, coresponding to = 1.34, the Mach number x 1M,=0.. From normal shock table My=05 the comespoding upstream mach ‘Te fight Mach number, My =2.64 Roo SEA comergenrdiargen et i opcatng onder oF Welt ‘condones conduct rom high presi fark where Pa=210 YP land To 37°C. A normal shock presenti the dvergent ection. Find the tit pressure avs in stagnation prestre and Increase In entropy sien the Jalowing are 4, 13cm, Aggy = 250%, Area at which shock pears Ac dy= 19S em. UPAQ, Madras, Dec2011 AU! Given Data: Py=210KP Tona7973 =310K 1 ie towed thatthe given area 13cm? ax throat ares AotW, Ay=26 m7, AccAn19S em? ae 4 rom lentopic tbe, comsiponting 0 AE 1.5, te tach mbar Mya 1855 _——-Hlou.nth Noamal end Obtgue Shock waves 3.57 om Norm Shack Ta e855, 7014 2. X oy T= Tac Toy Ton F5 Pogtnb Py Peg bt a # Pop AS 2A “Py "07882 «210 = 165.522 Pa ‘From Isentrople Table, My = 0.605,y=14 ea s.aas, «45 164904 em (45 = 43) "rom nenrope tbl, corespondig to A= .766 Faroe: spats x0s9s einencny 5 Ri] 7] om ol ark ets na Rest © Exe pressure Py = M781 ePs ) Lossintagnationpresur = Pag Poy= 44478 Ke GD train ene (5,53) = 643069 aK,2.58_Comprossib Fak Flow - won aiwaibooks oom ‘Problem SA Air wih Hach mabey 35 ener @ conergeat at ih cvs to 08. ra tre hc a here 0. For is condion fn ext mach mmr and presse ratio [Apr 97, Madras, Dec. 2011, AU eyes the duct. Given Dawa Aa os, Myn25; aos; 06 rots Isntropie Table, My =2.5,7= 14 ive Fi-ooss Aaa a Senos a Sen g6%2.657=15922 From incapable conepending to A= 1.5822, he mah munbor 04 Me But the upstream mach aomiber mus be greater than one Sis > Trecetoratye 192; Ex.S Flow wi» Nomel any Obliue Shock Waves 3.59 rom Nocmal Shock Table, My=1.92,y=14 Mynosmns Ft aise; Peaorse From Iesrople table, 0.590, 7=14 ees 1s sae 228 9005641 2 Basse Paes Brit mich nomber, My (i) Presse eat scott the duct, “= 6.84143‘150 _Compressble Eu Flow - vn sirmaibocks 205) ana SSA cae ped ROT Taro ae oa re Fae SST A carp ATTRA no Tar a Bag Pair cucrs he nncies wih a ugnaton presre9f bar ond ee oe rane of 98°: The oa area #623 sem I theres heck were sanding at pont where M.S, determine the Acer ieteatr on ce side of the plane of shack and the mach Mn on he dsm ate of the pan. Fd heel mac mdr 3012 AU) the Toy = Fon” Tay™ Tag = 984283 From feeniropie Table, My =15,y=14 oan feo: 7, 0.589365 P= 768 a ~29.08% rom Normal Shock Table, My=1.5,114 e070: | Fy =2488: care] " % % Py =2458% 1.768 1, =tsax2s.in Flow wits Nomel ae Obteue Shock Waves 3.61 yom Inentrople Table, corresponding fo Mach number 0.701 4 4, ne Aye At = 671846 em? oN Aa apy oT As. : Ae So vamos tay=ai 4g oi From tape le, comepondng to A= 1.8605. he mach mmber y= 0334 Rest (© Preaure on the wpaream and downstream de P,=1.768 tar and Bye A S74 ba, (® Tengeruare on % ‘he upstream and downtteam side [= 252.174 K and, #3828686 K. ‘i Mach number on the downsteam side M,=0.701, (Exit Mach numberof he none My 1334, etic 38 Air trough teprsone wad al Rang Trea ar {G 200 em? and tet selon area of 3335 em? Ennai the mach maher Sf the tet scrion and the dilserDroat area if norma shock ts located he tet section rAQLIAS ‘AU Given Data A = 200 em? 4, #3375 en? Refer Fig. 36.262 Co Fs Fon - sn alnebooks Flow wi Nomel and Cbigve Shock Waves 2.3 Frm eto Tate, cron o A ie o or somal shock in ton Me AT. pan const an Tne Toy jon Rhu A Pye Ls APA Poy (0) When the soe operate a desea contin | ofS ee ml r 2 ‘From Normal Shock Table, My=2andy=14 wens Enoan 2 cons oe Myeasrn Peart a Teams Posse 200 Ayegaar 2773925 emt CaM VGRT = 2.638 Via x aR 508 Rest (C= 836468 ne (Mack umber atthe tat seaton, My =2. (6) Ditto toa area, A 22773028 or ‘Stic pres, P= 04743 bar yebien S30 mpc nals proled wi a contan? dam |) Mach mumber, a= 2.635: Ciredar dict tits ee The dict damter i some atthe nce et dame [Nowe ext cross section ig dree times thr of ts trod. The entry condi | Gil) Velocity of the gas bn the eat, = 856468 mice of the gas (r= 14, R=0287 KIREK) are Fa 0 bx Tg OD K. Calle ‘he stale pressure, mach number and the velocity of the gas im the uct. | ga) Whew a normal shock occurs at its exit (A) "When the mole operates at ty design condition (2) When 2 normal shock occurs tt ind 7 {C) When a norma shock neers 9 scone the diverging part wher | Front tsemtropic ee A GFAQ, Ape: 2010, 0) the area rio A. Syed. eras Phe a,ye Ld. Ru024T WER : Py Ober = OK raasoak | rynoavstar‘354 Compressible Fld Flow = wr siwantots com [Free normal shock table, #2635, y= 14 Beau “Tye S702 K Gomer, 22395056 mee Reet (Stoic presture atthe exit, P= 37648 bar iy, ik rach numb. My = oso0s iy, Voacy of te pe abe en, G, = 239.5896 mf (©) When Normal Shock occurs at # section in x diverging part were A 20. a Ae fear a rom Isentropic Table, a yots ; Se soit Reoons [Eves [feonen ‘trom Normal shock Table, Mj 22 and¢= 14 M2087 ‘oy with Nomat and Obieve Shock Waves_3.65 ‘Prom Iantrople Table, M+ 0.547, y= 14 Aras % From Inentropic Table, corresponding to {>= 189375. y= 4, Mg 0305 f=09205 FE =o9ms 2 Pye S83726 bar Ty=587.1K # C= Ma NRT, =0325 Via x27 587.1 Gy 1575 whee Resa (Se pressure atthe exit Py = 583726 be ENE mach number A 0.325 (i) Velocity of the gs atthe exit Cy = 157.85 mitoc ration 3A Mach? ala engine omplons a vabeoe ier ir of ‘rea ratio 3. A normal shock Is Jormed fst upstream of the ducer inch. The “freestream”condions —upsream of heifer are 220.0 bar, T= 300%. Determine (a) Mach munber,prestre and tonpertre af the die? ex {iter fiery inching shock Ase erp fs te dit evnamea of the shack, PAG, Dec 2016 AUiva Dae regs 7-20 rom Inntropie Table, My=2,y= 14 fnoss x28 Tag S4OS4K: P,=00128 bar From Normal shock Table, M=2,4= 14 Mj-0s77 Pp, 00721 bor rom tsntrople Table, M,=0.577,Y= 14 Aen saissias=45) fBees 2 rom enropic Aon 3.673 the comtponding Mich umber My=036 Ta Tiy Ten Enos £-0902 Paolo, ° ° Poy= Pox Tyr 0994xs4054 Pp, ~0982x0071 Ty=sn.78K =097osoa2 bar . Flow wits Nomal and Obique Shock Wavee 287 tg SS ap 8021 est (Mich nomber, prose apd_temperstre at the dilfser exit "M016, Ps = 7.08 KPa T; = 897.783 K i) Difesereticeney, y= 801295 ‘rable 39 Air enero converging diraing noale wih a press 7 far and temperature 80°C. Inthe diverging part et @ ston just Deore a ternal shock te presure is 5 bar. What is the preare ott behind the ‘ook Find the airflow rae per uni area atthe threat FAQ, Apt 2016, AU ven Date [iis sssumed hat, sr flow takes ple fom a reservoir Therefore, he five propenies are assumed as ttl rere. ie, Poy =29 bar Fh Pog Pe Sar1268_Compressle Eid Blow - wun alwaibnoks, a waves a0 From Normal Shock Table, My=181,7= 14 room Normal Shock Table, fer Matra lt 7 M0614; $=3.6585 (yn 0614: 5 Pe a M,=0786; F~0979 y= t8a77s bar 2 Poy 2032 bat Stagnation presire fur scroe the shock | ay fay {-(2]} Rest (Mach nurver after the shook, M, = 0.786 [At the throat section: ] Presure jst behind the shock, = 182775 br (@) Stagnation pressure after bo shock, Pyy= 032 bar in (iy) % of stsgnation pressre loss across tre shock, = 2: Se (Ae ow re per wit res atthe trot, HH» 6518, 9567 Kec — a rabiaa Si The vec af @ normal ack wave mong no waant a (PLD bart 17°C) te $00 mie If the area of ero section ofthe dct 1 constant, determine pressure: temperature, velocly of ar, stagnation temperature; and Mach mamber imparted upaream of the wavefront (AU May/June 2012 Braue HOA ariel cng works ata mach ranber oP TS ot (itd of 15250 mers (T=218K,P=O.118ba1) A normal shock ova head of tir inter aiffrer. Determine she Mach number and stapaion pee afer the shocks What ts the % of stagnation presre las 008 shock? FAQ. Apet 2014, AU] Givens ‘Given Data Py 1 barity= °C: C= 500 ie Myst: Ty=2I8K:P, 90118 bor rom entropic table, My= 1 y= To lads * : PLT Go MiTog Fearn, FE=036 i 764273 =250K Tyg" 291834 K: Pye 032687bar t.270_Comyrseible Ebi Flow - wor gruaibocks com We know that rae age 041.35 8 a iO 1s Foem Nonnal sock tbe, comsponding 10 A, 1468.7 he P=Py= 2338 ber and Ty 1.297 7,97, = 1.297 290 ie T= 37613 1-136 K SF, 94, = TARDE 4,7 388.75 ls We know ta, De ee w= Gronisxaners Gam 98m Flow win Normal and Obtaue Shock Waves 3.71 = 500-2719 cj=2205 mis [Now conserng the shock it moving = Mos ne From lertpie tbe, comespondieg 10 esse at upstream (P;))=2:335 bar (8) Temperature at ypsean (Fj) = 37613 K 8) Veloty of se at prea (C,) = 222.05 mls 0) Stagnation Temperstre (Fy) = 40056 K (0) Mach wurmber at wpstear (0.571 Froblem SIA wapersone pode Ts delivering i ak mpeionle Paral rat! bar presare atthe ext, Du 10 flow Pesstence, normal shock Soe In encountred at the exit The downstream ow ier normal shock ‘rove i Sound to have Mach number 0.2011. Calulte the percentage change In" hach Munber and pressure across the shock Pro talenlte the Iseritpreeare andes to hot area rato rogue 10 operte he ae (AU NowBee 2010Given data Pp" bar M,= 0011: To find AMI APP Poy Solution Py=P, (since the shock appears at ext) Fyn bar om Isenropic table, coresponsing My-O70L y= 14 a Peron. A= 109% ‘Mz=M,*0.7011(sinoe the shock appears at exit) Pugh Phen Ap AT PAE "amas ane (Pay = BASES bor Pop on Normal shock able, comsponding to Mj 07011,y= 14 fe Pox. Mga 130; «24s 0.90 Noor Waves 279 *, on Pen gba Pa” Bag = 0.04068 bee = 0.01068 bar 0.3684 ‘0930 Pap 014929 ba From Ientroplc table, conspoading to My 1.50.y= 14 Pp fe D550 Fae” Since Ap=Ay= Ay (loco shock appears st ext) A Atetat6 percentage change fn mach nuber Me My amex 109 _IS=07011 199 aM 5826% Ait, ‘eceantagechange'in pressure serous the sock BP, arnt 109 =O 199 war-s3%2:74 _Comprossiio Fi Fiow - w.siwatoso.com “Percentage change in mich number (SA M = 53269) Percentage change in presse sore the shock (668 P) = 58.32% Reserve pressure (Pal =0.14929 but, (Pal 0.13854 bar eos tte |] 6 Prablens SIS Th vaio of te cal oy are Bea aon Ae 40. The Mach number ofa jet of alr opproaching the ifer Pye 1019 ban T=290K fs 2.2 Thee te a tending normal shock wee iid the diferent. The flow in the Afser i entropic. Determine the et of the diffuser: ‘Mech mumber iy “Temperature, and i) The tgnaton prs le Been the nl and fiat ses of oo esas Soi, Given Data gg LOS 6a Ty Mjo22: Apa, Settion From lentopie able CCormsponding 10 My=22.9" 14 PoP rt Fev Feros: Ea Fe = ose 2 Pen 00985 Po ~0.0035% 1.013, 0.0987 br ow with Nomal ana Oblqve Shock Waves 2.75 acta. 290 To" 9508 "0508 7087 K ‘rom Nonmal shock bie, comesponding M,=22:¥= 14 Mya 05a; Feasas: Fa 1057; Bema 1, 8577, = 1857 «290 1=53859K Fy=0519 bar From isentropic ble, conesponding to My =0.567 Ae a6 Ae raenaesae2:78 _Compossile Fd Flow = wn snwebhnots com. From Innopic be, conesponding E-qe-omn Tag" Toy™ Tog S187 K 997 «57087 We know that eM AT, GEM SITS Ae 2a Pte sass 0.628% 1.013 0636 bar = 636m bar low wit Nomat en Obtovs Shock Waves 377 and Pg 1013 mbar ‘Stagnation prseure loss, = 1013-636 AP.°377 mba Frablew STA comertng ~ diverging none fa av et ea To rat (wor rato of 2. Air enters this notte with a stagnation pressure of 1000 [Pa and a stazraion temperature of 260 K. The dha! area i500 The divergent section of the nose ace axa superionic moc, Atsume that normal shock stands et a post M= 1.8 Determie the ext plane Of the fete the ste presse, and tomperature and Mh number (AU. May/Fane 2009) sce, “202;4°= s00mnt y= 2% 500 1000 mn? From lunropi tbe, coresponding to y= 1S:y= LA|278_Compressble Pu Flow - yor srwaiooks com =a yn 0272 Pag 0.272% 1000 maura Paes From lene le, coespondng 6 My 05335. y= 4 ; . asian | Seacams AS15596 sig: rablens 30 aera Hes at a aah aber OY TE al om ae But “242, Ay, Ae 16000 metres (P= 103 m bar, 7=21665 K). The conpresion tn is engine Sa ay I poy achieved ty noma hak wave onde heey of ise Duels neil doen sea of or 20 ae ihe hack Tar oie 22ase sees om Mp2 12:4" 16000 m, P= 103 mbar = 0.103 bat, Ty 21665 K ‘To tnd My Ty PB Po ‘rom Tentropic table, corresponding 10 My 1.2.¥= 14 B Feroar Pen get I. = Pemoain" oa = Pan 025 bor rom Normal shock table, comesponding 10 My = 1.2.¥=14 Mose = P= 015589 ter= 1553 mbar and 128 Tyas T= 1128 «21665, fs osm $0999 Fyn 088812 y= Poy =098D X02 = Py 024e2 tr 2 Pae~ Poy 8 Py" 023° 0.2482 Py 00018 bar= 1.8 mse : ow wih Nomal and Oblgve Shock We fst i Downstream Mach umber [A] = 0.842 (©) Downsueam Temgerture (7,]=24438 K (© Downstream Pressure Fj] = 155.8 mbur (@ Sagation presare Joss across the shock [8 a) = mbar [Fiilon S21 The sagan proms ond emperans ar & oni TA | Elbe are 3 bar end 300 K respectively. The ext mach manber is 20 where oral shock ecers,Calcaat the folowing quater before and fcr He" thck strc and stagnation presures and temperatures air weloctes | ‘mach numbers What are the values of stagnation presare Yost and | Elrcse tn eropy across the shock ‘Given Data Poy = 5 ba Toy = 500K: M,=20; Po, =3.60Sbar To od Pe PTT Poe Pop Coy My B Foy BS Seton ‘rom Isearople table, comesponding 10 My™20,y = L4 | Pen ens97,~ 0128 Pa, P= 0128S =P ,=064 ber 0 Pag Pod Fi n0395 06120555 Tago T=0555 x50 | =1,-msK 0. Toe=Toul From Normal shock table, corresponding to My=20,y= 14 Mj=0s77 Feats hyn 45 xP P45 x066 =P ,=208 tae22 so (rbd ion = som awakes. com 7 2715 1 Bee see 1< 10057, Beveerane! cm ryenasen Fontes ye 21mg OMS tye tte We toe Scenes Stem a ejreasion My 36,<057 ART, 20577 TRE DTRRETE Sacyems Nopmal end Obuave wee 9.99 Rent siti Presa ater the sock (7)=288 ber sic Tempero afer the shock tae. Smpnation Pressure ater he shock [Pag = 3.605 bar Sagntion Teperaure aftr the shock (Ty) = $00 K \Velosty afer the shock [c)=25024m4 Mich nomber after the shock 4-037 Sate Presoré before the shack 1-064 bar Sate Temperstere Wars the shock Ty] =277.5K Suation Petsure Before the shock (Pal Sar stagnation Temperature befte the shack Tal = 500K ‘Yoocty tere the shock (cq-6618 m0 Dac number before the shock tma-2 ‘Supe Pret oss across the shock (= 1395 bar ncrease in entropy across the shock (85) = 93.882 kg K Foam 320 alr ar 1 Bar and 310K moving at Wm 3 coors @ {for deflection f 10, caste the percentage change in Mach umber and esr and ve eat. Ube second fe defection a brings reoage change i hat flow defstion angle, Given date P= Vea Tye NOK Ah =3,6 010 te ind BAM GAP.O.8,ase ud Row =wamaiwanbodecen ______ | ___ ow wit Nomal and Oboe Shock Wives 3.98 ‘Solution Pa We know at Room adn ont tn 8=20001 ; 1 Fyn 10292% Pe Py 10292%1 Ranteatacsato Py=0202 tw tan 10° =2cot stot eee Dy 1axG) + G0 —2emo) 0.08816 = ext = — 2st (D1 2126+ 901207) “Teevoa— coeeis=—222=1 Taees~tasisPo ane 4 We know that = itso ai? e on teat ae sit (o- E 23.6- 18 sin? | i e~8) e 1y the eth of terion, whch i ate to Ber = AT a “i angle being oer 0 90° is sbvouly the ane te om, ; shock ve sei as ~ 1) =| + Sraang BAI a Mysoaaon ‘Keeping the pressure ratio constant for second sbsequent ow '=10292 ond assuming wave angle =: oar oF aia? 86 +1 gay Mi sit o Lat voit waa 24 ozs 2514 wf aoany 1166 8 96471 ~ 0.16665,‘298_Composebie Fd fi - mmauakoosts.con 5709 = 14a? (904) —as018 ‘Sin 640) 85678 ~ 398609 ; 999 in? 66.1 TyTA 99" + 293) (1 2am 864) van 1" 53013 tan 8, = 0.19504 B= t1as6 Percentage change #8 Mach number 3=049911 99 =08369 100 AM=83.00% and Percentage change in pressure (% 7) swore( eee 100 + 2B5z! = Flow with Normal and Obsaus Shock Waves 397 Recall “The percentage change of Mach number (6 4M) =53.69% ‘The percentage change of pressue (AF) =9028% ‘The wave angle for stong wave (9) =1641% ga WHS) at poo mbar F sto be isentropcally expanded to 198 mbar Y= 13: P= 345 m bar; 7) = 350 K: My = 15, 2p= 138 mbar TT find: 8.My.T, Sotto: From Iseatopic ble, corresponding 19 = 1.3, My = 1.5 PoP Pal396 _Comprosstio Fuld How - wo alate rom nenropi table, comesponding Yop? = 0.1136," 14, r 2086: Fe M,= 208%: 72 «0408 rom Prantl = Meyer Functions and Mach angles abe, coresonding wo My=15.y=13 et) = 12693" "om Prandtl - Meyer functions and Mach angles abe, caesponding to My=208,y=13 omg 31.20" (i) 0 ty) = 12.698-31.120, since 5: a ye ET, 7 =Tal 0.606 5 559 ryn28as6K (© Deflection angle @)e— 18427 (Bait Mach number (4,)= 2.08 i) ExieTemperature (7) = 263.56 Problem S50 AT approaches @ Ormmarical wedge Tangle of deeton Beis) ara Mach number of. Conster arong wares conditions. Determine Ihe wave angle, presure ratio, density ravi, emperanre, ratio and downstream Mach number ‘Siren Bets, <20 Flow wih Noma sr Obgue Shock Waves 3.99 Pa oa Ts To fi Cpr Beg Te ME sation: We kaow that he deflection angle ie given bey asi o~ Deva emia Danko tan 8=2 cat: ssictont 231ax4 ead 2a ete 01399-—Aaittomt og Te-asinte The right hand side for 6 80", 79°, 80.3, and 794° gives 0132, (012, 0.128 and 0.134 respectively. Tie eration whichis quit eons gives one We know that, We know that,We know that, oo (Wave angle (Cans) = 798° mn to (Beant ‘88 Dens ati (R)-208 h (iv) Temperature ratio (Hv (6) own steam Mach number (M;)=0.645 Module - 4 Flow in Constant Area Ducts with Friction [Fanno Flow} Hie a constant area tac wth tion aaa Pow) ~ Covering Equations ~ Fanno line on hes and Pv diagram ~ Fanno relation for & perfect gas ~ Chocking due to sion ~ working table for Fanno fon = otheral fo (elementary regen ony) ‘low In a constant area duct wih friction in the abence of work rancor and heat transfer crows the Boundaries Is kninn ge Farmo flow. Fanno flow occurs n many engineering Industria plans, alr craft propulsion engines ar conditioning Stems iransport of fds In chemical Droceas plans and yariour typeof few machinery. ee 41 FANNO (CURVES) LINES ON fs DIAGRAM ‘The flowing assumptions are made 1 represent the locus of the state (Constant ares duct, (0) One dimensional steady flow with fin, (li) Perfect gas with constant specific beats and molecular weight (iv) Adiabatic fw, (0) Absesce of heat tafe, work tranfer and oy forces. From coatauity aqation, aes low density ww442 Compressible Fuss Flow - wu saliboks com, From energy equation, e igoheS “Sotstting for € In te above equation, e none @ Mag 2) vom equaon of ste 00) ay Satatting cston (43) in 642) '-T7 EE ao “Te above equi fang tne equation. qe ven muse wea (C), sgnaon cn Ch) and desty alee oe uttaed in te above uton and a cure ie deen io te Toe ple i sown in Fe ‘The velocity a F is sonle velocity a and the velocity in between A fe F is subsonic are shown in fg. When the iil velacky ie eabeonic “U0, the fect of fron inresce the velocity and decenes the trance and I goes opto the minum enopy point F. On the ether hand, ‘en the nal velocity i spertonie +(0 oF), he eect of fietion increases the prestare and decreases the velocity as it goes upto the sonie point Mel. The proceae in the diecion FtoA snd Flo are not posible, ecase, during that proceses the change ia entropy will be negative. This ikes second In of thermodynaic, © rom the above, it if ssen thatthe upper branch of the Fanno line siesent subsonic whereas the lower branch represent supersonic. But the fal state for both the processes ends wih sonic stat. anno curves ae dawn for dltferent values of mass flow density (©) we shown in Fig, 42. When “C" increases veloc increases and pressure ‘creases in the subsonc reglon, When “O" increases, the pressure increases tad velocity decreases In the aupersone region, low in Consant Aa Ducts with Fclon [Fane Flow) 49a4. Fig How = wor sewatooks 20m. 42. FANNO FLOW - GOVERNING EQUATIONS. ig. 43 shows the variation of flow properties im Fanno flow processes slong the insulated dact_ An ifitesimal element of flow ie considered at ‘istace “x fom slale 1, The changes between sates 1 and 2. 1 and F and 2 and F are fnte bot sees the cone volume the changes ae inital Fp 42 veuton of Few Properties in Fanno Few Procetse, “The changes inflow properties in the above proces are shown on te ‘hs diagram in Fig. 44. The pressres and stagnation pressures for fees ‘states ae shown in fig. on wbsoic region ony. The same can be shown fo fupeesonic ropion alse. The following ferential flow parameter ae cxpessed as follows, We know that, Gepc Lopartuniedifereniaion ives, Ing=inprinc ow in Constant ven Ducts with Foon Fane Flow) 45 do ° ‘rom equation of sate, P= pr esthmie diferentation gives InP= np sinks @_49, ar bdo ar 40-40, acy eget a [- Reonant 46) pecan148. Comprecainie Pid Flow - wn anelibocks com ‘on 12 Constant Ares Quite with Feon Fane@ Fon) 47 “The wetted af of the dct within the contol surface aA, Perimeter Length Lopate differentiation gives IQA) =n) In rR) lo ("YR 8 dat woe an ee ¢ hyn he S=constant a9 Ditferemiating the shove oqution, Applying momentum equation belveen the uptresm at downstream oe wo ASSIA ner and Sho eee gph gicy=0 fhdC=-AaP~TydA, Sj the facnnar Ee “pitty hroughout by (y= Hand Z im the fist term, the above ent, equation becomes Sobsttatng equations (49) and (4.10) in (4.11), we get Fh gen nap LBS Ah, acne ae sacn-ae E(u) ain a Bac = BACHE face! “The non-dimensional frison factor is cncacxG22aic f= Gye load We know that, p Pay rae ac fgg 1WALC) nant Ree449 Compress Fuld Flow - www aewatbooks com ao Eo) tity wsnenonn ‘The relation between stagnation lo state preaure is given by, —— ogame aereniton ges, targninnsXin| 162] [vogue 70 ae au We know tha the iepulee fanetin, FaPAspact a PAs yet Ka PALL eye) ———fisw1n Constant Aree Ducts with Friston (Fanno ew! 4.9 Logarithmic diferentation gives, InFatnP+inas inser?) (A ont) ae ap asym) FP ae Eu, ease FOP yy a a 49. SOLUTION OF Fano FLOW EQUATIONS 2 aed os fn of Yani i sean From equation (6:7, «19 From equation (4.5), “s Pos “piat]Bian Constant Wee Oust wih Fiction [Fanno Flow 4:18 trom cation 4, ns Fro equate (10, we aa daa) ae abana) ae, at at 420) a as af | ori] Da] 49)432 Compress Fuld Flow - wansiwalbooks com ee | npn aby att yn yn aaa sya “se carats] 14 05D ae a ve- arrears fercer| From equation (4.13), ae we aay got (wg) gee Substuing equations (4.19) and (4.16) in the above equation, ase Det aie 1s95Dae) 1 (¥8) ao we an 7) a0 ap veel Dae ” oo a a Flow in Constant Area Ouse with Ficton (Fanno Flow) 4.19 44 VARIATION OF FLOW PROPERTIES ‘The above flow parameters P.T; PC. Poe F ae expressed by the eo Uf etal state 19 the ential sate. The flow properties ae: At Temperature ‘The ratio of stagnation temperature lo static tempeatre for any ste B sien by AL the exteal state the temperature rato i Rosy ro? comet Since the stagnation enthalpy is constant along 2 Faneo lin. 2: To= T= constant 4 rz To rT (424) Arong sequen formes 8 and 2. ny 152g ; 7D ad 425) 442 Prasure From cominity eqn Bacepc 7 Loom Saar(425 =a Since the ast of OEE seston Of the dict it CORAM herfoe, the nus velocity fe also constant, fue Bquating (426) and (427) «29 (428 443° Volocty and Density From coatauty equation, the mats flow deny G=0x Cand c=" C* Since the ares of the duct is constant slong the faano lie, therefor, pcm Flow in Constant Aven Duets with Fieion [Fano Fw) 415 4.30) = 430) as 438)418 Compressible Fuid Flow = ww siwakbooks. Flow in Conant Aves Oucts wit Fision (Fanno Flow) 4.17 445. tmpute Farton a ‘We sow th he ple fenton Gr *| af 14952 ae) boos apa +yME Land #2 PALLY) payee a(s aye } Substinting fom equation (432) oP re Pet Substnting equation (428) in the above equation, 36) re ye = aa aan as) 45 VARIATION OF MACH NUMBER WITH DUCT LENGTH hp Te Mow dinnces for section 1 (qa) and SHON 2 (Lamy) BC From the entropy relations, ‘peared fom the erdcal sale where the flow 4 chocked 2, Mf | “rare an et Cominuous process is not posible beyond Mf 1, becuse, the change in an w ceuopy alter ths point will be nepnive. This wiates second law of ‘emote 2 the sagnton contin, he shove eiton can Be writen 8 For eae From equation (4.22), gta =H ae r Oe ge] ‘At tect tate Ae and £0 ‘the ctl sate A= Aad = ga rere, by inerting the sove ego Btwec he inks But hy and P= wT a-f a=) ait oP yaa nalts] HP4418 Compressible Fuld Few - wane sneabbooks om v2 gen, [grenade ae oy psa] z (43 “The distance beeen the tao sections of the dct where the mach numbers My and My (Fig 43] Is given by $e] (Se), ad ves, a] 45d we 2y ag) oe wp 1 439) 1M Oya at ? ay 46 {SOTHERMAL FLOW IN A CONSTANT AREA DUCT WITH, FRICTION Since the Now cccur in long ducts and he thermodynamic propenie of the Mid vain becaute of heat transfer and are variation, the ei temperature remains constant. A complete analysis for variable area othr flow ir very eifclt and hence, # constant area iether ow is aes “Ths (ype of flow Is alo called» Dibate flow with fiion. The differen: between isothermal flow with fanne Now at: SNe Fonno Flow [Sate tempertiro te conatnt| Stagnation tempecure | fsherear the xtagnationconstant, but sae temperaue | Tempers isnot custnt fot constant 2. |isate tow with hoa raneer Thotherasal Flow Adiabatic ow rater. without nes 5. |rrow occurs in long dusts where] Long dicts are ot caged efciont ime is roquled for het 14. on socount of conta sion Factor isnot constant Temperature the Griction factor 3 ow in Constant Aea Ducts wih Ficion (Fano row) 4.19 ‘The T= diagram fr sohermal low with ftion is shown in Fig. Size ae temperature is constant, therefore, the Fw process are represented by straight Norizntl lie is shown in fig. The various cost presse lines are alto shown in fie ‘To muintsin constant state temperature, heat transfer it required, ‘Therefore, the stagnation temperature line will be & curved one. Im the secelerton proses the pessue will decreste andi goes upto the Km ate where Mi In tht proceas Rest ie added to maintain constant + ed lempeature resulting in entropy increase de constant temperate deceleration [Woces. there is an lncease i pressure and decease In eniOpy doe to ling14.20__comprossbe Fd Flow - woe. siwaiogks.com 464 wothermal Flow Equations ; seeing, sumptions ae ssed to deve the isothermal ow 1) Consans ea duct (a) Perfet pas with consant specifi heats and molecular weight, (i) One dimensional flow with fein and eat taser. ae ae ae wes cgi i AE [-# ‘ 2 1S tre sion (4. Botte sErmmcemtoy aay en at dc <5 Substituting 2S value in the above equation, i SE (ag erat Gee (uB) fo-wi-Y (aS) ae rT 44) low tn Area Duets with Fano Fowl 424 send? ai? wt. Fe ac ae 2G=7 40 “The fiction factor, duct length and diameter ofthe duct ae always sllve, Therefore, dP.ap andthe drction of 8 procek depends 00 the spn ofthe factor (1h), (2) When (1-7 AA) postive = yA? <1 «Mf the regime is sabeone (©) When (IM?) is wogative oy MP > 1 fa te regime oe. (©) When (1 YM?) is sero =» yAt? = 1 tt ie lining vibe of he mck mater Le he ctctng acu when =k 462 Variation of Flow Propertios Fron equation (644, 2.45) 446) Stagnation Temperatare We know that To [1+ 40) ay ‘Fabien LEAF hang @ mach amber of $8 decelerated 373 ome Fema diometer pipe 10 mack monber 2. Compute te length ofthe pie ch wil couse the deceleration If f= 0.05 an = 1 Apr 2016 AU) ‘Given Data My=S: D=007S mi: M,=3; f= 0.008: roe Faane Table By = 5,y Gh 6 954 e from Fase Table fy =3,y= 14 SP), 0604-0522 =0.172 Lan, sun C1BD _ 01720075 0005 0645 m fet Length ofthe Pipe £0645 ee ‘mince ink momber fom 2 Yo Oat ren of eon. Te inal nr and temperature ar 14 bar and 21°. What re the final presmre ‘fl relay? “rat4.24 _Compressbe Fuld Clow - wi sinwalbooks com Given Data Mje02; My=O6m: Py= taba, T)=200K Since the Mach mumber Increases sue to friction, therefore the Now c= WRT, = 68739857 mic. From Fanno Table Mf, =02,7= 14 Pi sass; S-o2i8 r rom Fanno Table My =0.6,7=14 2 © 2. 1763;£-0635 ° c py e py IB ta Pe 3ass 04524656 bar oss o2ie (Fina presse Py = 04524656 bar (6) Fina vetcity C,= 20022848 mace ‘Prablem S30 cielar daa passes BIS TG of a wal mah et ef 05. The entry pressure and temperature are 343 KPa and 38°C respecinly nd the coeicien of friton 0.003. Ifthe mach rumber at entry Is 013. ‘tering, (i) The diamacer of the itact, (i) Length. of the duct (i) Preature and temperature at et end (i) Slagnation presare los ay 2049 AU, May 2016, AU) [May 2016 - KU Fit Gonstant Aven Ducts wn Fon (Fano Flow) 4.25, Given Data fm 825g My O5 Py= 348 KPa 57, #311 K: (Diameter ofthe duct a= Pi Arc Bema nw PALM Var, NRT, sasvieran AF Ses corse MOE 2: B=0226509m From Fanno Table Mf,=0.18 and My=05,y= 14, = T= T= fs 2s @ rile]? | 2 | Ons 73195 0.164 Lisas | 3028 28.354 ama ie |e 44. Tha ( Pena 1, = 28354-1069228 Compresbie Auld Row wow ainabcks.cam 400051 ‘Oa26389 208.85 m (Ga) Pressure and Temperature at Exit 100773 kPa 4.183.911 «297,501 are 91K w Stagation pressure lose = 30.609 ~ 1196 731.009 kPa Reva 6) Diarneter of te duct D = 226389 mm i) Length of he duct 308.85 m li) essere a the exit Py = 00773 ue ‘Tempera atthe exit 7 = 297.591 K Go) Stagnation presie oes (QQ) = 231.009 1 Flow in Constnt Ara Oust wih Fecton [Fano Flow) 477 Feeble 04 Air a fing an anda Gea Te Tat ah waar O25, The fiction factor 4f= 0.01, The dlameer of the duct 15 om. (i) What legit of pipe would give a 108 logs in sagnation pressure? Wha it the mach number atthe section? il) What tthe Se ls from inlet 10 Section a whick the mach number # 0.8? (il) What fs the asim fongth ‘ere ‘condition? Bois, AU ‘Given Data Mj=025; 92091, D=015m From lsentropie Table fy =0.25,7= 14 9st: Fn Pex 99 P01 Fro oBaoon Ze % From Fano Table y= 14 ye )S)2)2 |= ele|l la |@ [a Sae[ — Fain] — aso] — tani] — see] —— 6357128 Compressible Fula iow - yew alwaiboks From Fano Table y= 14, cermrotng (Tea My~028 (a) Length of the Pipe F(t L (te), O01L s37- OL 9597-6357 bema7m wo m=08 rom Panne Table fy 08, 9=14 Fe. 108 Pos 7% fo om. inf LE oasis 2.9 S686 = 56.8665 (i) THe maximum length to reach chocking canditon ‘At the hocking condion mor (SL Flow i» Constant Awe Frcton 42 dag TOS 128.05 m Result (© Length ofthe pipe, i 10% sagnauon presse loss = 327m (i) Percentage of stagnation pressure 155 = 56.8665 (6) Maximus length to reach checking condition Lge = 128.05 m Gv) The was number atthe ext section Me = 0m eae ASAI fag ir ah aan at wi am eT 1M,=025, Ar & secon downstream the entropy ts greater ®} ax amount (0124 wnt, c8 a real of frition. What Us the mack number his section? The state. properier at inlet arg 700 Pa and GO". Find veloc, lemperanre and pressure at ext Find the properties atthe rica section. (Dee. 2014, AUIFAG Given Date M,=0.28 ;($,~5))=0424 kag: Py = 700 Pa Ty -60+773-30K 5-5 Ye know tha, S2=SL pf FOE — @ [za o( r] 2124 4320887 : Fe |" 0287 ' 2 Fila 108 Prom Isentropie Table My =025,7=14 n Fe-ooer, Toy 337386K: Poy #731452 KPA830 Compressible Fuld Flow - ye siwatooks com “|rilelr| se 353[ “a0 | aaa] — Ts] a 05] — a tail sem oars tas Sir C= WRF = 336022 mice Rest Mach number st, 2041 (@) The state propenties atthe ext (Py 421.940 kPa, Ty = 2262557 K, Cy M8432 mince (©). The proparies atthe erica reton PF 2160495 kPa, 7 = 28101266 K, C= 336.022 mice Piiblen 46 Air enter an Talal re af O05 me Tamer tvoaah @ ‘omergent divergent nose with throat diameter 0013 mm" The stagnation Properties of aire ery to nowle are 750 APa and 450 K. The flow through fhe nezle tone. The tion factor (Wf for the duct is 4f= 002. Gatealte the masimr lanih of tbe and condition of air at ext if the length of pie i 25 om 0” SO SS [bee 2017, AUYEAQ) 0: D* = 0.018 m: Pay = 7504Ps; Ty, = 450K: f= 0.02 c= 2S 02s VTS = 148432 mes. (©) Properties atthe Critica! Setion AL the ste! section Mt 1M, =025, the temperate ratio CCoresponding 19. mach numberPow yon Dust wih Fron {Fane Fowl 4:28 4a2_Comprereble Fad ot = wom snakcks S Cem NTR a2 Via =7573412 mec. rom Funmo Table y= 14 ” z = = ¥ e r ee a oa 193 oa From Fano table My =294.0= 14. a os 18 co ime) By Pyotr, BB er35036 ( ‘ npn Ta = BBB 20.35 = 964918 kPa 0513008 ; fom oe O75 Bx Fr, - 268 «16515 = re pon 2637 et Shersi2012 vse 1p 1698-28 "51.95 0 658253 Ga OHO 9 s433 036 rr tno ae (48 ce mtr 2.8 Sie flow teh pom. and Y=1.4, the corresponding * From laentrople Table My= 294,71. 0267; FL eomss Ta Pa Ty=M6S4SK: ryaz2a5ire Result © Maxitmom feng of the tbe Ly gue =7695 em 8) Condition of Ale at exit My =2.4, P= S6ADIB KPa, 7, = 23437 K and C, = 658.253 mes. robe 7A WO cn diameter dat conveys @ Ba at Tar ind 700 ‘th @ mack mamber 3 Estimate the length of the pipe required such tha ‘he mach number ofthe ext ofthe plpe 1. Find alo the mast fw rae The specific heat ratio forthe gas is 1.3 and the value of Rie 287 URg"K. The ftton n ig 2002. 6.2016, AU)434 Compress Fuld Flow - wonealneatbook. D= 0.3m: P) = 10ban 7) =400 K My 3:My=1 e287 hak, From anno Table y= 13. cr 2 = r Be led ¥ © r % [oa —ga5| ao] “a 1B [ Hmm) Se BS] (Eo ono = PEE 223.55 om rea 0 Mam ow Bat eee 9713599 ko wow (0) Length of the pi lye = 2385 0 ) Mass Now rte f= 713599 kale low in Constant Area Oyete wi Felon [Fane Few) 4.35 | ‘Given Data y=13:R= 0287 WIgK ; Py = bars 7, = 400K 5) =25My 0.003 : B= 39 6m =03 m rom Isntropie Table af, =2,y=13. | ts; Pn c13t Abn 1775: 7 x 610X P= 769358 ws An 0370070685 0? From Normal Shock Table Af, =1.5,y=13 My 0698; p= 2419; 1.7 and 3 Frotlem 8A pas =1R RO ODE Og PT bar and Thaw) centers a 20 om diameter dt dt @ mach mamber of 20. A normal shock ‘Socurs af @ mach ruber of LS and he exit mach number 1.0. ifthe ‘mean value of the Pcton factor 0.003, determine (a). cangth of the duct npurcam and downstream af the shook (6) Mate flow rate ofthe gar nd {e) Change of ertopy upstream of the shock, across the shock and downstream ofthe tock, Tape 2003, AUIIPAQ] Mj-00 From Panne Fable for Y=. & z Fe | Tt) Goren ||_ e r a o | r 2| oma ——orie| ts] 357 x 73| 0618] 086] 19 0.156] z ‘oa —_1av9 Loni] soe] 0251 2 r 19} 00] Lo] 000Fin it Constant Aven Duets wih Eicon Farna Flow] 4.37. 4.26 _Compressibie Fuld Flow - wnaiwabbooks com (2) Length of the duct upstream and downstream of the shock (el GrL Dynix Pen 3517 bar 0387 ~0.136=0.201 x03 “pc. = 025 app asi7=zamn te Ba ( Pima) (ip Mass fw ite 0,44 Cy PR We AMAT = 2203 5775 m Ver, ta 00 WP oes x2 TS (0) Mase How Rate eS u 4057 7 =arsmn ghee reser a 1 Pe LTB 9116 « Pee Pon LD = 235 400 anak = 6017 tr no Bxhnt, Statrty, Py =4.28_Compressbie Pid Flow - yor airwabooks com eat Ta ago dat pa ft eck wb Lr — & 55 2) Yaw tow rs a chee ol caer 2) —_— Che of ewe acon te (8) er. ones Cage of enrpy dom of the ck as _ = s0ns Brablens 49 AT- ie Howing Wa Voda aac Wi Jeon CO {0.002 A1 init the velocity Lx 150 mlx temperature 400 K and pressure {s 280 kPa. The diameter of the duct is 16 cm. (a) Find the length ofthe pipe reuired that iver 20% drop in stagnation pressure (6) Find the properties of air at a section 3.5 m from inlet and (e) Find the manna length ‘AUIE: Given Data fe 0.002: Ry=2508Pa: D=O.16m: y= 130mbee: 7; =400%: Pea 08 Poy 130 & ean Weare rom Isentropie Table Mf, =0325,y= 14 02427 «0325 My Enosass Pay =268 9558 «fg 082689618 © 215,16944P0 ~»l2)2)2)2 | a= rile|lel| als das] amas] eases] as vas] ass oan ay] —as0as] — oaces| tas] — 1308] 15 asi «| acs] oasis] tina] —1a23] toa| Fat. g9725 «P= 141.768 % Pos _ 2a rsrr1097 %% From Panne tbe “215015, nt y=14 the conesponding mh umber My = 0.43,‘440 Compressible Fuid low - wow awalinooks som (a) Length of the pipe required Er) (©) Maximus Length of the pipe pod Tn =4amas 427925 0.6 65,465 m “40002 () Properties of sr at section 3.5 my from inet Similty. Cy r, oy oasis ‘oasms tts 1s T= #5465 85465 ~355= 81.965 m 3.2868 250 =246.198 AP 3aras * 280° 6 130 13.9575 le 400 = 399.6595 K Flow in Constant Aree Oust wih Fision (Fanne Flows 4.81 Result (Length of the pipe required 20% drop in stagnation pressure) 48805 m, (i Properties of air ats section 3 m fom inlet, 2, = 246-198, 7, = 3996598 K,C,= 131.9373 asec and My 0.33 (i) Maxnnum length of be pipe Lu = 85465 ‘Frobiem 950._Aiy ener @ long crear deat = TBomT=OROD a a Imoch mumber of 4, pressure 3000 mbar and temperature 310 X. i the low is iathermal throughout the duct desemine {at length of the duct required to change the mack number to 26 (0) Pressure and temperature of air at M'=08, 16) the Leng ofthe duct reuired to ata linking mach umber, and {tne of at ot the lining mach ‘Compare these values with hate obtained In adiabatic (Des. 2015, AUILEAS Given Data Daos2m: Fao0: My 04: P,4300kPa 7 =310K: My =06 (Note: mbar 100 Ps 30000m bar = 3% 108 Nin? #300 4? Front Ieotermma Table Y= LA, 4, 04 968 ap oer Fava: Soa(ie Vilgegls 24 300 » 200 KPa Since the flow isothermal, the temperate ofa ie constant Taye T 510K (©) Length of the duc required to attain the Hinting mach number Pel Flow in Ares Ducts with Fiton {Fanve Flow 4.3 (From Table ed Poee Pam SPP, 04 TF x 300 119858 EP reso Adiabatic Flow From Fano Table = 04,7=14, e r Tha Feros; Ears, ‘Lt 2308 ° r 2 rom Fano Table Mf, 06,y=14, 2 rz, feu; Dein: - 7 =I, ryothlhsiowamea7i7|444_Compressbie Fuid Flow - wow sinusipooks.com 2308012 734 yy tama = “45c0.0008 ~ 1794 Flow in il, ton C= My ay = ART $025 AR EIT Poss Thm [Ram] 200 | bem [Par] Too ficoters | 125175) a0 | a0 | 1476 [raises] 10 3 [Adataie | 136275 [io62ses|zomin7]| vai] roe | 266ss7 | ‘Problem C1 The icin Jacor Jor @ 25 rom dlamcler TES m Tong Pipe is “008 The conditions ofall at entry are Py=2bat.T,=301K,M,=025, Determine the mast flow rate and the essa, temperature and the mach mumber et exe Given data D=25 mm,f= 0.004, P, = 2bar, 7, = 301K, my =025 ‘To fina InP Ta My Solution We know that nn ZED 6, From lsentropic table, conesponding to My “0.25, y= 14 1 a Fico, Pi. Fyrom 7! =0957 rang heg eran 2000 tae From Fane fow tbe, comesponding © M3025.) Baiass 2 Feaseis Fo 9 406s Mas 9 557sa. ids Flow - wo swale com ow in Constant Area Oust with Fiction Fenno Flow) 4.67 ‘We know tat wt w. a ae net om, len, eas Megs foe ais? "enay-sb0t 2 aie on Fiobaw CIE A Tog Pip 24 om et Wat ah oil [icton of 2003. Ais eres the pipe ot a mach mamier of 25 negraton stipes sum Kemporaure 310 K and sate pretsare S07 bar Detemns for Seton ot ou, STIeh the ach munber rach 12. 10) Sane pressure and temperature rom fan tbe, comesponding to (8) Signin prestre nf tmperetire an (6) vate of ar a (3) Dison &f is ston fom the net lou, das Roe ate of ie bee 2015 - Ki my=04e77= 049 tv data D=254 mm= 00256 m,f= 0.03, My =25, Tyy = 310K, P= 0507 bar y= 12 To fina Setetion rom isntope lable, conesponding 1M, «2.5, 14 Fix oats 7 =04td 0-9 7,197.64 » Fen 00585 Pay = QEEs oy = 8867 be We koow that Ao oer ay!i Fad Flow = wor awabboot.com = Cm, RT =25 xT TS 50794 mis sts flow rate Gi) = 4A, C, BTIE. 5 anssy x59 = e033 bale From fanno flow table, coresponding 19 My =2S,y= 14 Sane ozo: Sh~ 26, hose: oe 2637, MB gana From fanno flow table, coresponding 19 y= 12.7% 1 asi: 0.932: 7 oo, EB oon Flow in Constant eu Duss wih Fricton (Fann Flow Pag = 3285 bar Stagnation Temperature is constant across the fam flow Toy=To-Toa MOK We know that Sf seman oe xo.003 2c, $0003 24. 9439-006 beosamsit static pressure = 1.2396 bar sit ste empernure = 24067 K cit stagnation pressure = 3.385 bar it stagnation temperature = 310K Velocity of ar at exit = 37283 ms Distance of the section form inlet = 0.842 Mats low rate of aie 03a igs rable 410A ceewlr dcr of THT or damcar Bad Wi aio Eipersnie nazi. The stagnation pressure at the nétle emry and. sae Iresnret at sctont SD and 33 D downtream are 7.00, 0245 and 0.50 bar (apectively. The noale throat diameter G46 cm. Determine (8) Mach ‘tumors at the two sections dvnsieam of the mowle (0) Maan value of the atin fraction Between the two sections. Assume ienropie flow up the owe throat and eben the res Given data y= 7 bar, D” = 6.46 cm, Dy = 12.4 em, P, 0245 bat, Py 0.50 To find My Myf Solution win 480,74 Dip _ Din _ assy? Bap oF CaeF Psp 0285 and = O38. F005 2 Mo. Fan tsp P04 3007 0.005, Flow in Constant Aves Ducts with Ficton [Fane Fon) 4st 4 s0 0.15039 Pou From Isntropie tae, conesponding to Aso?. A300 9 15059,7 Since | ana ar Maootss From faa ble creiponing Myy=253.y= 14 sa oase From fan ie cneaponding to Myo= 135.9014452 Compressible Fuld Flow - wor a com Mm ses Seman GID = 8D) 9434 o154s ? ‘From the shock tbl, comesponding © My=2.5,y= 14 Myris; Few rss Ba 238 Resa ‘Mach Number ata section 5D= 2.53, Mach Number ats seston 38D= 1.55 Mean value of skin feton between two sections () = 0.00253 From Gano table, comesponding 19 Mi = ‘Beakiem 414 Air ata restr of O85 m Bar and Tomperatire 310 K oars 4 een (4.60 cm diameter uct or @ mach mumber of 3. The flow pases through ¢ Ebarset Hh oan, a 4235, Inmal shock wave at‘ setion Ly meters dom stream of the eniy are % the mack number is 2.5. The mack mamber af the et (ata distance ly Imcters down src ofthe shock) is 08. The mean coefclnt of sin fraction 0005. Determine (a) The lenges Ly andy 72-0409 (8) State of air at ext : > fe) Mats low rte hrough the dct 26,2 00533;F88= 2.657; a fo Given data P,=685 m bar= 0685 bar: T,=310K: D = 60cm = 0.6m: My =3: From fanno table, comesponting to M, 0-513. y= 4 2, & t % Fn 2oga1; SE=o.seres; B= 1.19978; 7B= 131595 e e ier Mos From ieapic table, coremponding 10 My =3,y= 14 > 0o7ee484 Comprseable Fd Flow - wom aiwalioooks. com From fanao flow table, comesponding to My ~ 08, Y= (9) The Hennths Zand La oe ele Benose2-o4n2 hi Fx 0.005 su-27m We koow shat Ma afta te, soe $2. o9102-00r ono x06 a=" 90005 n= %691m (0) State of ale at wait % a Fiow in Constant Area Duce with Fcton (Fane Flow) 4.55. ret Ee mn 7,2 09175 bar a Since Fenziseas7,= 219838605 K 1,=ms37K wd Peay 12s p,=7325%09175 path Ep, a 22B oss y= 4067 bar Fit6 e825.37 r= 781K (© Mass low rate through the duct t=O AG fio as 108 x 2 SES AIO" 923 x VTARTTRTD a7 3105 OF 230.8 up|490_Compressle Eid Flow - wn rwnlbooks com — esa (The Lengine =27m 1y=2691m (©) State of air a ext Ty 7051K (©) Mase flow rate though 0 w= T048 Ke ‘Problem 418A pipe Teeches alr a9 bar presire and SPC temperate and discharges 10.23 ba/ of all atthe alt wih the Mach munber of O65, ‘he coaficent of freon ofthe pipe is 2005. Ifthe Mach Puomber a eniry (5.0.2 determine the ameter and length of the pipe. pressure end lemperatire tthe exit and stagnation preswure lo (AU Nov/Dec 21 Given Pydban 7 239°C f= 1020%g hs y= 065; /% 0005: My = 02 To find Dib PyToA Py Solution: Py 23 bara 3510" Nin? 7, «32° 4273 ~305 K ‘rom Inentopic table, covresponding #9 My = 027 Fhe oge, Fi. ai at Pos DBT Po gar Poy 08 bar From Fanno table, conesponding 9 Mf; =02.4= 14 renee, Fh 545s: 190,281 968 pS eB pen Bs ozs 14599 o rom Fano ble, conesponding to My =065,y = 1.8 andSle Fuld How = wor shacks oom we know that ( Pog 1.1808 ae “A Po Pox Poa 3.08 ~ 1.1808 3 ber 305 4, =0082693 0? 0.23298 m Flow in Constant Ares Duce wh Felon (Fane Flew) 4.50 2075 4D a 142075 5.023298, 450005 Result Diameter ofthe pipe (0) =023298m Length ofthe pipe (2) = 165503 ‘Pesce at exit (P3)= 0.89 bar “Temperature a exit (7) =7859 K. Stagnation pressure lose (8 7) = 89968 Trabicis 416 Air at an ler tomporaare of GC fons with tone elocity through at insdved pipe having ince diameter of 50 mam and length of 3 m. The pressure atthe ext af the Pipe ts 101 kPa and the flow Us choked at rhe end ofthe pipe Ifthe friton factor 4f~ O05, determine the inl! Mach number, the mass flow rae and the ext lemperature. (AUN 2009), Given T2608 C#333K,D, = 50mm, 1, Py=101 KPa 4f= 0005, Lr), from ierople Now table, corresponding 10 9= 1, Ma = (eL-4.60 Compressible Fuld Fow = wow siwatncks cont re (Looe) _, Dale aie (ome), mess 22810) 3 aos ‘ Py 79069 re =05 = 178.063 x 10° Nim? tom etn oon fw be comeing to “he tt Now re las : (Lt), -oanese 1.769, The 119 ‘e sa iyo8s > ceaiey . ns =n 306 VaR ETT = 219.47 as neil ‘The fale Mack number 0.60 ‘The inlet mass Now te = 0.802 kale The exit tempernve — =297.587 K from isenrople fean0 flow table, conesponding to My=1,7= 14Module - 5 Flow in Constant Area Ducts with Heat Transfer and without Friction Rayleigh Flow Flow rssh Contant area Tat Wk eat Taner Raslteh Flow = Goveming equations = Rayleigh line on es and Pov diagram ~ Raycigh ‘ation for perfect gas — masini pone teat addition ~ location of ‘masimuen enhelpy potne ~ thermal checking ~ working tables for Rapelgh ee “The one-dimensional flow in & conant area dct heat ianfer and sribout {ction ie telered to a8 Maylegh Dow: The flow &o many thermal {ulema (Cotprestors and turbines under normal Condon) may be ses fo te aciabac with negligible or inthe case f comboron chambers, ‘eeeerulors, heat exchanger: and ier coolers sbch an assumptions are not Vad, Therefore, the effect of heat wansfer between gat ow and ste rounding ace considered in thie ase. But the os bs fonts, 3 RAYLEIGH LINE ON f-s AND P-v DIAGRAM ‘The locus of all state points of properiee during constant area ‘cil flow with heat exchange i lng the “Aayligh Me”. I aaiier tbe equations of sine, momentum and comity aon, The assumptions sade in Rayleigh flow a: (Constanta doe, (i) Perfect gar wity constant speci bets and molecular weit (Gi), One-dimensional. Steady ftionlee How with Heat transfer, 0) Absence of body foors.s2 ile Fuid Flow = ony a ‘Te mass veoety {Gi given by o- =p Ci n= in “The momentum equation for a constant Ares duct in the absence ot ‘ction gives Pep 2 =consant PF @ P+ wconsant ° 6 ‘From equation of sae, Pe Ps) ad exes) ‘Sebeitating te above equation (5.1), m So constant OOS 63 "The sbove equation represents the Rapeih tine on the A» diagram shown in Fig. Su ‘The upper branch of the Rayleigh tne represents subsonic Now and the tower branch superionic flow. The direction of hesing proceucs are ‘owas the limiting point Rie, to Rand fo R. During Beating. the etopy inoreases andi ges up 1 the limiting point. But beyond "Ris not posite ‘ecause, decrease in envopy violates the second law of thermodynamics. ‘Therefore the timldng point Yor ubsonie and wperanic breaches Is the maximum enttopy point “R* where the mach number A= “The maxiotum enthalpy snd entropy ae at point Hand R in the ‘constant enthalpy and entopy lines ae shown ia Fig. The. stagnation temperature is gifletent for subsonic and eypersnse braces ie alo shown ‘nF. 1s maxon at point", because there ie no frtor Mean Beyond this point. Fig. 51 Vaou Flow Parameter on Rell ne 1a subwonie branch when gar is Resed, both velocity enerey and cethalpy increases upo the Point “7 and the pressure drop le proportionate {8 the velasiy. When the heat continuo, the velocity energy icreaes ta faster rate and the pressure drop is mor but the Htc enhalpy decrensee ‘Thecfore, eating beyond the maximum enthalpy point (A, the static temperature decreases upto the lining pot. When gas is cooled, the stop in velocity energy Is more but the pressure and temperate increases 70 the poist “H" and thon & decreser, Therefore Yo pombe for the temperate of a gar incase white it ejects heal and Rapport in the Rayleigh line between Rand 11s show in Fig. 8.4. SAA. Slope of the Rayleigh Line “The equation (5.2) fortwo sate Ponts along the Rayleigh ine a Pur oom tng Ope PO = wy)54 Compressible Fis Flow - wow arwatnosks.com Inthe pw diagram, the slope of line not won(e)-o napa Lo-pc ise, “The slope (0) ofa Rayleigh ine is shown in Fg. 8:2 and 53. S12 Constant Entropy Lines ‘The conriantenzopy line inthe hs plane i saight vera and touches at pot "Rin the Rayleigh line ix shown in Fig. 5.1. The entropy | maximo a this pointe and the entropy Hine le tangential tthe Rayleigh line. Three const entropy lines onthe PV plane sre shown in Fig. 52, ‘The saximum entropy line which i tangential 19 the Rayleigh ine a the linking point “R whete M= Af = 1 tng entopy Fig 6.2 Constant intopy Lines and» Relig Line iow Contig fvea Ducts wih Heat Tranter and wihout Ricton 65 ‘The diction. of heating and cooling and the subsonic and supersonic ranches of the Rayleigh line are shown in Fig. 5.2. The wate of gas move fay ffom the liming pois during coking and iowands the iting point three heating. “The slope of ths const entny line is arate oe os) [AC the limiting point °R the slope of the constant entopy line and ‘Therefore, equating equations (54) and (5.5. meta ata-pPa? ‘Trerlore, the velocity of gar atthe maximum entropy pot Is sone 513° Constant Hothalpy Lines “The constant enthalpy line in te plane is straight horizontal snd A toaches at point in the Rayleigh ine shown in Fi. 5.1. The enthalpy ‘is emaximum at tis point and the constant enthalpy line which ir tngentl 1o the Rayleigh line. Three contact endapy lens on the PV plane ae ‘sowa in Fg. 53, The maim enthalpy line (ay) which i angen (0 joi tne a 1, where M =e te Ray + ‘The divections of healing and cooling prooeties are same at the ‘mevious reton 5.12.or «perfect ea conan ent. “The sage ofthe constant ently line npe(] Lor We know that he velocity of sound Peyerayyatt apne 7 Trertore, tan Be 66 [At the maximum enthalpy point the slopes ofthe constant eny Line and the Rayleigh Ine are tame ‘ow in Copstant Area Duce with Hest Tansir and winout Fon ‘Theefine equating equations (5.4) and (5.6). aoa cee Laat Meee on ‘Tiere, st he mani enlpy point H, the mach mumber wee 52 General Equations in Rayleigh Flow Proce poset al enty and ent of & consant {en doit shown In fg. The changes inflow parameters occur due 10 the best), trove Q. The penerh equilont inf] Rayleigh flow proces ae (4) Continuity Equation HB) Ay Cy=P2Az CLA constant oo ©) Equation of State y=) RT and Pz = 05 RT 6%) (© Momestom Equation ‘The momentum equation between state (1) and PiASmC=P ATC,Comoreeebie Fass Flow - wine sinalipoks com = PH PVAS HIE, ow in Constant Ares Oucts with Hest Tranter and wahout icton 5.9 532 Temperature From eguation (5.1) y1@ACL = C11 erp c-ord (ey -Py ane Piva Pea puciemd rent ted) iee=yew? ry tewd A ewd ew (Mach Nambor oan (o Bncrey “The heat wafer during the press =m Gy Tin—Ton 2) 5. RAYLEIGH FLOW RELATIONS FOR PERFECT GAS “The Mow parameters (PT, Py Ty, F) ar expressed in terms of Mach a1 rumba and. All he above pnts ae expres in on neod ‘om 531 Pressure From emton (5:10) 619 Pa teat Te e109534 Stagnation Pressure rom adisbacc equation, Spiel a tga FFs PoP visting egetion (3.0) In e shove eqtion jae fe oa) By sabiuting equations (5.14) and (5.10) i equation (5.19) al git a| a(t) Levad | fo] Lert), oil rove) (aa 62 Fare | yg I I (5.16) ‘S37 Heat Travsfer rem eatin 5, =m ay~Top 2. age 535 Staunton Tempers rom uae ego Tata =D a ange D ave Dans Bes Dae LT 152A] ‘Sebstuuing equation (5:18), onde vue Of Ty inte ove equation, or 2 : fa ewdr[ i+ i tm AB[seragy | Go 2p ST at oval |" | Dg : oe) Soo The imple ttn is pen by Pelee) frond Fy Cee Psom in Constant Azea Duets wih Heat Taner and wien Fin 613. "gS MAXIMUM HEAT ADDITION - LOCATION OF MAXIMUM, ENTHALPY POINT Heat adian and eat rejection at subsonic and soperonic mach sites shown in Fig. 54. Doing heating in subsonic and superionic ows tbe enropy increases and it goee upo the maximum entopy point 5:2_Compresible Ful ow - wo satis 7 Substiting equation (5,10) in the ove equstion, end arm ri re 2 0°) wher ch amber Mand 2 asm “aomd oe oes 54 VARIATION OF FLOW PROPERTIES “The above various flow parameters are expose io tems of the sta state to he ling sate (MT =) inthe Rayleigh Flow proces From equation (10), e eel om | a fea [Fampecnceasl Son an eeemtaen St See Sratvet om5:14 Compressible Fuld Flow - wn slwakbooks. com ‘Fallen SU A gas oa proms FO Tha ond tinperare 078 Kea Teombuation chamber af veloc ef 60 mize. The heat miplid I the omtston chamber ts 14056 Mains. Determine the mack number, prezare Neoprature and *locity ofthe gas atthe ext Asbame Cy = 1.008 1agK land rato of spocfe heat is 1 for the ge. = (Och. "95, Madras) [Nov 2009-0) Given Data PnOKP: — Ty=278K; C=6omiac O=MasékiKg: 214; CP= LOOK KIRK Solution pad Y 1798692 ~ 0.48 rom Huenteopic Table Mf, BAB Y= 14 0994 5 Tye 279678K = Op ua~To) Ton = Se Toy = OES 5a = B+ Toy OSE smo. = 1679678 From Rayleigh Table Af, =0.18, 4 14 Zearn; Bao; £ 295;88. 2; Eeoin; 2-010; £004 BE ME oO e Too Gig 195529 Bois: «ty giyn sx ow in Constant Area Duct win Hest Tranter and whut Fico Since Toy Tee" 7 rom Rayih Ute coesonting to 085, he mach mater Poison Zeoss, £ t=O. and te other propeics ae 2-=1.505, 0951, S080 . PN POI 025% np tsinaek 64 BES x00 = 10625 ace (Mock munber atthe exit My= 064 (a) Pressore, tempore apd velocity of the gat at the exit Py 459 kPa, T= 1549 32 K and Cy = 506.75 me. Wom Sr mag Ta constant ara daca wre HOC anda presure of 32.5 KPa. The veloc ats section ts 167 mi Find (Stagnation ropetics 0 the ines, (3) he maximum stagnation tmperanre If fc i burned ini oe The propoiet at this seton (il) the Properies af scion where sate ‘experanre(s masimum AQ] Tape 2040-40) Given Data Ty=-S06273=225 Ki Py =525KPa; C,~16T mice oss79~056‘ow in Const aren Ducts wih Host Teale and witout Ficton 5.17 ‘Fetlem S37 The ach rambo of net and ent fora Ray Flow are | fe ged and Mz=15. Ar ner state pressure $0 Pa and. stagnation peneratre 295 K, find Zh all properties ar exh (b) stagnation pressure. (6) het transfered. td) = tcinam possi heat tajer ane) change tn enrpy ere testo and 2. () ts a colin fr) heting process PEAQ) [Now = 2017.40) ‘Given Data My 3 My= 15; Py=S0 KPa Toy = 295. Pom 6497504 From Rayleigh Table Af, =9.56,9= 14. P Poo, 2 © Lnrese; 21.09; Dose; Baars: £-0825 r eae % e Maximam sagniion tempers ote: Since the Mid media is wt given, therefore I sacred thatthe ee gityemastox fowing fi [= 14 08 Gr 008 GK) rom Isentropic Table My =.= Lt rh pgs a.arasa npaand 7 = cos = 255, 79206 K 193116 mies Im Repeigh flow, the maximum sate temperatre wil be at» pin 2105315 172244 mise rom Rayleigh Table M,=0.845,y=14, poets: © rae haar: 2-085 Brtasze toa: Sao 1 Pye 1.2% 3147482 = 37.607 kPa, T= 260.817 K and Cy #778.65 mle © e bee 1 (© Siagniion propenties at let, Pox = 649752 KPa and To, = 236981 K. = ® The masirmum stagnation temperate 75 = 306573 K. The properties st (his section, P= 31 4748 HP a, 77 = 28573396 KC" = 319.3116 mse (ii) The propenies ak section where sac tempore le maximal (Py =ST-TSOTBPa, Ty = 262.8177 K, C= 273.65 mic.5:18 Compressible Fuld Flow - muw.slwasbookscom 1422 2, Pag = 1.122% 53686779 = 602.36566 kPa 0909 Tyq=410.02294K Ale ale (Meat wansfered Q= Cp ua To) 1.008 (41002294 ~295 =sssstung peCere ae rn Bc = ETE 50 16420855 40a 0753 0281 n x 10s.is, co Ht xoi7azaas 05.5896 mise (2) Masia eat transfer Onan TS Tes) = 1005 4s1.07011~295} 215685000 bsg (e) Change in entropy 5 1005 com "| = 0.549201 kh K iow in Constant ea Ducts win Heat Transor and wehout Friston 6.30 Rest (Properties a ext | Pye 16420655 KPa Ty #2822146 K and Cy =505 5896 misc (©) Stagnation Presse Poy = 18382359 KPa and Poy = 2.36566 KPa (©) Heat uansfered @= 118596 ug () Mavimum possible hea tnstet Opa, = 186.8506 Kg (©) Change in entopy 8-5, =0699201 Wikg K (Since the Neat wane i posite, hence iti «heating proces. The ah Tan a Te ea of Te Combiner 08. The rato of lacharge to vt stagnation temperature ts 4 Determine the heat sled per kg of air the masimam possible heat transfer and the br transfer reuied to get manu tate temperature? TAQ] [NovDee 2016-AU) Given Data My 08; Fa sea Fa =Ay From Rayleigh Table My=08,y=14. 7 964: Tin 0968 75-047, = 0.968 T= 414937767, 0241-0239 algal$20_Comprsile Fuld Flow - woneabvadooks com ow in Constant Aven Dust with Heat Tranter and without Fision 621 te From Rayleigh table corsponding to 72 ‘ah sot M,=024, Since the ven data are instil to solve the problem, therefore, the hat transfer ate calculated infers of stagnation temperate © =r Faa~To) ‘rablem SST cera Wear exchanger the sagnaonvenperaare Fale {evaved from 93°C to 426°C. Ifthe inet mach number i 0.3, determine the final mack mumber and percentage drop in pressure [FAQ] (Ape/May 2012-AU ‘Given Data Tyy #994273 #366 Tig "406-4 273 699 KM, =03 0239, the mach number Va=47 1 =1.005147.=Fin} From Ravkigh Table y= 03.7514 ~3015 Ty tae Lrezast; Moose, «roe 0s755« (Maximum possible heat id ee Ona 5 —Ta) = 100s (41293776 71 —Ton Ta, Ogg 007 TE sis = 3.681245 To, hg . Gil) The maim heat ranser will be atthe point where mach mune m= Jp=084S Pom Rapigh ule My 0859-14 cee Tay = 0910541993776 To, = 4.0643184 Toy = Co ex~To) 205 (40043154 To, ~ Ty) = 3.0795269 To Lhe ecemes dp in prone =| FF ba0 a _2.131-=1815) Rete (©) Heat added per ip, "20157, Akg 6) Moxirmen posible eat Ua9ser Ong 31651245 Toy eg a 6) The final mach mur My = 048 iy Heat wansfer required (0 get muni sale temperate 2 Qe" 30796 Toy Kg i) Percentage drop In peso 14828Problem Sar A gar Qa 13 wa ROARED a a pare of 70 Tha ‘and temperature of 295 K neers a combustion chamber at velocty of 3 ‘ce The heat supplied inthe contbation chamber ly 1250 Kg. Dette ‘he mach number, pressure and tonperaure of gas at ext. <0 tre 20a 295 16," 75 mle: O= 1250 he xe oan soss332 ng K My 01785 ~ 018 Si 25 War, Vissasoxaes rom Isentropic Table fy = 0.18, 7= 0979 From Rayleigh Table By = 0.8, 13; Zeorss To, one we 148.8231 K Hest transfer = Cp en To) 1250 oossTa7 Kk A298 = 0.4265 pow in Constant Acea Ovcts wih Host Tranter and without Fiction 6.23 Fram Rayleigh table conespoding 10 72 Rayleigh sponding to = 03s. re wie Rp Resalt (Mach number atthe ent My = 0.35 “G) Pressure of the gas a the exit P= 629111 KPa Gi) Temperate of the 8 at te ext T, = 90K Bem 51 Ar head a & icons dec From on lad wate pperies of Py--Al0kPuand 7 =200K. Calelte the amount of heat eessary to check the flow at tof the dct when the inet mach munber MEW) 22 end (a) 022 ‘AQ [Get 2010-AU) Given Data Py=}OKPa: 7, =300% () When fet mach number My =22. “Fram tentrople Table My =22,y= 14 z fe w % } Ty" 5905511 K *. 0.0835 Pg) 117647 bP ai‘S24 _Compressble Fld Flow - wie siwabigoks con From Rayleigh Table Af, =227=1.4 Pao 2a3 Peonss a reise K Since the exit tte is aot given, Therefore it Is atumned tht the oxi soe Tmding state whe Mach muter A Qa T5~Te) ~ 1.005 (784.152068 ~ 5905511} = 91st me (©) When Inlet Mach Number Af; 20.22 From Ientropic Table M;=022,y= 14. > x e E-099; 2 z 0967 To BS =20303K Por 113.7538 aps From Rayhigh Table Mf; =022,9= 14 te, 20308 Beane: Be nas" CPT) = 1005 (1471019430303) 1173829 .0K ow br Constant Area Ouse wih Hest Transl end witout Friston 6:25 Rest (@ Maximum heat transfor when M=22is Quay = 1LSSAH Kg (G Maximum heat tasfer when Af=022, Oma, = 1173429 I, ‘robes $3A coat haber Tare The eace at @ ach mer (G09 at 2.5 bar and 1OOO. {fhe ratio ofthe stagnation temperarres at fhe exit and entry Is 374. Determine the mach number pressure dd Ienperture of the part entry Whot Is the amount of hea added and the ‘Suu hea thar con be added? AQ) (Nov 2016:ALMay 2016 ~ KU] ‘ven Data My=09: P02 Star, Fy HETDK a 3.14 From Rayleigh Table f,=09,Y= 14. (Assumed y= 14} Faron eoompom in Conatont Area Ouse wit Heat Translr and witout jeton_ 6:27 28 Sh Eid Flow « wrwairwahooks com Pe Bera, Erones; — Beraisis r r % Pya2axh: Ty20s17s xT P,= 48889 bor; T= 3909041 K From Ientropic Table fy = 0.255.914. r Bai F-osnes: F-00955 To =3962535 K; Poy = 5116588 bar 6 Amount of heat added 0. ea—Ten) 0053.76 To, Ton} = 1005+ 39625381274) = 10911632 og (i) Masimin heat tanfer nas = CP T5~Tosd et 26sae ass. 9832 1.005 (1493 98522 3962535 ) 102.1781 kg Restt (Mach number ofthe a a entry Mi 0255 Prenure of the gas a enty Py = 8899 bar ‘Temperate of the gus at ety T) =390.9041 K (4. Amount of heat added Q = 1091.1652 kik (Gi) Masi Mest ade Ogg * 1108 1781 eg pases SIA comin chamber Tea fat Rb Plan Te a PK, 0.55 bar and 75 mis The rfl ratio 29 and the calorie ve | ine fut te 4.87 Mun, Taking Y= 1A and R=0289 KEKE K for the gos | devine Tre inal and fnak mach mumbere 10, Fil preccre temperatre and velocity of the gas 1B) Perens stagnation pressure lost tn the combuation chamber. 1G) The masinum stagnation tenperture atainale [Novos - 2012 ‘iv Data: Fy=350K: Py SskPa cvs e=0287 mg K mya Se eee a1 yer, Via rom Isentrople Table, = 02, Rice i entapy due wo the combustion one kg of fel Bho Om Fate [we =29+1=301 = #1820 395.6667 eam ofa el mate5.28_Comprossble Fuld Fow - wan aiwakbocks.com 0=6,e2Ta) Ten B+ Ty, = EEL ssa8005 fa, To. 0 sr sissk S Focus w To 277155 K 7 .a3ses7 -0859 % From Rayleigh table conesponding 10 M,= 064. 2953 359 = 1611.3526 K 625 y= 9S 75 «515.1088 ementage stagnation presse oss = 11235 1.061) $5=1060 199 ‘Tne masimum stagnation temgeratre exist for the given condiont Tamm Toy" TT OBITS elt {The nl an Sn mash mune = 0:2 an y= 068. (e) Final prsure, somperstre and velosiy of the gas Py ~3698Ps, Ty = 16113526 K and €;~ 515.1008 wee: (6) Percentage stagnation pressure loss = 14089 (Maximum stagnsion temperate 7 yy, ™2027.7185 K elocty in finest conan area dict through which hea ranfer con ‘cor (a). Determine the final presare and tmperaire and the het added ‘tring the proces (0) Whit wil be the mach mune, pressure and (cuocratre of at if hs heat ix exacted fom ths i Pyadbee 7n2kTe fod PT Q.My.Ta Py wha heat is eieted eee Sotation Fiom isentopie tbe, comesponding to Ay = 157 1A We know that y need % ToT) Fino Ty 27995 7. Fo,> Tog fo cooling proces 42019 = 1.005 (41799 ~ Ty) Fix 022 Py, = 11029 we ara m6 From Rayleigh flow table, corespending to My = Toa 376.18 9515) Syela From Raleigh toe be, coesponding to 7208181, y= 14 y= 18, (Since M inreaes when costing proces a undergone fm een cotiion) ao atnaonk 95-2006 bar 2.2.7, ram “oss arenaK PF 2619 ba, 7938247 K nj = 2 T5~ To) = 1.005 45938 417.99) #2019 kine (Assume Cp= L008) 268:22_Comprueetyo Fg Fw won iwanocks Piatlen BHT The wagiation famperdire of aire a combustion amar Es increased t0 2.5 tines te iit value. the ar ot entry is 38 3 bar MOS°C nd @ Mach mumber of 025 determine: (the Mack munber, pressre and tomperantre athe ext, {ity stagnation pressure tos, at ihe he at, 2010, a Given data @ Fins; prastar,=l0se+2=370K: Mj-o2s Solution root Genopie able, corespondiag tM = 0.25, ye 1 0987; FE 0939 Ts aaa SacI Ta qoige gig 53288 ne Po" 998 "Ta ta Bess Ta Teg Ty #35 ~saaTess = 40a From Rayleigh tbl, cresponding toy = 025,714 P x t For 201; hearse; B-o239, % r % hn Contant en ues wih Mant Canafor and waht ston & Sone e aT IB. gona K Tega oa Fox 134082. ogo a Tanai ole From Rapeigh bl, coneponing (© 0x5 My 0.62; PB = 1.968; Th 1 560: For e Ta Ja.o939 %row in Constant Aen Ducts with Host Tans’ and winous Fiction $28 ‘Sottion i A657 tae 2ussas-D Py Por Por re 5.3048 4.657 eats P= 0657 br Raat EK I we Bnow that a ea ~To) crcl 52 M0 HRT STD Mjs020964 03 = 1.005 (13404 962234 Kak Bet S15 The dts Yor a Soon Siar oping @ OTR fac ie hen below ‘Enry, Gas velciy = 152 mi, Pressures 4 ba, Temperature = 400 K Ext Mach number = 08 Tale y=13,6,"2166KIKGK, for the products of combustion, Corie sa2978) fom Lentopie table comesponsing. wo My 03.4 13 value of ll bnt =43 MU. (a) Baty mach number Ton Oey w8826 (6). Prroure,temperarare and eee of 2 ot ex a Cheers om Rapegh low bt, conesponding 1 My Given data = 12 mie y= bar, 7) AOR a My 08,7213, 6,=2146 gk, ‘To tna My Pa Tie C A Pg MEse Fd Flow - winesiwakbooks.com = 7a assrier an 75 = it = $0526 Tose" One = tan6i3K From Rayleigh Now table, consponding to My=0.8, y= 13 Pa sass, Ti 255 £8 109,72 0961 me Myq= 09612120613 ow in Constant ea Ducts wit Heal Tansee sod witest Fiction 6.7 Pe Fe 7 Pov 21018, Pog 3625 bar A Pos Por Pec 4297-3008 Pos 4207 8612 bar 2G Fan- Tod) 2144 (1159-40526) = 161601 kes wer Te160T AP = 26.608 kof st oft 035 with het supply through wall. Calelate the quantity of heat trantor itor kof air (at prere = 90 AP and Temperature 290 K) 10 tneease is BR nr from 025 to 875. Alo calate fil preseure, temperate ‘pon, AU 90 Ky 025; My = 0753 Flow = wo 0 Solution roe Isentopie tbl, comeaponding © My =023.7=14 Pap peig Fon Gogo Poy Poy ags7 Fou ~ 937 = Por 9408 KPa Tos ~ abg = Tor = Zoo 2 gy = 299.81 K ot ~ DaaT =? Tot = Bags = Toy = BO.BL Front Rayicigh Wve tale, corespoaing Ay 25,45 14 2201: esairs, hess ° % oe 701 0.2565; 20.13 % ons Front Rayleigh ow table, corresponding "My = 075.7 ae 7 % ta £2193: -o9n05 % fs ve bnow tha Aw os ~aiois ra 96s70K swe tc shat Heat tasfer 0 Cpr To) (0 1.004 (10761-2231) Qo 78sa6kr fs. sono? Pe, aa 290 y= LAN gt? Fa pga STH 8 bee Bry 92 38795 ono ig? eo FeO Ay May Pay My RT= 108138 0.35 0.25 x VIA ETRDT 3229 bg Resale Hest tanto per KF of aie (Q)=78546 41 Final presse try 5474644 Fina tempore I73)= 965.21 Final density (q1=0.19752 gn? Mass Now fae Un) =3229 bg Frobiem S14 Air Hows wih weslgile [ein i connor DH fectlon one the flow properties are ty = 604" Cp, = 13S KPa abuclte nt elacty 752 mis Meas added 10 the flow Beever section one an sin Iwo, where the Mach mumber is 1.2 Betomine the fos properties Bt ection bos the heat transfer per anit mast andthe entropy Shanes, 17 At} Given Ty = 60aC, Py =155 HPs, Cy=732 mi, y= 12 Solation G7. a War mm aay Fit im Consant aye Ducts win Yeoh Tres: and west Eon S44 run arbe Pam ae” Hoses Since very (044279 1 Fh e0ss5—9 16 =a 0355 Ta ary oonk Ppp = 10546 HP Ty = 600272 K From Rayleigh table ciresponding (© Af =2.7= 14 Ta. Pe ao . =0193, ‘omesponding 19 My= 12:7 Fea sgn; 2-H 1.256 ae cae! ~ je Por. 10586 91 46 kPa P= Fou Ton 77. Toy. 60072 Ta, 007 oes To ggsi” Dest Pym LTE Fy = UOTE XTO. 86 Peg 156389 4ahe Cit Cow wo com ad Tyq™ 093475 = 0934 x918532 _ = 0641 xa dy x 135 ads _ and miasexqdigxm 265205 ae Heat tanstor per emit mass = Cp nT) 005 8579-60072) = 25848 kee » aoe, Heat Trane and 0 ree —- men ee 7,=200K. Inside the sce the Bea added per anit mass is = 310° Ihe Catalase she flo pret M.D T Ps Tay dd Pay the ex (Apr. May 2012-4 M,~255)=300K:Q=3% 10? sng = 200018 Py tem 1013 bar Seton: From isemeople ble, conceponding My =3,Y= 14 0357: ft -oa7 , i} | \ | wie i = 3 x10 sag.(544_Comprossibe Fhid Flow - wi sinrlibocks com 7,7 37246 bar From Reyloigh ble, Comeaponsing 2 My 42; Theo2s1 r __How in Constant Area Duss wit Het Transl aed who Friston 545 tries Tae P= 10879 br Since, 7H.=% Ty ese oo ane 08s From Revlih le, comesponding 0 220.86— tscom Sie Pg 109% = 1006 «10879 oat sng and inal position al provide meant 10 calibrate the pointer indests the desired ‘ange OF pressure for variations 1 the behavior of the Bourdcn she el Dilferenti pressure can be messued 'y pauses conaining vo different Bourdon tube, with conseting linkages \cnprsiie Flow Fé Valzntgn snd Measrenant 621 ° | 2 | A | is irene | 2 emi Sy N | i 7A | \ 9-619 Bourdon Presse S098 ' ‘Bourdon whee mevaue gauge presse lave fo ambient smospheic prestues a oppored 1 absolte prea: Vacuum Is sensed a6 # Fever froton. Some aneou! barometers ure Bowdon Wes closed at oth ends Wen the measured peste i rapidly ping, auch at when the gauge i ew 4 reciocatng pump. an once rerition in the connecting pipe froqcaly ured 19 2.0Kd unecessary weit on the gears and provide. ay verge reading: when she whole gauge 8 sujet to mechani vibration, the ene eave siding the pointer and ioscan card ean be fli wth an «itor elven,“Tapping on the face of the gauge isnot recommended as I wil end to fasfy actual readings intl presented by the gauge. The Bourdon tie separate fom the fave of the gauze and thus has o effect on the ax ‘reading of pressure. Typical highaually moder gauges provide an esi ‘Of $2 of span, and a speci! high-precision gauge can be as accurate (0.1% of fall eal 634 Pressure Tronsdvcere Pressure wansdocers wap a variety of sensing devices 0 provide clecrcal output proportions to spied presute (G) The senting device employed in the waneducert under discuon i toned, metal fil sain gauges (ily) The sin gauge because of its unique set of epson etaracteit| fas csily dominated the tances eld for the pas Senty ear 635. Strain Gauye Presuce Cell ‘When a closed container i subjected 1 the apie pressure, i | stained (at 16, dimension changes). Measoement of this stan with + secondary transducer like » sin yauge (metalic conductor) becomes « measure of the applied pressure "Phat i fain pages ae atached to te continer subjected tthe applied pressure, the sain guages iso wll change in dimension depeeding ‘on the expansion ce contraction of te container. The change im dimension (the strain guase wil make ie reasance 19 change. This change i resistance of the stam gauge becomes « measure of pressure applied 9 he ‘ontine (lasts container oF eal) “There are two types of stain gauge pressure cells namely 2. nae ype prestre cel 636 Flattened tube presare cll ‘An clastic tube which flat an pnched at its two end as shown i Fig. 614. Two era gauges se plced on this elastic tbe. One ison he top and ther iss the boom of this clastic tbe- Ove end of the elatie tube is open tc receive the applied presure and its oter end ix closed Te ‘resure 10 be messured is appli tothe open of the tbe. Du 4 presse Flow Fie Vieustzaion and Measurement 623 te ube tents 1 round of, hati, the dimension changes alae). AS the (fuin gage ae oui on te te, the dimension of the sain gauges aso ‘hangs Proportional othe change in dimension ofthe tbe, causing resistance dong of the sain guages. The change in dimension of the tbe is proportion (othe appli promis Hence, the mesuemen ofthe resistance change ofthe (rnin gages comes 6 measure ofthe applied peessue when calibrated. 637. Colindrieal Type prosare calle I consis of 2 cyto tbe with hexagons top at te cente. Ths hexagonal stop helps fining this devi 4 place whore the pressure 1 © Se measured. The botior portion of tht cylindrical tae Ie headed aS ‘hema and is open to receive the presse #0 be measied, The top parton of his cylindrical abe cloned and as cap screwed 10 it. On the piper ofthe flop portion ofthe eylindrial tbe ste placed two sensing resistance Stain gauges. On the cap (antral Iostion) are placed two tempermone Comperating sin pues. The pressure to be measured is appled 0 the ‘open end of the eyinal tbe. Due wo the presse, the eylinrica abe is Stained, tht ists dimension changes Az the sain guages are mounted oo the eplndical tbe, the dimension of the sensing svain gouges also change Proportional to the change in dimension of the eylidrieal tbe, causing Festance changes of he stain gauges The change in dimension of the(224 Comprossoe uls Flow - wv awaits com clinical sabe is proportional to appli pressure. Hence, the measures, ofthe fesisance change of the sensing strain gauges Becomes a measure of ‘he applied pressure when calated. The cylindrical type pressure call owe tn Tg 615, /, sou TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT ‘Temperature is 9 qlomity independent of the size of the system. I nine as 8 condition of by BY vite of ich heat ie tranfered 10 oF 62.1 Bimetalle thermometers The bimetallic themometer uses the bimetallic rip which comers ‘he tempertre int the mechanical diplcement, The working of de meni Sup depends oo the thermal expansion property of the mt. The ‘ermal expansion ithe tendency of meal in which the volome of metal changes with the variation in tempers, Every metal his a siffeen LCompresie Flow Field Veustzaton and Measurement 625 re cocticint, The temperate coeticeat shows the relation the change In the piysial dimension of meta ae the temperature Tunes it The expusion or contraction of meal depends on the pear coefficient, ie, tthe same temperate the metals have diferat {i the psc dimension, 1D” The working principle of bimetallic theaomtr depends on the two ‘Gidamental properties of the meal, J The meal has the propery of thermal expansion, Le, the meal . expand and coouactconceing the temperature. 1% The temperature coefficient of all the metal is not same. The cexpuasion or contacion of metals is diferent at the same ‘erperatre ‘The Mimaalic sip s consacted by bonding tgster the 140 thin sips of different metas.‘ metals are joie! svssther stone end wh the felp of the welding. The bonding is kept in sich a way that thee i 0 flaive motion between the two metas. The pyc! dimension of te metals ‘aes with the variation in temperature, Since she Bimetalic snp of the theme i consracied with ferent meals. Thereby, the length of neta anger a diffrent rates. When the temperai= increases, the aio bends towards the metal which hs a How-temperstus coefficient And when te fenpersture decrease, the rip bende tours the metal which Mas a ph temperatre coer TO(526 Compressible Fld Flow - waneawakbook.com “The Fig: 616 sons the bimetli suip in the form of the sigh canlever beam. The sip fixed at one end and deflects atthe other end ‘The range of deletion of bimetallic strip depends on the pe of rei used. for consnction The deflection of the metal is direcly Propertional to the length of the stip and the variation of temperature and EE voverely proportional to the thickness of the srps. The linear stp shows the small deflection If the leagth of sip ineescs, the sizeof thermometer tbo Increases For heciag the slo of the ermoneer in the manageable ined fF making the thermometer. 1 Sal Tae Bimeale Teermon ‘spiral pe binetallle thermometer shown in Fig. 617 consists of a tinealie stip which s consuction by Bonding gether two thin seis ft two diferent tals. It works on the principle that all metals expand onic with change i= tomperstere and the temperature co-efficient of txrason is mot the same The difference i expansion ate is wd wo prods ‘seston, proparors! to temperature changss. Along stip made of 190 roca having large ference im their expansion i taken and ound in te Compressible Flow Fld Vsualzaton and Messuement 627 farm of ep The ends ofthe epiral ar riveted. The metal on the oer fle has more expansion than onthe ier side. pointer I fixed tthe end af the spiral athe center, It moves on a sale which rads the temperature ‘ery. The outer end ofthe thermometer i connected to the bat bay, Hest tavels tough the spiral by conduction. Due to the unequal expansion the Spiral winds oF closes. The poimer on the sale moves and the temperature GF he bt boy i ead \wunhint,, 2 js Fig. 618 He Tye imate stp20 Jo Fuld Flow - wn awe bnoks com \Compresbe Flow Fld Veuatzaton und Messuement 629 In bimetalic strip thermometer. the sial-shaped sip is used. The ‘ype of termameter i ed for measuring the ambient temperature, Beckie Of the thermal expanson propery of metal, the deformation Oocurs In the Spring withthe varaion of temperate, The poter and dle ached 4 the sping, which indieates the variation of emperatre “The helix type Bimetallc strip shown in Fig. 618 is mosly wed for industrial appesions, In this thrometer. the belicsbape rep & used for Imeasting the temperature. The fee end of the sip He comested to the poimer. The deflection f We Sp shows the variaion of tempeatre, 642 Pressure Thermometers (Fuld expansion &pe) Whe tga, gates or vapour are best, they expand and en they are cool they contact Tir the basis Bend the consreton of pressure Termomesere When 1 gui, gs or vapour filled syatem is subjected so a tempore change the solr ofthe ligud, EF o vapour changes c>sing fpresnce in the filed system. The presure becomes an ialieation of ‘ecru change when clitted, Thirst corse of 4 senting = ‘ipl sade and baurdon tobe which tas Been Sid with id (igi ‘pour oz) whlch fe a ae ila pessre and witheu ar tape T9 this Thermeseer the preseue censor i th toundon te which He made on flat, serial One eyo of the Bowden ee 18ted tp the expllary ‘he tnd tne her end fe, To the fee nd of the Sourdon tube fe connie {liana pointer which swespe over cempestce calibrated scale he senting bub of te Insrment it inoduced ino the asia hots snemure i 0 pe ressared Due tothe change in tereratr. th ‘ulo ans ie fod i th hulp expand or gurract That iy the woe of he fd” ise bulb Snrouse oy dereaen which iin aes the presse of ie fs the bal. change {9 sols and presse of the Aid in the bus rramniige @ the Bourden tube EMO We capliy Be. A the posse hangs the ld 35 m4 Sense by the Inns is of the bourcon wb. 2 Gave (if temperatte change im pote) anc this emcee seen ce Aiplcemen' which is proportional the change inthe filing ful's presute (ehich i intrn peoparional ty ching intemperate) This csplcement Is amplified using Hinks and- the Unks sit ee ‘miner 10 2 new potion on 4 Yonerstre fens by the sensing bal 643 Resistance thermemeter The restzanee themomet or Resistance Temperature Detetoe (RTD) flown in Fg. 620 uses the esitnce of seca! condacor for measuring fempernie. The vesitance of the conductor vais withthe Gime This iy Of the condusr 5 eal for measring the terpertie. THe ain ion of the RED is to give a positive change In rectance wily820_Compreseble Fd Flow - wm aivaibooks com WHO teopeaiwe. The well hes» Ngbenpennie cumin dat meas te tcopert bevea vit) te lca tn temper. The cabon and fermanien hve. lowtemperstre collet wish shows. tet ttc ively poportoralo temper. The este themont tcsr a sense element made ot extemal pre metals ke pli, epee nite Tre redtance of the mel drecy, proportional” te teoperte, Mow, plamum te wed In rsktance thermometer, The fina hs high sy, ond ican wilt igh tempera, old ta Fiver ne nt wed for RTD teat thy hve lw ey, Tenge at high 1 sity, Bu It exvonely bile The copper is sed for making {RERTD cement "Thecoper hes low resin anlar expense “he ony advantage ofthe copper tha has ow ea Te mas tepertve of the copper stmt 120°C. The RID materi i male of plndoum. nickel rallye of cel Then! wir ae ane fr & tid Reporte range bt ty ae quhe nolo. “The reatance teromcter te pla nde the Pomtve be fr brovding the proton apn damage ‘The resistive elemen: is Grmed by placing te plitinum wire on he rade up of stainless sel or copper ste. Te lead wei aed for comeing the resisance element with the exteral led, The lead wie ls covered by the inauuted tube which protec fom short ecu. The ceramic mate ig sed as an isultor for high emperstie material and for Jon-emperaire fee oF as is wed. The Up ofthe resistance thermometer ie placed neat f8¢ meaturand heat source. The beat is uniformly disibuted weet sitive cement. The changes inthe reitance vary che temparate of the Sement The final resistance ts measured, 444 Thernisirs (Thermal Resistors) ‘Tharmistors are son-meie esistors tha is semiconductor of ceramic [arial having negative confcien of rename. When the temisor is faboord to « temperate change, the retstance of the theses changes, ‘his change in resistance ofthe thermistor becomes a meas of the canes ‘i temperature when callvata. The resistance of the thermistor decrees ‘han increase ia temperate and vice-vera. The ain pts of «thermistor Indes & metal tube which foues a thermistor senting element. An lmabton sears the thermistor soning element ftw the meal tbe. The mise is shown in Fig. 621 "A town constant camer passed trough the Theor soning Eien and the intial resitace of the thermiior srsing cement ie [shure usiog the when! sone badge. Now the thermistr Is Inradoced the motiam whore tempertie isto be messed Duc to change Ia ature (szume the change le in the posiive diecion) the soning presebie Flow Feld Visulzaton and Measurement 6.31.(252_Compressile Fuld Flow - nem sineainocs.com cement changes (desea). (It shoul be noted tha the same constant caren is yused trough the eosng clement darieg measure). Now this chang in resistance of the sensing clement of the thermistor is measured wing th wheat stone Bridge This change in redsance becomes # measure f ‘Coperture when cali. Themis aye made of metal ones of copper, ion, srenlam, nickel ec. These metalic oxide are mited wi binder, resid to required shapes and then they are sintered 65 VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS. (©The methods of measuring the vlociy of liquids or gases cn be closiod ito thse main groupe: Kinemae, yamic and physical 4m Kina measurements, «specie volume, wily very stall i somehow snaked in the fd steam and the Motion of this vole (ort) 1 rept by appeopiateimraments. Dynamic metode mae fre of the interaction between the flow and + Measuring pote e between the flow and electic or magnetic fies: The itracton can be hydrodynamic, they ume or agnetoyrodymic For physical mecsurenens, vrious natural of arificilly organieed shyskalprocetes in the flow ares under sidy, whote characteris, ‘epend on velocity, are monitored. Ie ies device for measuring wind apeed, and is + common wether @ uy “Two casi in anemometer ‘Those that measure the wind's speed, and those that measure he wind’ pressure; but at thee i > close conection betwen the pressure snd the spend, an atemometer designed for ove will give infrmation about Bosh 652 Cup Anemometers eis 4 simple Ope of snemometer. It consists of four hemisphere ‘ups each mouated on one end of TOU horizontal ms, which in turn wee ‘mounted a equal anger to each othr on a verti shaft The lr flow P= "he cups in any horizon reson trned the cups in 2 manner that Proportion! tothe wiod sped. Therefor, counting the tars ofthe cups ve 1 seme pri produce the sverige wind sped fra wide range of speeds (nam anemomete with Tou cap, cay Yo HE Hat Sins the cape te ranged symmetrically on the end of the arms the wind alveys han the follow of one cup presented to it and is blowing on the tack of the cup the opposite end of the eres. The ratio of the sped of the wind snd that of he cups, te anemonter factor, depends onthe dimensions of the cops and arms, and msy have 9 vale between two and a ite ver thee. Fvery fxperiment involving an anemometr had to be repented. 653 Vane Anemometer 1 ie a ype of mechanical velocity anemometr, H msy be describ 24 windmill or » propeller anemones, The vane snemorcer must ave "aus parle to the dtetion of the wind and therefore horizontal ‘A vane anemometr shows ia Fig, 623 thus combines «propeller and on the see exist obtain accuse ad precise wind seed ad drston ‘easements from the same insirument. The speed of th fan is meesufed Ap eon sour and come 1 wiped by on tone54_Comprosae Fld Flow - wow aiwakbooks com Se a o ‘Sone Cg Sita. Stay a) a = en] ee @ (his moto, wheatone fridge ciclt ie wied for varying the lead resistance, The veleity of fow can be calculated by Whee, Vo = Velociy 654 Hot Wire Anemometer = Bless cuent “The rosatetional vw Of hot wie ememometr i shown in Fig 624 p~ Densy of nus “The hot wire anemometer is dev Now velocity of the Mud. Two conducting wites stream of ait. Duet the convection, the Bet energy i to surounding. The velocity ofa proportional 10 the rate of Heat waster (So, is easy to mensre the veloc. ‘The electic cures () is supplied to the wire, thas the tempore |.) of the suirounding air Inereasd, Dut the wire f coed, due to the flow fate of ir srounaing the wire0.2¢_Compressble Fuld Fw - wow sinwaktocks com Comprestie Faw Fies Veuntzaion and Measurement 6.37 654.1 Methods to measure flow rate Tere ae two methods such as Constant curent method, Conant temperature method to measure the flow rate ung ® anemometr ba ‘ausng 8 change in the ressance ofthe sensing wire. (his change Ha ‘estan becomes a meatee of ow ra) (Gi) Dae 10 this, the palvanometer which was Intl at sero postion eles and this defecon of the galvanomccr becomes « measure of ‘Constant current method ‘ow rte of the gas when calbated. ‘The bridge arangement slong withthe anemomter has been shows 1 Fig. 625, The anemamoier is ept inthe flowing gas stream to meaioy F constant temperature method ‘The bridge srangement slog with the anemones as been shown in Fig, 626. The anemometer ie kept inthe owing est stream to measure fw te (A constant current iz passed trough the ening wie. That bs he ‘olla across the bridge cleus kept constant, that isnot varied (6 _Dve w the gat Mow, beat transfer takes place from the Ssing wie ihe flowing gas and hence the temperature ofthe sensing wie feds? (A current i nily paced through Ye we Doe tothe gas HOW, est transfer takes place fom the seaing wir 1 the lowing gas mi hi tends to change the temperature ad hence the resistance Of the wire“comoressbie low Field Veunizaion and Measvrment_ 639 “The principle in this method is to muinaia the temperate and resiaanae of the Seasing wie a's constant level (T, R-constan (4) Therefore, the Cuenta the sensing wire i Inte o bring he] searing wire 1 have is init resiunce and temperatre. (00) The electrical cutent required in binging ack te eistinss and hence | the temperstre ofthe wie #0 Intl condition becomes » mes of flow rate of the gas when eaibeaed 9% powed reference beam. By wing adjustment sale, the est ciation could be raised (povided ia beam epliter) and also by means of # Tes in he team split, the intensity of reference eam could be atenssted 656 Laser Doppler Velcimetery ‘Te Laser Doppler velosimeter isa unique tecnique of measuring the Snstctaneous pole velocities in fi flow without using any Pebe. Ts developed a8 res of research work cid ou By the National Aeron tnd Spece Adminisraton, U.S.A around the year 1968 Principle of the Knstrument "By detecting the Doppler shift nthe frequency of the scatered ih, the istrement mescuree the telocty a point the fi, owing i ae ‘walled conduit or channel "These eater light are cighating fom mine suspended particles inthe flow that happen 9 eros We Point oF measuremet ‘eines by to interecting laser beams. In thi, istument ser source i prefered as st gives» ear, intense an tly pall light beam of high speecal purty. Tnstrumental set-up ‘The instrument can bese up i ether of to modes of measure. “Tey ae namely the Reference hex me ond he iterfrence fenge mee Fig627 shows the stup in te reference beam mode. ‘The instrument has four components and they ave as follows Tae oo Spay end beams we ow deco we mae 1 inure a the pine of velsty,mestreent ie the corse Whet stoma by th sone tiered te, eaters gM in dein Trumee snge of tne of ering pails im Qetwera 05 1 5 Peary frances wil eed te Brownian maton ond too se TEE CAP sac te psu ioe ty encase maine of the HEA ed ap Onan tp tr conti adeqne fe srpendcd pals © wee enh sete. By wing te erie gies f He hse Teac intione of ee prices in water can be india, The Hah TE ty nye plese Doppler The grade fe si “Spent the esto wich ced “The light pickup nti 0 positioned onthe eter side te channel andy tlesope fs focued, tat R Boks Up the reference Beam as wel wD ctatered ight in the same dection originating from the point of essston of the seo beam. The light Je focused on 19 & Gy atomic vice which sell as PLN, photodiode, where optical mixing aks place ‘ls weak losica sigma emerges, having frequency eal 1 the Doppler Si For ooaing tbe Doppler sen to» more swore Tee for ‘rraminion to the Signal frocessor wnt the Light prka unit uses ulin be amplifies The Doppst signa est passed trough a set of tre sharp (@) Laser source Hebum-neon (4), Beam spiter i) Lieb pick-up unit and (6s) Signal procenoe “The Hight frm 42 mill wate Heliam-Neow laser ic split up by means of a Beam spliter ito 8 strong (25% power) scattering beam and a weak840_Comprosstie Fis Flow - muy siwatinocks.com ‘undipas filers 10 reduce the noise content of the Doppler sins Then i, ‘5 anplifed and Inter the frequency ofthe Doppler signal is ouverte 4 ‘roporonal wotage by an JY conve, The converter has fast response don to which i can track closely the Doppler fegoency The instanancouh expen voltage canbe recorded on a sip hact recorder or can be digiaca ten ‘sored on floppy disk or Compact dis. The mean volege, averaged ever fw secon, is india by 4 panel meter 657 Measurement of flow velocity in Subsonic Flow and Supersonic Flow The principle on measurement of flow velacty on subsonic flow is similar o that of incompressible ow’. The How velocity i elelaed te par "he equation for compressible flow Vo tenny= 0 1905 - Pv? “Te above equation may be applicable for compresible ow but de {© the formation of shock wave shend ofthe probe when it i inarted ine the flow steam, this canmot ¢ used for measurement of supertone ‘eloctes. Therefore in supercon flow, the stagnation and satis prenence Me measired separuely and ae substiuted 0 the equation lo detnne the Yelociy. PYDE tube is used for messing the stagnation pees othe pare sie ofthe shock Wall tai tbe is used! for meatonns te stare Pressure a the upstream ide of the shock 658 Shock tube ‘The experimental study of nonequliium gas flows requires the ‘ssign. cretion and operation of specific faites and the Jevelcprset of Drticular ding nosic techniques. Mor expernents ate cared ost In “pound Facies which ean gopertenoe-eultun ows, These aciies jersey rewire important equipment and ievesment The etcntial purposes cree ‘igh eothalpy gas flows undergoing more or fess intense petertaions neck \w0¥e api expansion. 50 that, physical and chemical procter cove on 4 time sete equal too longer than the characterise Now ne scale Two lypes of facies are described here, depending on the ype of phenomena F the process analyse. shock bes and shock tunnel \Comoressle Flow Field Visualization and Mesvurement 6.1 ‘The shock tbe is 2 simple duct closed at boxh ends: A dapheagm | ides his duct int evo comparents cilled as daver and. driven fecions river section of the shock tbe fs the high presse ection which iS spplied by the high pressure gus from the reserva, Drive Section of the oak tbe is the lot presure secon which contin the 1OW pressure driven ine. These to sections ae separated by a metal dispragm. The shock tobe {ap insrument used wo repfcate and iret Bast aves Aa Sensor oF 2 fiedl inorder wo simulate scwal expsions and tee effets, usually om 2 fuller scale. Shock tubes are also weed to investigate compeesble flow petomena and gat phase combustion reactions “The simplest modal of shock tube comiss of cresting in a tbe of cost (¢ieular or rectangulaersssestion& moving shork wave penertng low at high temperate and oat of equitiom. Tealy. this low is feedimensional and not dspative Simple shock se theory Schenatealy {ube Sally containing the test gas (low presse chamber) is separated 1) diptrage fom another chamber {high pressure chamber or driver section) containing another gab (Grver gas) Afer the rupture of this Siaphragm the driver gas, acing at piston expands In the ow pressure ‘mer and generates a sock wave which propsgats in the txt (Given) 23s The shock wave gives to the tet gas Sut acceleration accompaniod by a Jump of tempertre, pre and dens Physical and chemical processes can then stat and possiby evolve 16 Shir equiva sate. The st gas fw i limited by a contact surface (oF ineriace) separating tis Row fram the diver gat flow and, in cure fnstulaions of few meters length, tis NOW peel las few hundreds lof microseconds Inthe assumed abence of dissipative phenomena, Ye shook ‘wave preserves constant seed and. thereore, ina reference tae fied 9 Uh abock wave the flow i one-dimensional and steonay “Moreover. if the rupture of the dipbragm i assumed insanancous, 3 tem of cented rarcicion waves develops inthe expanding driver pa. 10 aion, the pressure and velocity are preserved hough the iter, whereas ‘he temperature and the density underZ0 a disontinity.$:42_Comprocsbie Fuld Row - wnnanabodks com, [Compressble Faw Fsié Vauatzaton and Mescwement 6.43 or onn_| omen cn — Tg 638 sinc Te Ae “Typical shock be experimental setup i shown im Fig. 628. A high pressure diver gus revoir Is connect with the iver section. However 8 acoum pomp is cometed 9 the driven ten to ave atthe acurte ‘iven section pressure. Pres sensors sre generally mounted along the Given the for pessire meron. Thee pesoe souors are comected “The Working proces of shock tube i given in aup by step. 1 tntaiy the metal diaphragm ic set beween the diver and ven 2, The driven as it filled im the driven ection Irs the driven gas resect This sep isnot req for cae of ait asthe dive 38 4, The required pretue it set inthe driven seton using vam pump. Star filing the diver gat (ay heli) inthe driver scion fom the igh presse reservoir 5. Meut diaphragm busts at + priular diver and doven gs pressure 659° Pitot tube Pocabe 16 a device used for messing the velocity of flow at any ‘point in a pipe ora chine. I is Besed on the principle that Hf the velocity fF flow at 2 point becomes zero, the presre i» Increased due 1 the Conversion of the kiaie energy into presrue ener. In he simplest fom, the ube cis of es eet tp ce shown “Consider to poi (1) and (2) at same vel in sch a way that point (2 jas atthe net of pio abe and pin C1) i fa awey from ine tbe Let P, + Inensity of presate at point (1 Vi = Velocity of flow a) P+ Toensey of prosue a pint Vp + Veloity of flow a 2), which is zer0 1H Depth of abe ia the Had 1 Rae iain the tie above he He suse roving Berl eqisn pois (1) and 2) we get 4 e267 ® But 2)= Za point (1) and) are on same line A Yy=0 1 22, Pressure eat at (0 =ZEo (244_Comproseble Fd Flow - wnmaeustbosks om Pressure heat at 2) 22 = @-Bewsew Substinuing thee vale we get i (D we et 4 urBeasm we nok oe Movie ‘This is thou velocity. Acta veo is given by haa” Gs Cy: Confcleat of pte Velocity at any point V= 6, 2ST er F832. Arrangement Pst Tobe The various aangament of poate adored ae Poe along with a vertes!piezometer Fig: 630. 1) Comressbe Flow Feld Veuslzaton and Measviement_ 6.45 5a See See ee Tome te oe on tome ns cof si emote nt os Scale aee aoe ee Se eee monty tegen atten ot oe moma cen toe 2-1] es FLOW omeenion weAsoncacet a oe ee ee ee Seen See eee ceo ae eer ree See ae eee Geen eee ee eae fuiu wets cb velpe ba son od ca pane truce ipso wo pa of metal mre eae ee ae eee ee pe al rear cpp can Te-am eo Scio ae ee ee eee 161 Five hole truncate probe Flow duction ean te determined hy either of to methods. The fis the rll method. Tn this method, the probe mounted in an acts, and Tow angle is determine! by equalising the pressure reading cba on two opposite sai tapping. Inthe second method, the probe 4s mount + Gre porton andthe individual state prestves are measured. By means Prior cation, the low dietion can be daticed. The Inter method oe ee240 _Comprosstbie FUd Flow = won aiwakibooks.com ‘Compressble Flow Fisk Veusizalon and Menavemict_ 647 “The cobea probe shown in Fig. 632 is ull contracted with tree pies Sldered togater side-by-side, fring int the ga seam. If herefre feed 10 determine only one flow angle (ypiealy the yaw angle). The ete lie is wsed for stagnation pressure mearuroment the two ouside tes have fie forvard tips cutoff a 4S degrees All thee tubes ein single ple ‘ie cobra probe i widely ued for flow angle wiies Because of i 1% Hckage and relive ease of manulactre. 663 Weige probe Fin.633 Wedge Probe -{ rent The wedge robe shown ln Fg, 639 fo sng nga, tro oF tee dinensoal probe tha const of tenga, oma probe The wedge probe canbe ised 1 reasie the atc pene. It hat been made ‘ih vanous angle, the moat popular being between about 8 deg, and 30 ep. The upper limit tthe useful operating range of Mach numbers is 2 facxon of the angle and the flow pich angle. Iti lower for probes with ester included angles. Narower wedges are, howeve les sensitive wo Now tegle but they do offer teuer accuracy in terms of stale pressure67 STAGNATION TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS. Total temperature mesurements ae requted for many compresite flow experiments, ncling tho in relatively thin toundiry layers. Many toa ceperafre probes that are designed for Boundary layer metsurnent fe unshielded to reduce size 2010 minumiae wpa! averaging. time Sosa, tnd disturbances to the boundny layer Unshielded probes ince radatns cron that cam be comected inthe data redston proces; however the eros ‘ecome larger and more efi 10 correct with Increasing temperate, To ‘minimize the adiaion er, rngle-shilded pote are often used 7 F andsseente “The thermocoeple Js + simp Wvice for performing Sagnstion ‘temperature measurements oF high speed gaseous seins in 2 compres flow. Ie consists of a ifs: hich doodertes the velocity (0 low value 439 thatthe Mud reaches the stagnation sate atthe shermocoupe Yoeaton. Sulcent care Is made for suitable design ofthe rake then Mt represents = ‘emodstamic state where the ese comes ff ropa ‘Tempersture Recovery Factor "Sper the aeredyinic point of views when the gat pASES Over the probe, a boundary layer i key 10 be Formed due fo velo And temperate ‘radcne The velocity gation gives rise 10 shear seas resulting im uid ‘ction and heat dasipaion within the boundary Iyer Soy the probe wil feo! a tonperatre above the stagnation tmp. At the same time, the temperature gradient ia the Boundary lae! ives ree to et Toes from te be The et effect of thse vo phenome his sn cpposie tend 10 cancel Be ow Feld Vieulzation end Measurement 6.49 ‘ech othe. The non-mension!paruseter, Pra mune, repeating he hoof searing effet to the heat aaster effects i then into secoune $8 fe calculation of gas temperate. Since, the Prandtl aumber for the gases {les the heat cofaction fom the probe surface dominates and the pee, (pte feos the temperature ie hi the sagnton temperature Ty At the tae time, Ifthe probe i pepe culated and there is no heat exchange trough conduction by sem and radiation, thn ie pote tempers wil be fe alisha wll tempertre Tyg, Th deviation ia he probe teding ant ‘enrpic stagnation temperate if expressed by adiabac recovery factor Ky Epo Ay docs 408 secount for the degree of conversion of direc Wri ociy 0 tempera, Ry lo signifies the net thermal tec of vious shes work a ut wafer in bud ayers When, Prod-oBy< 1 When Pr>1>84> Ngee will measure mare than.) 674 Laminar Flows Potnauseo, Bele found Ry=/(Pr)=0.844 ant Emmons, Brsinetd and Sie fount tt RE Independent of Reynolds mimber and Mach umber sat that or Prandtl sumer: booween O5 and 2 enc for Mach embers tercen 0 and 10. £022 which goes Ry =0:846 fo sr 672 Turbulent Flow In ths Now. eldy dfsion nd moleular fasion is present which elds Ay 790885 (approx. j=09) for aie De the measurement Hinton, some deviation fom actu valve iy aise duc 1 the potion of probe imo the flow. There ea possibilty heat exchanestnaugh conduction by the sem af the probe and radiation Som te probe. S, the temperate measured by the probe is Ty end of Tye Ty To asc hi fact comection fate (K) ioe, which W defined by the following eqition68 STAGNATION PRESSURE MEASUREMENT 681 Kiet probe [A Kiel probe shown in Fig. 638 i a device wed for measuring stagnation pressive in Mid dynamics. Kt le vation of « Pt probe where the inlet ic protected by a “Shroud” of a “eek Kiel probes re wet ‘measure total pressure in a iid sem where the diction ef flow tnksown or vanes with operating candins. Kiel probes are wed to mene he tte presse of a flow with igh accuracy over » wide range of fee tangles. Uniike 4 Phot probe, the Kit probe's shroud ats to stlehen the incoming flow and remove meisurement enor associated with varying Row angles. Kiet probes do not require aeradynumic elivation, WIND TUNWELS '@ Wind nels were fst proposed as 4 means of staying vehicles (exe iptane) in ree Hight “& The wind mnne was envisioned asa means of reversing the use paradigm: intend ofthe a standing wil andthe aera moving 1 epeod though Ht, the sme effect would be cbsied if the sirraft stood sill and the ar moved m speed pat i © in da way a satonary observer could dy the srr in ation, nd could measre the serodynaic forse being imposed on the sere © Lame, wind tunoet sady came ito ow te effects of wind ‘on manmade sractuns or objec needed to be sided, when Duldigs sane tall ensigh to preset large Surface w the win ‘nh resting forces had to be resisted bythe bigs eral Structure, Detemiing such freer war reqied before tld codes Cold specify the rquied stength of Sich buildings. power regia 6 move the vehicle on roadways at ven sped. The ile [ened by the fans the is enteving the wel is ise highly tubulent duc “phe fan blade motion (hen the fan ie blowing ae foto the txt seston “when it is sacking ait ut of the fst sachon downstream. she fan blade furolence is not 2 fate), and so 16 not drecty useful fr securte Iesurements. ‘The sr meving through the nme sds to be relatively = trulence-ree and laminae. To covet this problem, lost spaced vert! {and horiaoetal air vanes re aud to smocth ut the frbalentseow Before aching the subject of the teing. Due 1 the effets of wseosiy. the [come section of «wind tue i aly iar aor han ages, eee ‘tere wil be prener flow constriction in the comes of «square tunnel tht can make the flow turbuleat [A circular tunnel provides 4 smoother ow. The inside facing of the © enna is typically ax smooth a posse to rede surface drag and turbulence tha eld singut the aoourcy of he ting, Even smooth wal Induce some8:52 Compressed Flow - ww atwabinooks.com rag int the aiflow, afl £0 the object being feted i lly Kept ea he ‘emer ofthe tunnel, with an empty bufer zone barween the objet and the ‘el walls, There are coreton factor o felate wind tunnel et reals to ‘opera ress. Pease mensrements, ore and mOMES MASE mn flow visualization ts performed in ind tunnel 694 Types of wind funnels: ‘The wind Wanel is cae! According (© wind velocity Low speed (i= C1033) igh speed r= 0) Supersonic (M2 0) Mypersonie W429} eee 1H. According to arrangements (Cored ere Gi) Open cian 2 Presture i test ston computed to ambient pressze ) Preserzed G Evscuned (iy Ambient presse © Open tet section (8) Closed tes section 692 Suonic Wind Twonet “These wind tamels limit their spt t© 50-60 mils ant based of the noe, the tunnel may Be designed. The flows generated tthe tat section of (86 tinge say be laminar, stnSyfensteady ete The eter fetes may be sty of houndary layer sepantion, varies flow Benen = Depending an the dacharge ofthe aie ow # atmosphere or ecouation of i015 elas as pen oF closed cieut wind tunnels | | 638 ope Chen ied Yonah, "A® open circle wind tnnst shown in Fie 636 x more ave fx flow visualization experiments because of tz direct comteton with the smote. In order tags the flow quality H the tes section, Special ‘devices such as ow stihtener exc aligning theo ally sould be fined. It roquies move power as compar 4 closed ict wind tne Cal f= f 7 ial = 1 closed eireule wind enn shown la Fig. @37 the high quality ‘how cam ts asia fhe test secon and power roqiement 16 IES ab cempaed to open crit Wind uns x Rot stable Tor sche ow Visualization and routes Big capitalcomarction couS.54_Comprossble Ful Flow = war simakbones com Wied tunnel components © “The important components of the wind tunel are lied below: ‘Motor/Fan Driven nits Tis is the air sppty nit that deves the aie flow in the wind teiel. Typically. the fm ip axiacntfogal PE and the axial fan i= beter choice in he closed circuit tunnel nce produces a sie prssue rise Necessary TO compensate fOr the ta Pressure loss inthe rest ofthe circuit The fae with higher roof tip freod 10 axial velocy genealy protice the required pretest ip 2 emall blade area. The wind tarelsfted with blower are general, driven by conuifigal impeller of squitel-cage ype While ie ‘persion, the (28. drane sir from the smote huh the Fi 838 wing Tune Tot eons @ ‘Siting chamber and ow straightener: Ik mainly comprises of honey and screens a combination. The mais fantom fet rede the trbulsce and saighen the flow only i the inal drecton sie the asi! low is ested in she txt section. The rain pepose of te sereen iste edace the tubule ieensity inthe Now and not wo allow ny unwanted objects to enter the tunnels. The honeycomb can be made ‘wih cells various shapes. These cll ae agned inthe stream wise ection in the setting chamber thereby stmighers the flow. The honeycomis has a longer Teng shat reduces the taneverse veloc | | \Comorestio Flow Fes Vewtzaton and Measuement 6.55 components ofthe fw with winimal resize drop ty the szeam wie ‘rection. The minimum length reqied for this honeycomb i sx 0 ‘ght tenes the ell size. The amber of screens ried inthe sting chamber depends om the flow quality reuremeat A the text section. “Mereover, the power requicmwat is more when the numberof serene 25 lnceued. The peferble lng ofthe setting chamber about 05 Himes the ameter of ne. Contraction: The rime objective ist ace Incoming fw tom the soting chamber and spies itt the text section st deste velocity. ‘© Ths seston exentally tolvoer the crossectional velocity ‘aration and einai the Row uniform. © Srl of curvature is used a te entry 1 tis section and carve offre radius cpeidered athe ex ofthe eomtacton © However, the boundary ayer separation sould be avoid a bth the ends of thie section. The conraction length it expected fo be somal so tht large contacon area matos ave preferred “est Section: I she bic clement of wind tunnel on which al ther signe ae peenlly made. All he geadamie mod re mowed i the teat stom when de se operated wih deed HOW ely ‘Various shapes forthe tet ston ate considered for consrcting the wind ange vz, hexagonal, octagonal, retanete 4 The test section ie geerlly designed on the bass of wy and seroyunie considerations ses coat of eonsacion depends the et Seton ae © Lens ofthe text section is mowly equ 1 mar dimension of the crostsrtion of the sare or ce oF i © raison, the tet ston should ako be provided with atts (© The test seston velocity Is getelly specified a8 petcentage variation fom the average of the crosssecton656 Compresebie Rls Flow - wu sinatooks com |& The ideal test Section mas steady worm velocity a the ft 9 cross flow, ess or no turbulence and less operating cost Diffuser: it ie basicaly 4 duct with incteme in aren ached dowastcam of tie tet sation, ‘© After the test section Is dese thi the sr pac ny © So, tit geomety i made to devresse the flow velocity and increee in presse. In order © Void flow several, the exit resuve should be Mizner thas thetic fy ce Sf open ‘Secuit Wind tunnel. This isa very exten! section in desien she the inured presse rise redces the power requirement forthe ‘sind tunnel whichis proportional 0 the abe of veloc © Hence maximum prestre reve Ye whieved a es pe lstance i the rain objective of efiser desi, |& tn general practice the cone angle ofthe difue i 7° oF les (eD Tureing vanes: In closed crcl wind tunel the ar hs to stculae “© Typically te comer ofthe wind tel ar of two Bends alignad 90° each oer |€ These comers ae provided with tuning vanes for smth pessase of the fon © Chambered serofets of eat planes ae senerlly accepted as th “& These vanes ae purposely made a ausable for smooth apeation ubereby avlding under!over turing 693 Supersonic Wind Tunnet 1 supersonic wind une a wind anne at produces superionic speeds (12 <5), (© The Mach number and flow ae deemined by the noele Compress Flow Field Vewlzaton snd Messuement_ 6.57 (© The Reynolds number ie vied by changing the density lve geese inthe sling chamber. Therefore, bigh presse ois required (fo a supersonic regio? Gt M4, thi tao ie of the onder Of 10). Apart fom thee ‘condensation of moisture o even gas quefacon can Cec fe ‘Stic tempore becomes Cold enough |€ This means tht supersonic wind tunel wssly node & dying ce proeating fii, |€ A-sipsrsonic wind tunel bat ange power dente 0 tha ost te designe Sor nterniton osead of continuous operation. © In supersonic flows, the intrest ep in simulate flow Reyrods umber aid the Mach numbers in the txt scion of the tna eval) 9h Sow alos becomes important ot PyPeEOnc wpe “© The tantele ued for hisher Mach numbers (5) are called typersiie tunel, The Hah sped tunel cat be of epentlosed © The open crcl wind tne ahes thes Hom amoephe and ejects them to a yawn chamber. © tn cons, the sie sit is r-couaed i 4 closed cit wind ‘uel Io the cave of subsonic Wind tana experimen an be performed ty ranting. the tunnel commun. © But, when the veloc at im the tet section iceates, the Dower requirement becomes Very high Bees Wi rcpion to We cabe of the velo. © THs in many cases, ix pofed to ran Wah speed wind reels foc 8 sore urston and guer all the experiment Jatin this shor tne prod (- 150), So, atch tes of tunel ae called {blow down tunnels, These tunels operate intermiteny uring bith presue tanks andor vacuum ta.6:58 Compressible Fd Flow - winaiwakbooks com 694 Blow down wind Tunnel (Open circuit ¢ype) “The component ofthis wind tunel ae (High presuze chamber, (Vacuum section, (iy Nozzle ana (Gv) Test seaton Since, the air fom the high pressure chamber flows towards the sncuum sexton, i feed af presure-vacuum funnel. Fist, the air {akon from the atmosphere and after compression; iis sored in tank Simultaneously, the low pressure section is evacuated by a vacuum pup. ‘Pressure replatr convo the ir flow fom reservoir to the seting chamber daring the sctah experiment and minins the desist constant peste. The mors expunds the flow by inresingvelonty and decreasing pressue and provides desired Mach number in the test secon. The high {heed air encounters deceleration while pasing though the second tect. “These blow down tunnels show in Fig. 639 aro iohoret iteriten tunel but bear many advantages over continous wind tunnel such a8 high Mach capability (ep 10, easy tunnel sing, lege size et section, Iower Constwcton/peratine cos, superior design foe propulsion experiments and fmoke vsutastion “Compressible Flow Fill Veustzaion end Meseuroment_ 69 ‘The limistions of the blow down tunnels ae rquiement of fer ea scqustion sytem, noisy operation and necessity of presre repute wes. “The blow down tne! cin be of diferent types tated on the diving rosie iffereace is sctived. In one wach tinel,sic expand Foe Bigh [Rese 10 the aspheric pressure where low pressue chamber i excladed (Germiuene blow down tune. In cer cae, the atcipheric at can expand upto & very low vacate litrminene incre wind turn). Depending on the requirement of Mach ober in the wt section, the tunel i chosen accordingly. 695 Blow down wind Tunnel (closed cecal (ype) Continuous wiod wnvels ae essentially a clased-ceeut system and ‘i be wed o achive a wide ange f Mach mambers. They ae designed Scophere; intend, eer though a reir pactage a eles trough the too aeetion repeatedly as pled in Fig, 640, This type of wind nna fe veneial baause the operator has more cont of the conditions in the te section han With other approaches since the tumel Is ut off fom the ig 648 Bow dors wine Tenn Cone){6.80_Conprossibio Fld Flow - www wakes com In comparison to other wind tunel pes, continuous wind tunnels have siperior flow quiliy due 10 the different fact of the tunme's construction. The tring vanes in the cores an flow sizightener ner the tes section ensure that relatively wif Nw passes trough the te section. Continous tunnels sso operate relatively que. Finally. the testing beat transfer 1.7. Give the basic enery equation governing Wentropic flow. LS. Wrke the steady flow energy equation for an adiabatic flow ofa. fm an adiabatic ow qo. Thesiyenerty equation becomes ye Garam, 119. Give the energy uation governing flow through an adiabatic now. {a nozzle, eneetsarformaton takes place. Thorlo the shaft work is zero. When’ the change in lesion i ignored. the quantity 12-2) =0, then the energy equation becomes. a a ns GeqenrZ ‘Shor Questions end Angers SOA2 110 Distinguish beoween iertropl and abate flows, Isentropie Flow Adiabatic Flow 1. The flow ie reverie and The flow iz ieverile and Icons. {tiga eet is considered 2. Boh stagnation verpetire and Only segntion temperate is ‘esse conan ‘onal bat stagnation presi decreased de to Hite 5. Change in entropy ie so LIL What is energy equation? nerf eqution which gives the various fxm of energie ering ino ‘he sytem and leaving the stem, remsine coasts atopy change will oct. | LrtC———s sna sy fw te i cy pee 1 wat te ine te fl fp an a of a gl a ~—ti‘ Ratio of spesific Hane “The low is revenible aaate and cial 122 tho i sone velocity defined in tras of presure and deny of the Jit? 124 Explain bret the stagnation properties, “The sate of # hid ataned by Heetepially deserting i to ero Velocity at sero elevation is veered to a8 stagnation state, The proportes (OF foi in the sageation sate recall stagnation propertiesSOAS _Comoressbie Fuld Flow ~ wirwaiwatiooks com (6) (@ Stagnation enthalpy, (i) Stagnaion temperature, (i ‘Stagnation pressure and (3) Stagnation velocity of suund, et 425, Distinguish between static and stagnation pressures. In stagnation preseue stt, the velocity ofthe flowing uid is 2x0 ‘were in the ste pressure sate, the fd velocity Is not equ 1 260, 126. Define the terms: Stagnation temperature and Stagnation presare Stagation temperate fs the temperature of «Mud which i obvined when it i adiabatically decelerated to 0 velocity at 2er elevation Stagration pressure of = id is its presure when it adabatealy decelerated to zero velty at 210 elevation 121 Differentiate between the static and stagnation temperatures ‘The actual temperature of the Mud in a pricular sate Is known ax “static temperature” whereas the temperature of the uid when the Aid velocity i 20 at Zero elevation is known as “stagnation temperature” Tete eT where State temperature Tos Stagaton temperture i 2G 4128 Define state and stagnation enthalpy. Give the difference. ‘Sugnation enthalpy of 8 (0) vapour i is enthalpy, when sti isbatrally decelerated to 2010 ylocy at zero clevaion, Bt im 9 atc he, tga S, wh igh S, where y= stagnation emhapy inci (or) velocity ere: ‘Set Questone and Anawors_SOA7 129 Define mach number and erteal mach number, 130 Define mach number and eroceo number 131 What isthe wee f mach number? Mach number i¢ defined as the ratio between the lc fad velocity to the velocity of sound Mach aumber = Essai vlocy _ C imber Mm locity of sound 14 usd forthe analysis of compressible fui low problems. Cees! mach number isa dimensiones number at which the fd velocity is equal, to its sound veloc. Therefore, c Se Co ereen) Crocco number i6 4 noo-imensional uid veloeity which i dened 5 the rio of fli Yelocity to te maximum Maid velocity C___Fluidveoc fe GG anima Mal vty 132. Write down the reladonship Booween stagnation and sae temperature In terms of the flow, mack number forthe cate of tentropie fom. Dy? Ty= stagnation tempersure Te sae temperature 4138. Give the exprsion for Fin terms of mech number for an isentropic Siow ieS0A.2 Compressible Fuid Flow - wane akwatooks com 1.34 Write ahe expression for the rato of wate temperature of any ection Jin terme of mach number for wenrope flow. ‘The exoresion of Fea LSPA, but we know tht, “Therefore LAS The rocco number i defined at a sy ind ‘slated 0 characterite mach number by the releion «NEF 1.39. Wihicle thermodynamic property remains constant during an adiabatic process ? Stagnation tempers ‘Shor Questons and Answers SOAS 4140 The stagnation velocky of sound ts fren by the relation ag MR AI Name the four reference velocts that are weed tn expressing the Paid voces in non-dimensional fora? (Local velaciy of sound «= RF A) Stagnmtion veloty f sound ag = RTS (6) Maxima veo of snd Cu 9 -\f = 60) Cre veloty f sound / ail a = C= RFE LAD Determine the veloc of sound in air at °C. Assume tht ratio of specie heats YoU ond R= 287 51 he K. MRT = IER TET 13 What is the sone velocity in air at °C? AC sone condition A= RF = STARRETT 1M Desine eral acoustic velo Te is the velocity of sound a which the mach number is unity fe a TAS Gil the subzonic,spersnic and hyperionic flows based on mach 146 Give the range of mach mumber for transoic flow. LAT Define various regions of ow 48 What are the diferent regions of compressible low, ‘The atiabatc emery equation fr a pefet gas is derived interns of| uid velocity (C) and Sound velocity (a) Tie i hen pleted graphical the Co co-ordinates, 4 seacy flow elias is obtainedSOA.10_Compressble Ful Flow - wane swatibooks com “The various replons of flow are: (© Tacompressibie eglon (= 0)} Subsonic region ren “Tranonic region (os 12) Supersonic region (ue Land are) Hypersonic resion wes) L49 When mach mumber i€ more thon 5} the flow is called hypersonic fox. 150 An air jet ot 400 K has 0 conic veloc, determine the velocity of tound. C= a= RT = STA IET ADD = 00.98. LSI Find the mach nusnber when fluid stream Yadand R= O2EKIKg Kat THC mover with « veloy of 430 ne 0° SRE Taso sar ~ NOOSE 152 Deftme Mf ond give the relation between M and ris 4 non-dimensional mach nomber and is defined by the ratio tetwsen the local Maid velit to ie ental velocity oF sound fed 1s o @ ‘Shon Quectons and Answers SOAi1 walnut oe we. Bea g-D What are advantages of sing M” instead of M in some cases? Me =“nsincea? is constant for any proces, therfore A” is proprio! wo the sound vey toe. But =, whee Mi at ‘Proportional tthe Auld wea ane At the same temperature, acoustic velocy willbe greater for ligute (han gases, Say te or fe Tre igas™® goed During an iseropie flow, when Mach number increases acouse locity increase Bay tof fle. At point in a compressible flow where the velocity ofthe fuk or (called stognation point (or) Stagnation ate {I7.an acroplane goes to higher atudes maintaining the same speed the mach number wil remain consent Sy true oF fateS0A.12_Commrescble Fuld Flow - win aiwatbooks.com [At higher stud, the sound velocity “will decease and ence M wil increase. Therefore M is ot onstnt 138 What isthe significance of mach number? It signitice the effect of compresbilsy and control flow pattern. 159 What ts the mach mumber of am alr srsam in which the static temperature ig IES'end the Sagasion tamperature it BSS°C. The rio of specific heat ts 1. Tp 8554279-3585; T= 1554273 =2885K D Wem 01 149. Define stagnation preter. Show the effect of friction om stagnation properties ith ht diagram 161 Show an adiabae flow process om b= diagram. 182 Show 5 diagram for the fow through a nose. Show how the stagnation properties get affece. Refer Q1No. 126 for stagnation pressure. 1-2" =Isenopic expansion 1-2 Adiabatic expansion 1 is essumed that, the vit prosure if same for toth cases. But ageation pressure at the exit of the adiabatic process (Py) willbe less than ‘seowopie pressure (Py) This is due 0 LAI What is stocky of the plane when i travels in an atmorphere of 10°C whe the mach angle i 30°? aos age siren sna Short Quectons and Anewors SOA2 Coane €=2 ATASTAT I 650.489 mite 164 Find the sonic elocky In oxygen when is at 10°C,y=14 and molecular weigh 32 aE 28314 o2soe12s tine k 6 RT TARE TSRIT 16S. plane trae ata speed of 2400 kil in am etmosphere of $C, Find the mach angle c= 2D cas taoors Tene C66 6567 MR Ta oar are 17 is} 166 Find the maximum posible velocity in @ medium (air) when static temperature i 200°C and velocity i 120 mic? Iveta. s=0287 ne Lacan a0! ees 0 aynasas ing eictlye Be “Ce TS 982.1685 mee2014 Compresste Fist Flow wut aiwalooks com 167 epi mack cone and mach ange LSS Define cone of action and sone of lence wth meat sketch, 1689 Oban relation between mach angle and mach mumber 1.7 Dros he mack cone and indice the various zone. Won a projectile’ surface area pices the neighbouring aie Out of the way and ths foe iurbance creates pressure pulse which propagates lato the exietir ai The pressure Geld erated by the dstubance elle te point sous of disturbance ‘When the motion of te object supersonic the pint ource aways head ofthe wave fons dust he net dflecrce oF velocity. Tae nt weocy (of wave prepagaticg ie che vpseam (aC) i negative. It lear inthe hove figure tat. al spc ave Fon le with im dhe envelope of cone howe apex ie the cxigina cation of the disturbance, The tangents drawn from the point source ‘onthe spores define a conical rurfae refered 1 at “mach cone and he lf ange “2” of ths cone is Mach angle”. ‘The s7ace (OH zone outside the mach cone Is called “Zane of Sence” Le. thor eo eft of datarbance in hs regen, While the rion ide the mach cone i call “rane of action” the popetes ae afte Machangle 171 Define mach angle and mach wedge Refer Q No. 1 Mach angle is formed, when an object is moving with supersonic spect. The wave propagation and changes are smosdh When at object ts moving with hypesone spect the changes are abrpt i shown in Fig. Hence for a supersonic flow over two-dimensional ject “mach wedge” i ured inten ot mach cone” 172 Give the effects of mach number on compres, 17%. How vil you Mlusowe the role af mach number ws a measure of compres? 1 the flow i assumed 10 be lncnmpresibie, the value of presse ‘oretticin (or) compressibility fot bined by Rerooul equation is uy. Mo-P swt oa eas tenelfer yoda} By sutatting diferent values of M, we can set difient vas of somprestitigy factor and Ze given inthe tablea | Compresiiey |g | Compresibity | yy | Compre “actor (2) Tatar (%) factor (%) or 03 oS oes. 2 02 10 os| 93 to] 275 03 23 ar] as oa oy oa] 170 In the sbove table, when M increase, the compresibiliy Tacor aio increset from the inkl value 1. Thus the role of mach number i 2 measte of compressibility. 174 “ome of idence” bs absent in subsonte lm. Why? (@ayiJune 2012 - AU) Zone of siteoce is presen only when the point sourse should be ahead ‘or coincides withthe wave fon, But subsonic Now the wave font moves head ofthe point sauce ence zone of lence Is absent in sbsonie ow. 17S List some flow properties, (ay/June 2012 = AU) (Pressure 1) Temperate Gi) Vela of uid Gv) Velorty of sound () eniaipy (8) Density 1176 Write the energy ond momentum equation for the compresibe fit flows (tayitune 2012 - AU Energy equation: g ne Sraennr Gem, where hy and ir ae the ettalpy a inet and eit CC, and Cy ove the vlociis at inlet sod exit «2 the howe suppiod 1, is the shaft work Shot Quentone end Answers SOA? rk a -J«¢ ershenen [eatin [ eae ‘eso tna st no em sng noua omhes ae abies epee ca vores eonenh caneeet nega ae wns sae I fw th Math se pty el he a eet ent ay tn mmo vs ah nt > lpn att a —rr——s—s—— Senses tat peal oe af toes Pt ae ee ace he mane Tet eee ee a ee 198 hen a rl day on 2 te opera of Sr tear ea ec ba gc eto nega rang ares as tne 08 -AU) soon hs tm a pl ah Nat Ga 36-8 aF PET ¢5=272708 misesse Fis Flow - stew snwabbcks cam 179 Draw the disurbonces wave propagation in compresible flow for Met and i> (NowrDee 2009 - AU) 1.80 What it impulse uncton and give is user? Impatse Cancion ie defined as the sum of pressure foes and inertia Impule faction F = Presure force p+ inet ore PACE Since the anit of both the quantes are sae as Uni of free, ite very convenient for solving jt propulsion problems. The thrust exert by the flowing Maid berwzen tue Sections can Be obtained by using change in ‘emule foretion LAI Distinguish o static and stagnation quantities, (May 2016 - AU) 1a nel flow fel, the Atl condone of quantities such as peste (@), temperte (1, density (etal (tral enerty (0, entropy @) ase aid to be sn quan fe 2 cel flow fil, when the moving Aad ie decelerated entropy to reach er velocity, his sie is said t be stagnation stat The comesponding quiniies sich at sapnition presare (P,), stagnation temperature (7), saprtion density (6) stagnation enthalpy (i). stagnation otOpY (,) af sik tobe sagan aus, Short Qvesions anf Answers GOA SE What ts meant by gas Aynamies? (Apentay 2015 - AU) “Ga dynes dete th the sty of compressible Nad lowe when isin motion. It aalyses te igh sped flows of gmves and vapours with conidring ite compres 1S Name the four reference slocies that are wid in expressing the (ind velcitr tn non-dimensional form." (Stayune 2013" AU) 1 Local velocity of sound “22. Stagsaton velocity of sound “ay” | Maximum velocity of fu, “Cmax” 4 Crical velocity of fudound 184 What Ws te effect of Mach number on compressibility ‘hp 2017 - AU rom bermouli'sequston for incompresible om, heals of preter coefficient (00) comprestility C0 5 un a) oor oP LSS “Migher the veocty of superonic flow, smaller the angle of Mach Cone" Comment 0 the validy of tis sstemen. (As 2017 - AU) Mach nant in hi gin i alae above uty a up 5. In siperone ow, fd velocity (C) is more than the sound velocity () Mich age cy =n This relation shows mah sgle is invesely proportion 1 the mach rmber Henge high! the velocity of rupesone low, smaller the angle of$0820 _Conpressibe Full Flow - wawarwakbooks.com ‘Module - 11 21 What is meant by entropic lw with variable area? 'A sendy one dimensional icntopc Mow in variable area passages sealed “Variable area flow”. The beat sanster is negligible and there sre no ether iveveribilies due 1 fd friction, ee. 2.2 Uf the flow parameters do not vary with time, iis refered 10 a steady ‘ow: 23° Uf the flow parameser do not vary normal tthe direction of flow is ‘ferred tos one-dnnensionsl fom. 24 ete epi or Ea jo eee 25 Give the expreson for Fan for ietoic lw through varie area in rms of mach mumber ngs 77 a[roitgee) 26 Stow adiabatic and tent expansion through nel 27 Stach the isentropic and adlabaie expansion process in Pov and hS ‘tagram 2 Give the energy equation governing low trough an adiabatic dieser ‘Sot Questions end Anowere SOA21 29, What bs the furclon of difser in the flow of flue tm general? ‘The maip fancion ofa differ ist dacense the velocity ofthe Hid tnd increase the resus slag the docion of flow. 20 The diffuser procers increases press and decrees laity in @ compresble fit 211 What isthe effect of presure in difusrs and nocle ? Ditmaers —ne_Tncrene Jn pressure 22 Deteribe the function ofa mole and difuser selocity and decrease in prt of the owing iid. Wheres the function (lifer isto decelerate the fl’ Le inreaie In peaare and decrease fn velocity ofthe lowing DaiSOA22_Comoresile Fd Flow wow siealkbooks com 2.13 What & the diference between nose and ¢ differ? ‘Noe ‘Die? aa |e trees the veloc of We] utd veloiy dewease Rowing Mi {B_]i decreases he Tara everay of [Tcrenaee te era C= log] ine steam Les pressure decrees |ine direction of ow Fe. pressure ncn. ‘Shor Quoctons and Avewers_SOA23 221 Is flow through a nozle an ireversble process? ‘Yes In acu practice, ll he processes sr ineveible de fin, 222 Draw the variation of mach number elong. the length of a convergentsivergent duct when if ate as a (0) moce, @) dieser ‘and (@)venart 225 Gin the variation of mach mamber crt converse vege 1M What hohe Ope of wozle waed for sonle flow, supersonic flow ? Sonic flow Constant sen poze Supersonic Now =p Divergent nozzle 24S The diverzenttestion acts as @ netle under supersonic conditions and acts a diuser unier subsonic conditions. 216 The divergent section aotea8 a nozte wider supersonic condition and 2.17 The cometent sction act 0s a diffuser under mapersole condom ‘and act ah a noe wader eabeoni coudion 28 What & the erica pressure ratio of & mezle i terms of specie 219 What ks eral pressure rio? r. 7m) &(a) 2.20 What the pressure ratio between the Inlet and throat for isentropte wos the eal section tothe Cldcal pressure ratio loner es 224 Inisenrope low fr a dfacer, sketch the variation of flow properties A, Pond € for comprare flow 225 Sketch the shape of difser for supersonic flow, indicating the rection of fai fo 226 Show the variation ff along the lonth ee convergent woe 1227 Wiite down the equation for the orca ratio interme of the mack umber and rapresent the same grophicaly “fF? 'A 228 Air from a reservoirs discharged through note, Show the Sration of pressure along the ans of the noe Thenopic flow thes » convergent potle ‘The mass flow ree wil be maximum only a the etal seton where mach number M= I Thesloe te flow i checked flow. 230 Define mars flow density 6. From continuity equation the mass flow rat Jw pAC=contant Bee Gm pce mass ow densty(G) 231 When will the convergentdivergent nocsle have the maximum discharge rae? From continty equation, pAC= constant, = AC= discharge ae “The diccarge ete will be maximum only atthe throat seston, here mach sumber 252 Write down the expression forthe area vriation tn terms ofthe mach'SOA26_Compressble Fis low -wwwaiwatbookscom 2.34 Name the two base equations which are essen 10 calculate the nats flow rate of air through the noe waa lpr Me 235. Whar the area, velo end mach number relationship for sendy indole one dimenione! comprenile flow process? Ea) 236, Comergensdiverget nace are wed for spi 2.37 When dacs the maximum mat low rete occur for an tentropic low with variable area? ‘The maximum mast flow sale wil our ony atthe ertcl section where the tach umber Mi any 2.38 What wil happen ¥ the clr lowing through « moze i heated * When the lowing sir shested in a socle, the following changes wil Velocity of ale wil increase 2.39 Ar supersonie speed an increase of speed is produced by an increase of area “when does i take place and why?" ‘Short Questons and Anewors_ S027 We know that, A supersonic eped the mach number A> “ac wal be postive, By mobsting these ae the change i velocity luce in the above equation, 4 wi 6 postive 1 meas ht inne ne feos eon, Tf, st apeovc spats an cress of spa i proce bya cee of sen ten the mich umber > 240 Fara comrget moze show the variation of mas flow rte for eipernt values of 2AT A subsonic noale can acts a supersonic dieser. Substantte this ctement with am appropiate equation. ‘We know that,$2425 comments rid Pou = mov alenngeoma ecm ee A AE CoH). Ti glo I dred ft elt ang E24 Bm the shape afte nie fr the exesion of a fom 1 Me s decaating pepe foro vaso M+ eto Ste ‘ch mune Met oa equine Te ha couey—ve en coment pe Dut in ‘prone ifs M1 and “Pb poses Thane eacy(-)= setenv sie Sc th a ee net presen here a ae sre A I i 242 Can «convergent nile cam act at @difser ? If 40, under what aecyo ym ve Boe in + inert i potve ant ibe egntne. 1M 1, Therefore » convergent gorse can ac a ifr when the flow ie supersonic a heifer 243 Write the Flegne’ formate EV ‘ws \Ta- q.os04-> Piegner's formula 248 Mite the equation for efcleney ofthe differ: erty = bd esi po 246 What 1s chocbed flow? Stat the necessary condition fr ths flow to ‘When the back presure i reduced in ¢ sole he mass flow ate wil crease The maximum miss flow condos ae eacot when the back pressure 1s equal eo the erties! prsare. When the tack presi f reduced farther, the mass ow tte wil gor change and i constant. The condition of flow is called “chocked Now”. The necessary conditions for this Now to scr in a past i, ‘The noztle exit presse aio must be equl 9 the ec pressure 247 Show the pressure sarlaions with she ditance of comergentdivegent oc! ith aration of back presre 248 Drow the varian of Fn he eth of comegn reget device whem Me fancons 0 (n) fcr, (0) mole and (c) venturi carves de. itter{S2A.20_Compresabie Fuld Flow - wensiwaktooks com 249 Where are convergent nowles are used? Convergent eozales are aed for subsonic and sonic flows, They can alto be ured x flow measuring ané flow relating devices 250 Esplin the phonomenen of under expansion in now. 251 Differentiate baween ove expansion and under expansion im oze operation TF the chamber pressure is orate than the design pressure the nove 1 said to be over expanding and if ew less, the nozsle aid to be nderexpandiag 252. Giver the important uses of nocse and diffser. 1. Used in all types of Jt propulsion engine, trbo et, erboprop, eam jt engines, ee 2 Used in racket propulsion systems Stor Quectons and Anowsre_ SOA: 253. Find the erat presare ratio F for a gat for which Y=3A3. ECB PPh om 24 Pind the oo ales of back pressare for which the flow Hetrople ant Sy macnn though convergent dierent dict shen rom enn le A= 2.2 he cresponding (mz) mach number ‘a= 2.308 oF = 00795 Py =0007935 «1000. 79.35 bP ‘From isenaopie table 4 2.2, the corresponding (diffuser) mach My=0215 ant «099 255 Give the expression for mosle efeiency amd diffuser efficiency with ns dagram For hs diagram refer Q3N029 ea catalyse Ditfserecleney no = piel talSOA32_Comprossbio Fiulé Flow - muaiuakbocks.com 256 Give the important difference between nose and ventrt Te tow is acckmd wpa] M1 a then mach number decreased conimouty Ler ech number ontinuousty. Wied vo Ines wee a sack ume (Geena) Fr Generly comers poion |S Comer aa Son * forte ea 1257 Find the wat veloc mau fora eonergen-vergnt aa throat where presare 1 bar and temperate it TO: P= 1504Pa and 7 = 734273 = MOK sed for fiw reason wee par PE ee ee sonia Vas se3.1276batcc 12.88 What ithe eros sttlon ofthe mothe required to increase the vlc, of compressible fad fom from. (tayiJune 2012 ~ AU) {@)_ Subsonic t9 supersonic Mass sctocity BB pc" Sehsonic to supersonic ~converagent divergent ‘Shor Quesions and Anewors SOAS3 250 How do the area and velocity vary in supesonle flow of noxle and dice? Im Noes, whom > 1 ant AC postive, ato pox “wert te pe of sora is deat In ise, when AY 1 and “AC in epi, is pte Therefore the spe of he dae convergent 260 Where the convergent nozles and convergent ~ divergent neces Convergent aol ae wid for subsonic ad sonic ows. They can ako be ase se flow menstring att low regulating devices CConvergentivergent notles are wed where flow chinges fom sbsonc o septic. They ee Used fa supersonic wind tna 261 What do sow mean by fiction choking spe 20:7 - AU Choking of dct is Bully redution of duct mass Mow. The flow conditions change if the actual lens “Lie prestr thin the pdiced rmasimem longi (7, and thee ae 10 classification, ‘Subsonte inlet HEL> 17 (the flow slow down until an inlet Mach number My etched sich that L=L" (i) The est ow Is Sone and the mass How has tee reduced by tol ehoking. Fun icrenses i dct length wil cominse 10 dese the inlet mach momber std mas Now Supersonic Hole, Friction have a very lage tpact on supersonic det flow. Even an infinite inlet mach. umber will roluced to tone condone is only 41 meters for F002 2462 What Is the response of change of Mid stagnation sates across @ sormal shock? ‘spr 2017 ~ AU) “The stagnation properties across the normal shock can be compe fatlows.‘Sot Quectons and Aneners_SOA38 9n2t Conti it Fw = we sta con se-()2) soe ($2) (cn et a ‘elation forthe region 1 sod 2 respectively. Sesto roo nto 2) ir rma ste hee] 12h neray equation for caloriclly perfect ss & a Ot Fo ooneG OPT Coe “Ts, he signton temperate Jot change across 2 normal shock | | ‘Module - 111 RI What bs normal shock? “When the shock waves are sight angles to the direction of ow and the se In prose is abrupt ae clled normal shock wares. 32 What ls moant by normal shook as applied to compressible flow? Compression wave fon ie rans © the drestion of compressible ‘id flow. Ie oecars when the hw ie decelerating fom supersonic Rw. The ‘id properties sp across the normal shock, 413 the stagnation pressure decreases and state pressure icrenscs across z 2M Give the expression for FE Bq ee ‘normal shock. * Py Lew 2 ya. Prey ye | te 1.7 te ee a orem few 46 How the properties chaege across « normal shock? (0) Stagnation ently and Haation temperate remain coms. 4) Stagnation preseue decease across the shook. (id) Stic presue and tic tapers crease across the shock‘SA36_Compressibio Fuld Fw - ww aiwahibocks com 47 What are the effects of a normal shock In a flow through @ convergentdivergent passage? 48 Explain the phenomenon of normal thock in @ noe flow passage In convergent-dvergnt passage, the varlatlons in fd properties ae sudden (intent in presse temperatures Jtsty and decreas n veloiy Sod stagnation pressure) and the flow changes (fom superonic 1 subsonic some sections fm the aivergem paren. This is due tothe foemation of five wave foots er shock wave. 49 Indicate the change icreseldecrase) i the properties of ud across normal shock. 1) Stagnation pressure ( Stagtation tempenture (©) Stagnation presre decrees (2) Stagsation temperature is onsen 10 Is the low through a normal shock an egulidrum one No, Because al he fluid proper ae varied ding. noma shock 211 Write dn te governing eae fora arma shh en exptate (© Coninaity equation Tie PALE PASC, ooaeay Bane =hc, a o Assuming heat transfer i negligible andthe shaft ork is 2a, the nergy equation Becomes. who,“ constant ° shod Qussons end Answers SOA7 (a) Momertam equation Pa PpAmin(G CE) (6) Bauation of State hes (Sp) a s-s(Pe) here y ae the upsveam and downstream of shots waves. U2 The rata of stagnation preseure i a measure of izes nthe shock precss. JIB How the mach number before and after occurrence of «normal shock are related? 2p My= Mach pumber afer the shook c= Mash uber before the shock: AI Shock waves cannot develop i subsonic flow? State the reason. Shocks are inodiced 40 intense the pressure and hence HC 16 a dceleniion proces Therefore, shocks are posible only when the Mid felocity is maximun. Int sibronc fw, the velocity of uid i est then the rial vest on Hence deseleration isnot ponble. Tus. shock waves “LIS. Sate the expresion fort change in entropy across the shock S16 How 10 find crease i entropy aero a normal shock ? “The increase in enopy @ ases, sega BemS0A36_Commesnbe Fd Flow -wwsinatibooks com er Ser ea Neen cme meee eee eee ee me ee Solos areata ees yo eee pe eee ot vay as a : ‘Short Questons apd Answers S0A39 221 Define compresion and rarefection shock, bx the later posible? 322 Why compression shock wave iz posible and not the rarefaction shook? Compression shock wave decdertes the Tow, which intese the presture, density and ent. Rareaction shock wave accelerates the flow Which decrease the density and entropy. But decrease in entropy with toa Gnergy conservation through shock wave. voles the second aw of {hermoymamice, Ths ection shock fe not poe 328 Define strength of @ shock ware Seength of shock wave i defi as the ao of icrese In ste pressure across the bec 1 the inlet sae presse Strength of shock 324 Calculate the seength of shock wave when normal shock appears a Mod rom normal shock table Mt tengh of shock = 241 425 Find incroae in specie entropy across @ normal shook wave when stagnation pressure drape By 25% As~ocsasewe KSOA40_Comproestie Fuld How - worn iwaibodks com er eee fie ate Se ete ee Po-Fa, 329. Define oblique shock where & eceurs ‘The shock wave whichis feline tn angle 1 the 0 ¢ienson os diestion is cae 48 abtiqae sick, When the flow i aupertniy te ‘oblique shock occurs atthe comer dae 1 tho ting of supersonic: Row 53.30, Gin the state presure rato relation for oblique shock santo ft Where 6 shock wave angle 1.71 ame rome pric! siuations where this oblique shock occur 0) Oblique shocks ars foued te oscar at the ext of the urine Bate 1G) eal fore othe entry OF supersonic of srt engines. 382. The approxima wave angle ean By a strong oblique shock wave pert bios, pulse jet engines. sly of high tempers cemisy ad highspeed eredyramice 35 What tsa shock polar? ‘The graphical representation Of equ shock properties im known a ‘sock polar” 436. Give the diference berween nora an vque shock, [Normal Sock ‘Oblique Shock [o> [Pie stock waves are neha) [The sock waves arm ncinad wl lanuls to the diewion ot ow.|” Jam sngie 10 the direction ot > ]May be wasted sone) [Odique ack ly wo} IST What te Pran-Meser relation? What ty vignanee? ‘The fundamental relation between yar vclwitesbefne and afer the ‘wot Shock and the etic! veloc of sound i Knoven as Prana Sever 12. DEX, a in 1 sigifes the veloites (before and er the shock) withthe cca telosty of sound and the product of mach numbers hee and fie the shack‘Shon Questons end Answers SOAAD Fo find AAD Compress Fuld Flow - wn swantooks com 338 Indicate in es diogram for a constant mass velocly G with corresponding Panna and Rayleigh curve that normal shook jump, ‘rom supersoni 10 subsonte ony. 4239 Show = normal shock in hos dlagram withthe help of Rayleigh line ind Fanne line Sotto: Tpx-torea73 a2, Froen Nosmal shoe) able, conesponding to F=2.6.y= 1a Mp= 1545 M,=0687 Tataet, 2138720 Tam732k Rests Mach number a downscear [M,}= 0687 ‘Tempore at downstream (7]=32732 K JAD What are the Beneficial and adverse effect of shock waves? ‘@MayJune 2012 - AU) ‘The shock waves are applied in shock shes and spersnic compressors. A stong moving shock wave is wid acer the flo to {high mach umber in shock tube where flow behaviour at ih mach tumbers can be studied. On account of she changer of presure, density eoss shock waves, they ae profable ued in sipermnie compress #2 bin considerably high pressure ratios moe ste sn such compressors the resi rate developed per sae may be high as 10 Adverse eft: ‘The shocks may cause foundry layer seperation and deviation of How fom ite desired destin “There will be lw in stagnation preire and inresse im entropy sro a shock wave, This the efcenles sf machines fperencing shock waver ae I, 240 When the demty ratio = 6, the pressure ratio Intl, 341A normal shock ceurs ata point in air flow where the presse te 530°4Pa and the temperature ts = MPC. ifthe presse rt across the shock wave Is 2.6 find the Mach number and sate temperature ‘at the downsream of ihe shock waves, (Mayidune 2012 ~ AU) Gwen, n= 530 BPas r= 30re ; Bare‘SOA44 Comoressble Ful Flow - ww arwatiboks com 488 Is the flow through Shock waves reversible or ireversble? Why? (Novice 2011 a A shock wave # 2 seca kind of step fie presure wave and changes in the flow properties toe the wave ae abrupt. There willbe Inorase im stati prstore and erry Gat loss stagnation presare ac the shock. Hence the flow though sock waves are breversible, B44 Write the Prandl Meyer relation and iden te application rand! Meyer Relation is given by ME Af after the shock and the cxtisal selcty of round. Thi rbton 15 the Sua of other equations for shock waves BS What are the stations where shocks ere undesirable? (Novibee 3011 AU) (ApeiMay 2010 - aU Gy When the Mach suiner “AI ie tens 50 1 hem the socks undesirable i) When the pressure i las the shocks ate undesable 346. Write the change across normal shock for Mach Number and State pressure (Mayibune 2009 © AU) ‘The Mach number at down seas in tens of upstream Mach number ts een by oe fe, 2 yg f= Boye >, aerefore pressine ge acre the soc. ‘Stor Quosions end Anawers SDAAS When M,<1=9f2-< 1, which i not posible in prasticl exes S47 Ste the necessary condlons for a normal shock 19 oeeur in compressible ow. ‘May/June 2016 AU) (A normal shock wave occurs infront of supersonie objec if he How is tured by = large amount and the thock cannot remain stacbed to (0). Normal shock i also present in spertnic inlet 4M Why the efficiency of machine, experiencing shock wave is considerably low? “g/dane 3018" AU) ‘The shocks may ease boundy lyer seperation and deviation of fw from i desired airetion Thre will be loss in stagnation pressure snd ineeace in atopy aoe « shock wave, Thur the effstences of machines ‘expeviening shock waver are low WP Distinguish beeen ‘Shock Angle" and ‘Deviation Angle (ape 2017 - Av Deviation angle (2) Aagle of deviation (x) of the velocity in tems of and 6 asym] on atte Where @= shock angle Shock ante Ie als cll a shock wave angle For entry mach number (or) upstream mach number ane Bovwnsrear mich mums (oe) mach number at exitSOA Compresntle Fkid Fou - ww simalibocks com Module - IV 4d Define the term “Fanno flow”: [A steady one-dimensional flow ina constant area det with frton in the sbuence of work and heat waster is known a2 anne fl” 42 Define Fano line. ‘The locus of the sae which satisfy the continuity and enerzy equation fos fitonal low is known 25 “nme tne” 4 The effect of friction 10 make the flow tereversibie 44 Write the Euler's equation fr a reversible flow: adr=-pdde 45 What are the three equations governing Janno proces? (a) Cominuity equation, (b)eneray eauton, (©) equation of ne 46 Sate the assumptions of fra flow 47 Bansvorete the conditions for Janno flow “The various assumptions of faane ow ae () Pestet eae (©) One dimensional steidy friconl flo’ wit constant area duct. (0) Absence of heat, work transfer and body forse 48 Give the fanno tine tn 8 dagram. Mark various regions. Show ‘riicol condition. Write the Jono equation 49 Write the fanno equation and sketch the fanno line tw WS dgra 410 Sketch the fanno curve on TS digram. ALE Wheat is fanno flow equation? 412 Give Farmo tine in = diagram with isentropic stagsation line and show varius mach umber regions. Ae = tne <1 ep 2 em un Point is ental point where mach number A= 1 ‘Shon Questons end Angier SOAAT ‘The eqution which lel the fanno lie for the given values of yard Gi cll “fanno flow eqsation”™ fe. he hy Fs Fann equation aKa 413. Define mass veloc “6? The mass velacky i defined by 6: constant (rom heres ae ow rate, density oF the id Aes of eos section (ons) = velcly ofthe Ma. ALE The soation temperature i fan flow incresesidecreassiremains 40S Define co-efficient of tion 416 Give to rotation forthe she ree in terms of coffe of feion and dymomie head of the snS0A48._Compressbie Fis Flow - wow aiwsbocks com “The non-dimensional icin fst or oo-fickent of ton dese the ratio of wall shear sree tothe dynamic head ofthe stream wall hea eves __ Ty te. f= Foamictest 417 Define rleat condition i & fanno tse 418 Explain briefly the checking in funn flow Im fare line. any heating proces (both subsonic and supersonic) il incteae te enthalpy. HtOpY and Mass flow rte This will 50 upto he liming sate where mach number M= 1. Further being 1 not possible, becawe the entopy change willbe negative whish silat the second Ins ‘of thermodynnmicn Hence the rae Pow ates maximum at the crcl sxe and 18 constant afterwards. thn the ow 6 sua qo “chocked Now" 419 Wasi the typeof velocky atained 0m a fonn linea the maxima entry point? At the maximum eMtopy point mach mamier = 1, These the locity stained at this pose the eriical velocity of Muicund Le 420. Give 00 practical exumples where the fame flow eccure Flow occurs in gas ducts of alteaft propulsion engines, lw ia sicconditioning ste aa Row of oi in Tong pipes. «6 421 In fauna flow, how does the density and pressure vary along the lenge of pipe hen the upircam conditions subsonic? ‘Won the upteam sontton is subsonic, the presse ard deny wi decrease wien I heating. While cooing, the presse and density increases from the Fiting st 422 For constant area fae flow how liiting length for the pipe i determined ay ‘eonesponding to Mach number Mf, andr, Assume the value 7 ‘Short Questone and Answec SORA tte liming site = 1,LE 20, Therefore the limiting length (or) roximum length of the pipe is determine. by 424 Give the cet af teeing the ow lengih afer reaching eral dies nf fo The mas flow rewire only Un the cial emion ad icons steward Terre he gh ot pipe reed areas watt ive ay fet 425 Wr down the expen forthe lena of en terms af he to smach bers Mtn ty for flow rongh a cnent are dt we te tate of fon. Lon |, 10 bar and Ty=400 K & supplied 10 4 50 mm pipe. The Fiction ecto for the pine stfuce ie 002, ff the mach. mumber ‘hanges from 3 the entry to 4.0 ae esa, ermine the length opie pipe From Fn ble Yad andy =3 andy = 1.0 Sft_{ los) _{ Plow (So) (el,{$02.50 _Compressble Fuid Flow - wawsiwaktooks com 427 Define twothermal flow wih friction. Give the applications. ‘A steady one dimensions ow with fiction and heat tansfer ing constant ate dac fs cll Ieotberral New with ton. Sish = Bow ooo in long dacs where sufficient time is mela forthe heat taser 10 oour Therefore the tempeatre may fern constant Henee the fcton far ‘ay be assumed constat along the duct. The appliaone of thermal Now 2 ail or water flow in based pie. ‘State assumptions made to delve the equations for ixothermal flow © One dimensional ow with ition and est transfer 8) Constant area dace ll) Perec gut with constam specific Nets and molecule weights (ie) thermal flow hes the tempersure ig constant (©) account of constant temperiire the tein factor may be assumed constant along the dt 429. Digfereiate beoween isothermal flow and fame iw Teeter Fame Flow [@ Siar wenpomnae w constant Tempernure Te me eo) With ea wate [Without heat wana [Flow covurs ow a Tong dict] (c) Long ducts av not required ‘where sufigent time it required for heat transfer (a) Gn sess of consti) Preion face constant tempera, the fision fet 490° Show the static and stagnation temperature variation for tothermal Blow. Gis the eel mach suber He mach amber 4 = be we|SOA52_Comprosse Fld How - wow ainatibooks com Stor Qveclons and Anenen SOA. Module - V 54 What are the effects of heat eddioniremoval from @ working fig tring ts flow tn a constant area dict? eat ation = increase fm entopy and mass flow rate 510 su 52 si ead removal — desrease in entropy and matt ow rate 52 Define the term “Rayleigh ow’ "The one-dimensional flow in a constant area duet with heat tanser and without fiction i alled “Rayleigh Mow”. 5.3 Define Rayleigh line. ‘The fous ofthe points of propre dering = constant ste tones ow with heat eschange i callad “Rapleigh fine’ Pe S41 What te disbtie flow? 1k isthe fas which deals wit the exchange of ea! fm the synem | inthe absence of friction (Rayleigh Now) 55 Whar would be the value of mack number for maximum hea trnsfer Incase of flow through @ constant area duct withthe tnfluence of Meat traf? S 56 Whar i the value of mace numberof air atthe mom point agtegh heating process? eating process (both sonic an superionic) ends ith the Timing state (of) mar cay poet where mach number A= 157 Give the assumptions mae in Rayleigh low Perec gov ih constant specific heats and molecular wight Gi) One dimensions, steady fetionless low with heat sister (is) Abvence of body Foor. 58 The temperature diference (TT) in Rayleigh low indicates supersonic flow for M'> 1 and subsonic ow for <1 159 Wote down the expression fr the pressure ratio of oo sections la terms of mach numbers in Resleigh flow (emperture) decnan. During ootng, fempertre and the eapion (to R) where Reig eg lemperatre. The much mambo athe maximum ently condition MI Pa tem card Draw the hs diagram for with heat transfer Indicate the different ‘mach mumbercegons for heating and cooling. ‘Show « speal Rayleigh tne be enhalentropy plane. Show the Rayleigh line h=s dagram. Give the varios regions 1 i posible for the temperature of get Sncreate while i rejects eat?" Give recone. {nthe Rayleigh line show the region where cooling the fu increases he tenpear anther te snipers Ce Heat addition (0 a got may cool the gos. Esplin with proper hs In which reson of Reyeigh line adding heat cools the fluid? Show the Rasch line i hs digrom give the dierent mach smumber repions for heating, cooling show masinin enthalpy ‘The Rayleigh lae im hs daram is shown ia Fig. The upoee region i sabronc (M <1) andthe lower region © supersonic (M> 1). Whee the gas the point "H. Beyond the point", fuer eat addon leads to decrease In ety but enopy ieeases up the pant This duet the kine ergy inteses st for rate and the dyin peta f ore The ierense a kieteenegy eo pea tht toy al the Bet aon Ot al unis region, the sti cthalpy and eno intense to equ, the sic enthalpy teste ene, tereire the tate ently (empertie) inreies upto the point “Hand then i i decreased. Therefore "Rayleigh line the region (R to H) whore cooling te gat incest the‘S0A.54_Compressle Fld Fbw - wansiwahbooks com 58 Explain the characterises of Rayleigh flow with suitable graphs. 59 What do you enderstand by checking in Repleigh flow Refer the above Fire Wen the fluid i hese in sino region, the eniopy rete sd the mach umber and Thad properics move to the rit antl he nanimum entopy is reached whete MT = 1 When the Maiti: heated in Supersonic region the entropy increases 3 properties move to the right unl the mn toe mach umber snd the Pid A= 1, Furr hesing isnot possible bscaus, if Hi heated the change fentupy i negative which violates the second law of thermodynamics Therefore, the iype flow when te limiting condition AM? S21 Steck the constant entropy line ant Rayleigh 522 Give any oro examples af Rayleigh flow encountered in thermal covndinates. | 7 1ema J] rT Ogee eee s SC ~ ; ‘aston it “© Flow in regenertrs and intros © Flow in combustion chamber pipes 525. iteeniate beoven Fano flow and Rasigh fom tne in PV Fano ow Rayleigh Flow Pa OO | ‘esiona flow cine fomSOAS6_Comprossite uid Flow - wor sinwatbooks com Fanaa Flow Rayleigh Row Module - VI [5 Sagnation —tempeduure —e] (0) Stagnation temperiure 1 wa 41 Replain how the pitt tube conld be used to measure the Mack constant sonar umber tn sapersone flow. [@) Because of consdeig the wal) [Less assure ‘A pitt tue slong with a wall upping can be used to determine the fection forces i ir sect, (Mach number of a superionic sam. The inmdiction of the pioe ube [Without beat anster [Wa fear anor odvces # curved shock a lite distance upsueam of ite mouth as shown in 524 Write down the portant governing equations Jor the Rexigh fom, YTD. 525 Lis the governing equations that wteful 0 deseribe the Resligh flow. Governing Equations ‘Shot Quvstone end Answers SOAS? © Continuity equation o-(@} 5 —— Gi) Momentum esuston P,=(B,+9,¢ CI=2,C (Gi) Equation of Site 5, =f 0) ‘pr 2017 AU) come snace | Joins rae ie, Fro Tae ineasres PBy this elation the Mach mane i obtuined 62 Wit a short note on surface flow visualisation ro, [e008], Tog A6| Leva | Toa read | ZZZZZZZZZZZEZELEEEEE LEER “Therefore, the ptt tube meaBues ee segeton prewar (Py) down steam ofthe shack. The state pressure lpping lated uperen ofthe shock Surface flow vsulzation involves fs, Huoescent dye i 0 spec clay mites which ae sped to the seize of @ model Viesl inspection ‘of such tsa coatings ata finction of te oar sometime wil ive "ales feformation on such tage athe sate ofthe Boundary layer (aminatSQA58_ Compressible Fad Flow wow siwattookscom or turbulen). transition, regions of sepated flow and the ike 1 must be membered in such vesseaton tat whats bserved on the Saco is me Swaps indicative of what & Aappening inthe foe steams. (62 What are the classification ofthe low visualization techniques? 1. Direct tneeton () Tracer Methods ML, Optical Methods (2) Shadow meted (©) Schlieren mes! (pallet oF Toca. grey a clout) ()_Inerferometry (lassi, holographic) (Electronic spose interferometry snc seargraphy () Holograpic sk Lator Doppler ancrsomety ML Speci methods (@) Boeray adding ()-Refratometry (©) Laser light wet (8) Panicle Inage Velocimery 64 What are dhe thee basie ypes of smoke suitable for wind tunnel? ‘There ae three base types of smoke sultable for wind tunnel (0) Smoke gener iy he vaperization of © mista ol paraffin. keose) (i) Mat resting foam the vaprtaation of senan substances containing bromide of ehlovide (Gi) Smoke fom twig or smouldering wd, paper of tobacco ‘The uring ce vaporization is done io s smoke generator. 65 Write a short note om interferometers Incerfrometers are devices emplayed in the study of interference pater prodaced by varios light sources. Interferometer am optical iethod now suited for qualitative determination of density field of igh sped flows: ‘Short Questions ent s0As ‘They ae convenieey divide into two main elses those Bad on division cf mve front ad those bas on division of amp 5 What re the conventional iaramens used for presre ‘The conventions) insruments used for presure emessuenent are vided oto the fllonig groups “Liguidcolua mometere Pressure gauges with elt sensing elements Manomcier fr low abou pressures Manometees fr very high absole presies 67° What is barometer? Barometer isthe device wed f0 messin: the amoepherie peur Merry barometer shown in Fig. 11 consists csenlly of «gave tbe seed stone end and moutied verily n'a flor citer of mercury 40 "tthe open end ofthe tube is submegod ow the srface of mercury fe = simcephee presi, te ger level inthe esten ‘canbe marke. If he tbe i open and if diferent pressures actin the cistern tn inthe tbe, then there will be difference in he lve of mercy 68 Write @ short note om pressare Transducers Pressure wanstoers we a vary of sensing Gevies to provide an lecrieal outpa proportional t applied pressure, (The senting device employed im Ihe kanscicers under dncssion is coded mea fo stain gauge (Gi) The ain gauge becouse of te unique se of operational churacicnsie ns entilydomnwte the tnsdacer eld for te past eeny 69° What te hele pe Bieta sep? The hele type intl ip shown i Fig, 618 Is mostly sd or ‘nduncslapplisaons. In tvs thenomtr, the hoix shape sip iS toed for stesoring the temperature The fee end of the stip fe connected ty the finer The defection ofthe stip sbows the variation of temperatureS0A60_Compressble Fuld Flow - we sivalibocks com 610 Write @ short mote on the thermistor ratei having negative ccfiient of resistance, When the thei ie Shbjesied to 8 lempertue change. the resistance ofthe themtor changes “This change in resistance ofthe thermistor becomes a measure ofthe change in emperatire when cllated. The resistance of the thermisior Secreanes ‘ivan incense in temperature a vie-vere. The man pare ofthe ‘eolodes metal tbe whieh hows 8 themmistor sensing element 611 What is anemometer? 1 wind peed, and is a common weather “Two clases anemometer hse that meusire te Wind's speed. nd tose thee measure the winds presure: but as ths is 4 close connection baween the press in ‘he sped, an anemometer designed for one wil give information about both, 612 What ke the principle of laser doppler veloimetry? By detecting the Doppler shift in the fequney ofthe seated ligt the instrament messes the velocity a a pot in te idling In gas walled candat or ehannel These scanered fights are originating fom minite psd pales in he fo ha happen to cows the pnt Of meee defined by two fnterseving Taser beams. tis, instument Inver source it feferred ts it given amar, intnse and wuly parallel ight beam of high 6:13. Wht be pte tbe? Phebe is a device med for massuring the velocity of flow at any fin ia pipe ora chant 1 Bee on the principe thn Ifthe solic, GF fhow af 4 pnt besos ero. the pretre i inctanad due 40 the 6.14 List the pressure sensitive direction probs. “The moet commen of the presure senstive direction probes ate the cvbra, the wedge, the Bverhale and eylindical probes. Short Questions and Answers SQASt 61S Write a short note on wid tannets '& Wind tunaels were first proposed as # mans of staying veces (eiarily spans) in fee Might ‘© The wind tunnel was envisioned af 4 meas of reversing the ws paradigm: instead ofthe als standing si andthe srt moving at sped trough i the same effect Would be cbmed if the irrat stood sll ant the air moved at epeo! past, © In that way a stationary abeerser could sty the wrt in ation, and could measure the aerodynamic forces being imposed om the —s Laer win tunel stay came ito ie om the effete of wind fon manmade sructues oF objets needsd w be studied, when tidings became tll enough to presat urge sacs tothe wind, rte. Determining such forces was teqired before building odes coult spi he seguir sengin of uch baling. 616 What are the pes of wind tunnel [according to arrangement}? 1 Pah of ae © Closet erat Open etre 2. Pressure in test Secon compared to ambien presse (Pressurized i) Evacuated Gi). Ambene presse (Open test section (i) Closed west seo 17 Write w short ote on ssting chamber and flow straightener. 1 mainly comprises of honeycomb and scene ag combination. The min function is euce the trulence and staan the Now ony i the Fil circcton since the sts! ow is dese i the test aeton. The man purse of the screen 19 rece the tren nny i the low ad aSOK? Compressible Fis iow - wiv elwabinooks.com wo allow any unwanted objects 10 ener the tunel. The honeycomb canbe ‘mae with cll or various shapes. There cells are aligned inthe stream wise iection inthe sling chamber thereby sages the Now. The honeycons hat a longer length tat reduces the transverse velocity components of the flow with mininalprssre crop i the ream wite direction. The minim lena requir for this horeycomb Is six to eight times the cell see. The amber of sereens requied in the sting chamber depends cn the flow ‘quality requiement tn te txt ection. Moreover the power requirement is tore wien the muraber of sens is ictesed. The preferable length ofthe {esling chamber is about 05 tmes the diameter oft inlet. 615 What i diffurr? 1 basically a duct with insete in area stashed downsceam ofthe ‘out of the tet rection % So, this geometry is made wo decteme the flow velocity ant increase Sn presse. in oder to eoid flow several the ont irevit wind tunnel. This is @ vegy exitia! section im desig since the incurred presse re reduces the pe var requirement for he win tunnel which is proportional 16 the cube of veloc +€ Hence, maximum pessre recovery fo beaches at east posible stance isthe main objective of difnee design © In general practice, the cone angle of the difase 7 or les 20 510 avoid Boundiry lnyer separation 619. Write a short note om turning anes In 3 closed circu win! uel. the ae Rast crate in cone Typically, the cost of the lad tunel te of 180 bend ais 90° each other © These comers ure provi with tring es for aman pasags sot ut and Ansers_ 83, © Chambered serfs of bent planes are generat accepted as the turning vanes © Those vanes are purossly made s adjustable or smothepeation| thereby avoiding derover tring. (620 Whee are the components of blow down wind tunnel (open circuit ope? “The component of this wind tunel are High pressure chamber, Gp Vacwur section, Ge) Note ant (60) Tet section 621 Whee is shock tunnel? 1 const of 40 Major pars, the shock tbe and the wind tunel portion The general schema lout ofthe shock tun. consisting of shock tobe and vind tunnel eto, is shown im Flg- &41. The shock be portion ‘sists of contnt area tube sparted bya laphrapm (generally, met) in reions of high and fw presures. High and low pressure regions are Caled driver tube" and “driven tte” respectively. The shock tbe works on fhe principle of using «high pressre gas inthe diver tube to setup a shock trav, which propagates into the low presire gar in the deven ube atthe insta f diaphragm rope,Compress fl Flow = Ape 2011 4 ‘Cochin UNIVERSITY ‘Tech Degree Vil Semester Examination April 2011 ME 802 COMPRESSIBLE FLAIO FLOW (2006 Scheme) Hows Maximum Marks + 100 PART A (Anewor ALL questions) (xs=49) La) Derive an expresion forthe speed af acoustic wave propagsion. Refer Page No.L20 9 122. Section 19 (@) Deseribe the behaviour ef flow in a contergen-ivergent nose when ‘is operated at varus revere reo. Refer Poze No223 wo 225, Sesion 27.2 (6) Derive the Rankine-tngonist relation or the flow through a normal hock Refer Page NO3AS 1 318, Sesion 37 (&) Raplaim the signfcance of 0B. M curve (8 = derision angle, B- ‘shook engle and Mi Mach number) Jor Pow wish obilque shocks ‘A. elationsip. between the tree partion sch af deviation anal (8. shook angle (apd mach somber Of) is made inorder 10 termine the flow parsers behind the blque shock and sy the shock ale Sckaiour Is obsrsed ‘hat the mich number eal «te ‘ios fr ven shock angle rom the Figure. cysind cescompres Fuid Flow Aor z0y¢ n= E2808) 6,= G0 B-0) since ©," C=C 2 €)cO6 B=C3 605 8-8) Cy_ cong Pe esd Prom comtilty equation, PCy, =P2Eny 4 subsaig he vals of Cin above equation P2_so@=0) _sinB_ Pr cos OH From Density ratio ar088 the shook, cs bag eB tan. eer Da int BaB=-O) Lo sing (ofiom Taq D Aare p BEN Boos sin of 24d sin <1 sta? B25] = case sin cos B~2 sn? Boor] 0+ in sin) = eos {bsin®) comers Fit ow = ft 24 sani? 20 in? tr 94 =a Beosp[ 1a sn? 8] Asin Bisa B= 1M N= asin? B= Devan MC 2 sin 2820008 2 Abr oe 2B) tan 0 =2e0B ten = 22008 on ‘The shove expresion gives the relationship between the Deviation tele, shock anzle. Mach ange. The tolow plot pve the tla detwecn the thee parameble Fld Flow = Aor! 2011 From the igure, ig nce dha, (For s given mach sumber and deflection ange, there ae (wo possible. shock angle The lower sock angle cores: to = Sesh shock solution aod bigher shock angle coresponds 10 son tock solution, The strong shook solution may exist Fr 8 given fnech number and defection ange ifthe pressure on the wedge an be increased independent. However this iaton is rae Pots having subscript 9 Gg are the reerence pots fr the own mach number above whic sock i sao be song shock tnd below which shocks said f0 be weak shock. THe poins taving subscript 2 ae the reference poins fr the Known mach umber above which shock flow Bebind the sock 5 stbsoni and Tetow which low behind the shock is supersonic. \compressib Fuld Flow = Api 20118 Considering. weak shack solution, for 8 giver mach sue, norte in defection angle increases the shock angle Hence Increased shock angle decester the mach number behind the hock: Hence if ound tha shock stengih incense for elven ‘mach ruber with increase In deflection angle. For parler ‘efcctm angle, maximum shock ape is obisined fora given mach mimber above which thove i no aac shock soason Considering weak sation, fora given deletion angle, increase ‘in much nomber decrees the shock angle and shock tecomes 0, then the tltion B90" gives rs to ormal shock wave (oe eo er wy Ww “Te other solution Is res and oly mach wes po For crepe af A ee 8 mama sabe for te Aetesion ate Om 85 Ome ans oct lt oto te decd cave tes may se | to Bert on eunten deserting # Pons mare Roe! Fann ere ne tSnprarecngy ert tie mat or te Telr Post Nos w 44 Soon 44 (Proves the Mach mambo he manent nd maine copy poison the apih tne we WV ond 10 rape. Tete Page SoS 38 Seon 31 |) pl yt tron ae ofthe irr 8 pero wind ene rg than he nec tna re ino vw, bam ee gow a pston ree ss wife tn sgn Thebes gwl se ae Lene fe tani ouning fw wh avons ps po | nszeser' te aoc tet baer pho own ge |e mae tions ee tc Sra mee me | a ta ore wuss ao t o6. Compceerbe Fu Flow = Ape 2011 ) Obtain the Rayleigh supersonic plot formla for determining Mach ‘number of supertoate flows. Refer Page NS6AZ Section 659 PART 8 ax15-6 UW. (a) Derive an expression forthe maximus anac flow rate trough ¢ ‘noe. o Refer Page No2.i8 to 219 Section 262 (0) Airis dacharged ram a reservoicat Yy=T bat and Ty 600 K throngh “anole 10 am ent pressure of 1 ba. If the mass flow rate ls I kph Getermine for isentrope low, () Pressure, velocity wd area a the Ura (a) ext area and Mach mimber oa ars Toys 600 K: Pye t bars n= Ekle To fina once Andy Sotation For lserropi flow, Toc Fas 0.008 ‘roe ieentople tle, comesponding Fheousasyo14 Compressible Ful Flow = Apa 2011 7 1 Ty+0573 Toy 0573400 T3358 aye, MOM secon, earguding 1 MA = 1.714 fom nol 11 W084, = 0894 600 PesmaK $28 Py 05287 Pr =3496 bar We know that, mass Mow rte ae Poa Mat Rr ae Ew aesiaF = 36062108 XAT 1 x VIER ESOT 27 5004%4 1 «NTA ZETX SO AT S610" wo 86 ot Since var ETT C=4830Comores Fuld Flow - Api 20119 A : 2s Since 421,599 =94,= 1.598 x4 mM =07056= 071 * ‘VWiaxasraao GA y= 1.593 8.665630" From licntropic able, coesponding 10 My =O, y= 1 Ayr 1.3810 w= 1380 x? ene and Pum pete age ister 'o ona" azia= 14m We know tha, mas How rat, mpc IM, (a) Derive am expresion for area ratio at a function of Mack ‘number o [Refer Page No29 to 2.11 Section 2. () Air 300 K and 1 bar enters @ diffuser with a veloc of 248 mis The dieser i 1 be designed fo reduce the velocity of air to 4D mi The mase flow rate though the fer is 13 kyl. Assuning flow to nd be isentropic, determine (i) inlet dicmeter (i) oat ameer (i) ‘be tn static temperate. ao) But we know ths Give: AGM Gy "7, =200 K; P= 1 ba; C,=245 mls C= 60 mi = 13.6 el hn bias To find Dy Dy AT Bx 0.20567 245 = and 4y=019801 nt39_Compresstle ud ow Ami zor since “t=1.007 ptesSt 09879 = Toa Ther AP 0.08596 0? Az 0.9501 12 BuUset -aan6 From Krentropic table, comesponding to “2=4436,y= 14 013: Zn 09966, 22-0988 Sine eno To=Tor 1099663 Tag 9966538039 7, -30926K 2 Rise in wate tepeatire AToT,~7)932926-300 a7=2926K 1 (@) Derive an expreston for the change in entropy in terms of ‘nation prveur rao across normal shock 3 Refer Page Ni319 to 220 Section 38 (8) The ate of er flow upstream of & normal shock wave M=25,Pa2 ber and TH275 K Determine the Mack mmber pressure, temperature and velocity of the flow downsream of the ‘hock. Check the cadeated vues those obtained from the gat tables ao, Given Date My=25;P,= 2000 23108 Mink 7, 299 ———___Somecsie rit ow = fort 2015 14, ‘Te nas My Py Tey sottion: Method I [Calclated values) rom Gus tbl, Page No For downstream: Mach number Most Prom Ons ele, Page N.S, Foe presse aio #088 the shook, Lod 1en4 od Ty 213837, 2178275 o> Tyese798K sxe] Perm ] cacaaton as tbe 1 [Ra Namie ap on oa = [reas eae Ta 3 [Femparare TRIS cans + [feos of ha Gp] 28 ae 793 ws LCompressbe Fd Fow = Api 2011 43 (4) Devine the Prand eye aon forthe flo trough on ou he o (©) Supersone flow ofr at M3, P= 100M and 7 = 300K ts fected ‘rough 20° ota compression corner. Determine the shock ware angle land the flow properties (P,T and M) downstream of the shock. What 4 the percentage lors n Sagnaton pressure? oy Given My=3:P) = 100kPs 7; =300K:3=20" Py Ty My, Py Solution From the blige shock elatons Msi mate MPa) By TARO) +9(t-2enP a) Fyne +9 03639-26010 1 9 R69 IBunte 018195 ~ cote The Hight hand sige foro = 81, 24, 83% (01272, and 0819 ontaswc uid ow -Aost 2001 ‘is ange being cer 90° obviously he ange of te soe, shook wave ag" #215" We brow tat fe poctet Pa Baad oEt pets tas Fi? 92.15 — a. Tavt Pe crouseerye1018xry ce 7 3.832 ' Pe 5 Bass Nhs (oe) = Bato Compresbie Fila Flom = Axa si? 6015-20)» TOE. axa? @215-20)-2 08 s=o2s003 0389 0665s ML Air emers @ 3 cm diameter pipe with stagnation pressure and “temperature af 100 KPa and $00 K and veloc of 100 mix. Compute (@) the mass flow rate (i) the maximum pipe length for us mass iow rate (ii) mase flow rate Jor a pipe length of 145 m. Take jaoea as) ie Do3em Poy = 100 Toy =300 KL 14Sem ‘Cy = 100 ms f= 002 ts fin Feligactt @ L= 14S mrable Fuld Flow = Apa 2011 17 16 Compreseble Fuld Flow Api 2011 RT, = ARE RDS 2-628 we MoS 5iMgnoee~ 029 ‘Since the Given length i gree than Egg OF thie inlet condition, the inlt mich number hi oe dctermined fr whi Ly Liv9s tenth Fort Fanno table, conesponding to 84, =029,y= 14 002% 14510"? & 9.667 so? From fanao table, comesponding w= 9.6667 om iene table comesponding tof, =029, y= 14 B 0949-5 P, 0.943%, From lsentopic table, soresponing 4 My’=0.24.y= 1a snd P= 096105, 0961 «100 243010 MSHI S310 A= OOTH= OaTs kgs18: Compass Fuss ow - Ap 2011 TT 24 ETT ~28m Pg ce SSI Be BIA C= Bae CH 87x 296d ex?xars r= 0.0661 bats VIL. Ai enters @ combustion chamber at 69 mis, 200 K and 150 kPa, there 900 kit of heat i added. Determine (the mast flow rae per unde duct are (i) ext properties (PT, Ty) (i) tnt Mach amber if the beet aed is 1825 KI. a) 6,69 mis; Py = SOK = 90014, 7) = 200K ‘Te find Pa Ty Pox Taos My if Q,= 1825 ke Solution . a a Gen Tae ass flow a fp agate a 1010 og e300 Sh = 120 gm lo Fuld Few - Apa 201119 ye La oo Pen tssa6ure From Rayleigh flow ible, coresponding 10 My =02,y= 14 Pos a 273; w sans, % r = Kev Since Heat Traster, 2=6, Fax To) Toy + B= 30041 + 20 Tort G2 30241 To + Tqn 988K Tap 11988 eS 0680729_com uid Bow = Apa 2001 To. From Rayleigh flow uble, conesponing wo 72 06807,y= 1.4 =} xis0 ae ne Ey We kon tht Oras ~ Ge( To-Tor) 1004 q7s79~30241) o> Onm= W423ENS Since the heat to be ade it gyeater than 1441.2 Aig. Hence, inter stat (19 for Q"= 1895 Lr has to Be dela, by Reping One sa Sapmaton conditions. (Ty Tor) @=6,( 1-70) My -0a8 VU. Explain the working ofthe following with nest figure: (Shock tbe (i) Laser Doppler elocimeter (ii) Closed circuit wind tunne! ‘as (Refer Page No.0 Section 658 (Refer Page No638 Section 65.6 (i) Refer Page No.2 Section 69.2 1, Esplin the working ofthe following with wet figure: (@) Hee wre anemometer (i) Shadow groph technique (il) Schlieren overeat a5) Refer Page No.4 Section 65.4 GH Refer Page NaS Section 62 Gi) Refer Page No613 Section 62.1)22_Gas Oynarics (= Nay 2014 KERALA UNIVERSITY Tech. Degree Examination, May 2014 (2008 Scheme) 08.768: GAS DYNAMICS (14) Seventh Semester ‘Time +3 Howe ‘MaxMarke + 100 Instructions: Answer ll questions from Part A and one full question fom each module of Part B Use of gas tables permite. PART --& (410=40 Marks) Define Croceo number. Explain is signfeance 2. Write the significance of pressure coefficient The pressure coefclen sa dimensionless miter which deseibes the relative prenures throughout 4 flow field in fukd dynamics, Presnne Coeticiets can be determined at criical lesions around the model, and thee presure coefficients ae teed <0 predict the id pease at thre ‘ieal locations around fal ie sera In compressible ids sich sir an parcuarly the high spond low of compressibie Mud iso Tonger accurate measure of ifference Setween Stagmiton pressure and sti pressure. As we Hoow stagnation preset qual ttl grease which is not always tre die to the pressure of stock Waves In the lot. As resull, pressure coneiets can be renter than one pressure coeicient Is higher than upper sistace which Ieacs (0 drag rather thse i. 2. Prove thet AP, [Refer Page No2.20, Section 2646 constant for adiabatic ow. constant for Fanno flow. ne Refer Page Nott to 42 | Dynamics M) - May 2014 23, Explain chocking in Fann flow. Refer Page No.l? to 4:18, Scion 45 & Prove that Mach number & uni atthe pont of maximum ercropy ‘for Rayleigh flow. Refer Page NoSA © 85, Section 51.2 7 Draw the hs and p~¥ dlagram for Reyigh flow. Explain. Refer Page NoS.1 w 84 and 56 w 58 8 Bsplain shock strength. Refer Page No24 to 325, Section 211 In compression of superoaic flo! over the comer of concave wall lavough oblique compression shock waves the terning of the wall wos Inward or aicockvise. From his is to be expect tat ifthe wall etme sway from the flow (in the clockwise ‘recton) an intislly supersonic ow will experience seclertion or expansion. Te fas boon proved that for scceleating and accelerating soperon ‘ows convergent and divergent passages respectively are ried Mach waves of tinfoil waves could be drm anywhere in & supersonic flow eld Figure () shows Mach waves emanating trom the oneave comes of 2 wall curving Inwards, At the Mach number is ropresively decreasing the decom of Mach waves ie changing soonding 1» sing V/A. Thus, they converge 1 form an oblique shock as thown i the Gwe. Tn contast to this, Fume () shows supersonic flow over an outward ‘curving wall with convex comers. The Mach liner emanating fom these comers ate diverging on account ofthe propesive inesase of Mach numbers2 rics (M) = May 2014 Uherfore, thee Mach waves canot form a shock wave. Thok inthe abeece of other ireversibilessopersone ow over a convex wall can be asomed Se lsentopie eeauze of te presence of Mach waves aly. ‘Sooty converging and diverging psiages fr sopertonic ows can by looked upon ae made tp of Infinite number of iis ome, shown in Fires (a) and (0) ‘Supesonic flow over 4 convex wall ACH is shown im Figure (2) he rll has Ininitesimsl outward (oeesive) turning. of 8. The Mach wave Angle © 16 a function of the initial Mach number, The upstream aed downsticam velocity tangles rlaive 2 we wave ae thown in the figure ‘The reliant veloegy secon ¢j=¢ and cy e+e are pall 10 the walls Fig.(e). Supersonic flow Iofiniterimal Conver corner of « wall AC and CB respectively: the oral and tngzntisl componests Of these (ctor se ale thon For an ifintesimal change across the Mach wave the magnitide of the velocity vecor OP increasr fom ¢ 10 € +4 (OQ). Since thee iso tangential pressure graien, gingaeg ‘The wpsream velocity wiangle can be combined with that 00 the downstream as shown inthe Ggure; ONP and ONG ae the upateam end ‘dwneream velocity tangles Figure () represents acsleratng ow the flow here i iseatopic on count of the presence of ely Mach waves in the Mow fel “This isepically accelertng lw over the convex wall is Known os ‘randi-seyer ow. J8 xplin temperature recovery factor Refer Page NosA8, Seton 67 PART - 8. ae 6x20=60 Mas) 1. (@) Define the equation for diab steady flow else ibs a elip in whic the pots ave same total energies, Each pint ites fom the other wing fo relative proportions of thermal ee sic energies comesponing 0 diferent mach numbers Refer Page Nes.28, Section 1.11 11.) Define nagaton temperature and stagnation pressure. Argon is ‘stored In a reservoir at 320K. Determine stagnation enthalpy and velocity of sound YK = 1.658 and molecular weight of arg is 39.95. S20 Key == 16S; My 39.95 To find: hea28__Gas Dynamics i) - May 2014 ‘We know tha, “The characteristic gas constant =) el 5995 R= 20881 YigK but ey TET TERETE a," 39232 ms ‘YR _ 16st 2081 eT 165 y= 82615 sek he Glo = 525.15%320 = 168,268.13.0hg hex 16826 ki on 12, (a) Derive the relation Between the Mach dimensionless Mach mamber Mf Refer Page No.137 and 138, Secon 1.182 umber Mand 12 @) A teat 313 K flows from a large tank through a conerging moze (of 40 mm dameter The tank contains air ot 1S! Khe and the iacharge 100 prseare of 96 KPa Calculate the mais flow rae ‘rough the nose Tyy=313 K,D=40 mm =40% 10"? ms Poy = 155 KPa: P= 96 KPa cas Dynamics M) = May 201427 (ToT Big POR Mg RTS 96210 - GF 0% 10°)? 096 TATE BREA g F< 40% 1074) 0.86 STARDETS ITS = 0388 kes PART -& Module = 13, (@) Show that Mach mamber atthe point of maximum enthalpy om the Rayleigh tne ¢ 1 (or) 4 lig Oe Refer Page Noi to $828_Gias Dynamics My = May 2014 13. () Ale at Py=300KPa,T, = 258K and My 15 & brought to sonic velocity tn a fpicionless consiant area duct through WNCN heat transfor can occur. Determine the final temperatre nd Pretsare ‘hange in entropy and heat added daring the proces Py = 200 KPa Ty = 288K 8, Tr PASO, rom isentropic ube, conesponding #9 Mf, =1.5.y= La and ty ~eblge ie 1009 1s From Rayleigh fowl, « comesponding to My = 1S: y= 14 = Pyesiosura 26,2 Tod = Ls 459.73 4179) 0,= 0034s Change in ensopy. AS 54-5 )=6,1a| = 100414 300 soe BE SyoSy e076 KIas Dynamics (4) = May 2014 14, Starting from fundamentals, Show that for Fanno flow, the fiction FE rom continuity equation We know that, B= pe=G- (miss flow density) sec Refer Page Nov 46 (0 42 Module - 1 1S, (@) Derive Rankine-Hugonit relation. Refer Page No-SAS to 3:18, Section 37 15. (0) hie enters a 30 cm diameter duct at @ Mack member 0f 25, Temperature of 400 K and a pressure 2f 100 kPe. A normal shook fccure at @ Mach nuuber of 17 and the ext Mach number's 08. The coofisien of Jision te 0004, Calraate the length of duct ‘pstam and dewonatream of normal shock. Assume adiabatic flow. P= LOOKPa; T= 200K: af, =2.5:D= 306m = 30% 10° m: = LM = 08: f= 0.004 From lsenspic ible, cometponding to fy =25, cs 709.4 kPa Ls Gita Poy ~ 1709.4 07058? AnJo Fontan From Norma shook we, compan 6 = 17.9 A ass; 2 n08ss, rom Fano tbl, conesponding t= Lif =25 Looe oas2 rom Fanno table, cocesponding to M,=17.y= 14 From Fango tale, coeeponing 1 tyes 0383 ‘rom Fano table, conesponding 10 My 08.7= 1 Hee. oor3 Length of the duct upstream and down seam of shock, eel trl, -0432-0208 02m tye 22203 ay “ax000t G22 Gas Dynan (My = May 2014 Seek. =0353~0073 20.28 wt ons et =525m ‘Length of the Duct upsteam ofthe stock = 4:2 m Teneth ofthe Duct downstream of We shock = 5:25 m on 16 plain with mect shetches the working of (@) Supersonic Pit tube () Imsrferometer ble Paid Flow - Ap 2015 99 ‘c20610 KERALA UNIVERSITY Eighth Semester B.Tech. (09 Scheme) (Engineeting Degree) ‘Examination, April 2015 ME 09 002 - Compressible Fluid Flow Tine: Three Hours Maximum: 70 Mark Part A Answer all questions. 653.2. 19 mars) Differentiate beeen Steady flow and Unsteady flow. Steady tow Tasca flow “Tie aig properier te ie|> The uid” properion tn We contol woleme do not change] conta volume are independe with of tine 2 3eH_95 om 4, (0 eae an "Tee ara i, pal as wo lines ae enc. The shape oF the aves Ties uh lines snd srk nce ae demi Define sagnaton temperate Refer Page No.8, Seton 1.7.2 2 State ie application of various types of notes Tipe “Applcationr Lae Newle Gas sves. oven FF iever [> Bat farce Convergent Nowaion Aseria brane Tae Divergent Nozzles > Asstt sone nd super fide Covvergea Digan Nonies [> Accslaaie wo supercars Spee‘24 Comprogenie Fuld Fow = Ap 2015 4. Define Fanno flor, Give 60 examples of Fanno flow in thermat Refer Page No-tt 5. Why & i desirable t0 locate the shock wave at the dffaser thro during the operation of the tanael? ‘When the tumod is ted the presse a the nozle ext begin to at) iN ceaces the design valve tthe renning conditions. On acon of the variable presse rata acting sero the nozle,» shock moves In the ‘down steam divcton Inthe diverging portion of the nove. Ag a res te appeeince of the shock wave tee wil Be sagation presse oes ac ‘sms change In erie! aren the required power Is supplied 0 acco for the stagnation pressure lcs and cect value of the difer to morse tect aes ral fe Hast, he hk wil move To tHe fost sedan. I woul be epe downstream of the moist i tes aetion. Therefore the sega presse los Will Be matimon fortis potion of shock wave Since at foston the mach number fr mtimum. Therefore, this it best location ff a shock wave though ths condon will ave tbe aways encountered 1 the line of sang. Its thicore detable to Kesp the shock wave at¢ ection of minim aac nner The magnum mich number section Sow ‘treaty ofthe tet section i the dfn oa. Hence, ii doable fo locate the shock wave aL diffuser toa dung the persion of tunnel Pat 8 ‘Angwer any f0uF questions (435.420 marks) 6 Dorive the energy equation for @ flow proces. efor Page Ned to 116, Sesion 1.6 7. The cros-seeton ofthe exit ofa control surface enclosing an ara propeler 16 912. The mon value of air velocities at the emry end (tof the control surface are 133 mit and 170 me respectively. Fake he density af adr af 125g. Determine the trast acting on the propeller Assuane incompressible and ready low Aye 9 ems Cy 153 mle Cy 170m p= 125k amass rus ow «port ants 5 ‘0 fing “Tee (5 Seti From continuity eatin, f= pACHp,A\C Since density is constant For senly and iacotmesible few, Ths pA, 04, cP = 2519x707 — = o4s.601 Petasiin sx ¢139)4) Seperate spp ta peti nl othe dg ftw tale of 10 bgt (per om? ofthe oat are 1 the agraon temperate of seams 800 K deerme the sagan pres of tena apebed fa fos a ee Ro GAT AShaK yO 127 for eam, Aname tet "SPL kysen = 1000 kp Tas 800K: R= 0.477 LK3_Compracebe Fh Fly - Apo 2015 ‘To find: 10,000» B00, OTT 2_ war 7 1278 =( Tass SSM8636 92567 Pye 98018 bar 2 Derive an equation describing « Fanno curve. Show three Forse curves at sare mass flow denies Refer Page No 10 44, Section 41 10, The conduions of a kas in 0 combmetor of entry are: 1, 0339 bar, Fy = 310 K, Cy = 60 mi Determine the Mach nuonber, pressive, tomperatare and velocity ot the ext Uf the incense In sapmation enthalpy ofthe por between erry land elt bs 1172.5 kg. Take YOU. G, = LOS IAG. Given data: 2, 20343 bye 7 = 510K, Cy =O A= 11725 kag: C, = 1.08 kee Ki ‘Te tnd ‘Compressible Fi Flow - port 201537 Setatons Since ere, My St a War, Vaasa Meo? ToT “a9 oe T3171 ae Pyne 28. 0. 595" Go = Py oaster Ahg=6,Fe2~To) 11725 ~ 1.005 ep 382.77) ‘From Rayleigh flow able, conesponding 10 My =0.17, Y= LA 306 28 1.2435,7 0 154 7% r 0.0865 Bones Po 038 TBs" 13OF = F=02814 br38_Compressbe Fluid Bow - Ail 2015 “Compressible Fuld ow - fort 2015 3 ws 1h Discuss abou srength of oral shock ware. ef SLT Refer from GDIP Book, Page No326 © 325, Scion ais” os Part ¢ a remesok Tee ae ats 12 (a) The prsar, tempertre and Mach number atthe ent af @ ™ "ow pastage are 245 ar, 265°C and Lt epcy. th oct Mach a Imnber 23, deminer alae ow af © Pode at ie retannoaso kine 3 th {© Seagnaontenpersare; (2) Temperate and velcky of Bt ot rom Rayligh Gow wie, cmpening TH AOIT- Y= 14 xt; and (8) The flow vate por square mer af the tet From Ranh ow wis cmending © Sect asa eter Page NoaSt to 1.83, Problem 1.12 3 o 12 @) Derive the momentum equation for flew trogh 0 contrat vlan Refer Page Nod, Seton 15 13 (0) Ale te charged from a reservoir at Fy=69V bar and ae Ty=325°C trough moze an ex pretae of O98 ber. Ifthe _ : ‘lw rae 3400 tf, dtr for erople flow ) throat oe wt eB Lor xs10 ‘presore and. sli, (i) ext ares, Mach, amber, ad) rh ‘ease vel en-us, ne wt eB Soeye BE Fyn 691 tars 75=325°C;Py= 098s f= 3600 bac c= 35565 ee APC Aa Ma Co Mach eumber a ext) = 046 Selon Presse at ext (2) = 02754 ba penavcemmes “empetne test (7) MEDAL Velocity a ext (C4) =353:68 mit P,~ 691 bar = 691% 10° Nha?ible Fuld Flow = Ape 2018 7, = 098 bar =098 10° Nin? fem 300 kone = ks Since ow sien, PanPam Fi oat yo Ty20573 «598 = 32654 K Ax sat section, Musas From fertopic table, covesponding Mo Iey = ht E-osm1 -osuxse-ws73k £29528 = F* ~ 0528x691 = 3.696 tar me We know that fee Pgs fave a ee ava Var Var" rae em VAT eT 3.696% 10 «VL 865124. 104 a? A= 865124 on? We know that at trot set War 44165 whee SST KET Bat since “Ew 1.93, andA" «868126 em? Ayn L303 865126 Ayn 13781 ca? We know tat te)conceit Fon: Ao 8 sss EE Com Com “10965 vs Resut ‘ve at tvoat seston A") = 865124 en? Presure a thecal sexton") =3:606 bar Velocity a doa section (C*)=447.65 mie ‘ta at exit hg) = 13781 om? Mach Number at exit (M)= 193 Masiqnam veloty of Mid (Cyus)= 1096.5» or 13. () Explain the effet of Mack mumber on compresebity Refer Page No.23 © 128, Sexton 110 (e) Air emers @ tong crear duct (€= 12-5 cm.J 0.0045 of Mech ‘umber af 0, presure, 30 Bar and temperature 312 K. Ifthe flow 1s tsotherma throughout the ac, determine: () the length of the duct required to chenge the Mach mumber to 07; (h) preeure and lenperatare ef air ot M =O; Ci) the length of the duct required 12 ‘ain Hinting Mach number; and (is) Stte of air we the ding Seach mumber Given data: 12.5 em #0125 m:F= 00045; My = 05, bor = 312K y= 07 ______Gempressbie lt Flow pt 2015 43, ‘To fina Lalla PT Sotaion: From Isothermal Table comesponding 19 Mf, = 0.5:¥= 1a coo Stns 0807 (2) Length of the duce roqived pe [ 0807 - 00808 ~one 072620125 5545 0) We know that, O53 Py=2d hae NeneTeuK44 Comprosebie Fd Flow - Aoi 201 precable Fuld Fow - Api 2015 45 (2 at oe dt pind te tng ma ante a Sie "|. -asr ‘ge ‘ see at an Since A. 28. Gens Fratton, From Isentropic table, corresponding to-A. = 1.6875, y= La Dero 2a oo ri 2 ‘For Normal shock in she test section, oer i ais are = bratty BO ae sete s er appreciate rg en rer = ow M28 [Refer Page No.S:1 to 5.4, Section 5.1 Porcomi 15 (DotA Raia he «nr heck mee Rm Refer No.3.1S to 3.18, Section 37 at ee [sr 20 15.) The following data refers ta a supersonic Wind eannel ‘Nose throat area = 200m Test section eros section =337.cav* Working lal: air (Y= 14, Cy = 0.27 Kh K) Determine the test section Mach number and the dieser throat area Ya normal shock ts located in the tet secon. Se 27739 en? 4° =200en4s08,703, GAS DYNAMICS (4) ‘Time +3 Hours Max: Marks +100 Instructions: 1 Amwer all question rom Part = A PART -& 0440 Marks) 1 What i continuum? Under what condone are the assumptions of a Kngioering problems these i & concer of grost Behaviour ofthe ‘uid in contol volume (or) system. Hence, a concen of nam is hed which implies tat the molecular ensty in the system under “nigtion © lege enough t consider ae Maas continuous medium. 2 Define balk modulus of elasticity and the coeffiient of compressbilis for compresibte flow: Refer Pane No.1, Section 18 3. aplin the phenomenon of cocking bt lsentrople flow. Refer Short Questions and Answers Page NoS36, N02 ST Dicuss te lasfction of flow based om Mach number. Refer Page Nod.26 to 1.27, Seton 111 S. Give empler for the preci appllatons of the Rayleigh and the anv fow model eter Sort Qustions and Answer, Page No8.6t, QNO-.2t Rayleigh flow Refer Sort Questions and Answer, Page NOS, Q.N0d.S2 (Gae Dynamics OW) = Nov 201547 Define mass flow dors. Show three Fann curves om Tt coordinates ‘for increasing mais flow dense. Refer Page No.l to 44 7% Show ht for Rash, asin ena plt Mach nur fe pren by Refer Page No-SS to 87, Sesion S13 | Discuss the possibly fora “rarefaction shock” Refer Page No-3.23, Section 3.10 2 Befine shock srength, Write down the expresion for shock strength Refer Page No3.24, 325, Section 311 10. Wat a noot sketch spl the working of Rayleigh Pitt tbe Refer Page No.2, Sect 1. (a) Explain with skaches the flow through () « convergent notte (i) arconvergent divergent note for diferent back pressure. (10) Refer Page No.2, 92235, Sacthon 27 11. (0) An accelerating duct has to inrease the Mech no. of ae from 1.2 09. Find area ratio repre forthe dict. 1f soe temperature fara ile 8 500 K. finde) sagzaion temperature (0) eres! leomperatare(e)maezinam possible releciy 2) ae tempertare at fet of the dct ao Given:48 Gos Oymamios WM) « Nov 2015 From isenropic table, comesponding 9 M,=02:y= 14 set xs0403 ST, = 8896K From Isntropie tale, coresponding to A= MT = 1 5 08st oe 1? =0834%7o 1 0830 sot0s = reans6K 00150803 Cue = ig = VERSO IO ee cas Dynamics M) = Nev 2015 49, 12. (a) Esplin he fet of Mach 0 alone rato bebe ‘nents et nh tr Sea aa Es aw eer Page No. 23 4025, Seton 22 12) Canons of te ((=14.G,= LAIR a ny f ae re pea bansT 200K and e248 a the ob pare 13 ‘emt or tenet fon, he Macha ty ad 2 fist mate pce at Whe tape of arias ‘a0 eer Poe N22, Poem 24 Modute = 13. (a) Staring from the fundamertal lo, prove that at the masimum ‘entropy point on the Fanno curve, the Mach number is uniyy (0) Refer Page Nadil to 44 13, 0) The conditions of as (Y= VRC = ABBR) etry of @ ‘constons area duct are : My 028 pq, =496S bar, Tyy= 383K. 627 Lig of heat ie supplied to the pas. Determine a the ex secon ‘Mack umber, pretare and temperature of the pat the slagntion pressure lose ao) Given: yeu Toy =383 K, Q= 27 LIKE ‘Te Gnd: MaPp Ta A Py 22 kag A, = 028, oy = 4965 bs, Solution: From {senropic table, coreponding My =028,y~ 13(Gee Dynamics (= Nev 2015 81 Bors Won = =s8408K and Py = 0947 Poy = 0951x4965 Pyaar ae Since 2G) Tax To) 27-12 Tyg 38) 2 Fyn 89609 K = Mg easriatae From Rayfeigh ble, carespo Pant | 2007; 2019p Tao A Pom Poy~Pan=4965 4512 % “Tr i arye0sstte Tasos 1 a) Prom tt the Mach nan fs men ny an % ! “e amen etripy pts on the Repldgh line are and LO ‘respectively. Show the enthalpic and ientrope line a these points fo the Rayleigh Une on fot and pr planes a Refer Page No.5 to 52, Section 512 = Her6K Fo 902% puns |) Air enters ne pe C= 000 of 254mm aero 4 ack 7% !768 ‘umber of 25. Te=B0K and p=0S0T bar. Determine forthe section at which the Mach number reaches 1.2, the sate presture ‘and temperate, stagnation preset and temperature aa he ditanse (fh ection from the tnt. Assume adlabae low ‘ao, From Rayleigh table corresponding 10-2 i i | Refer Problem 412 Page No. 447 10 4.50{2_Gae Dynamics QM) = Nov 2016 Module = 15, (@) With neat sketches, explain the working of the Schlieren ‘Anperats. ‘ao Refer Page No.6.13, Section 6.2(€) 15. @) A normal shock occurs inthe dterging section of «convergent ‘divergent nocle. Noee area rato 16 3 and sae presare of ext is (04 timer the stagnation pressure a entry. Ifthe flom te inenrope ‘throughout except scroc the thock. Determine () MyM, (#) Arca (of rose section ofthe moze atthe section where the thock occur. “a9) (Given Data: To find: Fr the constant mast lw rate and stagston temporeGas Dynamics at - Nov 2015 Since ft 04 arate 472-22 o8s9 Mn OATES Py 04 Pay TD" OS Pag" 0466 Py {cas Dynamics Mf) - Nov 2015 55 Pax _ 04663 Pegs“ O11S~ 91 ‘om isentropic table coresponding 10 M,=258,y= 14 4 (2) Upsueam mich number (M,)=258 () Downsam mach number (H,)=0.506 (2) Sa press ©) =0051 Px (A of cos - ston where noes shack occurs Aged, =2802 4" 16 (a) With @ neat shctch, explain the working of shadowgreph 0) Refer Page Nos, Section 62011) 16) A gas (=13,R=287 WhgW) of py=1 bar, T,= 40K, enters 130 em diameter duct Y= 0.03) at Mach numberof 2 A normat ‘shock occur af ¢ Mack mumber of IS and the ext Mach number ts 1. Determine: (i) Length of uct upsircam and downsieem of the shock, (i) Mass flow rte of the g05 (li) Change in entropy ‘ipsream and dowratream of the shock and across the shock, (10) efor Problem 4, Page Nos to 438Compressible Ps Flow - Apt 2016, CALICUT UNIVERSITY - KERALA Eighth Semester B.Tech. (Engineering) (09 Scheme] DEGREE Examination, April, 2016 ME 09 802 - Compressible Flu Flow ‘Time : Three Hours ‘Maximum +70 Marks Use of gas table 18 permitted. Part A Anewer All vie questions. Each question carries 2 marks. (5x2~=10 marks) 1A plane sravete at speed af 2400 kimi in an atmosphere of C- ‘End the mach angle and mention is significance. 2400 kn, T= 5° C4273-=278 K: 24091000. sms To nn : Sala: We know tat coe ach Number, = Sa War 666 Taare Mews Compressible Paid low = fort 2010_ 67 Mach angle fs the angle shock wave makes wih the direction of tion a5 determined by the velocity ofthe abjot and the velocity of shock opsesn, 2 What is chocked flow in a note? CChocked flow isa limiting condos Where the mast Now wil at crease with Ferber decreate inthe downstream presure envionment wile sperean pressure fined. J What is the diference beeen a moze and a difser? Refer Page No.2, Short Questions and answers QNO23, 4 The condition of a get in a combustion chamber at entry are Ty=395 Kp, ~0SD har, cj=70 le The airfuel rato ts 29 ond the calorific vale of the futl ts 42 MIs. Cale final presure emperatire and reli af the gat. Refer Similar Problem Noss Given Data: 375K: P,=SOKPa C= 70m, AP raiow29: 1 C¥=42000 king, y= 14 R=0287 Rg K al 70 1 yar, Viens rom Lentropic Table My O18, y= 14, 09945 Tay" 37126K 3 Py = S1A2KPa rom Rayleigh Tale My =.18 y= 14. Alp58 _Compresble Fd Flow — sort 2018 Rise in enthalpy ae 1 the combustion one ks of ful cv = atest = 2000 1400 re ofa fol mine 26 Canto to [ae=29 41-30) 42.5 s1726 Tar ae38.26K Comoressble Fuld Flow = Api 2016.69 Percentage stagmtion pressue loss BB FP hao * {1241112 4 ‘The maximum sagnsion temperature exis for the given conditions i at soni poi Taman” Tor Ten To=2638 66 2.06n, rs 7 ) o From Rape bls caregonig 9 T0571, he mach unter oais ‘ ‘The ial an fal sh numbers Mf = O18 andy temperate and velocity of the gas Py=395KPa Poventage stagnation pressue loss = 9.589 % (Maximum stagnation terse Tua 2638.6 K Shock wares cannot devsap in subsonic flow? Why? Refer Short Questions sid Answers, age NoSA5, QNOS.4 Part 8 AAnsvior any four questions. 4.529 mets) Ai area fling alitude of 1,000 metres at 800 kai. The ti ae reverily compresed it an inet difusr. The inlet temperature (5 210.48 and presure & 6266 bar. Ifthe mach umber ache vt ofthe dieser 0.35 Calealate the entry Mach number, Vets Dprestare and temperatre ofa atthe diuser exit.9001000 300 =m me 7, =216.65 K:P,=0.226bar M2035, Wisco Pa Ta satin i -fbe Se ar Rt Waren From Teenie le corespontng Mico7s.yeta a =1. Tor eae 7, _21665_sosex - Tangs 098 ans Papngheg= 0288s osaa tr For semopie Now ¢ Poy = Foam Pom Py 0228 0 Toy =Tea= T= To= OIE K om Ieentropie ube, cotesponding 19 My = 0.5. y= 1 Compresebie Fé Flow - fort 2016 61 2. Ty 096% Fg 097624098 ra2si9K 7, 0918 Peg =0918 0.328 37,0200 be 9 0038 x AT REENT cats s 7. Derive om expresion for the acoustic velocity of a compressible lie ‘flow in torme of ts temperature Refer Page NOL20 to 1.22, Section 1.9 4 The condom of @ gas i a combustion chamber at entry are Ty =375 Kp, =050 bar,e,=70 mds. The airfucl rato ix 29 and the caloric wale ofthe fut is 42 MUM. Caleulte the initial and fnal ‘Mach umber, lal presure, temperature and velocky ofthe Bes Refer Ans Number: 4) in Pat A ia this same Question paper 9. Describe Fenno flow along with hos diagram Refer Page Nod to 4 10, A convergentalirget air noe has ext to throat area ratio of 3 A ‘normal shock appear af the divergent section where the exiting area ‘aio ts 22 Find the Mack number, before nd after the shock. If ‘he iter siagnaton properties are S00 Po and 450 K, find the eto Increase acrot the thock. Refer Page No.8 to 389 Probleo NO19 1 Desrbe ware phenomena wih type Wave mation ina medium isthe movement of itrbunce relative to the mein, Toe effect of changes at 2 piven point in the medium i communicated to other points through wave mein. In slid medium de to§2_Compressble Ftd Flow = fort 2016 [Scommunicated though an eostc wave to other pars in compartvely much Shomer lime. Irises and vapours theo ae different (ype of waves, 1, tafnitesimalpresare waves (cond waves) 2. Non steep presue wives with fine amplitde 3. Steep presure waves (shock wave) 4 xpitsion waves roving is caled exjinsion wave, Convereely a wave which fr at higher Innitesi! prnsure wave. The changer aeroes, sch wave ae small and the Speed uf the process covesponding to these change is fart, The changer imrgnituds, Sah waves can be goicrmed by an impulve Impaned by the As en bert accelerates nm suvonis towards superonle speed ia ¢ diferent ype of wave phenomena eset Part © ‘Answer all questions 410.640 marks) 12, (@) Prove that Jor tnentopic flow 2,4 (HF Styeat[gat 12 (8) Av GpeAMSRRIY=138) at py d.CIO Nim? as T= S00 K flows with a vloly of 200 mis tn 30 em diameter det sveiabl. Catenate (i) Suse low rat; (i) Stagnation tomperaar (Gi) Mach mumber; and (is) Stagnation presiare malues Refer Page No.L.61 to 1.62, Problem 117 Compressible Fuld Flow = Agel 2016 63 13. (@) A. supersonic owes alr expands from Py=24bar and Ty= 1000 K to an exit pressure of 43 bar If the exit area of the Inoue ts 110 em, elena the fllowing:- (© Throt area; (i) Pressure and temperature at the throat; (i) Temperature at ext: (e) Mass low rate; and (9) Est slocty at Iracion ofthe maximum etainable veloc, Po 24 bar Ty = 1000 KP = 4.3 bar ‘To find MPP Tine Solution From (onopic table, comesponding M = MF = y= 14 oma ose PossexT,s0856«100 = res Paosatxtyetoosixat = renee sine #2 043 c0171 ow temo te, een 220.991,SA Comprosabie Fuld Flow - Az 2016 S Since y= 2. CM) My TRF yr 88267 ms compressive Fd Fow - Aor 201 ” ney $2218 toxics seas ta or 1%) Derive area rato a & fusion f Mach muner for enrpie oe 1 sonata Refer Page No.29 » Section 2.4 | | 14, (a) The condition of @ gas in @ combustion chamber at entry are | FA | 2378 K.pj=0S0bary6,~70 mls The ainfucl rato ls 29 and the calorie value of the fuel is 42 MUM. Caled The inet and final Mack number. (i) Pinal presure, temperature and veloc of the po. (it) Peroenage of tegnation presare los. (Go) Maximum stagnation temperature Refer Ane Nod tn Pat A in this same Question Paper (Show thatthe ratio of pressure between any two section in terms (thelr Mack number in @ Fano flow A sams ate nom Refer Page NoAS to 416(98_Compressiie Fd Row = Apt oor 15, (a) A convergentdvergent nocse is desgned to expand air from « ‘eservir in which the pressure ic 700 KPa and temperatare te S*C land the nocie inlet Mach number is 0.2. The necle throat ere is ‘M6? and the ext area te 230.2. A normal shock appear at a section where the area & 37Sca® Find the ext pressure and temperature. Also fed the Incretee tn entropy acrost the shock. Given Data AT doom? y= 230m A, snd 7, =0973% Py, =0973 700 Peete = WRT 2 TART IIT Compressible Fld Flow - Aoi 2016 67 [vata] rom isentropic wie, “faa 8.y= 14 From norm shock le, comesponding © M,=2.89,y= 1 nO: F957, Ba 28815 Since 73 Po. Foy 398 P= Po: Pac Poy = fy=2823 kee From isentropic table, eareponding to My = 04825: yb(68 Comprossble Fasc Flow - Ap 2000 (22 Dynamics and Jot Propulsion (M) = May 2016 MG University, Kerala Bech, Degree Examination, May 2016 p. B ‘Seventh Semester Myx 034-22 00923;72 0977 ‘Branch : Mechanical Engineering q GAS DYNAMICS AND JET PROPULSION (M™) rom isenopie table conesponding to Py209239 Peg 0923 %2527 (Old Scheme - Prior to 2010 Admissions) os Pye 2S8AMPa [Supplementary/Merey Chance] se Fyn09T ATs 097TH ‘Time + Three Hours Maxienam : 100 Marks Ty 2T.606 Use of approved Ga Tables and Charts are permitted. Pos Part A Anawer all questions. Each question carries 4 marks,10<4=40. maria) 1. Show the resis of low posible in a compresble low wth sheches. Refer Pige 125 w 12%, Section Ltt 2 Define the terms: Compressibilty and nose efficiency Cantcent compressibility CCoeticient nf camresaiblty (B) of a Midis defined as, Relative change in vlame 8 Change in pressure Since sage i enpy (20) iE ascaer snl BR asnze2dt Mak on 29-9 Refer Page Na3.16 (0 37 en? For ise, nathermalcoeTicient of compres given by ke172s Oynamice and Jot Propulsion (M) = May 2016 ‘The isentropic coefficient of compressibility ie given by. Bega Pra¥B, For lgids the dfrnce between the coefficient compre for soiemal and adabate proces fs negligibly smal 1. Sketch the comprestion proces in a subsonic and supersonic nose reflecing actual and ienrpicexpesion in es tre Space, Refer Page No22, Seton 21 4 Explain in bref the flow characterises of convergent mete 5. What are the asemptions involved in apligh flo? Shech fannaline ‘or dered rant deen Refer Page NoS.t Reter Page No.2, 43 6 Define the terms crint length of tact and thermal choking Refer Short Qusaions and Answer, Page NO868, Q.NoAAD Refer Page No80, GDJP Book 17. Why expansion shocts not potbe ino sapere compres low? canon im, wich conte oft ie umber of exparsion woes or rand Moyer exponin fan The wach lc emanating fm hse comer fe drersing on socnnt Of the popteve inmete of ch mami ‘ertre these mich waves camo fos tock wave. Th fn abecnee of citer invari rape fe ovr 2 come wal an be ssamed trentopiebecaue ofthe presence mach waver ly. 1 Define the term: Shock strength and Mach Ware. eter Page NOA24, 225, Section 341 & 342 {Gas Dynamics and Jot Propulsion (M) = May 2016 74 Mach wave ‘Mach wave is pretswre wave travelling with the speed of sound caused by a light changs of presi added o\a compressible flow. Thee Me weak Waves which combine in superanic law to become shock wave Part B Answer all questions. Each question carrier 12 marks 11. Following quantities are glen at the entry and exit of & passage: Entry: P= 2.07 bar, 7 =300K,My=14 and Exe z= 25, assuming iemrople flow of an Weal gar (y= 14 R=287 SKG/K)- Determine (a) Velocity of sound stagnation conditions, (8) ‘Maximus veloc: (e) Mack number Mj and Ms, (d) Temperature ‘and pressure at ext and; (—) Masinsm flow rate. (242420442-12 mts) 7 bats, 300% = 25, 14, R= 287 SeaK Solution From lentropic able, conesponding (0 My Matas poaome gh, Pom gate “ost = Py) 6502 bar Ti. 200, ae one and To{72_Gas oynamics and Jet Propubion (M) - May 2016 (Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Qu) = May 2016 73. For isentropic proces, wer To = Toa" T= To Pos Paa= Fo Po Toy = Tea A1782K Poy= Poy = 6.552 bar From Isentepic tbe, comesponding 10 My =25,y= 14 sass, 2-60, £2 -02n 0.689 Tq = 0689 417 82 or = rp-aener 12 Starting from the adiabatic energy equation, derive the Bernoul’s zi ce ‘equation fora compressible Jud. What ts the equivalent of Bernoult c Pe "a ‘equation Jor isentropic compresible flow? ee Refer Page No.9, 1.6, 161, Section 1.16 . 1 Air (7914, R~= 2873 KIER) enters sraight acaymmearic duct at Since = AR ERTRATT [300 K, 3:45 ar and 150 mit and leaves W at 277 K, 2088 bar and pens 260 mi The area of cots section at the entry fe SO cos? Assuming " ‘diabric lw determine: 1. stagnation temperature; 2. maximant wer Selociy: 3 mass flow rate: and 4 area of eoss Seton ot exe Qeae3e3—12 marks) Refer Problem 2.17, Page No2S6 to 2.58 14 (@) Ale Ws discharged from a reservoir at Py 691 bar and Ty=598 1K through @ mozle fo an exit pressure of O98 bar. Uf the flow rate 1 3600 hgh, determine for tzntrpic flow; () throat area, pressare land veloc; (i) eit area and ext Mach maumber (ii) Maina > CmetoGRT “AON TA Sloe of fu marks) ‘Refer Problem 219, Page No3.60 to 2.63, 916.18 miscs and Jet Proputon QM) = May 2016 14 (0) Explain the working principle of @ convergenedivergent mele ‘saing design and off-design contions. marks) Refer Page No:2.23 to 225, Section 2.7.2 1S. A clrealar duct passes 825 kas of air ofan ext Mach number of 0 ‘The entry presvure and temperlare are 3:45 bar and EPC respectively land the coufcient of frei 0.008. If the Mach number ery ke 15, determine () diameter and length of the duct (0) presure fend temperature et the ext; (©) stagnation presare lst and ext locity of air (4444 40012 marks) Refer Problem 43, Page No424 t 426 16 The Mach number ct the exit of @ combustion chamber is 09. The ‘ui of sagration sempertares atthe eit and entry 1s 374. Uf the ‘pressure and temperature ofthe gas a exit are 25 bar and 1000 C ‘epectvely, determine (a) Mach number, restre and temperatare (Fas ot entry; (2) the heat supplied per ky of the gas and (@) the ‘aia heat that cam be supple. eee Refer Problem 58 Page NoS.2S to 526 Starting from the eneray equation, fr flows through a normal shock, brain the follwing relations (C,)(C,) =a"? and (a2); =1. Refer Page Nos €0 340, Section 3.3 JS An aierat flies of © Mach mumber of 12 0 an altitude of 16000 m ("0108 bar, T= 21665 K). The compression tn tx engine is party sched by a Normal shock wave sanding atthe entry of afer Determine immetitly downstream ofthe shock: (a) Mach numer: (@) temperature of ai (e) Pressure of air; and (d)Sagmaton pressure loss nero the shock. Bees Refer Problem 3.20, Page No.89 to 391 (Gee Dyas and Jot ion MD) - May 201878 MG University Kerala B.Tech. Degree Examination, May 2016 Seventh Semester Branch : Mechanical Enginearing [ME 010 703 - GAS DYNAMICS AND JET PROPULSION (ME) (New Scheme - 2010 Admission onwards) [improvemenSupplementary) ‘Time : Three Hours Maximus: 100 soars Part A Answer all questions. Each question carries 3 marks. (53.18 marks) 1 State Karman’s tow. ‘This law sates tha, he average velco a bulet flow a certain it is proportions 1 the Hogarth of the sisce fom the pot 10 the ‘all (the boundary ofthe fui region. This law is alo Known st Law ofthe wl 2. State the significance of area rain, ‘Area rio is ako swf Quant ike temperature, pressure and eos rato. Area fro gives the reuton Seoeen Mach number and the few. When Are ti is etl oon, he mich me fend 6 tei Tee Fi show the ares rao has go 40 08 On abo ad eter supeonic. This because Ais the anima aes inthe flow and the same ‘ale Of can oscar inthe converging aF wll asthe diverging shes of the Irina area The cross svtonal af a he cecal scion is ured ar the ‘eteence aea in vsabe ares isentope Mow. The dimensionless prometer relating the are at any set 1 the seca at the reference section is{75_Gas Dynamics and Jot Propdsion (M) = May 2016 eo ied for refering to ary section inthe lw. For particular Dad, the Dow mach amber ny section depends only Ba te ae ratio A, 3 Hw wil you account for variation in flew proportion dering ‘hesional flow? Flow properties at M=M"=1 are wad ab reference values for on dirsensionalising various properties at any secon of the duct. Fain Now ‘model is considered as sm reversible proces dus t0 viscous effect, The ‘scout fcton cauzes the low propeies to change along the duct’ The fiction effet ie modeled as shear sear at wall ating om the Tid with teller properties over any cose sectlon ofthe det 4 Where doce ‘normal shock? occur tn @ noche? Refer Page No.1, 32, Seton 3:1 Gas Dynami and Jot Propulsion (M) = sy 201677 Part 8 Answer all questions Each question carries § marks (55.525 maa) 4 Distinguish berseen comprestle and incomprstibe flo. Refer Page No.2 7. Woe the assumptions in deriving Euler's equation, ule's Equation for sendy ow of ideal uid is derived toed on folowing sssumptions oe ote eae cee woe eee ee eee ree a fo mt tp tn apt se on eh mtr ie ti i a(t) Se eo Ih oe oe 2.205{7_Gas Dynamics and Jet Propubion (WM) - May 2016 Fr the Rayleigh flow model, the dimersioness change in entony mt ah) | thet ate tb al be tg 9 ma Seen men esasas ‘The dimensonlese enthalpy eqution relates the staic temperatre With it sale 2 he choke location for clorially perfect gs grr orn FL ee 2. Rsplan the importance of stagnation sate cut Stagnation propertics ‘efor Page No. 117, Section 17 ‘The stagnation roperes are important bess energy accounting in ‘opulsion systems must acknowledge the presen® of kine energy in a ‘tow steam, If there were ro Kins energy Ina fo Sueur, then Hai and gation properies would be equa. However th tendency inthe phytic packaging of propulsion system haréware fo shih is S26, primarily foe purposes of weight reduction. Reducing the sytrs= plysial sie results in Mow pascages becoming taller The resin High velocity flow steams ‘Az the flow seen velocity horas, ste andstgnation properties diverge ftom each oer and the presence of Kinetic enenf ust be taken it account when dosorbing total emery wenluble wo the ow proces. ue and sot 2018 7 Part © ‘Anewor all questions. Each question carries 12 marksys. 1260 mats) 1 Prove that sonic velocity of am ideal gas depends on the temperature ‘and mature of the gos. Refer Page No1.20 to 122, Section 19 or \ 52. Show that the discharge through a nozzle is maximum when there is 1 vonie condsion als throat Refer Page No223 to 225, Secon 272 12. A supersonic wind tunnel note i 10 be designed for M2, wth 0 throat secon, O12 i area. The supply prssere and temperaare ft the mace inlet, whore the veloc tr negligible, are 70 KPa and [S7°C respectively, Compute the mas flow rte, the ext area and the usd properties atthe trot and the ex Take y=1A. Similar Problem No2 ‘Given Data Much number at te st secon y= 2," = 0.1m? Since the velocity # revigile, therfore the sme of ie supply Is stagnation nate Poy = TOkpa Toy 310K y= LA From intro table Y= M92 Fnosss: E-o128ana 2m TT,From ure aa he ra mtn Ay Ecome Enos Feaasie, #26960 CNet = 23 me as ti |W Pow Ya gg] Yan Section Frate dapsee) | com?) | tweed |" Ol Gmvsccs Fe] span | see se a fee] ae Jar] aoe er as o 14 Kesplain the significance of the erica pressure rato. Derlve on ‘xpresion for Deduce ie values for differen pts. Cite pressure aio isthe pees ratio where the flow is ascot wo a velocity eal tothe local velocity of sound tn the Mad he mata mw (a) cd re fata in he nozale throat this sate of flow i called crea! state of Hv. NRO) (intial velciy is meible) where yy tthe entay drop across the nol We know that Tas dh—vaP For icearople ow Icgating from let to ex ja ya “Assuming that pressure and volume ot wong Mud daring expansion bey the Law P= constant. Where m tthe ienronic inde.2 _ Gas Oynamics gd Set Propstion - May 2016 | i ons Dynamics and Jet Proplion M) - May 2016 63 415, plain oll she aspects of Fe pune flow without friction and (i) Adiabatic flow with [Peton. Given examples foreach ‘Refer Page No. 5.1, t0 87 Refer Page No 4, 42, 43 16 Rsplain chs pressure variations and choking no nace, with relent ‘pot Refer Page No2.23, to 225 Section 2721 17. aptoin she phenomena of normal shock i an ideal Refer Page No. 31, 32, Seton 31ons 0 = bee 2016 05 [MOCET college, Kerala | Agee . “ oe pene cena | ‘ic: the Meth meer apron ofthe hse Eta se " a i nme temperature downstream of the shock is 470 K. Calculate the change a tn velo across the shock. 13,709 : GAS DYNAMICS (4) oe : $ Hows MaxMara: 100 Insrocoa: Ost Tables we allowed PART - A “Answer all questions In Part A, which Is compulzory, each carries 2 marks. (0x2=20 Marks) 1. Write down the four basie equations which sais the points before | land efter the shock wave © Continuity Equation © Moment Equition © Enecy Bouton © Equation of tate 2 Diferenite between seep and nom step compression waver ‘Non sep comprenion waver | Steep compresdon waver J) Changes across hess waves a] ()_ Changes across thse waver | 6x aT senuopi ot ion [a The proper of flow actns](iy) The proper: of flow sso = 368. nds hese waver are infiteimal [these waves are sess 3 Bring out the concept of cominunan. In Engicsring problems here isa concern of prose betavout ofthe ta yo Sm aot TT, 16 068 « VIFF ‘uid i's coool volume (07) 8 rst Hence a concept of contnaum ed. which implies that the moecular density ie th. system under 6,=200.28 mi ‘Somederatio i large enough 4 consider the id as «continuous medio. Gy G)=AC= 3685 290.28 | & Sketch Kiet probe hinge in velocity across the shock, AC= 78:22 mis5 Gas yeamies (My - Deo 2016 |S. Espain the phenomenon af cloud Jormation when « fighter plane ‘rte: the Borie of ound. lady, the ow spent of alae. the propagtion spead of sound waves i fit, souroes of sound that afe moving an Gen to catch Up wit the sound waves they emit AS the speed of plane increses 10 sonie velo, “These coun waver begin lato pile op I front ofthe plane. If he plane has the auficient acceleration, it can butt through the Barer of sound waves fd wave abead of rdited sound. The change ht pesire as te plane ‘Suc al the pressure and sound water in font of ts Reard nt Brown Sr am caplosion is said a5 sone boom. During onic Mh condone, the Sirf wing center both low presurerepone ard amplified tow prestre ‘iuttances near the sirafe The Jowered prewure cence the wer in the ai creating a vapour cloud AF the Jet grocer thee posse waver od popups ahesa ot them, e feion a wer gressive are urlly SNongest behind the ove of jet'on the wings and body. As the alee ‘Soninues © speed up the vapour eload wil appear fer tow the rear sear Then juss the serfs Borst trough the sound baer the aie ‘5 locally aitarbed by the reulng shock wave and the soosenation (o) “arouesloud disappear. (6 Write a note om temperatere recovery factor Refer Page No.648 Section 6:7 2% Heat addition to a gas may cool the gas. Explain with proper os dsm. Refer Page No.2 to 53 “Tie x due 10 the fact that beyond poine the derese in enthalpy ts wo the presere drop ie Beater than th icteate by eat ston 5. Am aircraft les at M= 03 at an attiude where the pressure and lumpersture are 44 Kpa and —4S°C respectvls. Detrmint the Cente stavation presiure aed tompertart resorted on the iret Giver M208; P= 4 PRT, © 15" C4273 =258 K cae Dee 201687 "Te find: PT Settion: From Isemtopic table, comesponting t0 M = 0.,y= 14 ere Fnoms: f= 0656 288 9 To geg- ELK 2 Tya291a9K aot Pong ns Po 56 2 qe 100K 2 Rapin the eect of inereae i duct Leng In Fann flo “The flow dintnces from section (1) and section (2) are mesure from crite state where the ow is choked (ie) M= I. Tntese in length of dat yond M-= Cie ant posible because the change la enzopy afer this pit sal be negative, Ts violates sezond lw of thermodynamic. 10, With suitable examples, explain the system and contol volume approach Refer Page No, 1.2 to 1%, Section 1.2 and 1.3 PART - 8 ‘Anewer four questions In Part B, choosing ene duestion from feach Module. Each question carries 20 marks. Module 12. (@) Derive am expression forthe ante velocity in @ medium tn terms (of the ratio of specie heat and diference of speci heat of the medium: ao Teter Page Nosait te 122, Sexton 19R. “. Dynamics Qu) - Dee’ 2016 ©) Derive M-n{ 28; }¢1-a0) for one dimensionattentrope flow aloe oo Rater Page No to 25, Secon 22 (a) Dine the tev of comsertion of mas ax epticabe to coat ‘otume: Steal the ssp ey eter Page Not, Seton 14 (8) Explain the fling: Mach angle and Mach cone, on fection one of tenes withthe hl of et eth a Rater Pag Nos127 to 130, Seton 1.12 Modest (a) Air flows through a fpktioless abate conergent-divergem ‘note, The air scgnaton pressure ahd temperature are 7 bar and 500 K respective. The divergent porion of the mozle has am area tle Of eid “191. A normal shock wave sand in the Aivergent portion of the mocle where the Mach mumber is 30. Determine the Mock number and the tie pressure and tnperoare atthe nowle eit plane a) Poy 7 bas Toy = 500: “2 yea us Dyan Ose 26 8 rom Namal hk le comand 1 3-724 yoo vases ses uta Pg 0328 79,0328 7 = My=2236 br From isentropic tale, aesponding to M, = 0475, 4= 14 Mya290 F038, Pars Po" Pec Pox Poy Poy= Pewie QW) = Reo 2016 2: Ty 0360 xT, = 0309x500 = re1isK P_= 00207 «Pq = 00207 2.296 > Py=00T04 we 22 (b) Show tht AA” i fonction of Mach number in One dimensional ‘senirpte flow. a) Refer Page No29 to 2.1%, Section 24 on 14. (a) Derive an expression for mass low parameter in the following ‘orn mite xy ya yerneen a?) (7) Refer Page No218 14 (0) A conversing diverging now ic designed to operate ith an et ‘Mach rwumber of 178 The mocle. supplied from am air revere (at 68 ber, Assuming one dimensional flow calculate: (Ge) Maximum back presare to choke the morse (©) Range of bock prstare over =hick a norm shock wlll appear fn the node () Back pressure for the nocle 0 be perfecly expanded 10 the design Bork number (a) Range of ack pressure for supersonic flow at the nore ext plane. a9) My=1.75, P= 68 ba a) 219, Secon 2.62 Solution: (@) Maximum Back presi w ehook the nozle From Isemonic se, conesponding to My 1.75.9 14 For all tack pressres below the premure dstibtion curves foe convergent divergent nazi the ze io cocked rom Isenrople tale, conesponding to 421.387, L4 A (oe sitnonie ow) ie) Met synaas. £0854 PaO8St% Py 0884 x68 = poston tee * Maximum Back pressure We choke the nozle Py $8072 tae (©) Range of back pressure over which & povmal shock will apes’ ia he Taking My= 175, 2 =0.1878 =P, =0878%68 Pye "rom Norma shock ble, comespoding to 7 Frassus 1 Pye ARIS xP, 2515 912.7 2-25422. Gas Omamice = Dee 2016 Fer a shock jst downstream of the moze throat, the back presse 1s Py=S8272 bar Ge) the flow downsream the throat in diverzent part subsonic. So normal shock will appa’ ia the noule over the rang of back pressure fom 42.54 bart 58.272 br (For perfectly expanded rupémonic nozale the back presse is 12.77 (Supersonic low wil exist a the noel plane fo ll back pressures lee than 4254 bar Modules 15. (a) Atmoxpheric air at a pressure of 1OIS2S x10" Nin? and temperature of 200K is drown thrasgh @ frictionless bell-mouth trance into 3 m long tbe ing 0.05 m dlameter. The average Fiction coclicirs ts 0403 for the tube. The system & perfect (salad (2) Fine the maximum mats lm rte and the range ef back pressures thot wil produce this flow. (B) What i the et revive required to produce 90% of the maximum mass flow rate ‘and what willbe che stagnation pressure and the velocity atthe ext for that mass fw rau? a ‘Poy 1.01325 10° Nin; Ty = 300K; 23 m= 005 m: f= 0.005, Solution: ‘The mass flow rao will be maximus for choked conditions Far ebocked flow Hla AXONS om Fame wi comeing wo Ao, yea 1s in, 0485, 24 =22076, 2 0485, t= 2.2076. ‘rom iene table, coresponing 19 M,=O0485,y= 1 Py 0851 x75, 0851 x 1.01525 108 3 Asner xt0 Nt ai Ty 09557 098530 = ra0955x14 2 ph ga SIC 390 5108 Nn wad Perea Eres 29 bu Po 8802010" ace Op axa) Oo Mo wed GR TET = a =31694.m Maximum mast flow rate, nga BAC = Fie 2 088815 005} 31694 li 03985 te “he range of back pes 7) at would pce his fw i st =390%10' Nit (©) Since 905 of maximum mase How rte, Fan = 0903385, 02007 tes(94s oyeasies (a) - Dee 2016 as 0.3385, ong ag Exoost 21856? B pe Ga sea WRT, a Ga My RT, [-w-8t air Wan cas Dynamics (yy; Deo 2016 95. we Te se _, TET To1as 10° 14 a From Isentopic table, comesponiing to My = 43, y= 14 Fb 08st-9 Fy =Da6 x 01325% 10° Py=t98 x10? eel el att Osa. y= taGas Dypamics (= Doo 2016 Beis: aise ree oom |e, [be 3 beng From Fanno table, corresponding Pen P8268 1.01325 x1 Pn Fg Ponts! ue fo o> Pag 27810 Nit Dynamics WM) = Dey 2016 97 15. (®) Derive an expression forthe change In entropy fora Fano flow, "Wuk the help of second law explain the direction 9f proces: (8) Refer Page No.6, 4.17, Section 446 on 16 A gaseous mictre ofa and fal enters a ramjet combustion chamber ‘wth veloc of 7215 mit of «wate presure an temporatare of 5516 bor anf 333.3 K. The heat af reaction AM of tht ful bit mbcture ts 13955 kg. Assuing tht the woking laid has the rare ‘ermodynane properties ar alt before and wr cowbuting and that ‘the fetion te neglgtbl andthe ern Sectond area af the combution ‘Chamber te constant celulte: (@) "The stagnation tonperatare ser combustion (©) Mach mumber ater combustion (©. Pinal sae temperature (00 The lei stagnation presare due to hest ation G) Bneropy change D) The inal lly of the combustion mixture (@) The marion hoot of reaction Jor which the flow with the pected intial condi cam be matitined eo Given: SII K: AH = g= 1395 SKIKE: TAS ove, 0.516 ba 7 To tn: Tap My Tie Py BS, Ci Ona Sota We know tat, oo Mn02 From fsentrope able, comesprting to Mf, = 02.714Since AH= QC, (Faa~Toi) 13055» 1.008 (Ty ~33598) = Ta=1259K From Rayeigh tbs, coesponding My eee ag” HOLS KI rom Raye Dec 204 P= Poy ~ Fon = 05569-04815 00854 ae Ae=2.21 1g100 Gas Dynamics a) - Dee 2016 ModuletV 27, alla hve int pet ntramen empl compres ‘Pow to study the density veration tn the low field. ‘eter Page No.8, Section 62 CH) on 18, (@) Explain the working principle of a closed crcl supersonic wind ‘anne! with @ net skech indicwcing al the relevant component. Why the design of differ throat arca i made larger tha the note throct force in supersonic tunnel? ao) Refer Page NosS6, Section 69:3 18 (®) plain the diferent temperature measurements emplayed in ‘supersoni fow. ‘a eter Page No624, Section 64 tnaex INDEX a Berry 8 ‘Avouaie Vel (09 Sod Byoon f See 5.7 elesy 120 alan Appa 14 ‘Aibac Eeny Eqewion 1.16 Expuion im Nowa 25 Beal's Bquton 1.59 Binclie Temomer 624 Blow Down Wind Tne (Open ssi om) ese ‘iow down wi Tana! (Closed Croat Type) 638 Booy Fae 18 Conpreniisy (18) 1 Cote Enopy Lines $a {Cominty Equation 5.7 {Cont Value Appr 14 CGoeee Rant [Cr] 138 Cyleic Type Prete Cue23 Dal Type ese Ganges 620 Dice Etconcy 227 neey Egon 14 Fran (Curve) Lines 08 HS Dig. rao Flow = Goveing Equations ¢ ve Hae Trond Fake 68 Feed Tobe Frenze C22 ¢ Governing Equation 33, Hydogen Bate Scot ypenanic lw Repion 137 ' Leterme Flow Equine 420 « L eerie Approms ‘ser Dopler Veiner 636 guid Manometes 616 oc elo of Sand 0) 33