Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Disaster remains one of the main challenges facing the nations of the developing

world. It not only causes high mortality and suffering, it also damages local economies

that are in the process of formation and thwarts development achievements. The

Philippines is one of the countries around the world often experiencing disasters such as

earthquake, volcanic eruption, typhoon, tsunami, drought, and flooding among others.

Over the past two decades, the Philippines endured a total of 274 natural calamities,

making it the fourth most disaster-prone country in the world. The country is highly

exposed to natural hazards because it lies along the Pacific Typhoon Belt and is within

the Pacific Ring of Fire. The risk is compounded by uncontrolled settlement in hazard-

prone areas, high poverty rate, failure to implement building codes and construction

standards and the degradation of forests and coastal resources, among others.

Flooding is the most frequently experienced phenomenon in the Philippines due

to the monsoon rains and typhoons. The country experiences about 20 typhoons (more or

less) per year. Monsoon rain affects the weather system of the country for about six

months or half of the year. This causes flooding in many parts of the country. Excessive

rainfall can cause urban flooding as well as breach in river dikes or levees which can

cause flooding to low lying towns and villages. Damage to property agriculture. As well

as loss of lives may happen during floods. The Philippines experienced several disasters

related to flooding which caused many deaths and damage to property in the last decade.
(Dr. Murphy P. Mohammed, International Conference oo Building Resilience, 27 –

29 November 2017,)

First cause is that the DRRM in our country has poor urban governance resulting

in inefficient and ineffective building codes and poor land use planning at the local level.

One proof of this, as mentioned by relief web, if only the authorities have been held

accountable and focused more on risk reduction rather than the response, there would be

lesser casualties during the Typhoon Sendong. The efforts done before, during and after

the calamity are sometimes questionable. Politics donate goods but made it to their

advantage by making it as an opportunity for being more popular. People with

connections and influence keep to themselves the donations that were supposed to be

given to the affected people. Businessmen grab the chance to increase the price of

primary goods such as water and food, knowing that the people would have no other

choice but to buy their product. These practices made the distribution of goods and

donations difficult and hassle. (Disaster Risk Reduction Problems Encountered in the

Philippine Setting, March 9, 2015)

The Philippine National Government, which highly recognizes the adverse effects

of natural disasters, made possible the enactment of Republic Act No. 10121 or also

known as the “Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010”. This

law provided the legal basis for the creation of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management Plan (NDRRMP), the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

Councils (LDRRMCs) and Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

Committees (BDRRMCs) in the multifarious Local Government Units (LGUs)

nationwide. The NDRRMP was established to correspond to RA 10121 for the

formulation of policies, plans, and programs that concerns disaster related phenomena.

This plan revolves around four thematic points or concerns, namely: (1) Disaster

Prevention and Mitigation; (2) Disaster Preparedness; (3) Disaster Response; and (4)

Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery (NDRRMC, 2011). In addition, these four thematic

points revolve on the (1) avoidance of hazards and mitigates the potential impacts

through vulnerability reduction and honing or enhancement of the capacities of

communities; (2) establishment and strengthening of communities to anticipate, cope and

recover from the negative impacts of emergency occurrences and disasters; (3) provision

of life preservation and meeting the basic subsistence needs of communities being

affected based on established standards during or immediately after a catastrophe; and (4)

the restoration and improvement of facilities, livelihood and living conditions and

organizational capacities of affected communities (NDRRMC, 2011). The establishment

of these thematic areas covered by NDRRMP empowered LGUs nationwide in building

community resiliency and in the institutionalization of measures in reducing disaster risks.

The Act shifted the policy environment and the way the country deals with

disasters from mere response to preparedness. RA 10121 provides a comprehensive, all-

hazard, multi-sectoral, inter-agency, and community-based approach to disaster risk

management through the formulation of the National Disaster Risk Management

Framework.

A National Disaster Risk Management Plan (NDRMP) is being formulated,

developed, and implemented as the master plan that will provide the strategies,

organisation, tasks of concerned agencies and local government units, and other

guidelines in dealing with disasters or emergencies. Through this plan, a coherent,

integrated, efficient, and responsive disaster risk management at all levels will hopefully

be achieved.

The law also promotes the development of capacities in disaster management at

the individual, organisational, and institutional levels. A very important feature of this

law is its call for the mainstreaming of disaster risk reduction in physical and land-use

planning, budget, infrastructure, education, health, environment, housing, and other

sectors.

RA 10121 also recognises local risk patterns and trends and decentralisation of

resources and responsibilities and thus encourages the participation of NGOs, private

sectors, community-based organisations, and community members in disaster

management. It inhibits the full participation of the Local Government Units (LGUs) and

communities in governance. Philippine Disaster Reduction and Management Act (RA

10121)

Kalamasig has its legendary origin of folklore from a manobo term "Kalaman-sa-

wagig" which literally means "Abundance of Water". It was them the seat of the

goverment of the municipality of Lebak which was composed of borrio Kalamansig

Salaman and Sebayor. On December 29, 1961. Kalamansig was officially created into a

municipality by virtue of Executive Order No. 459 by former President Carlos P. Garcia.

The researchers wants to study the awareness on Disaster Risk Reduction

Management of the people in Barangay Poblacio and Barangay Nalilidan, of Kalamansig,

Sultan Kudarat.
Statement of the problem

The study aims to determine the level of awareness about disaster and disaster

preparedness of the respondents in Barangay Poblacion and Barangay Nalilidan, of

Kalamansig, Sultan Kudarat.

General Objectives

The main objective of the study is to measure the organizational effectiveness of

the DRRM of the flood-prone, typhoon and any natural calamities at barangay Poblacion

and Nalilidan, of Kalamansig, Sultan Kudarat.

Specific Objectives

1. To determine the Demographic socio-economic profile of the respondents in

Barangay Poblacion and Barangay Nalilidan, Kalamansig, Sultan Kadarat.

2. To determine the Awareness of respondents on Disaster Mitigation and

Prevention Program in Barangay Poblacion and Barangay Nalilidan, Kalamansig, Sultan

Kadarat.

3. To determine the Awareness of the respondents on Disaster Preparedness

Program in Barangay Poblacion and Barangay Nalilidan, Kalamansig, Sultan Kadarat.

4. To determine the Awareness of the respondents on Disaster Response Program

in Barangay Poblacion and Barangay Nalilidan, Kalamansig Sultan Kadarat.

 5. To determine the awareness of the respondents on Disaster Rehabilitation and

Recovery Program in Barangay Poblacion and Barangay Nalilidan, Kalamansig, Sultan

Kadarat.

Significant of the Study

Disaster risk reduction and management helps prevent incoming and inevitable

disaster that creates destructive outcomes. Specifically, this study will show how resident

will take action to different disasters, and to contribute to the overall knowledge of

Barangay Poblacion and Barangay Nalilidan, in the awareness of the residents in

disasters and on how to reduce destruction. For the respondents, it is to imply adequate

knowledge about Disaster Readiness and Risk Management, and to apply everything they

had learned to invert greater catastrophe in succeeding years.

Scope and Delimitation

This research study is delimited only to determine the disaster awareness and

readiness among respondents in Barangay Poblacion and Barangay Nalilidan, at

Kalamansig, Sultan Kudarat.

Operatinal Definition of Terms

Barangay . The place where the study is conducted

Demographic . Basic information and/or personal circumstances of respondents.

Household Interview. A house to house visit and personal interview with the

respondents.

Interview Questioner. Questioner use in the data gathering of the study

sometimes orally translate into local vernacular for easy understanding and

comprehension.

Interview Schedule . A man to man interview.

Landslides . The erosion of a mass of soil or roks down slope.

Residence . The house where one lives permanently.

Respondents. The one who will answer the interview/questions of the researchers.

Weather. The atmospheric (heat, cold, wetness, dryness, clearnesss, cloudiness

and etc. Prevailing at the given time.

Terminologies

Disaster. A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society

involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and

impacts that exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using

its own resources.

Disaster risk reduction. The concept and practice of reducing disaster risks

through systematic efforts to analyse and manage the causal factors of disasters,

including through reduced exposure to hazards, reduced vulnerability of people

and property, wise management of land and the environment, and im-proved

preparedness for adverse events.

Hazard. A dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that

may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of

livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental

damage.

Mitigation. The lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts of hazards and

related disasters.

Preparedness. The knowledge and capacities developed by governments,

professional response and recovery organizations, communities and individuals to

effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from the impacts of likely,

imminent or current hazard events or conditions.

Prevention. The outright avoidance of adverse impacts of hazards and related

disasters.

Public awareness. The extent of common knowledge about disaster risks, the
factors that lead to disasters and the actions that can be taken, individually and

collectively, to reduce exposure and vulnerability to hazards.

Resilience. The ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to

resist, absorb, adapt to and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and

efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its

essential basic structures and functions.

Risk. The probability of an event and its negative consequences.

Vulnerability. The characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or

asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. The definitions

in this section are adapted from the United Nations International Strategy for

Disaster Reduction’s publication Terminology of Disaster Risk Reduction.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURED

Disaster Preparedness provides for the key strategic actions that give

importance to activities revolving around community awareness and understanding;

contingency planning; conduct of local drills and the development of a national disaster

response plan. Risk-related information coming from the prevention and mitigation

aspect is necessary in order for the preparedness activities to be responsive to the needs

of the people and situation on the ground. Also, the policies, budget and institutional

mechanisms established under the prevention and mitigation priority area will be further

enhanced through capacity building activities, development of coordination mechanisms.

Through these, coordination, complementation and interoperability of work in DRRM

operations and essential services will be ensured. Behavioral change created by the

preparedness aspect is eventually measured by how well people responded to the

disasters. At the frontlines of preparedness are the local government units, local chief

executives and communities. Disaster Response gives importance toactivities during the

actual disaster response operations from needs assessment to search and rescue to relief

operations to early recovery activities are emphasized. The success and realization of this

priority area rely heavily on the completion of the activities under both the prevention

and mitigation and preparedness aspects, including among others the coordination and

communication mechanisms to be developed. On-the-ground partnerships and the

vertical and horizontal coordination work between and among key stakeholders will

contribute to successful disaster response operations and its smooth transition towards

early and long term recovery work. The Rehabilitation and Recoverypriority area cover
areas like employment and livelihoods, infrastructure and lifeline facilities, housing and

resettlement, among others. These are recovery efforts done when people are already

outside of the evacuation centers. There are compelling reasons why the Philippines

should adopt disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM) and climate change

adaptation (CCA). It is exposed to disasters and hazards due to its geography and

geology as well as the presence of internal disputes in some areas. Tropical cyclones and

its sequential effects of rain and windstorms, as well as floods are the most prevalent

types of hydro-meteorological hazards in the country. Between 1997 and 2007,

eightyfour (84) tropical cyclones entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR).

These typhoons resulted to a total of 13,155 in human casualty and more than 51 million

families have been affected. Economic losses due to typhoon damages in agriculture,

infrastructures and private properties are estimated to reach P158.242-B. Some of the

most devastating floods and landslides are triggered by these typhoons that happened also

within this period. The El Nino Southern Oscillation which is a periodic disaster recorded

high economic costs in just a single occurrence. In 2010, out of the almost PhP 25-M

worth of damages to properties caused by natural disasters, tropical cyclones contributed

to more than half. These affected more than 3 million people in that year alone.

Environmental factors such as denuded forests aggravate flood risks. The pace of

deforestation since the 1930s accelerated in the 1950s and 1960s, before falling slightly

in the 1980s. Even now, the effects of loose soil and reduced forest cover from past

forestry activities are felt in frequent landslides and floods. Recent events show that the

annual monsoon season in the country has brought severe flooding in most areas. In

2011, most of the disasters that claimed the lives of people and affected properties and
livelihoods of the most vulnerable were brought about by increased rainfall which caused

massive flash flooding in areas which don’t normally experience such. Between January

to September 2011, more than 50 incidents of flash flooding and flooding and more than

30 landslides occurred, mostly caused by increased rainfall and illegal logging. Typhoon

Sendong alone caused the lives of more than 1,000 people and damaged properties

amounting to billions of pesos. In addition, the Philippines is situated along a highly

seismic area lying along the Pacific Ring of Fire and is highly-prone to earthquakes.

According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVLOCS), the

country experiences an average of five (5) earthquakes a day (Department of Internal

and Local Government of the Philippines, 2012).

Over the past 20 years disasters have affected 4.4 billion people, caused $2

trillion of damage and killed 1.3 million people. These losses have outstripped the total

value of official development assistance in the same period. Natural disasters

disproportionately affect people living in developing countries and the most vulnerable

communities within those countries. Over 95 per cent of people killed by natural disasters

are from developing countries (Extreme Weather and Natural Disasters, 2012).

Disaster risk reduction is at the core of the mission of the World Meteorological

Organization (WMO. WMO, through its scientific and technical programs, its network of

Global Meteorological Centers and Regional Specialized Meteorological and Climate

Centers, provide scientific and technical services. This includes observing, detecting,

monitoring, predicting and early warning of a wide range of weather–, climate- and

water-related hazards. Through a coordinated approach, and working with its partners,
WMO addresses the information needs and requirements of the disaster risk management

community in an effective and timely fashion. Every year, disasters related to

meteorological, hydrological and climate hazards cause significant loss of life, and set

back economic and social development by years, if not decades. Between 1980 and 2007,

nearly 7500 natural disasters worldwide took the lives of over 2 million people and

produced economic losses estimated at over 1.2 trillion US dollars. Of this, 90 per cent of

the natural disasters, 71 per cent of casualties and 78 per cent of economic losses were

caused by weather-, climate- water-related hazards such as droughts, floods, windstorms,

tropical cyclones, storm surges, extreme temperatures, landslides and wild fires, or by

health epidemics and insect infestations directly linked to meteorological and

hydrological conditions. Over the past five decades, economic losses related to hydro-

meteorological hazards have increased, but the human toll has fallen dramatically. This is

thanks to scientific advances in forecasting, combined with proactive disaster risk

reduction policies and tools, including contingency planning and early warning systems

in a number of high risk countries (World Meteorological Organization, 2011).

Recent disasters in Haiti and Pakistan in 2010 showed the need to “use knowledge,

innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels” as

articulated in the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015. The role of education for

disaster risk reduction strategies can thus be presented according to three types of

activities: 1) Save lives and prevent injuries should a hazardous event occur, 2) Prevent

interruptions to the provision of education, or ensure its swift resumption in the event of

an interruption, and 3) Develop a resilient population that is able to reduce the economic,

social and cultural impacts should a hazardous event occur. Education for Disaster Risk
Reduction (DRR) takes into account the relationships between society, environment,

economy, and culture and their impacts. It also promotes critical thinking and problem-

solving as well as social and emotional life skills that are essential to the empowerment

of groups threatened or affected by disasters.ESD, through its interdisciplinary and

holistic approach to learning, helps create resilient societies. It encourages a long-term

perspective in decision-making processes, critical thinking, and holistic and innovative

approaches to problem-solving. ESD, therefore, contributes to DRR while DRR increases

the relevance and the quality of education in disaster-prone areas.UNESCO gives

specialized policy advice and technical assistance to affected governments, UN agencies

and non-profit organizations in reactivating education system in post-disaster situations.

It also plays a catalytic role, including advocacy, networking and participation in inter-

agency activities, to ensure that educational needs are met in post-disaster settings. It is

actively involved in post-disaster program such as the Myanmar Education Recovery

Program (MERP) in the Asia-Pacific region.UNESCO has been playing a valuable role

within the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) Thematic Platform

on Knowledge and Education. With its ISDR partner agencies, UNESCO promotes the

integration of Disaster Risk Reduction in national educational plans, school curricula and

national strategies, as well as supporting natural disaster preparedness. UNESCO has

promoted Education for Disaster Risk Reduction at a number of international events,

including the workshop on “ESD and disaster risk reduction: building disaster-resilient

societies”, organized during the 2009 Bonn World Conference on ESD (UNESCO, 2011).
 Much can be done to minimize the impacts of natural disasters. The Australian

Government recognizes that in order to be sustainable, key sectors of development—such

as health, education, water and sanitation, and food security—must ensure that their

activities and infrastructure are disaster-resilient. Australia, along with most of our

developing country partners, is a signatory to the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–

2015 Building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters, the international

blueprint for disaster risk reduction. It highlights that disaster risk reduction, along with

climate change adaptation, is an essential aspect of sustainable development (Australian

Aid, 2011).

In the period 2000-2009 as many as 85 per cent of the people reported affected by

disasters belonged to the Asia-Pacific Region, where Australia provides most of its

international development assistance (International Federation of the Red Crescent,

World Disaster Report, 2010).

Disasters often follow natural hazards. A disaster's severity depends on how

much impact a hazard has on society and the environment. The scale of the impact in turn

depends on the choices we make for our lives and for our environment. These choices

relate to how we grow our food, where and how we build our homes, what kind of

government we have, how our financial system works and even what we teach in schools.

Each decision and action makes us more vulnerable to disasters - or more resilient to

them. Disaster risk reduction is the concept and practice of reducing disaster risks

through systematic efforts to analyze and reduce the causal factors of disasters. Reducing

exposure to hazards, lessening vulnerability of people and property, wise management of

land and the environment, and improving preparedness for adverse events are all
examples of disaster risk reduction. Disaster risk reduction includes disciplines like

disaster management, disaster mitigation and disaster preparedness, but DRR is also part

of sustainable development. In order for development activities to be sustainable they

must also reduce disaster risk. On the other hand, unsound development policies will

increase disaster risk - and disaster losses. Thus, DRR involves every part of society,

every part of government, and every part of the professional and private sector (National

Meteorological and Hydrological Services, 2010).

 A problem with conceiving of disaster in this way is that it becomes

too easy to imagine disaster events as isolated moments or periods lying

outside the influence of development planning. It is argued here that

disasters are, on the contrary, an outcome of processes of risk accumulation

deeply embedded in contemporary and historical development decisions.

Disaster risk results from a combination of hazards (potentially damaging

events or processes) and people’s vulnerability to those hazards. Both

hazards and vulnerability are to varying extents products of development

processes. A further common perception is that disasters are usually large-

scale events involving a single hazard, such as a flood or an earthquake. As

far as scale is concerned, there is at present no agreed threshold at which

point a collection of discrete losses or disruptions can reach disaster status.

Political spin can either exaggerate or play down the scale of a disaster, with

an eye respectively on donor aid or on private sector investment flows. The

sole publicly accessible global database on disasters and their impacts, EM-

DAT, uses an absolute definition which is statistically convenient but

inevitably arbitrary. Scale needs to be seen in relation to the population and

economic size of an impacted country for meaningful international

comparisons to be made. A disaster with major sub-national impacts may

appear relatively unimportant at national or international level. Scale is

particularly important for small island developing states (Prevention Web,

2012).

Typhoon Yolanda, known internationally as Haiyan, was one of the strongest

typhoons to hit the Philippines on that fateful day of 8 November 2013. It was also

considered the world’s strongest typhoon in the past year, having affected massive

numbers of persons, causing death, injury, and damage to property. According to an

update by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC),

as of 23 November 2013, about 5,235 individuals have been reported dead, 23,501

injured, and 1,613 still missing. There are around 2,157,529 families or about 10 million

persons affected in 44 provinces. Airports, seaports, infrastructure, telecommunications

facilities, and agriculture were severely damaged. The total cost of damage is estimated at

about PhP22 billion. Amid the devastation wreaked by Typhoon Yolanda, some

questions arise. Is it possible to have zero casualty as aspired for by President Benigno S.

Aquino III during his national address days before the coming of the deadly storm? Are

there even ways to at least minimize the damage caused by typhoons of such nature?

Experts are saying that with climate change manifesting itself even more patently, there is

a great possibility that another typhoon of the same magnitude will hit the Philippines and

other countries anytime soon. Is the Philippines ready for another disaster?

It can be argued that the number of casualties and the extent of the damage

brought about by such disaster could have been eliminated or, at the very least,

minimized had proactive steps been taken. Preparation is very important especially for

the Philippines, a calamity-stricken archipelago. One of the instances of the embodiment

of such preparation in Philippine law is in Republic Act (R.A.) No. 10121, or An Act
Strengthening the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management System,

Providing for the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework and

Institutionalizing the National Disaster Risk and Management Plan, Appropriating Funds

Therefor and for Other Purposes. The law, also known as the Philippine Disaster Risk

Reduction and Management Act of 2010 (DRRM Act), was enacted on July 27, 2009

and signed into law on May 27, 2010 during the term of former President Gloria

Macapagal-Arroyo. The DRRM Act repealed Presidential Decree (P.D.) No. 1566, also

known as the Strengthening the Philippine Disaster Control, Capability and Establishing

the National Program on Community Disaster Preparedness.

 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter present the research locale of the study, research design, respondent

of the study, sample and sampling procedure, research instruments, data gathering and

data analysis of the study.

Local of the Study

The location of the study was in Barangay Poblacion which lies within the

coordinates: Northing 6°55'41" and Easting 124°06’80". And Barangay Nalilidan within

the coordinates: Northing 6°51'58" and Easting 124.07'89". Easting, in the island of

Mindanao. (PhilAtlas, 2019)

 TWO BARANGAY KALAMANSIG

PHILIPPINES MINDANAO

Figure 1. Map showing the area coverage of Barangay Poblacion and Barangay Nalilidan.
Research Design

The researchers used triangulation in the study since both qualitative and

quantitative methods were employed.

Respondent of the study

The respondents of this study will be the total number of household in the two

Barangay Poblacion and Barangay Nalilidan, Kalamansig, Sultan Kudarat.

Sample and Sampling Procedures

The researcher use slovin's formula which appropriate for stratified random

sampling by proportional allocation.

Formula:

𝑁
𝑛=
1 + 𝑁(𝑒)2

Where:

n = no. of samples

N = total population

e = error margin / margin of error/ 0.05 (The sampling error)

Research Instrument

Interview guides and survey questioners were used in study to gather information

from the respondents that consists the following Part I- Demo socio-economic profile of

the respondents of Barangay Poblacion and Barangay Nalilidan, Kalamansig, Sultan

kudarat, Part II- awareness of the respondents of Barangay Poblacion and Barangay

Nalilidan, Kalamansig, Sultan kudarat on Disaster Preparedness Program, Part III -

awareness of the respondents of Barangay Poblacion and Barangay Nalilidan,

Kalamansig, Sultan kudarat on Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Program, Part IV -

awareness of the respondents of Barangay Poblacion and Barangay Nalilidan,

Kalamansig, Sultan kudarat on Disaster Response Program and Part V - awareness of

the respondents of Barangay Poblacion and Barangay Nalilidan, Kalamansig, Sultan

kudarat on Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery Program.

Data Gathering

Data gathering procedure consists of three stages: the first will be the preparatory

stage that shall include the preparation of materials as well the validation questioners

need in the study. The second stage will be the actual gathering and collecting of the for

including the administration of questioners. Lastly the encoding and editing of the data in

the prepare pre-forma.

Data Analysis

Data analysis, the researchers will use a qualitative analysis of data, interpretation

of interviews, content analysis and descriptive analysis, and quantitative analysis, to be

able to present the summary data.

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