Chapter 5

Two Samples: Tests on Two Means

10.30 A random sample of size 𝑛1 = 25, taken from a normal population with a standard
deviation 𝜎1 = 5.2, has a mean 𝑥̅1 = 81. A second random sample of size 𝑛2 = 36,
taken from a different normal population with a standard deviation 𝜎2 = 3.4, has a mean
𝑥̅ 2 = 76. Test the hypothesis that 𝝁𝟏 = 𝝁𝟐 against the alternative, 𝝁𝟏 = 𝝁𝟐.
Quote a P-value in your conclusion.
𝑛1 = 25 , 𝑥̅1 = 81, 𝜎1 = 5.2 , 𝑛2 = 36 , 𝑥̅ 2 = 76 , 𝜎2 = 3.4, 𝛼 = 0.05 ( 𝜎 ′ 𝑠 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 )
1. 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = 0 against 𝐻1 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≠ 0
2. Test statistic:
𝑋̅1 − 𝑋̅2 − 𝑑 81 − 76 − 0
𝑍= = = 4.22, 𝑑 = 𝜇1 − 𝜇2
5.2 2 3.4 2
2 2 √
𝜎 𝜎
√ 1 + 2 25 + 36
𝑛1 𝑛2
3. Decision:
We reject 𝐻0 𝑖𝑓 𝑍𝑐 > 𝑍1−𝛼 𝑜𝑟 𝑍𝑐 < −𝑍1−𝛼 𝑍1−𝛼 = 𝑍0.975 = 1.96
2 2 2

Since 𝑍𝑐 = 4.22 > 𝑍1−𝛼 = 1.96 , we reject 𝐻0 at 𝛼 = 0.05. Thus, 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2

2

10.33 A study was conducted to see if increasing the substrate concentration has an
appreciable effect on the velocity of a chemical reaction. With a substrate concentration
of 1.5 moles per liter, the reaction was run 15 times, with an average velocity of 7.5
micromoles per 30 minutes and a standard deviation of 1.5. With a substrate
concentration of 2.0 moles per liter, 12 runs were made, yielding an average velocity of
8.8 micromoles per 30 minutes and a sample standard deviation of 1.2. Is there any
reason to believe that this increase in substrate concentration causes an increase in the
mean velocity of the reaction of more than 0.5 micromole per 30 minutes?
Use a 0.01 level of significance and assume the populations to be approximately normally
distributed with equal variances.
Solution:
substrate concentration of 1.5 ∶ 𝑛1 = 15, 𝑋̅1 = 7.5, 𝑆1 = 1.5

substrate concentration of 2: 𝑛2 = 12, 𝑋̅2 = 8.8, 𝑆2 = 1.2, 𝛼 = 0.01

( note 𝜎 1 = 𝜎 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 )
 1. 𝐻0 : 𝜇2 − 𝜇1 = 0.5 against 𝐻1 : 𝜇2 − 𝜇1 > 0.5
2. Test statistic :
(𝑋̅2 − 𝑋̅1 ) − 𝑑 (8.8 − 7.5) − 0.5
𝑇= = = 1.5011 , 𝑑 = 𝜇1 − 𝜇2
1 1 1 1
𝑆𝑝 √𝑛 + 𝑛 √1.8936√15 + 12
1 2

𝑆12 (𝑛1−1)+𝑆22 (𝑛2−1) (1.5)2 (15−1)+(1.2) 2(12−1)

Where, 𝑆𝑃 = √ =√ = 1.3761
𝑛1 +𝑛2 −2 15+12−2

3. Decision:
Rejection Region(𝑇 > 𝑇𝑛1+𝑛2 −2,𝛼 )

𝑇𝑛1+𝑛2 −2,𝛼 = 𝑇25,0.01 = 2.485

Reject 𝐻0 𝑖𝑓 𝑇 > 2.485 ⟹ 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛′𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝐻0 at 𝛼 = 0.01.

Paired t-test
10.45 A taxi company manager is trying to decide whether the use of radial tires instead
of regular belted tires improves fuel economy. Twelve cars were equipped with radial
tires and driven over a prescribed test course. Without changing drivers, the same cars
were then equipped with regular belted tires and driven once again over the test course.
The gasoline consumption, in kilometers per liter, was recorded as follows:

Can we conclude that cars equipped with radial tires give better fuel economy than those
equipped with belted tires? Assume the populations to be normally distributed. Use a P-
value in your conclusion.
𝑑̅ = 0.1417 , 𝑆𝑑 = 0.1975

1. 𝐻0 : 𝜇𝑑 = 0 against 𝐻1 : 𝜇𝑑 > 0
 2. Test statistic :
𝑑̅ − 𝑑0 0.1417
𝑇= = = 2.485
𝑆𝑑 0.1975/√12
√𝑛
3. Decision:

Rejection Region(𝑇 > 𝑇𝑛1−1,𝛼 )

𝑇𝑛1−1,𝛼 = 𝑇11,0.05 = 1.796

Reject 𝐻0 𝑖𝑓 𝑇 = 2.485 > 1.796 ⟹ 𝑤𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝐻0 at 𝛼 = 0.05.

i.e the cars equipped with radial tires give better fuel economy than those equipped with
belted tires

One Sample: Test on a Single Proportion.

10.55 A marketing expert for a pasta-making company believes that 40% of pasta lovers
prefer lasagna. If 9 out of 20 pasta lovers choose lasagna over other pastas, what can be
concluded about the expert’s claim? Use a 0.05 level of significance.
9
n=20 , X=9 , 𝛼 = 0.05, 𝑃̂ = 20 = 0.45

1. 𝐻0 : 𝑃 = 0.4 against 𝐻1 : 𝑃 ≠ 0.4

2. Test statistic :
𝑃̂ − 𝑃0 0.45 − 0.4
𝑍𝐶 = = = 0.46
𝑝0 𝑞0 0.4 ( 0.6 )
√ 𝑛 √
20
3. Decision:
We reject 𝐻0 𝑖𝑓 𝑍𝑐 > 𝑍1−𝛼 𝑜𝑟 𝑍𝑐 < −𝑍1−𝛼 𝑍1−𝛼 = 𝑍0.975 = 1.96
2 2 2

Since 𝑍𝑐 = 0.46 ≯ 𝑍1−𝛼 = 1.96 , we can’t reject 𝐻0 at 𝛼 = 0.05. Thus, 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2

2

Thus, his claim is correct.

10.57 A new radar device is being considered for a certain missile defense system. The
system is checked by experimenting with aircraft in which a kill or a no kill is simulated.
If, in 300 trials, 250 kills occur, accept or reject, at the 0.04 level of significance, the
claim that the probability of a kill with the new system does not exceed the 0.8
probability of the existing device.
250
n=300 , X=250 , 𝛼 = 0.04, 𝑃̂ = 300 = 0.833

1. 𝐻0 : 𝑃 = 0.8 against 𝐻1 : 𝑃 > 0.8

𝐻0 : the claim that the probability of a kill with the new system does not exceed the 0.8
probability of the existing device.
 𝐻1 : the claim that the probability of a kill with the new system exceed the 0.8 probability of
the existing device.

2. Test statistic :
𝑃̂ − 𝑃0 0.833 − 0.8
𝑍𝐶 = = = 1.44
𝑝0 𝑞0 0.8 (0.2 )
√ 𝑛 √
300
3. Decision:
We reject 𝐻0 𝑖𝑓 𝑍𝑐 > 𝑍1−𝛼 𝑍1−𝛼 = 𝑍0.96 = 1.75
Since 𝑍𝑐 = 1.44 ≯ 𝑍1−𝛼 = 1.75 , we can’t reject 𝐻0 at 𝛼 = 0.04.
Thus, the claim is correct.

Two Samples: Tests on Two Proportions

H.W 10.61 In a winter of an epidemic flu, the parents of 2000 babies were surveyed by
researchers at a wellknown pharmaceutical company to determine if the company’s new
medicine was effective after two days.
Among 120 babies who had the flu and were given the medicine, 29 were cured within
two days. Among 280 babies who had the flu but were not given the medicine,
56 recovered within two days. Is there any significant indication that supports the
company’s claim of the effectiveness of the medicine?
𝑛1 = 120, x1 = 29, 𝑃 ̂ 1 = 29 = 0.2417
120

56
𝑛2 = 280, 𝑋2 = 56, 𝑃̂2 = = 0.2, 𝛼 = 0.05
280
1. 𝐻0 : 𝑝1 = 𝑝2 against 𝐻1 : 𝑝1 > 𝑝2
2. Test statistic :
𝑃̂1 − 𝑃̂2 (0.2417) − 0.2
𝑍𝐶 = = = 0.93
1 1 1 1
√𝑝̂ 𝑞̂( + ) √(0.2125)(04875. )
𝑛1 𝑛2 120 + 280
𝑋 −𝑋 29+56
Where, 𝑝̂ = 𝑛1+𝑛2 = 120+280 = 0.2125
1 2

3. Decision:
Rejection Region (𝑍𝐶 > 𝑍1− 𝛼 ); 𝑍1−𝛼 = 𝑍0.95 = 1.645
Since 𝑍𝑐 = 0.93 ≯ 𝑍1−𝛼 = 1.645 , we can’t reject 𝐻0 at 𝛼 = 0.05.
10.63 In a study to estimate the proportion of residents in a certain city and its suburbs
who favor the construction of a nuclear power plant, it is found that 63 of 100 urban
residents favor the construction while only 59 of 125 suburban residents are in favor. Is
there a significant difference between the proportions of urban and suburban residents
who favor construction of the nuclear plant? Make use of a P-value.
̂ 1 = 63 = 0.63
𝑛1 = 100, x1 = 63, 𝑃 100

59
𝑛2 = 125, 𝑋2 = 59, 𝑃̂2 = = 0.472, 𝛼 = 0.05
125
1. 𝐻0 : 𝑝1 = 𝑝2 against 𝐻1 : 𝑝1 ≠ 𝑝2
2. Test statistic :
𝑃̂1 − 𝑃̂2 (0.63) − 0.472
𝑍𝐶 = = = 2.36
1 1 1 1
√𝑝̂ 𝑞̂( + ) √(0.542)(0.458) +
𝑛1 𝑛2 100 125
𝑋 −𝑋 63+59
Where, 𝑝̂ = 𝑛1+𝑛2 = 100+125 = 0.542
1 2

3. Decision:
We reject 𝐻0 𝑖𝑓 𝑍𝑐 > 𝑍1−𝛼 𝑜𝑟 𝑍𝑐 < −𝑍1−𝛼 𝑍1−𝛼 = 𝑍0.975 = 1.96
2 2 2

Since 𝑍𝑐 = 2.36 > 𝑍1−𝛼 = 1.96 , we reject 𝐻0 at 𝛼 = 0.05.

2

If we take 𝛼 = 0.01
𝑍𝑐 = 2.36 ≯ 𝑍0.995 = 2.575 . Thus, we can’t reject 𝐻0 at 𝛼 = 0.01. (week reject)

One- and Two-Sample Tests Concerning Variances

10.67 The content of containers of a particular lubricant is known to be normally
distributed with a variance of 0.03 liter. Test the hypothesis that 𝜎 2 = 0.03 against the
alternative that 𝜎 2 ≠ 0.03 for the random sample of 10 containers in Exercise 10.23 on
page 356. Use a P-value in your conclusion.
10.23 Test the hypothesis that
𝜎02 = 0.03 , 𝑛 = 10 , 𝑆 = 0.2459 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑒 10.23), 𝛼 = 0.01 the average content of
containers of a particular
1. 𝐻0 : 𝜎 2 = 0.03 against 𝐻1 : 𝜎 2 ≠ 0.03 lubricant ‫زيوت التشحيم‬
2. Test statistic : is 10 liters if the contents of a
random sample of 10
( 𝑛 − 1)𝑆 2 (9)(0.2459)2 containers are 10.2, 9.7, 10.1,
𝜒2 = = = 18.14 10.3, 10.1, 9.8, 9.9, 10.4,
𝜒∝2 0.03 10.3, and 9.8 liters. Use a
2
0.01 level of significance and
3. Decision: assume that the distribution of
contents is normal.
We reject 𝐻0 𝑖𝑓 𝜒 2 > 𝜒 2 𝛼 𝑜𝑟 𝜒 2 < 𝜒 2 1−𝛼
2 2
 𝜒 2 1−𝛼, 𝑛−1
= 𝜒 2 0.995,9 = 1.735 ; 𝜒 2 𝛼 = 𝜒 2 0.005,9 = 23.589
2 2

Since 𝜒 2 = 18.14 ≯ 23.589 & Since 𝜒 2 = 18.14 ≮ 1.735 , we can’t reject 𝐻0 .

10.73 A study is conducted to compare the lengths of time required by men and women
to assemble a certain product. Past experience indicates that the distribution of times for
both men and women is approximately normal but the variance of the times for women is
less than that for men. A random sample of times for 11 men and 14 women produced the
following data:
Men women
𝑛1 = 11 𝑛2 = 14
𝑠1 = 6.1 𝑠2 = 5.3

Test the hypothesis that 𝜎12 = 𝜎22 against the alternative that 𝜎12 > 𝜎22 . Use a P-value in
your conclusion.
1. 𝐻0 : 𝜎12 = 𝜎22 against 𝐻1 : 𝜎12 > 𝜎22
2. Test statistic :

𝑆12 (6.1)2
𝐹= 2= = 1.32
𝑆2 (5.3)2
3. Decision:
We reject 𝐻0 𝑖𝑓 𝐹 > 𝐹∝,𝑛1−1,𝑛2−1 ; 𝐹∝,𝑛1−1,𝑛2−1 = 𝑓0.05 ,10 ,13 = 2.67

Since 𝐹 = 1.32 ≯ 2.67 , we can’t reject 𝐻0 .

i.e the variance for men is equal to the variance for women.