Exam

Name___________________________________

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Figure 5.1

Using Figure 5.1, match the following:

1) Site of the dermal ridges that produce epidermal ridges on the epidermal surfaces of the 1)
fingers.

2) Responsible for shock absorption and located in the hypodermis. 2)

3) Pulls the hair follicle into an upright position. 3)

4) Sudoriferous gland. 4)

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 5) Dense irregularly arranged, fibrous connective tissue. 5)

6) Region that thickens markedly when one gains weight. 6)

7) Where capillary loops are found. 7)

MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.

Match the following:

8) The most abundant cells of the A) Melanocyte

8)
epidermis.
B) Keratin
9) Spider-shaped epithelial cells that
9)
synthesize the pigment melanin. C) Dendritic cells

10) Cells plus a disc-like sensory nerve D) Merkel cells 10)

ending that functions as a sensory
receptor for touch.
E) Keratinocytes

11) Skin macrophages that help activate

11)
the immune system.

12) The fibrous protein that helps give the

12)
epidermis its protective properties.

Match the following:

13) The layer of the epidermis where the A) Stratum basale

13)
cells are considered protective but
nonviable. B) Stratum spinosum

14) The layer of the epidermis that is C) Stratum corneum 14)

several layers thick and contains
pre-keratin.
D) Stratum granulosum

15) The layer that contains the mitotic

15)
viable cells of the epidermis.

16) The layer of the epidermis that

16)
contains one to five layers of flattened
cells and deteriorating organelles.

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Match the following:

17) May indicate embarrassment, fever, A) Pallor

17)
hypertension, inflammation, anger, or
allergy. B) Cyanosis

18) May indicate fear, anemia, or low C) Jaundice 18)

blood pressure.
D) Erythema
19) Usually indicates a liver disorder.
19)
E) Addison's disease
20) Appearance of a permanent tan;
20)
bronzing.

21) A bluish color in light-skinned

21)
individuals.

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Figure 5.2

Using Figure 5.2, match the following:

22) Hypodermis. 22)

23) Epidermis. 23)

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 24) Reticular layer of the dermis. 24)

25) Papillary layer of the dermis. 25)

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

26) The eccrine sweat glands are not the primary gland involved in thermoregulation. 26)

27) The dense fibrous connective tissue portion of the skin is located in the reticular region of the 27)
dermis.

28) The protein found in large amounts in the superficial layer of epidermal cells is keratin. 28)

29) Joe just burned himself on a hot pot, and the burn is quite painful. Joe's burn would best be 29)
described as a third-degree burn.

30) The reason that the nail bed appears pink is the presence of a large number of melanocytes in the 30)
underlying dermis.

31) During the regressive phase of hair growth, the matrix is inactive and the follicle atrophies. 31)

32) The skin cancer most likely to metastasize is cancer of the melanocytes. 32)

33) The skin is not able to receive stimuli because the cells of the epidermis are not living and therefore 33)
there are no sensory receptors in the skin.

34) The dermis contains blood vessels and nerve fibers while the epidermis does not. 34)

35) For a doctor, simply looking at a patient's skin can help towards making a diagnosis. 35)

36) When an individual is exposed to extremely cold air the dermal blood vessels will dilate so that 36)
more blood will be brought closer to the outside surface of the skin.

37) Regardless of race, all human beings have about the same number of melanocytes. 37)

38) Cells in the stratum corneum undergo mitosis to keep the layer thick and protective. 38)

39) The pinkish hue of individuals with fair skin is the result of the crimson color of oxygenated 39)
hemoglobin (contained in red blood cells) circulating in the dermal capillaries and reflecting
through the epidermis.

40) When a patient is said to have "third-degree burns," this indicates that the patient has burns that 40)
cover approximately one-third or more of the body.

41) Thick skin has a more extensive dermal layer than thin skin. 41)

42) The action of the arrector pili muscle is very similar in humans as it is in other mammals but its 42)
beneficial functions differ.

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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

43) Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer. 43)
A) Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.
B) Basal cell carcinomas are the least common but most malignant.
C) Most tumors that arise on the skin are malignant.
D) Squamous cell carcinomas arise from the stratum corneum.

44) A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order? 44)
A) corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
B) granulosum, basale, spinosum, corneum
C) basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum
D) basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum

45) The major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following EXCEPT ________. 45)
A) cortex B) cuticle
C) medulla D) external root sheath

46) The single most important risk for skin cancer is ________. 46)
A) genetics B) overexposure to UV radiation
C) race D) use of farm chemicals

47) A splinter penetrated into the skin of the sole of the foot, almost to the papillary region of the 47)
dermis. Which layer of the epidermis would be the final layer injured?
A) basale B) granulosum C) spinosum D) lucidum

48) Which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for touch? 48)
A) Ruffini body B) tactile cells
C) free nerve ending D) Pacinian corpuscle

49) Which statement correctly explains why hair appears the way it does? 49)
A) Perfectly round hair shafts result in wavy hair.
B) Air bubbles in the hair shaft cause straight hair.
C) Gray hair is the result of hormonal action altering the chemical composition of melanin.
D) Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts.

50) The function of the root hair plexus is to ________. 50)

A) bind the hair root to the dermis
B) cause apocrine gland secretion into the hair follicle
C) serve as a source for new epidermal cells for hair growth after the resting stage has passed
D) allow the hair to assist in touch sensation

51) Which of the following glands secrete sebum, an oily like substance? 51)
A) sebaceous glands B) merocrine glands
C) apocrine glands D) eccrine glands

5
52) The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that ________. 52)
A) the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber
B) it is located just below the epidermis and protects the dermis from shock
C) it has no delicate nerve endings and can therefore absorb more shock
D) the cells that make up the hypodermis secrete a protective mucus

53) Which type of skin cancer is the most dangerous because it is highly metastatic and resistant to 53)
chemotherapy?
A) basal cell carcinoma B) squamous cell carcinoma
C) adenoma D) melanoma

54) Which of the following cells and their function are correctly matched? 54)
A) melanocytes – protects cells in the stratum corneum from damaging effects of sun's rays
B) dendritic cells – activate the immune system
C) keratinocytes – provide sense of touch and pressure
D) tactile cells – protection

55) Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when 55)
keratinocytes ________.
A) maintain the appropriate pH in order for the melanocyte to synthesize melanin granules
B) maintain the appropriate temperature so the product of the melanocyte will not denature
C) accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking
pigment layer
D) provide the melanocyte with nutrients necessary for melanin synthesis

56) The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, 56)
well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell
division and replacement?
A) stratum basale B) stratum lucidum
C) stratum granulosum D) stratum corneum

57) Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well -being. Which of 57)
the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin?
A) Fat associated with skin prevents water loss.
B) Glycolipids that are secreted by keratinocytes into extracellular spaces.
C) The size and shape of the cells that make up the stratum spinosum, as well as the thick
bundles of intermediate filaments.
D) The dermis is the thickest portion of the skin and water cannot pass through it.

58) The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely 58)
to be found in the dermis?
A) goblet cells, parietal cells, and chondrocytes
B) monocytes, reticulocytes, and osteocytes
C) osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and epithelial cells
D) fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells

59) The dermis has two major layers. Which layer constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for 59)
the tension lines in the skin?
A) the hypodermal layer B) the reticular layer
C) the papillary layer D) the subcutaneous layer

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60) Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the 60)
dermis has been previously stretched and/or torn?
A) There is an episode of acute pain due to the large number of tactile corpuscles.
B) The stretching causes the tension lines to disappear.
C) The blood vessels in the dermis rupture and the blood passes through the tissue, causing
permanent "black-and-blue marks."
D) The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis.

61) The papillary layer of the dermis is composed of loosely packed connective tissue with numerous 61)
peg-like projections that provide a great deal of surface area connecting the dermis to the
epidermis. Which of the statements below do NOT represent benefits provided by the papillary
layer's anatomy?
A) The looseness allows for phagocytes to roam through the tissue and search for infection.
B) The high surface area allows for a stronger connection of dermis to epidermis.
C) The spaces in the connective tissue allow many small blood vessels to deliver nutrients and
pick up waste diffusing from the superficial epidermal layers.
D) The looseness allows for easy separation of the dead cell layer of epidermis to be shed.

62) The friction ridges seen in finger, palm and foot prints are different among various people but very 62)
similar between identical twins. This evidence suggests which of the following?
A) That friction ridges change over time.
B) That friction ridges allow for better tactile sensation.
C) That friction ridges aid in griping.
D) That friction ridges are genetically determined.

63) Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect 63)
the skin from the effects of UV damage?
A) The skin is protected by the synthesis of three pigments that contribute to the skin's color.
B) The skin is protected by increasing the number of epidermal dendritic cells, which help to
activate the immune system.
C) Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural
sunscreen.
D) Carotene, which accumulates in the stratum corneum and hypodermal adipose tissue, is
synthesized in large amounts in the presence of sunlight.

64) Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of the 64)
following would indicate a liver disease such as hepatitis resulting in elevated bilirubin?
A) Black-and-blue marks become evident for no apparent cause.
B) The skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance.
C) The skin and sclera of the eyes appears to have an abnormal, yellowish tint.
D) It is impossible to suggest Addison's disease from an inspection of a person's skin.

65) A dendritic or Langerhans cell is a specialized ________. 65)

A) squamous epithelial cell B) phagocytic cell
C) melanocyte D) nerve cell

66) What are the most important factors influencing hair growth? 66)
A) sex and hormones B) the size and number of hair follicles
C) nutrition and hormones D) age and glandular products

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67) Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the 67)
two types of sweat glands?
A) sebaceous and merocrine B) eccrine and apocrine
C) mammary and ceruminous D) holocrine and mammary

68) The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is ________. 68)
A) fatty substances, proteins, antibodies, and trace amounts of minerals and vitamins
B) 99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C
C) metabolic wastes
D) primarily uric acid

69) Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little 69)
role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body?
A) in the axillary and anogenital area
B) in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet
C) beneath the flexure lines in the body
D) in all body regions and buried deep in the dermis

70) The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The 70)
secretion of sebum is stimulated ________.
A) by high temperatures
B) when the air temperature drops
C) as a protective coating when one is swimming
D) by hormones, especially androgens

71) In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of 71)
the following is another vital function of the skin?
A) It absorbs vitamin C so that the skin will not be subject to diseases.
B) It aids in the transport of materials throughout the body.
C) It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium
metabolism.
D) The cells of the epidermis store glucose as glycogen for energy.

72) Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. 72)
How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss?
A) by using the "rule of nines"
B) by observing the tissues that are usually moist
C) through blood analysis
D) by measuring urinary output and fluid intake

73) Which layer of tissue is damaged in a first-degree burn? 73)

A) hypodermis B) epidermis
C) dermis D) both the epidermis and dermis

74) Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than hairs on your head because ________. 74)
A) the vascular supply of the eyebrow follicle is one-tenth that of the head hair follicle
B) eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months
C) hormones in the eyebrow follicle switch the growth off after it has reached a predetermined
length
D) they grow much slower

8
75) Cells of the stratum spinosum have many interlocking desmosomes that will remain between the 75)
cells as they migrate to the stratum corneum. These cell junctions serve the body by ________.
A) preventing ultraviolet light from penetrating the deeper layers of the epidermis
B) allowing secretions like sweat or sebum to pass through
C) stopping water loss and preventing dehydration
D) preventing mechanical stress or trauma from damaging the epidermis

76) Which of the following examples listed below illustrates homeostasis maintained by a negative 76)
feedback?
A) Changes in the response of the hair follicle to dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
B) Formation of cerumen wax to deter insects from entering the ear.
C) Production of vitamin D initiated by the suns UV light striking the skin.
D) Thickening of epidermis to form a callus in places where the skin is exposed to friction.

77) Which of the following examples listed below illustrates homeostasis maintained by a negative 77)
feedback?
A) The secretion of antibacterial compounds in sebum.
B) The near waterproof secretions of glycolipids that is released by cells in the stratum
granulosum.
C) Release of chemical signals by keratinocytes that have been damaged by UV light that will
increase the production of melanin.
D) Removal of nitrogenous compounds like urea within the sweat.

78) Which of the following examples listed below illustrates homeostasis maintained by a negative 78)
feedback?
A) Lack of pain in third-degree burns due to damage to sensory nerves in the dermis.
B) An increase in sebum production in response to androgens (male sex hormones).
C) Release of sweat by eccrine glands in response to heat.
D) Excretion of salts within the sweat.

79) Which layer of skin is LEAST protected by melanin? 79)

A) stratum granulosum B) stratum spinosum
C) stratum basale D) stratum corneum

80) Which layer of the epidermis will be supplied with the highest levels of oxygen from the blood? 80)
A) stratum granulosum B) stratum basale
C) stratum spinosum D) stratum corneum

81) A patient has skin that is slightly blue in color. A likely treatment for this person might be 81)
________.
A) exposing the patient to more sunlight
B) encouraging the patient to eat more orange colored vegetables (rich in beta carotene)
C) increasing fluids through IV therapy
D) giving the patient supplemental oxygen by mask

82) The arrector pili muscle's predominate, useful function in humans is to ________. 82)
A) provide warmth by making the hair stand on end
B) prevent germs from entering the hair shaft
C) stimulate faster hair growth
D) assist in the release sebum from nearby sebaceous glands

9
83) Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of the skin? 83)
A) Gives the body its overall shape, loss of this function can be seen with the drooping of skin
with age.
B) Holds a portion of the bloods total volume to be shunted (diverted) to other organs when
needed.
C) Conducts endergonic metabolic chemical reactions using the suns energy to initiate vitamin
D synthesis.
D) Delivers important information about our environmental conditions to our brains.

84) All of the following will help the skin to fight infection but one. Which of the following will have 84)
little effect on the skin's ability to fight infection?
A) More tight junctions between keratinocytes of the stratum corneum.
B) Increased secretions of defensins from skin cells.
C) Greater production of melanin.
D) Greater production of keratinocytes resulting in more layers of the stratum corneum.

85) A light skinned person who is very cold may have a pale appearance. Which of the following is the 85)
best explanation for why this might be so?
A) The person is in fear of hypothermia (sever cold exposure).
B) The person's blood vessels in the epidermis have undergone vasodilation (widening).
C) The person's blood vessels in the dermis have undergone vasoconstriction (narrowing).
D) The cold has slowed the movement of blood.

86) A surgeon opens her patient by cutting the integument parallel to the cleavage lines of the dermis 86)
(tension lines). This will result in ________.
A) greater chance of infection B) faster healing of the skin and less scaring
C) less chance for infection D) slowed healing and greater scaring

87) A light-skinned person may appear pink when they become over heated. The best explanation for 87)
this is ________.
A) the melanocytes are responding to the heat of the sun and change the appearance of the skin
with increased production
B) the blood vessels of the dermis have undergone vasodilation, bringing a greater volume of
blood to the skin
C) blood flow has increased to the sweat glands in order to increase their metabolic activity
D) the heart is pumping faster because the person was probably exercising

88) William has a cut that is superficial, painful but not bleeding. Based on this information, you 88)
would predict that the cut has penetrated to ________.
A) the papillary layer but not the reticular layer
B) the stratum corneum but not the stratum granulosum
C) the stratum basale but not the dermal layers
D) the subcutaneous layer, but no deeper

89) The surge of sex hormones that accompanies puberty has a wide range of effects on the body. One 89)
of those effects is to enhance the activity of the sebaceous glands, increasing the production of
sebum. Which of the following is the most likely to result from the increased sebaceous activity?
A) Increased hair growth.
B) Increased cooling of the skin.
C) Decreased vitamin D synthesis.
D) Increased oily appearance and more acne.

10
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

90) Cradle cap in infants is called ________. 90)

91) The white crescent portion of the nail is called the ________. 91)

92) The dermal folds that occur at or near joints where the dermis is tightly secured to deeper 92)
structures are called ________.

93) The ________ are the small muscles located in the dermis that cause goose bumps. 93)

94) Tanning or darkening of the skin occurs as a defensive response to ________. 94)

95) The coarse hair of the eyebrows and scalp is called ________ hair. 95)

96) Burns that result in injury to the epidermis and the upper regions of the dermis is called a 96)
________ burn.

97) Pigment-producing cells in the epidermis are ________. 97)

98) The only place you will find stratum ________ is in the skin that covers the palms, 98)
fingertips, and soles of the feet.

99) List the layers of the dermis and describe the functions of the tissue that makes up each 99)
layer.

100) There are several reasons other than genetics for hair loss. Identify some of these other 100)
factors.

101) In addition to the synthesis of vitamin D, keratinocytes are able to carry out some other 101)
biologically important functions. Name at least two of these other functions.

102) How are burns commonly classified? Give an example. 102)

103) What is vellus hair? 103)

104) Balding men have tried all kinds of remedies, including hair transplants, to restore their 104)
lost locks. Explain the cause of male pattern baldness.

105) The skin protects, but how does it protect us and from what? Describe how the epidermal 105)
dendritic cells and melanocytes protect us. Describe what these cells protect us from.

106) Billions of consumer dollars are spent for deodorants and antiperspirants each year. 106)
Explain the production of body odors frequently associated with axillary skin.

107) What complications might be anticipated from the loss of large areas of skin surfaces? 107)

11
 108) Why are the apocrine sweat glands fairly unimportant in thermal regulation? 108)

109) Why is profuse sweating on a hot day good, and yet a potential problem? 109)

110) What is the function of skin dermal folds and deep skin creases? 110)

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

111) We are told that every surface we touch is teeming with bacteria, and bacteria are found in the pools we swim
in, the water we wash with, and on the hands of friends. Why are we not inundated with bacterial infections on
our skin?

112) The temperature yesterday was an uncomfortable 98°F. You unwisely chose to play tennis at noon, counting on
your body's internal defenses to protect you against heat exhaustion. How did your body respond to this
distress?

113) Mary noticed a large, brown spot on her skin. She has been playing tennis in the sun for several years without
sun protection. She reported the discovery to a friend, who told her to apply the ABCD rule to determine
whether or not she had malignant melanoma. Her friend told her that if her answer was "no" to the questions
that were asked by the ABCD rule, she had nothing to worry about. What is the ABCD rule and should she
ignore the spot if her answers are negative?

114) The Waldorf family was caught in a fire but escaped. Unfortunately, the father and daughter suffered burns.
The father had second-degree burns on his entire chest, abdomen, and both arms, and third -degree burns on
his entire left lower extremity. The daughter suffered first-degree burns on her whole head and neck and
second-degree burns throughout both lower extremities.

a. What percentage of the father's body was covered by burns?

b. What percentage of the daughter's body received first-degree burns?
c. What part of the daughter's body has both the dermis and epidermis involved?
d. The father experiences a good deal of pain in the area of the chest and abdomen, but little pain in the leg.
Why?

115) John, a younger teenager, notices that he is experiencing a lot of pimples and blackheads, which frequently
become infected. What is causing this problem?

116) Janet, a 28-year-old lawyer, bought a brand new pair of shoes for her first court appearance. After wearing
them for the first time, she noticed pain on her heel and a fluid -filled lesion. Explain what has happened.

117) Melanoma is a form of skin cancer that arises from melanocytes. Melanoma is most common in Caucasians
between 40 and 70 years of age. Explain why Caucasians would have a greater incidence of melanoma.

118) The 68-year-old patient was admitted to the hospital medical floor with a diagnosis of chronic bronchitis. His
wife asks the nurse why his skin looks blue. How would you explain cyanosis to the patient and his wife?

119) Explain why soap that has an alkaline base may not be healthy for some patients to use daily.

120) Robert, a surfer, has a mole that has changed its shape and size. His doctor, applying the ABCDE rule,
diagnosed a melanoma. What do the letters ABCDE represent?

12
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED5

1) E
2) B
3) A
4) C
5) D
6) B
7) E
8) E
9) A
10) D
11) C
12) B
13) C
14) B
15) A
16) D
17) D
18) A
19) C
20) E
21) B
22) D
23) A
24) C
25) B
26) FALSE
27) TRUE
28) TRUE
29) FALSE
30) FALSE
31) TRUE
32) TRUE
33) FALSE
34) FALSE
35) TRUE
36) FALSE
37) TRUE
38) FALSE
39) TRUE
40) FALSE
41) FALSE
42) TRUE
43) A
44) A
45) D
46) B
47) A
48) B
49) D
50) D
13
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED5

51) A
52) A
53) D
54) B
55) C
56) A
57) B
58) D
59) B
60) D
61) D
62) D
63) C
64) C
65) B
66) C
67) B
68) B
69) A
70) D
71) C
72) A
73) B
74) B
75) D
76) D
77) C
78) C
79) D
80) B
81) D
82) D
83) A
84) C
85) C
86) B
87) B
88) C
89) D
90) seborrhea
91) lunula
92) flexure lines
93) arrector pili
94) UV radiation
95) terminal
96) second-degree
97) melanocytes
98) lucidum

14
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED5

99) The papillary layer is composed of areolar connective tissue that allows phagocytes and other defensive cells to serve
as a second line of defense against microbial invasion. The reticular layer is composed of dense irregular connective
tissue that gives the skin strength and resiliency, maintains hydration, and provides elasticity to the skin.
100) Stressors such as acutely high fever, surgery, severe emotional trauma; drugs such as antidepressants and
chemotherapy drugs; burns and radiation; lack of adequate nutrition due to poor skin circulation; and a
protein-deficient diet can cause hair loss or thinning in our 4th decade of life and beyond.
101) Keratinocyte enzymes can neutralize carcinogens that penetrate the epidermis. Keratinocytes are also able to convert
topical cortisone to a more active anti-inflammatory form.
102) Burns are classified according to their severity or depth. For example, in first-degree burns, only the epidermis is
damaged; in second-degree burns, the epidermis and upper dermis are damaged; in third-degree burns, there is
widespread damage of epidermis and dermis.
103) Vellus hair is pale, fine body hair associated with newborn children, women, and "peach fuzz" on all people.
104) It appears to be genetically determined and sex-linked, and is possibly caused by a delayed-action gene that responds
to DHT and alters normal metabolism.
105) The epidermal dendritic cells act as antigen-presenting cells (APC): They present part of the pathogens (fragments of
pathogens called epitopes) to other immune system cells to trigger an immune response to an infection. The
melanocytes produce melanin in response to exposure to cell damaging, ultraviolet light. UV light is converted to heat
when it strikes melanin pigment. Unlike UV light, heat will not damage the cells, particularly the DNA within the
nucleus of the skin's cells.
106) Sweat is mostly an odorless watery secretion produced by eccrine and apocrine glands. The odor usually arises when
bacteria break down lipids and proteins in the surface secretions.
107) Large losses of skin, as with severe burn injuries, allow excessive fluid loss and infection. Skin grafting or "synthetic
skin" applications are usually necessary.
108) They are largely confined to the axillary and anogenital regions rather than distributed on the body where heat can be
more readily dissipated.
109) Good because the sweat and evaporating of the sweat causes cooling of the body. Bad because excessive water and
salt loss may occur. Fluid and electrolyte imbalances may follow.
110) Skin dermal folds and deep skin creases accommodate for joint movement.
111) The low pH of the skin secretions, otherwise known as the acid mantle, retards the multiplication of bacteria on the
skin. Also, in areas where sufficient sebum is produced regularly, many species of bacteria cannot exist. Beside the
barrier qualities of the skin, it is also true that not all bacteria are harmful or thrive on skin. Skin is dry imparing
bacteria to grow; Sweat contains high salt (NaCl) along with antimicrobial agents such as defensins and antibody: IgA.
112) The thermoreceptors sense the temperature change, and neural stimulation responds by stimulating sweat glands.
Their watery products evaporated at the skin surface and cooled the body. Blood vessels in the dermis also responded
by dilating and releasing heat closer to the surface of the skin to allow greater heat dissipation.
113) The ABCD rule refers to the following: asymmetry–where the two sides of the spot do not match; border irregularity
–the borders are not round and smooth; color–the pigmented spot contains shades of black, brown, tan, and
sometimes blues and reds; and diameter–the spot is larger than 6 mm in diameter. It is imperative that Mary have a
physician examine the spot immediately. Any unusual lesion on the skin of a sun worshipper should be examined
and the ABCD rule does not account for all possible factors, such as rapid growth, even if less than 6 mm. The fact that
she has been exposed to the sun without protection itself would be a strong recommendation for her to see a
dermatologist regardless of passing the ABCD rule.
114) a. 45% (18% anterior torso + 9% both arms but not forearms + 18% lower extremity)
b. 9%
c. 36%
d. Normally, third-degree burns sear nerve endings off. When the tissue regenerates, pain will return. Second-degree
burns are usually very painful because of the irritated but live nerve endings.
115) Because of hormonal changes, teenagers frequently have overactive sebaceous (oil) glands, which can clog and
become infected or inflamed. Scratching, squeezing, or irritating the tissue can lead to infection.

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Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED5

116) A blister, a fluid-filled pocket that separates the epidermal and dermal layers, has formed due to her new shoes
rubbing her heel. The repeated friction of the shoe rubbing her skin created the blister.
117) Melanoma has its beginnings in melanocytes, the skin pigment cells. These cells produce the dark protective pigment
called melanin to protect against sun damage to DNA. Since the melanocytes in Caucasian people do not make as
much melanin per cell as darker-skinned individuals, their melanocytes are more easily sun-damaged, resulting in
damaged DNA cells that are more apt to lose genetic control of their own cell division.
118) Cyanosis is a dusky bluish or grayish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes that occurs with reduced
oxygen levels. Without enough oxygen getting to the tissues the skin in Caucasians appears blue due to the color
combination of dark maroon blood seen through the yellowish tint of skin. At close inspection of the conjunctiva and
palms and soles may also show evidence of cyanosis.
119) The skin's acid mantle retards growth of bacteria. Soap may destroy the acid mantle of the skin, causing it to lose its
protective mechanism. Some soaps contain antibacterial agents, which can change the natural flora of the skin.
120) A = asymmetry
B = border irregularity
C = color
D = diameter
E = elevation

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