University of Technology

Control and System Engineering Department

Computer Engineering Branch

Embedded Systems Design for Fourth Year Class

2nd Semester
2018 / 2019

Lecture 1
 Embedded systems overview

• Embedded computing systems

Computers are in here...
• Computing systems embedded
and here...
within electronic devices
– Hard to define. Nearly any and even here...

computing system other than a

desktop computer
– Billions of units produced
yearly, versus millions of Lots more of these,

desktop units
though they cost a lot
less each.

– Perhaps 50 per household and

per automobile
Definition for: embedded system

A combination of hardware and software which

together form a component of a larger
machine.

An example of an embedded system is a

microprocessor that controls an automobile
engine.

An embedded system is designed to run on its

own without human intervention, and may be
required to respond to events in real time.
 Applications Containing Embedded Systems
Anti-lock brakes Modems
Auto-focus cameras MPEG decoders
Automatic teller machines Network cards
Automatic toll systems Network switches/routers
Automatic transmission On-board navigation
Avionic systems Pagers
Battery chargers Photocopiers
Camcorders Point-of-sale systems
Cell phones Portable video games
Cell-phone base stations Printers
Cordless phones Satellite phones
Cruise control Scanners
Curbside check-in Smart ovens/dishwashers
systems Speech recognizers
Digital cameras Stereo systems
Disk drives Teleconferencing systems
Electronic card readers Televisions
Electronic instruments Temperature controllers
Electronic toys/games Theft tracking systems
Factory control TV set-top boxes
Fax machines VCR’s, DVD players
Fingerprint identifiers Video game consoles
Home security systems Video phones
Life-support systems Washers and dryers
Medical testing systems
 Application Areas
Medical Systems
pace maker, patient monitoring systems, injection
systems, intensive care units, …
Office Equipment
printer, copier, fax, …
Tools
multimeter, oscilloscope, line tester, GPS, …
Banking
ATMs, statement printers, …
Transportation
(Planes/Trains/[Automobiles] and Boats)
radar, traffic lights, signalling systems, …
 Application Areas

Automobiles
engine management, trip computer, cruise
control, immobilizer, car alarm,
airbag, ABS, ESP, …
Building Systems
elevator, heater, air conditioning, lighting, key
card entries, locks, alarm systems, …
Agriculture
feeding systems, milking systems, …
Space
satellite systems, …
 Example: Automotive Electronics

Embedded systems:
90% future innovations
40% price ACC Stop&Go
BFD
ALC
KSG
42 voltage
Internet Portal
GPRS, UMTS
Navigation System Telematics
Level of dependency

CD-Changer Online Services

ACC Adaptive Cruise BlueTooth
Control Car Office
Airbags Local Hazard Warning
DSC Dynamic Stability Integrated Safety
Electronic Gear Control Control System
Electronic Air Condition Adaptive Gear Control Steer/Brake-By-Wire
ASC Anti Slip Control Xenon Light I-Drive
Electronic Injections ABS BMW Assist Lane Keeping Assist.

source: BMW
Check Control Telephone RDS/TMC Personalization
Speed Control Seat Heating Control Speech Recognition Software Update
Central Locking Autom. Mirror Dimming Emergency Call… Force Feedback Pedal…
… …

1970 1980 1990 2000

 A typical Embedded System

A typical embedded system would have:

•A micro-controller to provide the
―intelligence‖
•Interfacing circuits to connect with the
main application
•Real time software
•Dedicated hardware for functions whose
implementation in software might be too
slow
•Test and maintenance hardware
 Characteristics of embedded systems
• Single-functioned
– Dedicated to perform a single function
• Complex functionality
– Often have to run sophisticated algorithms or multiple
algorithms.
• Cell phone, laser printer.
• Tightly-constrained
– Low cost, low power, small, fast, etc.
• Reactive and real-time
– Continually reacts to changes in the system’s environment
– Must compute certain results in real-time without delay
• Safety-critical
– Must not endanger human life and the environment
 Tubes to Chips: Integrated Circuits
• Driven by Information Processing needs

IBM Power 5 IC
(2004)

IBM 701 calculator (1952)

 Moore’s Law
It is the observation that, over the history of computing hardware, the number of
transistors in a dense integrated circuit has doubled approximately every two years.

the largest transistor count in a commercially available single-chip processor is

over 7.2 billion—the Intel Broadwell-EP Xeon. 24 cores server grade processor
using 14-nanometer technology. Intel intends to push for 10-nanometer tech.

IBM revealed the world’s first working 7nm processor Using silicon-germanium
(SiGe) alloy which can yield 20 billion transistors per chip.
 Evolution of Devices Used in Designing Computing
Equipment and Their Impact on Computing Perfomance
When Will Humans Transcend Biology?
 Supercomputers
A supercomputer is a computer with great speed and memory. This kind
of computer can do jobs faster than any other computer of its generation. They are
usually thousands of times faster than ordinary personal computers made at that time.
Supercomputers play an important role in the field of computational science, and
are used for a wide range of computationally intensive tasks in various fields, including
quantum mechanics, weather forecasting, etc…

The first IC based super computer was the 80 MHz Cray 1 in 1976, it delivered a
performance index of 133 MFLOPS

As of June 2016, the fastest supercomputer in the world is the Sunway TaihuLight, in
mainland China, with a Linpack benchmark of 93 PFLOPS. Its peak performance can
reach 125.4 petaflops. , exceeding the previous record holder, Tianhe-2, by around
59 PFLOPS. It tops the rankings in the TOP500 supercomputer list

Tianhe-2, which means Milky Way-2, was built using intel’s Xeon processors . has
a performance rating of 33.86 petaflops with Linpack benchmark .

At No. 3 was Titan, a Cray XK7 system installed at the Department of Energy’s (DOE)
Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Titan, the top system in the United States and one of
the most energy-efficient systems on the list, achieved 17.59 petaflop/s on the Linpack
benchmark.
References:

•Ganssle J., Noergaan T., et. Al., ―Embedded

Hardware Know it all‖, Elsevier, 2008 UK.
•Navet N., Simonot-Lion F., ― Automotive
Embedded Systems Handbook‖, CRC Press,
2009, USA.
•Mazidi M. A., ―The AVR Microcontroller and
Embedded Systems‖, Pretice Hall, 2011, USA.
•Ashenden P.J.,‖ DigItal Design, An Embedded
System Approach Using VHDL‖, Elsvier, 2008,
USA.
END
 University of Technology
Control and System Engineering Department
Computer Engineering Branch

Embedded Systems Design for Fourth Year Class

2nd Semester
2018 / 2019

Lecture 2
Embedded system design methodology

Definition of Terms

• System

A group of elements which are relevant (and not merely

useful) for achieving a purpose, which interact with each
other, and which have a structure within predefined
boundaries.

While this and similar definitions allow to characterize a

system, in practice it is particularly difficult to define the
boundaries of the system.
• System Design

Concept, specification, implementation, verification and

validation of a technical system for achieving a specific
(and mostly functional) objective. Project management
can be an integral or complementary element.

This definition consciously follows the familiar V-model,

which describes development as a phase of project definition
descending to the point of implementation and subsequently
rising again through a test phase to the highest level
The V-Model is a unique, linear development methodology. It focuses on a
fairly typical waterfall - esque method that follows strict, step-by-step stages.
While initial stages are broad design stages, progress proceeds down through
more and more granular stages, leading into implementation and coding, and
finally back through all testing stages prior to completion of the project.
 Waterfall Model:

First introduced by Dr. Winston W. Royce in a paper published in 1970,

the waterfall model is a software development process. The waterfall
model emphasizes that a logical progression of steps be taken throughout
the software development life cycle (SDLC), much like the cascading steps
down an incremental waterfall.
• Systems Engineering

Goal-independent methodology for developing mostly

complex systems.
Systems engineering is an interdisciplinary field of
engineering and engineering management that focuses on
how to design and manage complex systems over their life
cycles.

Unlike system design, which serves to achieve a purpose,

Systems Engineering is a methodological approach which
assists in achieving high development quality, in terms of
meeting quality, cost and timetable goals.
However obviously necessary this may seem, what we see, at
least in practice, is more likely to be a bottom-up approach to
development driven by past experience with damage, rather
than a preventative top-down approach.
EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN PROCESS
 PROBLEM DESCRIPTION

The purpose of the problem description step is to determine the

goal of the system. To achieve this step, one must thoroughly
investigate what the system is supposed to do. Questions to raise
and answer during this step include but are not limited to:
• What is the system supposed to do?
• Where will it be operating and under what conditions?
• Are there any restrictions placed on the system design?

To answer these questions, the embedded designer interacts with

the client to ensure clear agreement on what is to be done. The
final result of this step is a detailed listing of system requirements
and related specifications.
 BACKGROUND RESEARCH

Once a detailed list of requirements has been established, the next

step is to perform background research related to the design. In this
step, the designer will ensure they understand all requirements and
features desired by the client. This will again involve interaction
between the designer and the client. The designer will also
investigate applicable codes, guidelines, protocols, and standards
related to the project. This is also a good time to start thinking about
the interface between different portions of the project, particularly,
the input and output devices peripherally connected to the
microcontroller.
The ultimate objective of this step is to have a thorough
understanding of the project requirements and related project
aspects.
 PRE-DESIGN

The goal of the pre-design step is to convert a thorough understanding of the

project into possible design alternatives.
Brainstorming is an effective tool in this step. Here,
Preparing a list of alternatives is developed. There are a wide variety of
alternatives including:
• programmable gate arrays,
• microprocessors,
• digital signal processors (DSP),
• microcontrollers, and
• mixed mode processing combining available technologies.
Once alternative design solutions have been investigated, it is now time to choose
a single approach to develop into a full design. To make the final choice, the
tradeoffs between competing designs must be evaluated. It is important to
involve the client in this step.
If a microcontroller technology has been chosen,
it is now time to select a specific controller. This is accomplished by answering the following
questions:
• What microcontroller subsystems or features i.e., ADC, PWM, timer, etc.) are required by
the design?
• How many input and output pins are required by the design?
• What is the expected maximum operating speed of the microcontroller expected to be?
• Is the specific microcontroller and a full complement of related documentation and
support tools readily available? Employing the latest, new processor without complete
documentation, support, and development tools leads to stress and frustration.
• As the design progresses, is it easy to migrate to a pin-for-pin compatible microcontroller
with larger memory resources? Atmel makes this easy to do. For example, the ATmega164
(16K) is also available in a 32K variant (ATmega324) and a 64K variant (Atmega644).
• Is the specific microcontroller going to be available in sufficient quantities for a
production run? You do not want to choose a specific controller that is too old or too new
unless sufficient production quantities have been verified as being available.
• Are all required peripheral hardware readily available with a full complement of
supporting documentation?

Choosing a specific microcontroller starts by selecting a manufacturer then study the

microcontrollers offed and select the one that suits the requirement.
 DESIGN
With a clear view of system requirements and features, a general partition
determined between hardware and software, and a specific microcontroller
chosen, it is now time to tackle the actual design. It is important to follow a
systematic and disciplined approach to design. This will allow for low stress
development of a documented design solution that meets requirements. In the
design step, several tools are employed to ease the design process. They include the
following:

• Employing a top-down design, bottom up implementation approach,

• Using a structure chart to assist in partitioning the system,
• Using a Unified Modeling Language (UML) activity diagram to work out
program flow,
• Developing a detailed circuit diagram of the entire system.

In the design step, a detailed circuit diagram of the entire system is developed. It
will serve as a roadmap to implement the system. It is also a good idea, at this
point, to investigate available design information relative to the project. This
would include hardware design examples, software code examples, and application
notes available from manufacturers.
Unified Modeling Language (UML) Symbols
 IMPLEMENT PROTOTYPE
To successfully implement a prototype, an incremental approach should be
followed. Again, the top-down design, bottom-up implementation provides a solid
guide for system implementation. In an embedded system design involving both
hardware and software, the hardware system including the microcontroller should
be assembled first, so the required signals of the software can interact.
As the hardware prototype is assembled on a prototype board, each component is
tested for proper operation as it is brought online. This allows the designer to
pinpoint malfunctions as they occur. A low cost, low risk hardware prototype
approach is desired.
Once the hardware prototype is assembled, coding may commence. As before,
software should be brought online incrementally. a top down, bottom up, or hybrid
approach may be used depending on the nature of the software. Because of
bringing the software online in slow, stated increments, issues can be identified and
corrected early on.
 PRELIMINARY TESTING
• To test the system, a detailed test plan must be developed.
• Tests should be developed to verify that the system meets all of its requirements
and also intended system performance in an operational environment.
• The test plan should also include scenarios in which the system is used in an
unintended manner. As before, a top-down, bottom-up, or hybrid approach can
be used to test the system.
Once the test plan is completed, actual testing may commence. The results of each
test should be carefully documented.

Once testing is completed, another level of testing may be tried.

• Engineers intentionally try to “jam up” the system. In another words, they try
to get the designed system to fail by trying combinations of inputs that were not
part of the original design.
• A robust system should continue to operate correctly in this type of an abusive
environment. It is imperative that robustness into the designed system.

When testing on a low cost simulator is complete, the entire test plan should be
performed again with the actual system hardware. Once this is completed, e a
system that meets client’s requirements is ready for delivery.
 COMPLETE AND ACCURATE DOCUMENTATION

With testing complete, the system design should be thoroughly documented. Much
of the documentation will have already been accomplished during system
development. Documentation will include :
• system description,
• system requirements,
• structure chart.
• UML activity diagrams documenting program flow.
• test plan, results of the test plan,
• system schematics,
• Properly documented code.
END
 University of Technology
Control and System Engineering Department
Computer Engineering Branch

Embedded Systems Design for Fourth Year Class

2nd Semester
2018 / 2019

Lecture 3
 Introduction to Data acquisition and Measurement
Systems

• Measurement System:
This term measurement system includes all components in a chain of
hardware and software that leads from the measured variable to processed
data.

– In a modern automobile there are as many as 40 –50 sensors (measuring

devices) used in implementing various functions necessary to the operation of
the car.

– Knowledge of the instruments available for various measurements, how they

operate, and how they interface with other parts of the system is essential for
every engineer.

– Modern engineering systems rely heavily on a multitude of sensors for

monitoring and control to achieve optimum operation.
Types of Applications of a Measurement System

Every application of measurement, including those not yet invented, can be

put into one of these three categories or some combination of them:

1- Monitoring of processes and operations

2- Control of processes and operations

3- Experimental engineering analysis

 Monitoring of Processes and Operations:

-Here the measuring device is being used to keep track of some quantity or
event as the case of monitoring the vital signals of a patient.
-Certain applications of measuring instruments may be characterized as having
essentially a monitoring function, e.g., thermometers, barometers, and water,
gas, and electric meters, automotive speedometer and fuel gage, and compass.

Control of Processes and Operations:

-One of the most important classes of measurement application.

-Sensors are used in feedback-control systems and many measurement
systems them selves use feedback principles in their operation.
-Sensors are used in feedback systems and feedback systems are used in
sensors.
-So an instrument can serve as a component of a control system. To
control any variable in a feedback control system, it is first necessary to
measure it. Every feedback-control system will have at least one
measuring device as a vital component.
-A single control system may require information from many measuring
instruments, e.g., industrial machine and process controllers, aircraft control
systems, automotive control systems (speed control, antilock braking, coolant
temperature regulating, air conditioning, engine pollution, etc.).

Experimental Engineering Analysis:

-In solving engineering problems, two general methods are available:

theoretical and experimental. Many problems require the application of both
methods and theory and experiment should be thought of as complimenting
each other.
-Features of Theoretical Methods:
•Often gives results that are of general use rather than for restricted application.
•Invariably require the application of simplifying assumptions. The theoretically
predicted behavior is always different from the real behavior, as a simplified
physical/mathematical model is studied rather than the actual physical system.
•In some cases, may lead to complicated mathematical problems.
• Require only pencil, paper, computers, etc. Extensive laboratory facilities are not
required.
• No time delay engendered in building models, assembling and checking
instrumentation, and gathering data.

–Features of Experimental Methods:

•Often gives results that apply only to the specific system being tested. However,
techniques such as dimensional analysis may allow some generalization.
•No simplifying assumptions necessary if tests are run on an actual system. The
true behavior of the system is revealed.
•Accurate measurements necessary to give a true picture. This may require
expensive and complicated equipment. The characteristics of all the measuring and
recording equipment must be thoroughly understood.
•Actual system or a scale model required. If a scale model is used, similarity of all
significant features must be preserved.
•Considerable time required for design, construction, debugging of apparatus.
 Generalized Configurations and Functional
Descriptions of Measuring Instruments

• It is desirable to describe both the operation and performance

(static and dynamic) of measuring instruments and associated
equipment in a generalized way without recourse to specific
physical hardware.
• Here the focus is on the operation which can be described in
terms of the functional elements of an instrument or instrument
system.
• By concentrating on these functions and the various physical
devices available for accomplishing them, the ability to
synthesize new combinations of elements leading to new and
useful instruments is developed.
•Primary Sensing Element:
This is the element that first receives energy from the measured medium and
produces an output depending in some way on the measured quantity (measurand).
The output is some physical variable, e.g., displacement or voltage. An instrument
always extracts some energy from the measured medium. The measured quantity is
always disturbed by the act of measurement, which makes a perfect measurement
theoretically impossible. Good instruments are designed to minimize this loading
effect.

•Variable-Conversion Element:
It may be necessary to convert the output signal of the primary sensing element to
another more suitable variable while preserving the information content of the
original signal. This element performs this function.

•Variable-Manipulation Element:
An instrument may require that a signal represented by some physical variable be
manipulated in some way. By manipulation we mean specifically a change in
numerical value according to some definite rule but a preservation of the physical
nature of the variable. This element performs such a function.
•Data-Transmission Element:
When functional elements of an instrument are actually physically separated, it
becomes necessary to transmit the data from one to another. This element
performs this function.

•Data-Presentation Element:
If the information about the measured quantity is to be communicated to a
human being for monitoring, control, or analysis purposes, it must be put into a
form recognizable by one of the human senses. This element performs this
“translation” function.

•Data Storage/Playback Element:

Some applications require a distinct data storage/playback which can easily
recreate the stored data upon command.

..Note:
A given instrument may involve the basic functions in any number,
combination, or order. A given physical component may serve several of the
basic functions as can be seen in the pressure gauge example on next slide.
Active vs. Passive Transducers

In performing any of the general functions just discussed, a physical component

may act as an active transducer or a passive transducer.

• Passive Transducer:
It is a component whose output energy is supplied entirely or almost entirely by
its input signal. The output and input signals may involve energy of the same form
or there may be an energy conversion from one form to another. As an example,
thermocouples, piezoelectric accelerometers, and photovoltaic cells are considered
passive transducers.

• Active Transducer:
This type of transducers has an auxiliary source of power which supplies a major
part of the output power while the input signal supplies only an insignificant
portion. Again, there may or may not be a conversion of energy from one form to
another. strain gauges, thermistores, and potentiometers are considered active
transducers
Analog vs. Digital Modes of Operation
• For analog signals, the precise value of the quantity (voltage, rotation angle, etc.)
carrying the information is significant; the specific waveform of input and output
signals is of vital importance.
Digital signals are basically of a binary (on/off) nature, and variations in numerical
value are associated with changes in the logical state (true/false) of some
combination of switches.

• For TTL logic circuits family

+2 V to +5 V represents ON state
0 V to +0.8 V represents OFF state

• In digital devices, it is simply the presence (logical 1) or absence (logical 0) of a

voltage within some wide range that matters; the precise value of the signal is of no
consequence.

• Digital devices are very tolerant of noise voltages and need not be individually
very accurate, even though the overall system can be extremely accurate.
• When combined analog/digital systems are used (often the case in measurement
systems), the digital portions need not limit system accuracy as there is no limit to the
number of digits which can be carried accurately; these limitations generally are
associated with analog portions and/or the analog/digital conversion devices.

• Since most measurement and control apparatus is of an analog nature, it is necessary

to have both A/D converters and D/A converters, which serve as translators that
enable the computer to communicate with the outside analog world.

ADC Symbol DAC Symbol

Null and Deflection Methods
Another useful classification separates devices by their operation on a null or a
deflection principle.

- In a deflection-type device, the measured quantity produces some physical

effect that engenders a similar but opposing effect in some part of the instrument.
The opposing effect is closely related to some variable (usually a mechanical
displacement or deflection) that can be directly observed by some human sense.
The opposing effect increases until a balance is achieved, at which point the
deflection is measured and the value of the measured quantity inferred from this.
The moving coil ammeter is an example of this type of device

- A null-type device attempts to maintain deflection at zero by suitable application

of an effect opposing that generated by the measured quantity. Necessary to such
an operation are a detector of unbalance and a means (manual or automatic) of
restoring the balance. Since deflection is kept at zero (ideally), determination of
numerical values requires accurate knowledge of the magnitude of the opposing
effect. Wheatstone Bridge is an example of a measurement device operating on
the null method.
- The accuracy attainable by the null method is of a higher level than that by the
deflection method. Also, since the measured quantity is balanced out in the null
method, the detector of unbalance can be made very sensitive because it need cover
only a small range around zero. Also the detector need not be calibrated since it must
detect only the presence and direction of unbalance, but not the amount.

- Null methods have difficulty in dynamic measurements.

-Deflection method presents measured value much faster than the null method.

Wheatstone Bridge Moving Coil Ammeter

Some Electrical Symbols (a)
Some Electrical Symbols (b)
Filter Symbols
END
 University of Technology
Control and System Engineering Department
Computer Engineering Branch

Embedded Systems Design for Fourth Year Class

2nd Semester
2018 / 2019

Lecture 4
Introducing Microcontrollers
as a choice for Embedded
System Realization
Computer Essentials
 Computer Essentials
• Instruction Sets
– CISC: Complex Instruction Set Computer
– RISC: Reduced Instruction Set Computer

• Memory Types
– Volatile: Random Access Memory (RAM)
– Non-volatile: Read Only Memory (ROM)
Von Neumann and Harvard Computers
Advantages of Harvard model

• An add operation of the form a:=b+c must

fetch 2 operands from memory and write 1
operand to memory. In addition it is likely to
have to fetch 3 instructions from memory.
• With a single memory this will take 6
cycles. With 2 memories, we can fetch the
instructions in parallel with the data and do
it in 3 cycles.
• We have different word lengths for
instructions and data – 8 bit data and
perhaps 12 bit instructions.
 Microcomputers and Microcontrollers

• The microcomputer is a processor plus

Ram, ROM, and I/O on one silicon chip.

• The microcontroller is a special purpose

control oriented microcomputer with added
circuitry and functionality.
Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller
Microprocessor Microcontroller
• CPU is stand-alone, RAM, • CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and timer
ROM, I/O, timer are separate are all on a single chip
• designer can decide on the • fixed amount of on-chip ROM,
amount of ROM, RAM and RAM, I/O ports
I/O ports.
• for applications in which cost,
• expensive power and space are critical
• versatility
• single-purpose (control-oriented)
• general-purpose
• Low processing power
• High processing power
• High power consumption • Low power consumption
• Instruction sets focus on • Bit-level operations
processing-intensive • Instruction sets focus on control
operations and bit-level operations
• Typically 32/64 – bit • Typically 8/16 bit
• Typically deep pipeline (5-20 • Typically single-cycle/two-stage
stages)
pipeline
Microcontrollers
 Microcontroller Packaging and
Appearance

From left to right: PIC 12F508, PIC 16F84A, PIC

16C72, Motorola 68HC05B16, PIC 16F877,
Motorola 68000
 Some Popular Microcontrollers…
• Intel 8051 (8-bit)
• Microchip Technology PIC
• Atmel AVR
• Texas Instruments MSP430 (16-bit)
• ARM Cortex –TM4C123 (32-bit)
 Intel 8051

• This was one of the

first microcontrollers
to integrate ROM,
RAM and I/O on one
chip.
• Made by many other
companies still,
Amtel, Texas
instruments etc.
 8051 Components

• Ports
• RAM
• Interrupt Controller
• Timer * Figure from Atmel AT89C51RD2 Datasheet

• SPI Controller
 PIC Microcontrollers
• Peripheral Integrated Controller (PIC) was
originally designed by General Instruments
• In the late 1970s, GI introduced PIC®
1650 and 1655 – RISC with 30
instructions.
• PIC was sold to Microchip
• Features: low-cost, self-contained, 8-bit,
Harvard structure, pipelined, RISC, single
accumulator, with fixed reset and interrupt
vectors.
 PIC Families
PIC Family Stack Size Instruction No of Interrupt
Word Size Instructions Vectors
12CX/12FX 2 12- or 14-bit 33 None
16C5X/16F5X 2 12-bit 33 None
16CX/16FX 8 14-bit 35 1
17CX 16 16-bit 58 4
18CX/18FX 32 16-bit 75 2

„C‟ implies CMOS technology; Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor

„F‟ insert indicates incorporation of Flash memory technology

Example: 16C84 was the first of its kind. It was later reissued as the 16F84,
incorporating Flash memory technology. It was then reissued as 16F84A.
PIC 12F508/509 pin connection
diagram
The 12F508 Architecture
 ARM series

• One of the first RISC processors

• 32 Bit architecture
• Low transistor count compared to
conventional processors
• Very low power consumption
• Used in digital Phones and PDAs.
• At the top end of the micro-controller
performance spectrum.
Some ARM Microcontrollers
 Texas Instruments TM4C123
Cortex M4 Systick
System Bus Interface NVIC

GPIO Port A GPIO Port B

PA7
PA6
Eight Four
PB7
PB6 ARM Cortex-M4
PA5/SSI0Tx I2Cs PB5
PA4/SSI0Rx
PA3/SSI0Fss
UARTs PB4
PB3/I2C0SDA
+ 256K EEPROM
PA2/SSI0Clk
PA1/U0Tx
PA0/U0Rx
Four
SSIs
CAN 2.0
PB2/I2C0SCL
PB1
PB0
+ 32K RAM
PC7 GPIO Port C GPIO Port D PD7 + JTAG
PC6 PD6
PC5
PC4
USB 2.0 Twelve
Timers
PD5
PD4
+ Ports
PC3/TDO/SWO PD3
PC2/TDI
PC1/TMS/SWDIO
JTAG Six
64-bit wide
PD2
PD1
+ SysTick
PC0/TCK/SWCLK PD0
+ ADC
PE5
GPIO Port E GPIO Port F
+ UART
PE4 ADC Two Analog PF4
PE3 2 channels Comparators PF3
PE2 12 inputs PF2
PE1 12 bits Two PWM PF1
PE0 Modules PF0

Advanced High Performance Bus Advanced Peripheral Bus

 AVR 8-Bit RISC - Technology

• “PicoPower enables AVR to achieve the

industry‟s lowest power consumption with 650
nA with a RTC (real time clock) running and
100nA in Power Down sleep”
• - True 1.8V Supply Voltage
- Minimized Leakage Current
- Ultra Low Power 32 kHz Crystal Oscillator
- Digital Input Disable Registers
- Power Reduction Register
The AVR ATmega169 Microcontroller
Features (….1)

•High Performance, Low Power AVR® 8-Bit Microcontroller

•Advanced RISC Architecture
–130 Powerful Instructions – Most Single Clock Cycle Execution
–32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
–Fully Static Operation
–Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz
–On-Chip 2-cycle Multiplier
•Non-volatile Program and Data Memories
–16K bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash
Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles
–Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
True Read-While-Write Operation
–512 bytes EEPROM
Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles
–1K byte Internal SRAM
–Programming Lock for Software Security
•JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 compliant) Interface
–Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard
–Extensive On-chip Debug Support
–Programming of Flash, EEPROM, Fuses, and Lock Bits through
the JTAG Interface
Features (….2)

•Peripheral Features
–4 x 25 Segment LCD Driver
–Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler and Compare
Mode
–One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare
Mode, and Capture Mode
–Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
–Four PWM Channels
–8-channel, 10-bit ADC
–Programmable Serial USART
–Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
–Universal Serial Interface with Start Condition Detector
–Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip
Oscillator
–On-chip Analog Comparator
–Interrupt and Wake-up on Pin Change
•Special Microcontroller Features
–Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
–Internal Calibrated Oscillator
–External and Internal Interrupt Sources
–Five Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save,
Power-down, and Standby
Features (….3)

•I/O and Packages

–53 Programmable I/O Lines
–64-lead TQFP and 64-pad MLF
•Speed Grade:
–ATmega169V: 0 - 4 MHz @ 1.8 - 5.5V, 0 - 8 MHz @ 2.7 - 5.5V
–ATmega169: 0 - 8 MHz @ 2.7 - 5.5V, 0 - 16 MHz @ 4.5 - 5.5V
•Temperature range:
–-40°C to 85°C Industrial
•Ultra-Low Power Consumption
–Active Mode:
1 MHz, 1.8V: 350μA
32 kHz, 1.8V: 20μA (including Oscillator)
32 kHz, 1.8V: 40μA (including Oscillator and LCD)
–Power-down Mode:
0.1μA at 1.8V
 Summary
• An embedded system is a product that has one or more computers
embedded within it, which exercise primarily a control function.
• The embedded computer is usually a microcontroller: a
microprocessor adapted for embedded control applications.
• Microcontrollers are designed according to accepted electronic and
computer principles, and are fundamentally made up of
microprocessor core, memory and peripherals.
• Microcontrollers are offered in a wide range, divided into a number
of different families. Each family has identical central architecture
and instruction set. However, common features also appear across
all microcontrollers.
• The Atmel AVR ATmega169 is a good microcontroller to introduce
a range of features of microcontrollers in general and of AVR
microcontrollers in particular.
END