FIPAT TE2 Part1

TERMINOLOGIA EMBRYOLOGICA
Second Edition
International Embryological Terminology
FIPAT
The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology
A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA)
TE2, PART I
Contents
Caput I: Nomina generalia Chapter 1: General terms

Caput II: Embryogenesis Chapter 2: Embryogenesis
Caput III: Ontogenesis Chapter 3: Ontogenesis
Caput IV: Histogenesis generalis Chapter 4: General histogenesis
Bibliographic Reference Citation:

FIPAT. Terminologia Embryologica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, February 2017
Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019)
Creative Commons License:

The publication of Terminologia Embryologica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license
The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use
the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA
member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the
Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work.
Caput I: NOMINA GENERALIA Chapter 1: GENERAL TERMS
Latin term Latin synonym UK English US English English synonym Other

1 Nomina generalia General terms General terms
2 Modus reproductionis Reproductive mode Reproductive mode
3 Reproductio sexualis Sexual reproduction Sexual reproduction
4 Viviparitas Viviparity Viviparity
5 Heterogamia Heterogamy Heterogamy
6 Endogamia Endogamy Endogamy
7 Sequentia reproductionis Reproductive sequence Reproductive sequence
8 Ovulatio Ovulation Ovulation
9 Erectio Erection Erection
10 Coitus Coitus Coitus Sexual intercourse
11 Ejaculatio Ejaculation Ejaculation Endnote 1
12 Emissio Emission Emission
13 Ejaculatio vera Ejaculation proper Ejaculation proper
14 Semen Semen Semen Ejaculate
15 Inseminatio Insemination Insemination
16 Fertilisatio Fertilization Fertilization
17 Fecundatio Fecundation Fecundation Impregnation
18 Superfecundatio Superfecundation Superfecundation
19 Superimpregnatio Superimpregnation Superimpregnation
20 Superfetatio Superfetation Superfetation
21 Ontogenesis Ontogeny Ontogeny
22 Ontogenesis prenatalis Prenatal ontogeny Prenatal ontogeny
23 Tempus prenatale Tempus gestationis Prenatal period Prenatal period Gestation period
24 Vita prenatalis Prenatal life Prenatal life
25 Vita intrauterina Intra-uterine life Intrauterine life
26 Tempus embryonicum Embryonic period Embryonic period
27 Embryogenesis Embryogenesis Embryogenesis Embryogeny Endnote 2
28 Tempus fetale Fetal period Fetal period
29 Fetogenesis Fetogenesis Fetogenesis Endnote 3
30 Tempus natale Birth period Birth period
31 Ontogenesis postnatalis Postnatal ontogeny Postnatal ontogeny
32 Tempus serius Later period Later period
33 Vita postnatalis Postnatal life Postnatal life
34 Cycli genitales Reproductive cycles Reproductive cycles

35 Cycli genitales feminini Female reproductive cycles Female reproductive cycles
36 PHASES OVARICAE OVARIAN PHASES OVARIAN PHASES
37 Phasis infantilis Infantile phase Infantile phase
38 Phasis prepubertalis Prepubertal phase Prepubertal phase
39 Phasis pubertalis Pubertal phase Pubertal phase
40 Phasis matura Mature phase Mature phase
41 Phasis involutionis Involution phase Involution phase
FIPAT.library.dal.ca TE2, Part 1 7

42 CYCLUS OVARICUS OVARIAN CYCLE OVARIAN CYCLE
43 Oogenesis Oogenesis Oogenesis
44 Phases cycli ovarici Phases of ovarian cycle Phases of ovarian cycle
45 Phasis follicularis Follicular phase Follicular phase
46 Ovulatio Ovulation Ovulation
47 Phasis corporis lutei Luteal phase Luteal phase Corpus luteum phase
48 Phasis involutionis Involution phase Involution phase
49 Typi ovulationis Types of ovulation Types of ovulation
50 Ovulatio uniovularis Uni-ovular ovulation Uniovular ovulation
51 Ovulatio multiovularis Multi-ovular ovulation Multiovular ovulation
52 Ovulatio spontanea Spontaneous ovulation Spontaneous ovulation
53 Ovulatio superovularis Superovulatio Superovulation Superovulation
54 Superovulatio inducta Induced superovulation Induced superovulation
55 CYCLUS MENSTRUALIS ENDOMETRIAL MENSTRUAL ENDOMETRIAL MENSTRUAL

ENDOMETRII CYCLE CYCLE
56 Amenorrhoea primaria Primary amenorrhoea Primary amenorrhea
57 Menarcha Menarche Menarche
58 Phasis proliferativa Phasis follicularis Proliferative phase Proliferative phase Follicular phase; Oestrogenic
phase; Estrogenic phase
59 Phasis ovulatoria Ovulatory phase Ovulatory phase
60 Phasis secretoria Phasis lutealis Secretory phase Secretory phase Luteal phase; Progesterone phase
61 Phasis gestatoria Gestatory phase Gestatory phase
62 Phasis ischaemiae Ischaemic phase Ischemic phase
63 Phasis menstrualis Phasis desquamativa Menstrual phase Menstrual phase Desquamation phase
64 Menses Menses Menses
65 Phasis postmenstrualis Postmenstrual phase Postmenstrual phase
66 Amenorrhoea secundaria Secondary amenorrhoea Secondary amenorrhea
67 Climacter Climacteric Climacteric
68 Menopausa Menopause Menopause
69 CYCLUS CERVICALIS CERVICAL CYCLE CERVICAL CYCLE

70 Phasis preovulatorius Pre-ovulatory phase Preovulatory phase
71 Phasis fertilis Fertile phase phase Fertile phase phase
72 Phasis maxime fertilis Highly fertile phase Highly fertile phase
73 Phasis postovulatorius Postovulatory phase Postovulatory phase
74 CYCLUS VAGINALIS VAGINAL CYCLE VAGINAL CYCLE Endnote 4

75 Phasis initialis Initial phase Initial phase
76 Phasis ovulationis Ovulation phase Ovulation phase
77 Phasis sera Later phase Later phase
78 CYCLUS GLANDULAE MAMMARY GLAND CYCLE MAMMARY GLAND CYCLE

MAMMARIAE
79 Phasis inactiva Inactive phase Inactive phase

80 Phasis proliferativa Proliferative phase Proliferative phase
81 Lactatio Lactation Lactation
82 Phasis colostralis Colostral phase Colostral phase
83 Phasis lactifera Milk phase Milk phase
84 Phasis involuta Involution phase Involution phase
85 Cyclus genitalis masculinus Male reproductive cycle Male reproductive cycle

86 Phases testiculares Testicular phases Testicular phases
87 Phasis infantilis Infantile phase Infantile phase
88 Phasis prepubertalis Prepubertal phase Prepubertal phase
89 Phasis pubertalis Pubertal phase Pubertal phase
90 Phasis matura Mature phase Mature phase
91 Phasis involuta Involution phase Involution phase
92 Pregnatio Graviditas Pregnancy Pregnancy Gestation

93 CYCLUS PREGNATIONIS PREGNANCY CYCLE PREGNANCY CYCLE
94 Conceptio Conception Conception
95 Conceptus Conceptus Conceptus Endnote 5
96 Cyema Cyema Cyema Endnote 6
97 Embryo Embryo Embryo Gradus 1 ad 23; Stages 1-23
Endnote 7
98 Fetus Fetus Fetus
99 Adnexa developmentalia Membranae embryonicae et Developmental adnexa Developmental adnexa Embryonic and fetal adnexa Endnote 8
fetales; Adnexa embryonica et
fetalia
100 Tempus tubale Tubal period Tubal period
101 Tempus uterinum Uterine period Uterine period
102 Phasis pregastrulationis Pregastrulation phase Pregastrulation phase Endnote 9
103 Phasis preimplantationis Pre-implantation phase Preimplantation phase
104 Phasis implantationis Implantation phase Implantation phase
105 Phasis gastrulationis Gastrulation phase Gastrulation phase
106 Phasis preparatoria Phasis embryogenica Preparative phase Preparative phase Embryogenic phase Endnote 10
107 Phasis postgastrulationis Postgastrulation phase Postgastrulation phase
108 Phasis placentalis Placental phase Placental phase
109 Terminus Term Term End of pregnancy
110 Parturitio Parturition Parturition Labour; Labor
111 Parturitio prematura Premature labour Premature labor
112 Parturitio matura Mature labour Mature labor Full term labour; Full term labor
113 Parturitio postmatura Postmature labour Postmature labor
114 PREGNATIO UTERINA UTERINE PREGNANCY UTERINE PREGNANCY

115 Pregnatio cornualis Cornual pregnancy Cornual pregnancy
116 Pregnatio fundica Fundal pregnancy Fundal pregnancy
117 Pregnatio corporalis Uterine body pregnancy Uterine body pregnancy
118 Pregnatio cervicalis Cervical pregnancy Cervical pregnancy Endnote 11
119 Placenta previa Placenta praevia Placenta previa

120 GRAVIDITAS GRAVIDITY GRAVIDITY
121 Nulligraviditas Nulligravidity Nulligravidity
122 Nulligravida Nulligravida Nulligravida
123 Primigraviditas Primigravidity Primigravidity
124 Primigravida Primigravida Primigravida
125 Multigraviditas Multigravidity Multigravidity
126 Multigravida Multigravida Multigravida
127 NUMERUS CONCEPTUUM NUMBER OF CONCEPTUSES NUMBER OF CONCEPTUSES

128 Pregnatio singularis Single pregnancy Single pregnancy
129 Cyema singulare Singleton Singleton Single cyema
130 Pregnatio duplex Twin pregnancy Twin pregnancy
131 Geminus Twin Twin
132 Geminus dizygoticus Dizygotic twin Dizygotic twin
133 Geminus monozygoticus Monozygotic twin Monozygotic twin
134 Geminus monozygoticus Dichorial di-amniotic Dichorial diamniotic
dichorionicus diamnioticus monozygotic twin monozygotic twin
135 Geminus monochorionicus Monochorial di-amniotic twin Monochorial diamniotic twin
diamnioticus
136 Geminus monochorionicus Monochorial mono-amniotic Monochorial monoamniotic
monoamnioticus twin twin
137 Pregnatio multiplex Multiple pregnancy Multiple pregnancy
138 Trigeminus Triplet Triplet
139 Quadrigeminus Quadruplet Quadruplet
140 Plurigeminus polyzygoticus Polyzygotic fetus Polyzygotic fetus
141 Pseudopregnatio Pseudocyesis Pseudopregnancy Pseudopregnancy False pregnancy
142 TERMINATIO TERMINATION TERMINATION

143 Abortio Abortion Abortion
144 Abortus Abortus Abortus
145 Abortio voluntaria Abortio therapeutica Elective abortion Elective abortion Therapeutic abortion
146 Abortio spontanea Spontaneous abortion Spontaneous abortion
147 Abortio omissa Missed abortion Missed abortion
148 PARTUS BIRTH BIRTH

149 Partus prematurus Premature birth Premature birth
150 Partus maturus Full term birth Full term birth
151 Partus postmaturus Postmature birth Postmature birth
152 Infans Infant Infant
153 Infans prematurus Premature infant Premature infant
154 Infans maturus Mature infant Mature infant
155 Infans postmaturus Postmature infant Postmature infant
156 Neonatus Newborn Newborn Neonate
157 Tempus postnatale Postnatal period Postnatal period Postpartum period
158 Puerperium Puerperium Puerperium

159 Involutio Involution Involution
160 Mensurae embryonicae et Embryonic and fetal Embryonic and fetal Endnote 12
fetales measurements measurements
161 Aetas a fecundatione Fertilization age Fertilization age Endnote 13
162 Aetas ab ovulatione Ovulation age Ovulation age Endnote 14
163 Aetas ab inseminatione Insemination age Insemination age Endnote 15
164 Hebdomades post coitum Coital weeks Coital weeks Endnote 16
165 Hebdomades post menses ultimas Menstrual weeks Menstrual weeks Endnote 17
166 Longitudo corona calx Crown-heel length Crownheel length CHL; Total length; Standing height
167 Longitudo maxima Greatest length Greatest length GL Endnote 18
168 Longitudo corona nates Crown-rump length Crownrump length CRL; Sitting height
169 Longitudo cervix nates Neck-rump length Neckrump length
170 Longitudo ossis femoris ossificati Ossified femur length Ossified femur length
171 Longitudo pedis Foot length Foot length FL
172 Diameter biparietalis Biparietal diameter Biparietal diameter
173 Diameter cavitatis amnioticae Amniotic cavity diameter Amniotic cavity diameter
174 Diameter cavitatis chorionicae Chorionic cavity diameter Chorionic cavity diameter
175 Diameter vesiculae umbilicalis Diameter sacci vitellini Umbilical vesicle diameter Umbilical vesicle diameter Yolk sac diameter
176 Circumferentia abdominis Abdominal circumference Abdominal circumference
177 Circumferentia capitis Head circumference Head circumference
178 Pondus corporis Body weight Body weight
179 Pondus encephali Brain weight Brain weight
180 Pondus placentae Placental weight Placental weight
181 Anomaliae reproductionis Reproductive anomalies Reproductive anomalies

182 Infertilitas Infertility Infertility
183 Sterilitas Sterility Sterility
184 Pregnatio anembryonica Anembryonic pregnancy Anembryonic pregnancy
185 Mors prenatalis Prenatal death Prenatal death
186 Partus mortuus Stillbirth Stillbirth
187 Fetus natus mortuus Stillborn fetus Stillborn fetus
188 Abortio Abortion Abortion
189 Abortio imminens Threatened abortion Threatened abortion
190 Resorptio Resorption Resorption
191 Retentio Retention Retention
192 Retentio cum calcificatione Retention with calcification Retention with calcification
193 Retentio cum compressione Retention with compression Retention with compression
194 Retentio cum mummificatione Retention with mummification Retention with mummification
195 ANOMALIAE IMPLANTATIONIS IMPLANTATION ANOMALIES IMPLANTATION ANOMALIES

196 Implantatio corrupta Defective implantation Defective implantation
197 Implantatio ectopica Ectopic implantation Ectopic implantation
198 Pregnatio ectopica Ectopic pregnancy Ectopic pregnancy Endnote 11
199 Pregnatio extrauterina Extra-uterine pregnancy Extrauterine pregnancy Endnote 11
200 Pregnatio abdominalis Abdominal pregnancy Abdominal pregnancy

201 Pregnatio abdominalis Primary abdominal Primary abdominal
primaria pregnancy pregnancy
202 Pregnatio abdominalis Secondary abdominal Secondary abdominal
secundaria pregnancy pregnancy
203 Pregnatio ovarica Ovarian pregnancy Ovarian pregnancy
204 Pregnatio tubalis Tubal pregnancy Tubal pregnancy
205 Pregnatio tubalis Infundibular tubal pregnancy Infundibular tubal pregnancy
infundibularis
206 Pregnatio tubalis ampullaris Ampullary tubal pregnancy Ampullary tubal pregnancy
207 Pregnatio tubalis isthmicaris Isthmic tubal pregnancy Isthmic tubal pregnancy
208 Pregnatio tubalis partis Intramural tubal pregnancy Intramural tubal pregnancy Interstitial tubal pregnancy
uterinae
209 ANOMALIAE EMBRYONIS EMBRYONIC ANOMALIES EMBRYONIC ANOMALIES

210 Situs inversus Transpositio viscerum Transposition of viscera Transposition of viscera
211 Situs inversus totalis Total situs inversus Total situs inversus
212 Situs inversus partialis Partial situs inversus Partial situs inversus See below, under Organogenesis
213 ANOMALIAE FETALES FETAL ANOMALIES FETAL ANOMALIES

214 Fetus amorphicus Amorphic fetus Amorphic fetus
215 Fetus calcificatus Calcified fetus Calcified fetus
216 Fetus papyraceus Fetus papyraceus Fetus papyraceus
217 Geminus acardiacus Acardiac twin Acardiac twin
218 Absentia totalis cordis Total absence of heart Total absence of heart
219 Absentia subtotalis cordis Subtotal absence of heart Subtotal absence of heart
220 Gemini conjuncti Conjoined twins Conjoined twins Endnote 19
221 Gemini symmetrici Symmetrical twins Symmetrical twins
222 Conjunctio ventralis Ventral conjunction Ventral conjunction
223 Conjunctio ventralis rostralis Rostral ventral conjunction Rostral ventral conjunction
224 Omphalopagia Omphalopagy Omphalopagy
225 Thoracopagia Thoracopagy Thoracopagy
226 Cephalopagia Cephalopagy Cephalopagy
227 Conjunctio ventralis caudalis Caudal ventral conjunction Caudal ventral conjunction
228 Ischiopagia Ischiopagy Ischiopagy
229 Conjunctio ventralis lateralis Lateral ventral conjunction Lateral ventral conjunction
230 Parapagia Parapagy Parapagy
231 Conjunctio dorsalis Dorsal conjunction Dorsal conjunction
232 Craniopagia Craniopagy Craniopagy
233 Rachipagia Rachipagy Rachipagy
234 Pygopagia Pygopagy Pygopagy
235 Gemini asymmetrici Asymmetrical twins Asymmetrical twins
236 Inclusio Inclusion Inclusion
237 Hospes Host Host
238 Parasitus Parasite Parasite
239 Junctio superior Superior junction Superior junction

240 Junctio superior cranialis Cranial parasite Cranial parasite
parasitica
241 Junctio superior mandibularis Mandibular parasite Mandibular parasite
parasitica
242 Junctio media Middle junction Middle junction
243 Junctio media Thoraco-epigastric parasite Thoracoepigastric parasite
thoracoepigastrica parasitica
244 Junctio media abdominalis Abdominal parasite Abdominal parasite
parasitica
245 Junctio inferior Inferior junction Inferior junction
246 Junctio inferior pygalis Buttocks parasite Buttocks parasite
parasitica
247 Gigantismus Gigantism Gigantism
248 Nanismus Dwarfism Dwarfism
249 Achondroplasia Achondroplasia Achondroplasia
250 Ateliosis Ateliosis Ateliosis
251 Cretinismus Cretinism Cretinism
252 Gametogenesis Gametogenesis Gametogenesis

253 NOMINA GENERALIA GENERAL TERMS GENERAL TERMS
254 Interphasis Interphase Interphase
255 Phasis G I Intervallum postmitoticum G1 phase G1 phase Postmitotic interval; First gap
256 Phasis G0 G0 phase G0 phase Resting phase
257 Phasis S Phasis synthetica S phase S phase Synthesis phase
258 Phasis G II Intervallum premitoticum G2 phase G2 phase Premitotic interval; Second gap
259 Mitosis Phasis M Mitosis Mitosis M phase
260 Prophasis Prophase Prophase
261 Prometaphasis Prometaphase Prometaphase
262 Metaphasis Metaphase Metaphase
263 Anaphasis Anaphase Anaphase
264 Telophasis Telophase Telophase
265 Meiosis Meiosis Meiosis
266 Meiosis I Meiosis I Meiosis I
267 Prophasis I Prophase I Prophase I See Terminologica Histologica
268 Phasis leptotaeniae Phasis leptonemalis Leptotene Leptotene
269 Phasis zygotaeniae Phasis zygonemalis Zygotene Zygotene
270 Phasis pachytaeniae Phasis pachynemalis Pachytene Pachytene
271 Phasis diplotaeniae Phasis diplonemalis Diplotene Diplotene
272 Diakinesis Diakinesis Diakinesis
273 Chromosoma bivalens Bivalent chromosome Bivalent chromosome
274 Prometaphasis I Prometaphase I Prometaphase I
275 Metaphasis I Metaphase I Metaphase I
276 Anaphasis I Anaphase I Anaphase I
277 Telophasis I Telophase I Telophase I
278 Meiosis II Meiosis II Meiosis II
279 Prometaphasis II Prometaphase II Prometaphase II

280 Metaphasis II Metaphase II Metaphase II
281 Anaphasis II Anaphase II Anaphase II
282 Telophasis II Telophase II Telophase II
283 Chromosoma univalens Univalent chromosome Univalent chromosome
284 Status ploideus Ploidy Ploidy
285 Status euploideus Euploidy Euploidy
286 Status diploideus Diploidy Diploidy
287 Status haploideus Haploidy Haploidy
288 Complementum chromosomatum Chromosome complement Chromosome complement
289 1N 1N 1N
290 2N 2N 2N
291 4N 4N 4N
292 Complementum chromatidiorum Chromatid complement Chromatid complement
293 1C 1C 1C
294 2C 2C 2C
295 4C 4C 4C
296 SEQUENTIA GAMETOGENESIS GAMETOGENETIC SEQUENCE GAMETOGENETIC SEQUENCE

297 Genum a parente impressum Parental gene imprinting Parental gene imprinting Genome imprinting; Genetic Endnote 20
imprinting
298 Cellula germinalis precursoria Primordial germ cell Primordial germ cell Diploid (2N, 2C)
299 Mitosis Mitosis Mitosis
300 Gametogonium Gametogonium Gametogonium Diploid (2N, 2C)
301 Gametogonium in phasi G2 Gametogonium in G2 phase Gametogonium in G2 phase Diploid (2N, 4C)
302 Mitosis Mitosis Mitosis
303 Gametocytus primarius Primary gametocyte Primary gametocyte Diploid (2N, 4C)
304 Erasio impressionis parentalis Erasure of previous parental Erasure of previous parental
prioris imprinting imprinting
305 Meiosis I Meiosis I Meiosis I
306 Gametocytus secundarius Secondary gametocyte Secondary gametocyte Haploid (1N, 2C)
307 Interkinesis Interkinesis Interkinesis
308 Meiosis II Meiosis II Meiosis II
309 Impressio parentalis nova New parental imprinting New parental imprinting
310 Gametus Gonocytus Gamete Gamete Germ cell Haploid (1N, 1C)
311 Chromosoma univalens Univalent chromosome Univalent chromosome
312 Autosoma Autosome Autosome
313 Chromosoma sexuale Gonosoma Sex chromosome Sex chromosome
314 Chromosoma X Gonosoma femininum X chromosome X chromosome
315 Inactivatio chromosomatis X Inactivatio gonosomatis feminini X chromosome inactivation X chromosome inactivation
316 Chromosoma Y Gonosoma masculinum Y chromosome Y chromosome
317 OOGENESIS OOGENESIS OOGENESIS

318 Folliculus ovaricus primordialis Primordial ovarian follicle Primordial ovarian follicle
319 Folliculus ovaricus primarius Primary ovarian follicle Primary ovarian follicle
320 Folliculus ovaricus secundarius Secondary ovarian follicle Secondary ovarian follicle

321 Folliculus ovaricus tertiarius Tertiary ovarian follicle Tertiary ovarian follicle §Graaf§
322 Cyclus oogeneticus Oogenetic cycle Oogenetic cycle
323 Oogonium Oogonium Oogonium Diploid (2N, 2C)
324 Oogonium in phasi G2 Oogonium in G2 phase Oogonium in G2 phase Diploid (2N, 4C)
325 Oocytus primarius Primary oocyte Primary oocyte Diploid (2N, 4C)
326 Polus animalis Polus embryonicus presumptivus Animal pole Animal pole Presumptive embryonic pole Endnote 21
327 Polus vegetalis Vegetal pole Vegetal pole
328 Corpus polare primum First polar body First polar body First polocyte Haploid (1N, 2C)
329 Oocytus secundarius Gametus femininus Secondary oocyte Secondary oocyte Female gamete Haploid (1N, 2C)
330 Genum a matre impressum Maternally imprinted gene Maternally imprinted gene
331 Genum cum effectibus Maternal effect gene Maternal effect gene
maternis
332 Genum extrachromosomale Extrachromosomal gene Extrachromosomal gene
333 Genum mitochondriale Mitochondrial gene Mitochondrial gene
334 Oocytus secundarius Secondary oocyte arrested in Secondary oocyte arrested in Haploid (1N, 2C)
repressus in Metaphasi II Metaphase II Metaphase II
335 Polus animalis Polus embryonicus presumptivus Animal pole Animal pole Presumptive embryonic pole
336 Polus vegetalis Vegetal pole Vegetal pole
337 PELLUCIDAGENESIS Zonagenesis ZONA PELLUCIDA FORMATION ZONA PELLUCIDA FORMATION Endnote 22
338 Epithelium simplex cuboideum Simple cuboidal epithelium of Simple cuboidal epithelium of
folliculi ovarici ovarian follicle ovarian follicle
339 Oocytus primarius Primary oocyte Primary oocyte Diploid (2N, 4C)
340 Zona pellucida Zona pellucida Zona pellucida
341 Processus cellulae epithelialis Process of cuboidal epithelial Process of cuboidal epithelial
follicularis cuboidalis follicular cell follicular cell
342 Processus oocyti Process of oocyte Process of oocyte
343 Proteina zonae pellucidae I - III Zona pellucida proteins 1-3 Zona pellucida proteins 1-3 ZP 1-3
344 SPERMATOGENESIS SPERMATOGENESIS SPERMATOGENESIS Spermatogeny

345 Unda spermatogenetica Unda epithelii spermatogenici Spermatogenic wave Spermatogenic wave Wave of spermatogenic epithelium
346 Cyclus spermatogeneticus Cyclus epithelii spermatogenici Spermatogenic cycle Spermatogenic cycle Cycle of spermatogenic epithelium
347 Spermatogonium Spermatogonium Spermatogonium Diploid (2N, 2C)
See Terminologia Histologica
348 Spermatogonium in phasi G 2 Spermatogonium in G 2 phase Spermatogonium in G 2 phase Diploid (2N, 4C)
349 Spermatocytogenesis Spermatocytogenesis Spermatocytogenesis
350 Spermatocytus primarius Primary spermatocyte Primary spermatocyte Diploid (2N, 4C)
351 Spermatocytus secundarius Secondary spermatocyte Secondary spermatocyte Haploid (1N, 2C)
352 Spermatidium Spermatid Spermatid Haploid (1N, 1C)
353 Spermiatio Disjunctio ab sustentatocyto Spermiation Spermiation Detachment from sustentacular
cell
354 Spermiogenesis Spermiogenesis Spermiogenesis See Terminologia Histologica
355 Spermatozoon Spermium; Gametus masculinus Sperm Sperm Sperm cell; Male gamete Haploid (1N, 1C)
See Terminologia Histologica
356 Genum a patre impressum Paternally imprinted gene Paternally imprinted gene

357 Genum cum effectibus Paternal effect gene Paternal effect gene
paternis
358 Capacitatio Capacitation Capacitation
359 ANOMALIAE ANOMALIES OF ANOMALIES OF

GAMETOGENETICAE GAMETOGENESIS GAMETOGENESIS
360 Nondisjunctio Nondisjunction Nondisjunction
361 Fertilisatio Fertilization Fertilization

362 PHASES FERTILISATIONIS FERTILIZATION PHASES FERTILIZATION PHASES
363 Fertilisatio ante penetrationem Phasis longinquus Fertilization before sperm Fertilization before sperm
spermatozoi penetration penetration
364 Phasis longinquus Distant phase Distant phase
365 Rheotaxis Rheotaxis Rheotaxis
366 Chemotaxis Chemotaxis Chemotaxis
367 Capacitatio Capacitation Capacitation
368 Phasis contactus Contact phase Contact phase
369 Fertilisatio post penetrationem Fertilization after sperm Fertilization after sperm
spermatozoi penetration penetration
370 Via spermatica Iter spermaticum Sperm track Sperm track
371 Corona radiata Corona radiata Corona radiata
372 Via per coronam radiatam Coronal penetration track Coronal penetration track
374 Membrana fertilisationis Fertilization membrane Fertilization membrane
375 Contactum spermatozoi Sperm-zona contact Sperm zona contact
capacitati cum zona pellucida
376 Via per zonam pellucidam Via penetrationis Pellucidal penetration track Pellucidal penetration track
377 Reactio acrosomalis Acrosome reaction Acrosome reaction
378 Spatium subzonale Spatium subcapsulare Subzonal space Subzonal space Subcapsular space
379 Coagmentatio gametorum Binding of gametes Binding of gametes

Caput II: EMBRYOGENESIS Chapter 2: EMBRYOGENESIS
380 Embryogenesis Embryogenesis Embryogenesis Embryogeny
381 Processus embryonici Embryonic processes Embryonic processes
382 FISSIO CLEAVAGE CLEAVAGE
383 Fissio totalis Total cleavage Total cleavage
384 Fissio aequalis Equal cleavage Equal cleavage
385 Fissio indeterminata Indeterminate cleavage Indeterminate cleavage
386 Fissio determinata Determinate cleavage Determinate cleavage
387 Planum fissionis Cleavage plane Cleavage plane
388 Planum aequatoriale Equatorial plane Equatorial plane
389 Planum latitudinale Latitudinal plane Latitudinal plane
390 Planum meridionale Meridional plane Meridional plane
391 Nucleus fissionis Cleavage nucleus Cleavage nucleus
392 REGULATIO REGULATION REGULATION Endnote 23
393 FORMATIO TYPORUM PATTERN FORMATION PATTERN FORMATION

394 Cognitio loci Positional information Positional information
395 Indicium a loco Positional value Positional value
396 Confector morphogeneticus Morphogen Morphogen
397 Clivus densitatis Concentration gradient Concentration gradient
398 Limen clivi Gradient boundary Gradient boundary
399 Limen densitatis Concentration threshold Concentration threshold
400 COMPACTIO COMPACTION COMPACTION

401 Differentiatio cellularum in zygoto Differentiation of cells of cleaving Differentiation of cells of cleaving Outside-inside differentiation; Endnote 24
findenti zygote zygote Outside inside differentiation
402 Polarisatio cellularum Polarization of outer cells Polarization of outer cells Endnote 25
externarum
403 Divisio conservativa Conservative division Conservative division
404 Divisio differentiativa Differentiative division Differentiative division
405 Divisio differentiativa Divisio differentiativa massae Differentiative division of Differentiative division of Endnote 26
embryoblasti cellularis internae; Divisio embryoblast embryoblast
differentiativa pluriblasti
406 INDUCTIO ET INTERACTIO INDUCTION AND INTERACTION INDUCTION AND INTERACTION

407 Inductor Inducer Inducer
408 Signum Signal Signal
409 Indicium rectionis Guidance cue Guidance cue
410 Chemotropismus Chemotropism Chemotropism Chemotaxis
411 Rectio per contactum Contact guidance Contact guidance
412 Indicium per ambitum Environmental cue Environmental cue
413 Signum pheromonale Pheromone signal Pheromone signal

414 Signum intracrinum Intracrine signal Intracrine signal
415 Indicium autocellulare Autocellular cue Autocellular cue
416 Signum autocrinum Autocrine signal Autocrine signal
417 Indicium intercellulare Intercellular cue Intercellular cue
418 Signum juxtacrinum Juxtacrine signal Juxtacrine signal
419 Signum paracrinum Paracrine signal Paracrine signal
420 Signum endocrinum Endocrine signal Endocrine signal
421 Signum neurocrinum Neurocrine signal Neurocrine signal
422 Textus reagens Reacting tissue Reacting tissue Responding tissue
423 Cellula reagens Reacting cell Reacting cell Receiving cell; Responding cell
424 Transductio significationis Signal transduction Signal transduction
425 Mediatio Mediation Mediation
426 Mediatio a moleculis diffusibilibus Mediation by diffusible molecules Mediation by diffusible molecules
427 Mediatio a contactu Cell-matrix contact mediation Cell matrix contact mediation
cellulomatricale
428 Mediatio a contactu cellulocellare Cell-cell contact mediation Cell cell contact mediation
429 Mediatio a superficie ad Cell surface to cell surface Cell surface to cell surface
superficiem mediation mediation
430 Mediatio a junctionibus Adhering junction mediation Adhering junction mediation
adhaesionis
431 Mediatio a junctione Tight junction mediation Tight junction mediation
occludente
432 Mediatio a zonula Adhesive belt mediation Adhesive belt mediation
adhaerente
433 Mediatio a fascia adhaerente Adhesive strip mediation Adhesive strip mediation
434 Mediatio a macula Desmosome mediation Desmosome mediation
adhaerente
435 Mediatio a Hemidesmosome mediation Hemidesmosome mediation
hemidesmosomate
436 Mediatio a junctione Intercellular junction mediation Intercellular junction mediation
intercellulare
437 Mediatio a macula Gap junction mediation Gap junction mediation
communicante
438 Competentia Competence Competence
439 Factor competentiae Competency factor Competency factor
440 Interactio Interaction Interaction
441 Interactio epithelioepithelialis Epithelio-epithelial interaction Epithelioepithelial interaction
442 Interactio epitheliomesenchymalis Epitheliomesenchymal Epitheliomesenchymal
interaction interaction
443 Interactio instructiva Instructive interaction Instructive interaction
444 Interactio permissiva Permissive interaction Permissive interaction
445 Interactio reciproca Inductio reciproca Reciprocal interaction Reciprocal interaction Reciprocal induction
446 Interactio supprimens Suppressive interaction Suppressive interaction
447 Interactio reprimens Repressive interaction Repressive interaction
448 Moleculae signantes Signalling molecules Signalling molecules
449 Factor crescentiae Growth factor Growth factor
450 Factor extracellularis Extracellular factor Extracellular factor

451 Factor neurotransmittens Neurotransmitter Neurotransmitter
452 Hormonum Hormone Hormone
453 Tullius significationum Signal transduction cascade Signal transduction cascade
transductionis
454 Cellula inducens Inducing cell Inducing cell Sending cell
455 Molecula signans Signalling molecule Signalling molecule
456 Matrix extracellularis Extracellular matrix Extracellular matrix
457 Cellula reagens Reacting cell Reacting cell Receiving cell; Responding cell
458 Receptor superficiei membranae Surface membrane receptor Surface membrane receptor
459 Proteinum transducens signum Signal transduction protein Signal transduction protein
460 Nucleus Nucleus Nucleus
461 Acidum desoxyribonucleare Deoxyribonucleic acid Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA
462 Transcriptio corrupta Altered transcription Altered transcription
463 Translatio corrupta Altered translation Altered translation
464 Frux geni nova New gene product New gene product
465 MORPHOGENESIS MORPHOGENESIS MORPHOGENESIS Endnote 27

466 Nomina generalia General terms General terms
467 Blastema Blastema Blastema Endnote 28
468 Primordium Primordium Primordium Anlage Endnote 29
469 Rudimentum Rudiment Rudiment Endnote 30
470 Status presumptivus Presumptive state Presumptive state Endnote 31
471 Vestigium Vestige Vestige Endnote 32
472 Phenomena morphogenetica Morphogenetic phenomena Morphogenetic phenomena

473 Adhaesio Adhesion Adhesion
474 Appropinquatio Approximation Approximation
475 Bifurcatio Bifurcation Bifurcation
476 Canalisatio Canalization Canalization
477 Cavitatio Cavitation Cavitation
478 Coalescentia Coalescence Coalescence
479 Compactio Compaction Compaction
480 Condensatio Condensation Condensation
481 Congrutio Pairing Pairing
482 Conjunctio Fusion Fusion
483 Conservatio Conservation Conservation
484 Convergentia Convergence Convergence
485 Corrosio Corrosion Corrosion
486 Crescentia Growth Growth
487 Crescentia accretionalis Accretional growth Accretional growth
488 Crescentia appositionalis Appositional growth Appositional growth
489 Crescentia auxetica Hypertrophia Auxetic growth Auxetic growth Hypertrophy
490 Crescentia compensatoria Compensatory growth Compensatory growth
491 Crescentia differentialis Differential growth Differential growth
492 Crescentia interstitialis Interstitial growth Interstitial growth
493 Crescentia multiplicativa Hyperplasia Multiplicative growth Multiplicative growth Hyperplasia

494 Cytogenesis Cytogenesis Cytogenesis Cytogeny
495 Cytokinesis Cytokinesis Cytokinesis
496 Deminutio Diminution Diminution
497 Delaminatio Delamination Delamination
498 Differentiatio Differentiation Differentiation
499 Determinatio Determination Determination
500 Differentiatio chemica Chemodifferentiation Chemodifferentiation
501 Differentiatio cellularis Cytodifferentiation Cytodifferentiation
502 Differentiatio textuum Histodifferentiation Histodifferentiation
503 Differentiatio functionalis Functional differentiation Functional differentiation
504 Differentiatio ordinata Directed differentiation Directed differentiation
505 Dilatatio Dilation Dilation
506 Dispositio Arrangement Arrangement
507 Divergentia Divergence Divergence
508 Elongatio Elongation Elongation
509 Emanatio Emergence Emergence
510 Exstinctio Elimination Elimination
511 Extensio Elongation Elongation Extension
512 Expansio Expansion Expansion
513 Fatum presumptivum Prospective fate Prospective fate Presumptive fate
514 Fissio Cleavage Cleavage
515 Formatio ansae Loop formation Loop formation Endnote 33
516 Formatio primaria corporis Primary body development Primary body development Endnote 34
517 Formatio secundaria corporis Secondary body development Secondary body development Endnote 35
518 Gastrulatio Gastrulation Gastrulation Endnote 36
519 Histogenesis Histogenesis Histogenesis Histogeny
520 Incrementum Growth Growth See Crescentia
521 Ingressio Ingression Ingression
522 Inhibitio lateralis Lateral inhibition Lateral inhibition
523 Impedimentum Constraint Constraint Limitation
524 Inflatio Ballooning Ballooning Endnote 37
525 Interactio Interaction Interaction
526 Interactio epitheliomesenchymalis Epitheliomesenchymal Epitheliomesenchymal
interaction interaction
527 Interactio mesenchymoepithelialis Mesenchymo-epithelial Mesenchymoepithelial interaction
interaction
528 Intussusceptio Intussusception Intussusception
529 Invaginatio Invagination Invagination
530 Invasio Invasion Invasion
531 Invectio Recruitment Recruitment Endnote 38
532 Laxatio Loosening Loosening
533 Maturatio Maturation Maturation Endnote 39
534 Migratio interkinetica nuclei Interkinetic nuclear migration Interkinetic nuclear migration
535 Mitosis proliferativa Proliferative mitosis Proliferative mitosis
536 Mitosis quantalis Quantal mitosis Quantal mitosis
537 Optio binaria Binary choice Binary choice

538 Morphogenesis Morphogenesis Morphogenesis
539 Morphogenesis gemmans Budding morphogenesis Budding morphogenesis Endnote 40
540 Morphogenesis ramificans Branching morphogenesis Branching morphogenesis Endnote 41
541 Morphogenesis findens Clefting morphogenesis Clefting morphogenesis Endnote 42
542 Mors cellulae programmata Programmed cell death Programmed cell death
543 Apoptosis Apoptosis Apoptosis
544 Autophagocytosis Autophagy Autophagy
545 Autoschisis Autoschizis Autoschizis
546 Chondroptosis Chondroptosis Chondroptosis
547 Paraptosis Paraptosis Paraptosis
548 Motus Movements Movements
549 Motus biokineticus Biokinetic movement Biokinetic movement
550 Motus condensationis Motus densationis Condensation movement Condensation movement Densation movement Endnote 43
551 Motus compressionis Motus concursionis Longitudinal compression Longitudinal compression Contusional movement
longitudinalis movement movement
552 Motus dilatationis Dilation movement Dilation movement Endnote 44
553 Motus expansionis Motus distusionalis Elongation movement Elongation movement Distusional movement Endnote 45
longitudinalis
554 Motus involutionis Involutio Involutionary movement Involutionary movement Involution Endnote 46
555 Motus morphogenetici Morphogenetic movements Morphogenetic movements
556 Motus epibolicus Epiboly Epiboly Spreading
557 Motus embolicus Emboly Emboly Ingression
558 Motus convergens Convergence Convergence
559 Motus extendens Extension Extension
560 Motus extensionis convergentis Convergent extension Convergent extension
561 Motus translationis Migratio Changing positional relationship Changing positional relationship Migration Endnote 47
562 Migratio vera True migration True migration
563 Migratio ficta False migration False migration
564 Motus relativus Relative movement Relative movement
565 Motus ascensionis Relative ascent Relative ascent
566 Motus descensionis Relative descent Relative descent
567 Neurulatio Neurulation Neurulation
568 Neurulatio primaria Primary neurulation Primary neurulation Endnote 48
569 Neurulatio secundaria Secondary neurulation Secondary neurulation Endnote 49
570 Organogenesis Organogenesis Organogenesis Organogeny
571 Phenomenon campi Field phenomenon Field phenomenon
572 Campus morphogeneticus Campus biodynamicus Morphogenetic field Morphogenetic field Biodynamic field
573 Plicatio Folding Folding
574 Polarisatio Polarization Polarization
575 Polaritas planaris cellulae Polaritas cellularis planaris Planar cell polarity Planar cell polarity
576 Ramificatio Branching Branching
577 Reconstitutio Reconstitution Reconstitution
578 Regressio Regression Regression
579 Reorganisatio Reorganization Reorganization
580 Resegmentatio Resegmentation Resegmentation
581 Resorptio Resorption Resorption

582 Restrictio Restriction Restriction
583 Retractio Retraction Retraction
584 Segmentatio Metamerismus Segmentation Segmentation Metamerism
585 Situs Position Position
586 Situs solitus viscerum Normal position of viscera Normal position of viscera
587 Specificatio Specification Specification
588 Transitio Transition Transition
589 Transitio epitheliomesenchymalis Epitheliomesenchymal transition Epitheliomesenchymal transition Endnote 50
590 Transitio mesenchymoepithelialis Mesenchymo-epithelial transition Mesenchymoepithelial transition Endnote 51
591 Tubulatio Tubulation Tubulation
592 Vesiculatio Vesiculation Vesiculation

Caput III: ONTOGENESIS Chapter 3: ONTOGENESIS
593 Ontogenesis Ontogeny Ontogeny Endnote 52
594 Tempora ontogenetica Ontogenetic periods Ontogenetic periods
596 TEMPUS EMBRYONICUM EMBRYONIC PERIOD EMBRYONIC PERIOD
597 Embryo gradus I Stage 1 embryo Stage 1 embryo St. 1
598 Embryo gradus Ia Stage 1a embryo Stage 1a embryo St.1a
599 Embryo gradus Ib Stage 1b embryo Stage 1b embryo St. 1b
600 Embryo gradus Ic Stage 1c embryo Stage 1c embryo St. 1c
601 Embryo gradus II Stage 2 embryo Stage 2 embryo St. 2
602 Embryo gradus III Stage 3 embryo Stage 3 embryo St. 3
603 Embryo gradus IV Stage 4 embryo Stage 4 embryo St. 4
604 Embryo gradus V Stage 5 embryo Stage 5 embryo St. 5
605 Embryo gradus Va Stage 5a embryo Stage 5a embryo St. 5a
606 Embryo gradus Vb Stage 5b embryo Stage 5b embryo St. 5b
607 Embryo gradus Vc Stage 5c embryo Stage 5c embryo St. 5c
608 Embryo gradus VI Stage 6 embryo Stage 6 embryo St. 6
609 Embryo gradus VIa Stage 6a embryo Stage 6a embryo St. 6a
610 Embryo gradus Vib Stage 6b embryo Stage 6b embryo St. 6b
611 Embryo gradus VII Stage 7 embryo Stage 7 embryo St. 7
612 Embryo gradus VIII Stage 8 embryo Stage 8 embryo St. 8
613 Embryo gradus VIIIa Stage 8a embryo Stage 8a embryo St. 8a
614 Embryo gradus VIIIb Stage 8b embryo Stage 8b embryo St. 8b
615 Embryo gradus IX Embryo cum somitis I ad III Stage 9 embryo Stage 9 embryo St. 9; 1-3 somite embryo
616 Embryo gradus X Embryo cum somitis IV ad XII Stage 10 embryo Stage 10 embryo St. 10; 4-12 somite embryo
617 Embryo gradus XI Embryo cum somitis XIII ad XX Stage 11 embryo Stage 11 embryo St. 11; 13-20 somite embryo
618 Embryo gradus XII Embryo cum somitis XXI ad XXIX Stage 12 embryo Stage 12 embryo St. 12; 21-29 somite embryo
619 Embryo gradus XIII Embryo cum somitis XXX+ Stage 13 embryo Stage 13 embryo St. 13; 30+ somite embryo
620 Embryo gradus XIV Stage 14 embryo Stage 14 embryo St. 14
621 Embryo gradus XV Stage 15 embryo Stage 15 embryo St. 15
622 Embryo gradus XVI Stage 16 embryo Stage 16 embryo St. 16
623 Embryo gradus XVII Stage 17 embryo Stage 17 embryo St. 17
624 Embryo gradus XVIII Stage 18 embryo Stage 18 embryo St. 18
625 Embryo gradus XIX Stage 19 embryo Stage 19 embryo St. 19
626 Embryo gradus XX Stage 20 embryo Stage 20 embryo St. 20
627 Embryo gradus XXI Stage 21 embryo Stage 21 embryo St. 21
628 Embryo gradus XXII Stage 22 embryo Stage 22 embryo St. 22
629 Embryo gradus XXIII Stage 23 embryo Stage 23 embryo St. 23
630 TEMPUS FETALE FETAL PERIOD FETAL PERIOD Endnote 53

631 Fetogenesis Fetogenesis Fetogenesis
632 Fetus Fetus Fetus
633 Aetas fetalis Fetal age Fetal age Endnote 54

634 Tempus fetale initiale Fetus hebdomadis nonae ad Early fetal period Early fetal period Ninth to thirteenth week fetus Endnote 55
hebdomadem tertiam decimam
635 Tempus fetale intermedium Fetus trimestri secundi Intermediate fetal period Intermediate fetal period Second trimester fetus Endnote 56
636 Tempus fetale serum Fetus trimestri tertii Late fetal period Late fetal period Third trimester fetus Endnote 57
637 Ontogenesis postnatalis Postnatal ontogeny Postnatal ontogeny

638 TEMPUS NATALE BIRTH PERIOD BIRTH PERIOD
639 Tempus perinatale Perinatal period Perinatal period Endnote 58
640 Infantia Infancy Infancy
641 Tempus postnatale Postnatal period Postnatal period Postpartum period
642 Tempus neonatale Neonatal period Neonatal period Endnote 59
643 Tempus neonatale initiale Early neonatal period Early neonatal period
644 Tempus neonatale serum Later neonatal period Later neonatal period
645 TEMPORA SERIORA LATER PERIODS LATER PERIODS
646 Pueritia Childhood Childhood
647 Phasis prima pueritiae Early childhood Early childhood
648 Phasis secunda pueritiae Later childhood Later childhood
649 Acceleratio prepubertalis Prepubertal growth spurt Prepubertal growth spurt
crescentiae
650 Neotenia Neoteny Neoteny Endnote 60
651 Pedomorphosis Pedomorphosis Pedomorphosis Endnote 61
652 Pubertas Puberty Puberty
653 Adolescentia Adolescence Adolescence
654 Acceleratio crescentiae Adolescent growth spurt Adolescent growth spurt
adolescentiae
655 Aetas adulta Adulthood Adulthood
656 Juvenilitas Young adulthood Young adulthood
657 Maturitas Middle age Middle age
658 Senectus Old age Old age
659 Senescentia Senescence Senescence
660 Ordo ontogeneticus Ontogenetic sequence Ontogenetic sequence

662 FERTILISATIO POST FERTILIZATION FROM SPERM FERTILIZATION FROM SPERM Endnote 62
PENETRATIONEM PENETRATION PENETRATION
SPERMATOZOI
663 Nomina et processus Terms and processes Terms and processes
664 Monospermia Monospermy Monospermy
665 Dispermia Dispermy Dispermy
666 Polyspermia Polyspermy Polyspermy
667 Embryogenesis Embryogenesis Embryogenesis Embryogeny
668 Blastogenesis Blastogenesis Blastogenesis
669 Spermatozoon Sperm Sperm
670 Plasmalemma spermatozoi Plasmalemma of sperm Plasmalemma of sperm
671 Oocytus Oocyte Oocyte
672 Plasmalemma oocyti Plasmalemma of oocyte Plasmalemma of oocyte

673 Conjunctio inter plasmalemmata Sperm-oocyte plasma membrane Sperm oocyte plasma membrane
spermatozoi et oocyti fusion fusion
674 Ingressio spermatozoi Sperm entry Sperm entry
675 Determinatio sexus genetici Determination of genetic sex Determination of genetic sex
676 Aditus natrii ionici in oocytum Sodium ion inflow into oocyte Sodium ion inflow into oocyte
677 Obsidio subita polyspermiae Fast polyspermy block Fast polyspermy block
678 Propagatio undae calcii Calcium wave spread Calcium wave spread
679 Synkaryon Synkaryon Synkaryon
680 Fertilisatio in vitro In vitro fertilization In vitro fertilization
681 Activatio oocyti Activation of oocyte Activation of oocyte

682 Peractio divisionis meioticae Completion of second meiotic Completion of second meiotic
secundae division division
683 Pronucleus femininus Pronucleus maternus Female pronucleus Female pronucleus Maternal pronucleus Haploid (1N, 1C)
684 Ootidium Ovum; Embryo pronuclearis Ootid Ootid Endnote 63
685 Corpus polare secundum Polocytus secundarius Second polar body Second polar body Second polocyte Haploid (1N, 1C)
Endnote 64
686 Divisio corporis polaris primi Division of first polar body Division of first polar body Division of first polocyte
687 Corpora polaria duo Two daughter polocytes Two daughter polocytes Haploid (1N, 1C)
descendentia
688 Reactio corticalis Cortical reaction Cortical reaction
689 Conjunctio granulorum Fusion of cortical granules with Fusion of cortical granules with
corticalium cum plasmalemmate oocytic plasma membrane oocytic plasma membrane
oocytico
690 Liberatio subzonalis enzymatis Liberatio subcapsularis enzymatis Subzonal enzyme release Subzonal enzyme release Subcapsular enzyme release
691 Remotio receptorum Removal of sperm-binding Removal of spermbinding
ligantium spermatozoi receptors receptors
692 Obsidio lenta polyspermiae Slow polyspermy block Slow polyspermy block
693 Dilatatio spatii subzonalis Dilatatio spatii subcapsularis Expansion of subzonal space Expansion of subzonal space Expansion of subcapsular space
694 Liquor subzonalis copiosus Plenteous subzonal fluid Plenteous subzonal fluid
695 Reactio zonalis Reactio capsularis Zonal reaction Zonal reaction Capsular reaction
696 Induratio zonae pellucidae Hardening of zona pellucida Hardening of zona pellucida
697 Conus fertilisationis Fertilization cone Fertilization cone
698 Positio intraoocytica nuclei Intra-oocytic sperm nucleus Intraoocytic sperm nucleus Haploid (1N, 1C)
spermatozoi
699 Numerus diploideus Numerus diploideus Diploid number of unreplicated Diploid number of unreplicated Diploid number of unreplicated Endnote 65
chromosomatum nonreplicatorum chromosomatum nonreplicatorum chromosomes chromosomes chromosomes
700 Dissolutio tegumenti nuclearis Dissolution of sperm nuclear Dissolution of sperm nuclear
spermatozoi envelope envelope
701 Decondensatio chromatini Decondensation of chromatin Decondensation of chromatin
702 Reconstitutio tegumenti Reconstitution of sperm Reconstitution of sperm
nuclearis spermatozoi nuclear envelope nuclear envelope
703 Reordinatio chromatini Re-organization of chromatin Reorganization of chromatin
704 Appropinquatio pronucleorum Approximation of pronuclei Approximation of pronuclei
705 Syngamia Syngamy Syngamy Endnote 66
706 Vesiculatio tegumenti nuclearis Vesiculation of nuclear envelope Vesiculation of nuclear envelope
707 Disintegratio tegumenti nuclearis Disintegration of nuclear Disintegration of nuclear

envelope envelope
708 Conjugatio Synapsis Conjugation Conjugation
709 Formatio genomi embryonici Formation of embryonic genome Formation of embryonic genome
710 Activatio prima genorum First transcription First transcription First zygotic activation; ZGA1 Endnote 67
zygoticorum
711 Chromosomata homologa Paired homologous Paired homologous
conjuncta chromosomes chromosomes
712 Axis polaris Plane of first cleavage division Plane of first cleavage division Polar axis
713 Fissio prima First cleavage division First cleavage division
714 Fertilisatio simplex Single fertilization Single fertilization

715 Cyema singulare Singleton Singleton Single cyema
716 Fertilisatio duplex Double fertilization Double fertilization
717 TEMPUS EMBRYONICUM Gradus carnegienses [St.1 ad 23] EMBRYONIC PERIOD EMBRYONIC PERIOD Carnegie stages [St. 1-23] Endnote 68
718 Embryo Embryo Embryo
719 Embryo pregastrulationis Pregastrulation embryo Pregastrulation embryo Endnote 69
720 Embryo preimplantationis Pre-implantation embryo Preimplantation embryo
721 Embryo preblastocysticus Preblastocystic embryo Preblastocystic embryo
722 Gradus cellulae unicae Embryo unicellularis One-cell stage One cell stage Single cell embryo
723 Oocytus penetratus Oocytus definitivus; Embryo Penetrated oocyte Penetrated oocyte Definitive oocyte; Primordial
primordialis embryo
724 Zygotum Embryo syngamicus Zygote Zygote Syngamic embryo
726 Spatium subzonale Spatium subcapsulare Subzonal space Subzonal space Subcapsular space Endnote 70
727 Pronucleus Pronucleus Pronucleus
728 Pronucleus femininus Pronucleus maternus Female pronucleus Female pronucleus Maternal pronucleus
729 Corpus polare secundum Polocytus secundarius Second polar body Second polar body Second polocyte
730 Reactio corticalis Cortical reaction Cortical reaction
731 Reactio zonalis Reactio capsularis Zonal reaction Zonal reaction Capsular reaction Endnote 71
732 Degradatio mitochondriorum Degradation of paternal Degradation of paternal Endnote 72
paternalium mitochondria mitochondria
733 Conus fertilisationis Fertilization cone Fertilization cone IVF
734 Fusus anaphasis II Anaphase spindle II Anaphase spindle II IVF
735 Fusus telophasis II Telophase spindle II Telophase spindle II IVF
736 Intercorpus Interbody Interbody IVF
Endnote 73
737 Ootidium Ovum; Embryo pronuclearis Ootid Ootid Ovum; Pronuclear embryo
738 Pronucleus masculinus Pronucleus paternus Male pronucleus Male pronucleus Paternal pronucleus
739 Pronuclei admoti Approximated pronuclei Approximated pronuclei
740 Corpusculum precursorium Nucleolar precursor body Nucleolar precursor body
nucleolorum
741 Polus animalis Polus embryonicus presumptivus Animal pole Animal pole Presumptive embryonic pole
742 Zygotum Zygote Zygote
743 Zygotum findens Cleaving zygote Cleaving zygote Endnote 74

744 Zygotum findens cellularum II Cleaving zygote of two cells Cleaving zygote of two cells
745 Zygotum findens cellularum III Cleaving zygote of three cells Cleaving zygote of three cells
746 Zygotum findens cellularum IV Cleaving zygote of four cells, etc. Cleaving zygote of four cells, etc.
et cetera
747 Morula Morula Morula Endnote 75

748 Blastomerus Blastomere Blastomere
749 Compactio Compaction Compaction
750 Nexus Macula communicans; Synapsis Gap junction Gap junction Nonvesicular synapse
nonvesicularis
751 Macula adhaerens Desmosoma Desmosome Desmosome Macula adhaerens; Spot
desmosome
752 Zonula occludens Tight junction Tight junction
753 Cellula externa morulae Cellula trophoblastica presumptiva; Outer cell of morula Outer cell of morula Presumptive trophoblastic cell; Endnote 76
Cellula polarisata; Polarblastus Polarized cell; Polarblast
754 Cellula interna morulae Cellula embryoblastica Inner cell of morula Inner cell of morula Presumptive embryoblastic cell; Endnote 77
presumptiva; Pluriblastus initialis Early pluriblast
755 Axis radialis morulae Radial axis of morula Radial axis of morula .
756 Blastocystis libera Free blastocyst Free blastocyst Endnote 78

757 Blastocystis capsulata Encapsulated blastocyst Encapsulated blastocyst Unhatched blastocyst
758 Cavitatio Cavitation Cavitation IVF
759 Cavitatio incipiens Start of cavitation Start of cavitation IVF
760 Regressio cavitatis Collapse of cavity Collapse of cavity IVF
761 Redilatatio cavitatis Re-expansion of cavity Reexpansion of cavity IVF
762 Cavitatio terminalis End of cavitation End of cavitation IVF
763 Denudatio Hatching Hatching IVF
764 Cellula rumpens zonam Zona-breaker cell Zona breaker cell IVF
765 Cellula rejecta Discarded cell Discarded cell IVF
766 Cellula sequestrata Sequestered cell Sequestered cell IVF
767 Cellula segregata Isolated cell Isolated cell IVF
768 Fragmentum zonae pellucidae Fragment of zona pellucida Fragment of zona pellucida IVF
769 Blastocystis nuda Hatched blastocyst Hatched blastocyst
770 Segregatio embryoblasti Segregation of embryoblast Segregation of embryoblast
771 Polus embryonicus Embryonic pole Embryonic pole
772 Polus abembryonicus Abembryonic pole Abembryonic pole
773 Embryoblastus Massa cellularis interna; Embryoblast Embryoblast Inner cell mass; Late pluriblast Endnote 79
Pluriblastus serior
774 Discus embryonicus Embryonic disc Embryonic disc
775 Dorsoventralitas Dorsoventrality Dorsoventrality
776 Epithelium primordiale Primordial epithelium Primordial epithelium Endnote 80
777 Epiblastus Epiblast Epiblast Primary ectoderm Endnote 81
778 Hypoblastus Hypoblast Hypoblast Primary endoderm Endnote 82
779 Transitio Epitheliomesenchymal Epitheliomesenchymal
epitheliomesenchymalis transition transition
780 Mesenchyma Mesenchyme Mesenchyme Endnote 83

781 Transitio Mesenchymo-epithelial Mesenchymoepithelial Mesenchymoepithelial transition
mesenchymoepithelialis transition transition
782 Cavitas blastocystica Blastocystic cavity Blastocystic cavity Blastocyst cavity Endnote 84
784 Trophoblastus Trophoectoderma Trophoblast Trophoblast Trophectoderm Endnote 85
785 Trophoblastus polaris Polar trophoblast Polar trophoblast
786 Trophoblastus muralis Mural trophoblast Mural trophoblast
787 Blastocystis unilaminaris Unilaminar blastocyst Unilaminar blastocyst Endnote 86
788 Insignia miscellanea cellularum Miscellaneous features of Miscellaneous features of Endnote 87

trophoblasticarum undifferentiated trophoblast undifferentiated trophoblast
nondifferentiatarum cells cells
789 Corpus heterophagolysosomati Heterophagolysosome-like body Heterophagolysosome like body IVF
simile
790 Telolysosoma Corpusculum residuale Telolysosome Telolysosome Residual body IVF
791 Desmosoma Desmosome Desmosome Macula adhaerens IVF
792 Junctio occludens apicalis Apical tight junction Apical tight junction IVF
793 Junctio occludens basalis Basal tight junction Basal tight junction IVF
794 Junctio occludens anularis Anular tight junction Anular tight junction IVF
795 Lamella anularis Anulate lamella Anulate lamella IVF
796 Microvillus Microvillus Microvillus IVF
797 Mitochondrion longum Long mitochondrion Long mitochondrion IVF
798 Processus cellularis Cell process Cell process IVF
799 Reticulum endoplasmicum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum IVF
granulosum
800 Facies dorsalis embryonis Dorsal embryonic surface Dorsal embryonic surface
801 Facies ventralis embryonis Ventral embryonic surface Ventral embryonic surface
802 Blastocystis adhaerens Attaching blastocyst Attaching blastocyst Endnote 88

803 Cavitas amniotica primordialis Primordial amniotic cavity Primordial amniotic cavity Endnote 89
804 Cytotrophoblastus Cytotrophoblast Cytotrophoblast
805 Adhaesio epithelio endometrii Adherence to endometrial Adherence to endometrial IVF
epithelium epithelium
806 Complexus junctionalis apicalis Apical junctional complex Apical junctional complex IVF
807 Desmosoma Macula adhaerens Desmosome Desmosome Macula adhaerens; Spot IVF
desmosome
808 Invaginatio cellulae epiblasticae Cell process invaginating Cell process invaginating IVF
a processu cellulare epiblastic cell epiblastic cell
809 Porus nuclearis Nuclear pore Nuclear pore IVF
810 Syncytiotrophoblastus Syncytiotrophoblast Syncytiotrophoblast
811 Processus inter epitheliocytos Interendometrial cell processes Interendometrial cell processes IVF
endometrii
812 Margo syncytioepithelialis Syncytio-epithelial interface Syncytioepithelial interface
813 Implantatio superficialis Superficial implantation Superficial implantation
814 Adhaesio Adhesion Adhesion
815 Invasio trophoblastica Trophoblast invasion Trophoblast invasion
816 Implantatio interstitialis Interstitial implantation Interstitial implantation

817 Blastocystis implantata Conceptus previllosus Implanted blastocyst Implanted blastocyst Invading blastocyst; Previllous Endnote 90
conceptus
819 Margo syncytiodecidualis Syncytiodecidual interface Syncytiodecidual interface Endnote 91
820 Testa trophoblastica Trophoblastic shell Trophoblastic shell
821 Blastocystis invadens sine lacunis Invading blastocyst without Invading blastocyst without
trophoblasticis trophoblastic lacunae trophoblastic lacunae
822 Cavitas blastocystica pressula Flattened blastocystic cavity Flattened blastocystic cavity
823 Discus embryonicus concavus Dorsally concave embryonic disc Dorsally concave embryonic disc
dorsaliter
824 Trophoblastus solidus Solid trophoblast Solid trophoblast
825 Cavitas trophoepiblastica Tropho-epiblastic cavity Trophoepiblastic cavity Endnote 92
826 Cavitas amniotica primordialis Primordial amniotic cavity Primordial amniotic cavity
827 Amnioblastus Cellulae amniogenicae Amnioblast Amnioblast Amniogenic cells; Amniotic Endnote 93
ectoderm
828 Primordium marginis caudalis Primordium marginis caudalis Primordium of caudal margin of Primordium of caudal margin of Primordium of caudal margin of Endnote 94
lineae primitivae lineae gastrulationi primitive streak primitive streak gastrulation streak
829 Margo caudalis lineae primitivae Margo caudalis lineae Caudal margin of primitive streak Caudal margin of primitive streak Caudal margin of gastrulation Endnote 94
precocquis gastrulationis precoquis streak
830 Area caudalis mesoblastogenica Caudal mesoblastogenic area Caudal mesoblastogenic area Endnote 95
831 Mesoblastus extraembryonicus Extra-embryonic mesoblast Extraembryonic mesoblast Endnote 96
832 Textus angioblasticus mesoblasti Angioblastic tissue of mesoblast Angioblastic tissue of mesoblast Endnote 97
833 Crista previllosa mesoblasti Previllous crest of mesoblast Previllous crest of mesoblast Endnote 97
834 Reticulum extraembryonicum Magma reticulare Extra-embryonic reticulum Extraembryonic reticulum Mesenchymal reticulum Endnote 98
835 Blastocystis invadens cum Invading blastocyst with Invading blastocyst with
lacunis trophoblasticis isolated trophoblastic lacunae isolated trophoblastic lacunae
separatis
836 Lacuna trophoblastica Trophoblastic lacuna Trophoblastic lacuna
837 Aggregatio previllosa Previllous clump of cytotrophoblast Previllous clump of cytotrophoblast
cytotrophoblasti
838 Cavitas amniotica definitiva Definitive amniotic cavity Definitive amniotic cavity
839 Chorion primordiale Primordial chorion Primordial chorion
840 Endoblastus extraembryonicus Membrana exocoelomica Extra-embryonic endoblast Extraembryonic endoblast Exocoelomic membrane; Primary Endnote 99
endoderm
841 Vesicula umbilicalis primaria Saccus vitellinus primarius Primary umbilical vesicle Primary umbilical vesicle Primary yolk sac Endnote 100
842 Cavitas vesiculae umbilicalis Cavitas sacci vitellini primarii Cavity of primary umbilical vesicle Cavity of primary umbilical vesicle Cavity of primary yolk sac Endnote 100
primariae
843 Blastocystis invadens cum Invading blastocyst with Invading blastocyst with
lacunis communicantibus intercommunicating lacunae intercommunicating lacunae
844 Obturamentum fibrosus in loco Obturamentum occludens Fibrous coagulum at implantation Fibrous coagulum at implantation Closing plug
implantationis site site
845 Circulus lacunosus vascularis Lacunar vascular circle Lacunar vascular circle Endnote 101
846 Cavitas chorionica primordialis Primordial chorionic cavity Primordial chorionic cavity

847 Lamina prechordalis precoqua Precocious prechordal plate Precocious prechordal plate Anterior pregastrulation Endnote 102
differentiation
848 Margo disci embryonici Border of embryonic disc Border of embryonic disc
849 Junctio epiblasticoamniotica Epiblastic-amniotic junction Epiblastic amniotic junction
850 Anulus umbilicalis presumptivus Future umbilical ring Future umbilical ring
851 Polus caudalis embryonis Caudal pole of embryo Caudal pole of embryo Caudal end of embryo
852 Polus rostralis embryonis Rostral pole of embryo Rostral pole of embryo Rostral end of embryo Endnote 103
853 Polus cephalicus embryonis Polus cranialis embryonis Cephalic pole of embryo Cephalic pole of embryo Cephalic end of embryo; Cranial Endnote 104
end of embryo
854 Latus dextrum embryonis Right side of embryo Right side of embryo Endnote 105
855 Latus sinistrum embryonis Left side of embryo Left side of embryo
856 Conceptus villosus Villous conceptus Villous conceptus Endnote 106

857 Conceptus villosus sine linea Conceptus villosus sine linea Villous conceptus without obvious Villous conceptus without obvious
primitiva manifesta gastrulationis manifesta primitive streak primitive streak
858 Chorion Chorion Chorion
859 Trophoblastus Trophoblast Trophoblast Trophectoderm
860 Mesenchyma chorionicum Chorionic mesenchyme Chorionic mesenchyme
861 Mesothelium chorionicum Chorionic mesothelium Chorionic mesothelium
862 Chorion frondosum Chorion frondosum Chorion frondosum Villous chorion Endnote 107
863 Villus primarius Primary villus Primary villus
864 Villus secundarius Secondary villus Secondary villus
865 Villus tertiarius Tertiary villus Tertiary villus
866 Vas primordiale villi tertiarii Primordial vessel of tertiary Primordial vessel of tertiary
villus villus
867 Spatium intervillosum Intervillous space Intervillous space
868 Vesicula umbilicalis secundaria Saccus vitellinus secundarius Secondary umbilical vesicle Secondary umbilical vesicle Secondary yolk sac Endnote 100
869 Endoderma extraembryonicum Endoderma extraembryonicum Extra-embryonic endoderm of Extraembryonic endoderm of Extra-embryonic endoderm of yolk
vesiculae umbilicalis sacci vitellini umbilical vesicle umbilical vesicle sac; Extraembryonic endoderm of
yolk sac
870 Mesenchyma vesiculae Mesenchyma sacci vitellini Umbilical vesicle mesenchyme Umbilical vesicle mesenchyme Yolk sac mesenchyme
umbilicalis
871 Insula sanguinea vesiculae Insula sanguinea sacci vitellini Blood island of umbilical vesicle Blood island of umbilical vesicle Blood island of yolk sac
umbilicalis
872 Haemangiogenesis vesiculae Haemangiogenesis sacci vitellini Incipient umbilical vesicle Incipient umbilical vesicle Incipient yolk sac
umbilicalis incipiens incipiens haemangiogenesis hemangiogenesis haemangiogenesis; Incipient yolk
sac hemangiogenesis
873 Cavitas vesiculae umbilicalis Cavitas sacci vitellini secundarii Cavity of secondary umbilical Cavity of secondary umbilical Cavity of secondary yolk sac Endnote 100
secundariae vesicle vesicle
874 Vasculogenesis Vasculogenesis Vasculogenesis Endnote 108
875 Pedunculus connectans Primordial connecting stalk Primordial connecting stalk
primordialis
876 Conceptus villosus cum linea Conceptus villosus cum linea Villous conceptus with primitive Villous conceptus with primitive Villous conceptus with gastrulation
primitiva manifesta gastrulationis manifesta streak streak streak
877 Mesenchyma capitis Head mesenchyme Head mesenchyme Endnote 109
878 Linea primitiva Linea gastrulationis Primitive streak Primitive streak Gastrulation streak Endnote 110
879 Sulcus primitivus Sulcus gastrulationis Primitive groove Primitive groove Gastrulation groove Endnote 110

880 Mesoderma embryonicum Mesoblastus Embryonic mesoderm Embryonic mesoderm Mesoblast Endnote 111
881 Nodus primitivus Nodus gastrulationis Primitive node Primitive node Gastrulation node §Hensen§
Endnote 110
882 Endoderma embryonicum Embryonic endoderm Embryonic endoderm Endnote 112
883 Lamina prechordalis Prechordal plate Prechordal plate Endnote 113
884 Allantois Allantois Allantois
885 Diverticulum allantoicum Ductus allantoicus Allantoic diverticulum Allantoic diverticulum Allantoic duct Endnote 114
886 Mesenchyma allantoicum Allantoic mesenchyme Allantoic mesenchyme
887 Vas allantoicum Allantoic vessel Allantoic vessel
888 Membrana cloacalis primordialis Primordial cloacal membrane Primordial cloacal membrane
889 Haemangiogenesis vesiculae Haemangiogenesis sacci vitellini Umbilical vesicle Umbilical vesicle hemangiogenesis Yolk sac haemangiogenesis; Yolk
umbilicalis haemangiogenesis sac hemangiogenesis
890 Pedunculus connectans Connecting stalk Connecting stalk
891 Vas primordiale pedunculi Primordial vessel of connecting Primordial vessel of connecting
connectantis stalk stalk
892 Villus tertiarius ramosus Branching tertiary villus Branching tertiary villus
893 Vas villi tertiarii Vessel of tertiary villus Vessel of tertiary villus
894 Villus ancorialis Anchoring villus Anchoring villus
895 Villus liber Floating villus Floating villus
896 Amnion bilaminare Bilaminar amnion Bilaminar amnion
897 Cellula germinalis precursoria Precursor cellulae germinalis Primordial germ cell Primordial germ cell Germ cell precursor Endnote 115
898 Embryo postgastrulationis Postgastrulation embryo Postgastrulation embryo Endnote 116
899 Embryo cum processu Embryo cum processu axiali; Embryo with notochordal process Embryo with notochordal process Embryo with axial process; Embryo Endnote 117
notochordali Embryo cum chordo-mesodermate with chordamesoderm
900 Lamina neuralis Neural plate Neural plate
901 Processus notochordalis Processus axialis; Notochordal process Notochordal process Axial process; Chordamesoderm
Chordomesoderma
902 Notochorda Notochord Notochord
903 Cardo chordoneuralis Punctum chordoneurale cardinis Chordoneural hinge Chordoneural hinge Endnote 118
904 Canalis notochordalis Notochordal canal Notochordal canal
905 Canalis neurentericus Neurenteric canal Neurenteric canal Endnote 119
906 Lamina notochordalis Notochordal plate Notochordal plate
907 Cylindrus notochordalis Notochordal rod Notochordal rod
908 Membrana cloacalis Cloacal membrane Cloacal membrane
909 Embryo presomiticus Presomite embryo Presomite embryo Endnote 120

910 Embryo presomiticus sine sulco Presomite embryo without neural Presomite embryo without neural
neurale groove groove
911 Embryo piriformis Pear-shaped embryo Pear shaped embryo
912 Fovea primitiva Primitive pit Primitive pit Fovea notochordalis
Endnote 121
913 Embryo presomiticus cum sulco Presomite embryo with neural Presomite embryo with neural
neurale groove groove
914 Plica capitis primordialis Plica cephalica primordialis Primordial head fold Primordial head fold
915 Sulcus neuralis Neural groove Neural groove
916 Neurulatio primaria Primary neurulation Primary neurulation

917 Plica neuralis Neural fold Neural fold
918 Ectoderma embryonicum Embryonic ectoderm Embryonic ectoderm Endnote 122
919 Textus cristae neuralis Presumptive neural crest tissue Presumptive neural crest tissue
presumptivae
920 Junctio neurosomatica Junctio neurectodermalis Neurosomatic ectodermal junction Neurosomatic ectodermal junction Neuro-ectodermal junction;
ectodermalis Neuroectodermal junction
921 Mesoderma paraxiale Paraxial mesoderm Paraxial mesoderm
922 Somitomerum Somitomere Somitomere Endnote 123
923 Mesoderma laminae lateralis Lateral plate mesoderm Lateral plate mesoderm
924 Mesenchyma cardiogenicum Cardiogenic mesenchyme Cardiogenic mesenchyme
925 Spatium coelomicum segregum Isolated coelomic space Isolated celomic space
926 Zona junctionalis mesenchymalis Junctional zone of mesenchyme Junctional zone of mesenchyme Endnote 124
927 Embryo somiticus Somite embryo Somite embryo

928 Embryo solearis cum lordose Slipper-sole-shaped embryo with Slipper sole shaped embryo with
lordosis lordosis
929 Plica capitis Plica cephalica Head fold Head fold
930 Plica caudalis primordialis Primordial tail fold Primordial tail fold Primordial caudal fold
931 Plica lateralis primordialis Primordial lateral fold Primordial lateral fold
932 Plica lateralis Lateral fold Lateral fold
933 Eminentia caudalis Gemma caudalis Caudal eminence Caudal eminence Tail bud
934 Tuberculum coccygeum Coccygeal tubercle Coccygeal tubercle Endnote 125
935 Tuberculum caudale Caudal tubercle Caudal tubercle Endnote 126
936 Crista ectodermalis ventralis Crista ectodermalis ventralis Ventral ectodermal ridge of Ventral ectodermal ridge of Ventral ectodermal ridge of tail
eminentiae caudalis gemmae caudalis caudal eminence caudal eminence bud; VER of tail bud
937 Mesenchyma densum axiale Axial dense mesenchyme Axial dense mesenchyme Tail cord
938 Corda medullaris Corda neuralis Medullary cord Medullary cord Neural cord
939 Somitocoeloma Somitocoele Somitocele
940 Stomatodeum primordiale Primordial stomodeum Primordial stomodeum
941 Membrana oropharyngea Oropharyngeal membrane Oropharyngeal membrane
942 Primordium preenteri Primordium proenteri Primordium of foregut Primordium of foregut
943 Arcus pharyngei Pharyngeal arches Pharyngeal arches
944 Arcus pharyngeus primus First pharyngeal arch First pharyngeal arch
945 Arcus pharyngeus secundus Second pharyngeal arch Second pharyngeal arch
946 Arcus pharyngeus tertius Third pharyngeal arch Third pharyngeal arch
947 Arcus pharyngeus quartus Fourth pharyngeal arch Fourth pharyngeal arch
948 Arcus pharyngeus sextus Sixth pharyngeal arch Sixth pharyngeal arch
949 Sulcus pharyngeus Pharyngeal groove Pharyngeal groove
950 Primordium metenteri Primordium of hindgut Primordium of hindgut
951 Mesenchyma intermedium Intermediate mesenchyme Intermediate mesenchyme Mesoderma intermedium
Endnote 127
952 Mesenchyma somatopleurale Somatopleuric mesenchyme Somatopleuric mesenchyme
953 Coeloma intraembryonicum Intra-embryonic coelom Intraembryonic celom
954 Cavitas pericardiaca Primordial pericardial cavity Primordial pericardial cavity
primordialis
955 Mesenchyma splanchnopleurale Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme

956 Laminae cardiogenicae Bilateral asymmetric cardiogenic Bilateral asymmetric cardiogenic
nonsymmetricae plates plates
957 Primordia endocardiaca Endocardiac primordia Endocardiac primordia
958 Endocardium primordiale Primordial endocardium Primordial endocardium
959 Myocardium primordiale Primordial myocardium Primordial myocardium
960 Primordium cordis Heart primordium Heart primordium Plexiform heart
961 Septum transversum Septum transversum Septum transversum
962 Vasa extraembryonica Extra-embryonic blood vessels Extraembryonic blood vessels
963 Vas chorionicum Chorionic vessel Chorionic vessel
964 Vas allantoicum Allantoic vessel Allantoic vessel
965 Vas vitellinum Vas omphalomesentericum Vitelline vessel Vitelline vessel Omphalomesenteric vessel
966 Vasa intraembryonica Intra-embryonic blood vessels Intraembryonic blood vessels
967 V. omphalomesenterica V. vitellina Omphalomesenteric vein Omphalomesenteric vein Vitelline vein

Caput IV: HISTOGENESIS GENERALIS Chapter 4: GENERAL HISTOGENESIS
968 Histogenesis General histogenesis General histogenesis
generalis
969 Cellulae antecedentes Antecedent cells Antecedent cells Endnote 128
970 NOMINA GENERALIA GENERAL TERMS GENERAL TERMS
971 Potestas totalis Totipotency Totipotency Endnote 129
972 Omnipotentia Omnipotency Omnipotency
973 Potestas pluralis Pluripotency Pluripotency Endnote 130
974 Potestas multiplex Multipotency Multipotency Endnote 131
975 Potestas una Unipotency Unipotency Endnote 132
976 Formabilitas Plasticity Plasticity Endnote 133
977 Reprogrammatio Reprogramming Reprogramming
978 TYPI CELLULARUM VARIETIES OF ANTECEDENT VARIETIES OF ANTECEDENT

ANTECEDENTIUM CELLS CELLS
979 Cellula primordialis Primordial cell Primordial cell Endnote 134
980 Cellula fundatoria Founder cell Founder cell Endnote 135
981 Cellula progenitalis Cellula proprecursoria Progenitor cell Progenitor cell Prestem cell; PSC Endnote 136
982 Cellula staminalis Cellula precursoria Stem cell Stem cell Endnote 137
983 Cellula staminalis trophoblastica Trophoblastic stem cell Trophoblastic stem cell TSC GS
naturalis generated spontaneously in vivo generated spontaneously in vivo
984 Cellula staminalis trophoblastica Trophoblastic stem cell induced Trophoblastic stem cell induced TSC IA
inducta artificialiter artificially in vitro artificially in vitro
985 Cellula staminalis embryonica Stipitoblastus Embryonic stem cell Embryonic stem cell ESC
986 Cellula staminalis embryonica Stipitoblastus verus Embryonic stem cell generated Embryonic stem cell generated ESC GS
apparens spontaniter spontaneously in vivo spontaneously in vivo
987 Cellula staminalis embryonica Stipitoblastus artificialis Embryonic stem cell induced Embryonic stem cell induced ESC IA
inducta artificialiter artificially in vitro artificially in vitro
988 Linea cellularis staminalis Embryonic stem cell line Embryonic stem cell line
embryonica
989 Cellula germinalis embryonica Embryonic germ cell Embryonic germ cell
990 Cellula staminalis pluripotens Induced pluripotent stem cell Induced pluripotent stem cell
inducta
991 Cellula staminalis adulta Adult stem cell Adult stem cell
992 Cellulae prestaminales Cellulae proprecursoriae; Cellulae Stem cells in early development Stem cells in early development
pluripotentes
993 Cellula externa morulae Outer cell of morula Outer cell of morula
994 Cellula staminalis trophoblastica Trophoblastic stem cell Trophoblastic stem cell TSC
995 Cellula interna morulae Inner cell of morula Inner cell of morula
996 Cellula staminalis embryonica Stipitoblastus Embryonic stem cell Embryonic stem cell ESC
997 Cellula epiblastica Epiblastic cell Epiblastic cell
998 Cellula hypoblastica Hypoblastic cell Hypoblastic cell

999 Cellula ectodermalis Ectodermal cell Ectodermal cell
1000 Cellula mesodermalis Mesodermal cell Mesodermal cell
1001 Cellula endodermalis Endodermal cell Endodermal cell
1002 Cellulae staminales Cellulae multipotentes et Lineage-restricted stem cells Lineage restricted stem cells Multipotent and unipotent cells Endnote 138
unipotentes
1003 Cellula staminalis somatica Somatic stem cell Somatic stem cell
1004 Cellula stromalis medullae rubrae Bone marrow stromal cell Bone marrow stromal cell
1005 Cellula staminalis medullae osseae Bone marrow stem cell Bone marrow stem cell
1006 Cellula staminalis sanguinis Cord blood stem cell Cord blood stem cell
funiculi umbilicalis
1007 Cellula staminalis umbilicalis Umbilical stem cell Umbilical stem cell
1008 Cellula staminalis conjunctivalis Conjunctival stem cell Conjunctival stem cell
1009 Cellula staminalis cornealis Corneal stem cell Corneal stem cell
1010 Cellula staminalis endothelialis Endothelial stem cell Endothelial stem cell
1011 Cellula staminalis ependymalis Ependymal stem cell Ependymal stem cell
1012 Cellula staminalis epidermalis Epidermal stem cell Epidermal stem cell
1013 Cellula staminalis gastrointestinalis Gastro-intestinal stem cell Gastrointestinal stem cell
1014 Cellula staminalis haematopoietica Haematopoietic stem cell Hematopoietic stem cell
1015 Cellula staminalis Hepatopancreatic stem cell Hepatopancreatic stem cell
hepatopancreatica
1016 Cellula staminalis hypophysialis Hypophysial stem cell Hypophysial stem cell
1017 Cellula staminalis mesechymatica Mesenchymal stem cell Mesenchymal stem cell hMSC
1018 Cellula staminalis myogenica Myogenic stem cell Myogenic stem cell
1019 Cellula staminalis nervosa Neural stem cell Neural stem cell
1020 Cellula staminalis neuronalis Neuronal stem cell Neuronal stem cell
1021 Cellula staminalis glialis Glial stem cell Glial stem cell
1022 Cellula staminalis epidermalis Epidermal neural crest cell stem Epidermal neural crest cell stem eNCSC
cristae neuralis cell cell
1023 Cellula staminalis olfactoria Olfactory stem cell Olfactory stem cell
1024 Cellula staminalis spermatogonica Spermatogonial stem cell Spermatogonial stem cell
1025 Cellula staminalis germinalis Germinal stem cell Germinal stem cell Endnote 139
1026 Cellulae progenetrices Progenitor cells Progenitor cells See relevant tissue derivatives
1027 Factores crescentiae Growth factors Growth factors Endnote 140

1028 Receptor tyrosinum kinasis Receptor tyrosine kinase Receptor tyrosine kinase
1029 Familia factoris crescentiae Fibroblast growth factor family Fibroblast growth factor family FGF family
fibroblasticae
1030 Familia ephrini Ephrin family Ephrin family
1031 Receptor maculatus Receptor patched Receptor patched
1032 Familia erinacea Hedgehog family Hedgehog family
1033 Receptor crispatus Receptor frizzled Receptor frizzled
1034 Familia receptoris nonalati Wingless-type family Wingless type family WNT family
1035 Receptor serini/threonini kinasis Receptor serine/threonine kinase Receptor serine/threonine kinase
1036 Superfamilia factoris epidermalis Epidermal growth factor Epidermal growth factor EGF superfamily

crescentiam superfamily superfamily
1037 Superfamilia factoris Transforming growth factor beta Transforming growth factor beta TGF-β superfamily
transformantis crescentiam β superfamily superfamily
1038 Familia activini Activin family Activin family
1039 Familia factoris morphogenetici Bone morphogenetic factor Bone morphogenetic factor BMP family
ossium family family
1040 Familia factoris transformantis Transforming growth factor Transforming growth factor TGF family
crescentiam family family
1041 Factor transformans Transforming growth factor Transforming growth factor TGF-α
crescentiam α
1042 Familia vitellogenini I Vitellogenin family Vitellogenin family Vg1 family
1043 Familia nodalis Nodal family Nodal family
1044 Receptor integrini Integrin receptor Integrin receptor
1045 Ligantia fibronectini/laminini Fibronectin/Laminin ligands Fibronectin/Laminin ligands
1046 Receptor incisurans Notch receptor Notch receptor
1047 Ligantia delta/serrata Delta/Serrate ligands Delta/Serrate ligands
1048 Factores transcriptionis Transcription factors Transcription factors Endnote 141
1049 Crista neuralis Neural crest Neural crest Endnote 142

1050 STRUCTURAE CRISTAE NEURAL CREST STRUCTURES NEURAL CREST STRUCTURES Endnote 143
NEURALIS
1051 COMPLEXUS CRISTAE NASAL NEURAL CREST NASAL NEURAL CREST Endnote 144
NEURALIS NASALIS COMPLEX COMPLEX
1052 Mesenchyma olfactorium Olfactory mesenchyme Olfactory mesenchyme In part
1053 Basicranium anterius Anterior basicranium Anterior basicranium In part
1054 Leptomeninx Leptomeninx Leptomeninx
1055 Epithelium olfactorium Olfactory epithelium Olfactory epithelium
1056 Cellula olfactoria staminalis Olfactory stem cell Olfactory stem cell
1057 Neuroblastus olfactorius Olfactory neuroblast Olfactory neuroblast
1058 Neuron olfactorium Immature olfactory neuron Immature olfactory neuron
immaturum
1059 Epitheliocytus sustenans Olfactory supporting epithelial Olfactory supporting epithelial
olfactorius cell cell
1060 Cellula olfactoria implicans Gliocytus olfactorius implicans Olfactory ensheathing cell Olfactory ensheathing cell OEC; Olfactory ensheathing glial
cell
1061 Epitheliocytus basalis olfactorius Olfactory basal epithelial cell Olfactory basal epithelial cell
1062 Neuroblastus vomeronasalis Vomeronasal neuroblast Vomeronasal neuroblast
1063 Neuron immaturum Immature vomeronasal neuron Immature vomeronasal neuron
vomeronasale
1064 Neuron gonadotropinum liberans Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Gonadotropin releasing hormone GnRH neuron of vomeronasal
nervi vomeronasalis neuron of vomeronasal nerve neuron of vomeronasal nerve nerve
1065 Gliocytus vomeronasalis Vomeronasal ensheathing glial Vomeronasal ensheathing glial
implicans cell cell
1066 Neuroblastus nervi terminalis Neuroblast of nervus terminalis Neuroblast of nervus terminalis
1067 Neuron immaturum nervi Immature neuron of nervus Immature neuron of nervus

terminalis terminalis terminalis
1068 Neuron gonadotropinum liberans Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Gonadotropin releasing hormone GnRH neuron of terminal nerve
nervi terminalis neuron of terminal nerve neuron of terminal nerve
1069 Cellula nervi terminalis implicans Gliocytus nervi terminalis implicans Ensheathing cell of terminal Ensheathing cell of terminal Ensheathing glial cell of terminal
nerve nerve nerve
1070 COMPLEXUS CRISTAE OPTIC NEURAL CREST OPTIC NEURAL CREST Endnote 145
NEURALIS OPTICAE COMPLEX COMPLEX
1071 Mesenchyma oculi Optic mesenchyme Optic mesenchyme In part
1074 Tunica fibrosa bulbi Fibrous layer of eyeball Fibrous layer of eyeball
1075 Cellula staminalis cornealis Corneal stem cell Corneal stem cell Endnote 146
1076 Melanocytus Melanocyte Melanocyte
1077 Tunica vasculosa bulbi Uvea Vascular layer of eyeball Vascular layer of eyeball Uvea
1078 Pigmentocytus uvealis Pigment cell of uvea Pigment cell of uvea
1079 CRISTA NEURALIS PREOTICA PRE-OTIC NEURAL CREST PREOTIC NEURAL CREST
1080 Complexus cristae neuralis Mesencephalic neural crest Mesencephalic neural crest Endnote 147
mesencephalicae complex complex
1081 Mesenchyma frontonasale Frontonasal mesenchyme Frontonasal mesenchyme
1083 Os frontale Frontal bone Frontal bone
1084 Pars squamosa ossis temporalis Squamous part of temporal bone Squamous part of temporal bone
1085 Viscerocranium membranaceum Membranous viscerocranium Membranous viscerocranium In part
1087 Mesenchyma oculi Optic mesenchyme Optic mesenchyme In part
1088 Cellula staminalis cornealis Corneal stem cell Corneal stem cell
1089 Keratocytus Keratocyte Keratocyte
1090 Adipocytus Adipocyte Adipocyte
1092 Epithelium posterius corneae Endothelium of anterior chamber Endothelium of anterior chamber
1093 Stroma iridis Stroma of iris Stroma of iris
1094 Membrana pupillaris Pupillary membrane Pupillary membrane Iridopupillary membrane In part
1095 Ectomesenchyma dentale Dental ectomesenchyme Dental ectomesenchyme
1096 Papilla dentis Dental papilla Dental papilla
1097 Odontoblastus Odontoblast Odontoblast
1098 Crista neuralis isthmica Isthmic neural crest Isthmic neural crest Endnote 148
1099 Via migrationis dorsolateralis Dorsolateral migration pathway Dorsolateral migration pathway
1100 Mesenchyma capitis * Head mesenchyme * Head mesenchyme * In part
1102 Crista neuralis Rhombencephalic neural crest Rhombencephalic neural crest

rhombencephalica
1103 Complexus cristae neuralis Trigeminal neural crest complex Trigeminal neural crest complex Endnote 149

trigeminalis
1106 Mesenchyma capitis Head mesenchyme Head mesenchyme In part
1107 Dermis capitis Dermis of head Dermis of head
1110 Viscerocranium Membranous viscerocranium Membranous viscerocranium In part
membranaceum
1111 Cartilago arcus pharyngei primi First pharyngeal arch cartilage First pharyngeal arch cartilage §Meckel§
1112 Ossiculae auditus Auditory ossicles Auditory ossicles In part
1113 Fasciae propriae musculorum First pharyngeal arch muscle First pharyngeal arch muscle
arcus pharyngei primi sheaths sheaths
1114 Via migrationis ventrolateralis Ventrolateral migration pathway Ventrolateral migration pathway
1115 Neuron sensorium ganglii Trigeminal ganglion cell Trigeminal ganglion cell
trigeminalis
1116 Gliocytus ganglionicus Ganglionic satellite cell Ganglionic satellite cell
1117 Schwannocytus Schwann cell Schwann cell
1118 Complexus cristae neuralis Faciovestibulocochlear neural Faciovestibulocochlear neural Endnote 150
faciovestibulocochlearis crest complex crest complex
1119 Complexus cristae neuralis Facial neural crest complex Facial neural crest complex Endnote 151
facialis
1122 Mesenchyma capitis Head mesenchyme Head mesenchyme In part
1123 Dermis cervicalis Dermis of neck Dermis of neck In part
1126 Viscerocranium membranaceum Membranous viscerocranium Membranous viscerocranium In part
1127 Cartilago arcus pharyngei Second pharyngeal arch Second pharyngeal arch §Reichert§
secundi cartilage cartilage
1128 Ossiculae auditus Auditory ossicles Auditory ossicles In part
Endnote 152
1129 Os hyoideum Hyoid bone Hyoid bone In part
1130 Fasciae propriae musculorum Second pharyngeal arch Second pharyngeal arch
arcus pharyngei secundi muscle sheaths muscle sheaths
1132 Neuron sensorium ganglii Geniculate ganglion cell Geniculate ganglion cell
geniculi
1135 COMPLEXUS CRISTAE OTIC NEURAL CREST OTIC NEURAL CREST Endnote 153
NEURALIS OTICAE COMPLEX COMPLEX

1138 Mesenchyma oticum Otic mesenchyme Otic mesenchyme In part
1139 Capsula otica Otic capsule Otic capsule In part
1140 Arcus pharyngei secundi et tertii Second and third pharyngeal Second and third pharyngeal
arches arches
1142 Neuron sensorium ganglii Vestibular ganglion cell Vestibular ganglion cell
vestibularis
1143 Neuron sensorium ganglii Cochlear ganglion cell Cochlear ganglion cell
cochlearis
1146 CRISTA NEURALIS POSTOTICA POSTOTIC NEURAL CREST POSTOTIC NEURAL CREST
1147 Complexus cristae neuralis Glossopharyngeal neural crest Glossopharyngeal neural crest Endnote 154
glossopharyngealis complex complex
1150 Crista neuralis cardiaca Cardiac neural crest Cardiac neural crest In part
Endnote 155
1151 Cartilago arcus pharyngei tertii Third pharyngeal arch cartilage Third pharyngeal arch cartilage
1152 Os hyoideum Hyoid bone Hyoid bone In part
1153 Fascia propria musculi Stylopharyngeus muscle sheath Stylopharyngeus muscle sheath
stylopharyngei
1155 Neuron sensorium ganglii Glossopharyngeal ganglion cell Glossopharyngeal ganglion cell
glossopharyngei
1156 Ganglion glossopharyngeum Superior glossopharyngeal Superior glossopharyngeal
superius ganglion ganglion
1157 Ganglion glossopharyngeum Inferior glossopharyngeal Inferior glossopharyngeal
inferius ganglion ganglion
1160 Complexus cristae neuralis Vagal neural crest complex Vagal neural crest complex Endnote 154
vagalis
1163 Crista neuralis cardiac Cardiac neural crest Cardiac neural crest In part
1164 Cartilago arcus pharyngei quarti Fourth pharyngeal arch cartilage Fourth pharyngeal arch cartilage
1165 Cartilagines laryngeae Laryngeal cartilages Laryngeal cartilages Endnote 156
1166 Fasciae propriae musculorum Fourth pharyngeal arch muscle Fourth pharyngeal arch muscle
arcus pharyngei quarti sheaths sheaths
1168 Neuron sensorium ganglii vagalis Vagal ganglion cell Vagal ganglion cell
1169 Ganglion vagale superius Superior vagal ganglion Superior vagal ganglion
1170 Ganglion vagale inferius Inferior vagal ganglion Inferior vagal ganglion

1173 Linea generationis cellularum Parasympathetic cell lineage Parasympathetic cell lineage
parasympathicarum
1174 Pars enterica systematis Enteric nervous system Enteric nervous system
nervosi
1175 Ganglion entericum Enteric ganglion Enteric ganglion
1176 Plexus entericus ganglionaris Ganglionic enteric plexus Ganglionic enteric plexus Enteric nerve plexus
1177 Plexus nervosus myentericus Myenteric plexus Myenteric plexus §Auerbach§
1178 Plexus nervosus Outer submucous plexus Outer submucous plexus §Schabadasch§
submucosus externus
1179 Plexus nervosus Inner submucous plexus Inner submucous plexus §Meissner§
submucosus internus
1180 Plexus entericus Aganglionic enteric plexus Aganglionic enteric plexus
aganglionaris
1181 Gliocytus entericus Enteric glial cell Enteric glial cell
1182 Complexus cristae neuralis Cardiac neural crest complex Cardiac neural crest complex
cardiacus
1183 Arcus pharyngei tertii, quartii et Third, fourth and sixth pharyngeal Third, fourth and sixth pharyngeal
sexti arches arches
1184 Aa. arcuum pharyngeorum Pharyngeal arch arteries Pharyngeal arch arteries Aortic arches Endnote 157
1185 Paraganglion Paraganglion Paraganglion
1186 Paragangliocytus Cellula typi I Paragangliocyte Paragangliocyte Type I cell
1187 Glandulae parathyroideae Parathyroid glands Parathyroid glands In part
1188 Stroma glandulae Parathyroid stroma Parathyroid stroma
parathyroideae
1189 Cor Heart Heart In part
1190 Basis cordis Base of heart Base of heart In part
1191 Ductus tractus communis Common outflow tract of heart Common outflow tract of heart In part
egressionis cordis
1192 Crista endocardiaca septalis Tuber endocardiacum septale Septal ridge Septal ridge Septal cushion; Parietal cushion
1193 Septum aorticopulmonale Aorticopulmonary septum Aorticopulmonary septum In part
1194 Valva aortae Aortic valve Aortic valve Aortic arterial valve In part
1195 Valva trunci pulmonalis Pulmonary valve Pulmonary valve Pulmonary arterial valve In part
1196 Tubera endocardiaca Atrioventricular endocardial Atrioventricular endocardial In part
atrioventricularia cushions cushions
1197 Cardiomyocytus atrialis Endocrine atrial cardiomyocyte Endocrine atrial cardiomyocyte Atrial myo-endocrine cell; Atrial
secretans myoendocrine cell
1198 Trachea et bronchi Trachea and bronchi Trachea and bronchi In part
1199 Neuroendocrinocytus Respiratory neuro-endocrine cell Respiratory neuro-endocrine cell
respiratorius
1200 Gemma thymica Thymic bud Thymic bud In part
1201 Stroma thymi Thymic stroma Thymic stroma
1202 Glandula thyroidea Thyroid gland Thyroid gland In part
1203 Thyrocytus C C thyrocyte C thyrocyte C cell; Parafollicular cell
1204 Crista neuralis nervi accessorii Neural crest of accessory nerve Neural crest of accessory nerve Endnote 158

1208 Crista neuralis hypoglossalis Crista neuralis occipitalis Hypoglossal neural crest Hypoglossal neural crest Occipital neural crest Endnote 159
1213 Chorda hypoglossalis Hypoglossal cord Hypoglossal cord In part
1215 CRISTA NEURALIS SPINALIS SPINAL NEURAL CREST SPINAL NEURAL CREST Endnote 160
1216 Via migrationis dorsolateralis Dorsolateral migration pathway Dorsolateral migration pathway Endnote 161
1218 Via migrationis ventrolateralis Ventrolateral migration pathway Ventrolateral migration pathway Endnote 162
1219 Neuron sensorium ganglii spinalis Spinal ganglion cell Spinal ganglion cell
1222 Via migrationis ventromedialis Ventromedial migration pathway Ventromedial migration pathway Endnote 163
1223 Linea generationis cellularum Sympathosuprarenal cell lineage Sympathosuprarenal cell lineage Sympatho-adrenal cell lineage;
sympathicosuprarenalium Sympathoadrenal cell lineage
1224 Ganglion trunci sympathici Ganglion of sympathetic trunk Ganglion of sympathetic trunk
1226 Medulla suprarenalis Suprarenal medulla Suprarenal medulla
1227 Endocrinocytus chromophilus Medullary chromaffin cell Medullary chromaffin cell
medullaris
1228 Ganglion preaorticum Pre-aortic ganglion Preaortic ganglion §Zuckerkandl§
1230 Linea generationis cellularum Parasympathetic cell lineage Parasympathetic cell lineage
parasympathicarum
1231 Ganglion parasympathicum Parasympathetic ganglion Parasympathetic ganglion
1233 Textus connectivi atque Connective and supporting Connective and supporting
sustinentes tissues tissues
1234 TEXTUS ADIPOSUS ADIPOSE TISSUE ADIPOSE TISSUE
1235 Mesenchyma somiticum Somitic mesenchyme Somitic mesenchyme
1236 Mesenchyma somatopleurale Somatopleuric mesenchyme Somatopleuric mesenchyme Endnote 164
1237 Mesenchyma splanchnopleurale Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme Endnote 165
1238 Ectomesenchyma Mesenchyma cristae neuralis Ectomesenchyme Ectomesenchyme Neural crest mesenchyme
1239 Mesenchyma ex eminentia Mesenchyme from caudal Mesenchyme from caudal
caudale eminence eminence
1240 Cellula adipocytoprogenetrix Fat cell progenitor Fat cell progenitor Endnote 166

1241 Preadipocytus Pre-adipocyte Preadipocyte
1242 Preadipocytus celeriter replicans Fast replicating pre-adipocyte Fast replicating preadipocyte
1243 Preadipocytus cunctanter Slowly replicating pre-adipocyte Slowly replicating preadipocyte
replicans
1244 Adipocytus fuscus Brown adipose cell Brown adipose cell
1245 Lobulus adiposus vascularis Perivascular adipose lobule Perivascular adipose lobule
1246 Textus adiposus fuscus Brown adipose tissue Brown adipose tissue
1247 Adipocytus albus White adipose cell White adipose cell
1248 Textus adiposus albus White adipose tissue White adipose tissue
1249 CHONDROHISTOGENESIS CHONDROHISTOGENESIS CHONDROHISTOGENESIS See Terminologia Histologica

1250 Chondroblastus Chondroblast Chondroblast
1251 Chondrocytus Chondrocyte Chondrocyte
1252 CHONDROIDOGENESIS CHONDROIDOGENESIS CHONDROIDOGENESIS See Terminologia Histologica

1253 Chondroidocytus Chondroidocyte Chondroidocyte
1254 Textus chondroideus Chondroid tissue Chondroid tissue See Terminologia Histologica
1255 OSTEOGENESIS OSTEOGENESIS OSTEOGENESIS Osteogeny

1256 Mesenchyma blastemale Blastemal mesenchyme Blastemal mesenchyme
1257 Motus condensationis Motus densationis Condensation movement Condensation movement Densation movement
1258 Cellula osteoprogenetrix Osteoprogenitor cell Osteoprogenitor cell
1259 Osteoblastus Osteoblast Osteoblast
1260 Osteocytus Osteocyte Osteocyte
1261 Stratum preosseum Osteoideum Osteoid Osteoid Preosseous matrix
1262 Centrum ossificationis Ossification centre Ossification center
1263 Ossificatio Ossification Ossification
1264 Linea calcificationis Calcification front Calcification front
1265 Crystallum hydroxyapatiti Hydroxyapatite crystal Hydroxyapatite crystal
1266 Trabecula ossea Bone trabecula Bone trabecula
1267 Osteonum Osteon Osteon
1268 Cellula osteoclastoprogenetrix Osteoclast progenitor cell Osteoclast progenitor cell Endnote 167
1269 Osteoclastus Osteoclast Osteoclast Endnote 168
1270 Lacuna erosionis Osteoclastic crypt Osteoclastic crypt Erosion lacuna
1271 Linea erosionis Linea resorptionis Erosion front Erosion front
1272 Os membranaceum Membranous bone Membranous bone
1273 Os endochondrale Endochondral bone Endochondral bone
1274 Cellula vestiens ossis progenetrix Bone-lining cell progenitor Bone lining cell progenitor
1275 Ossificatio membranacea Ossificatio desmalis Membranous ossification Membranous ossification Intramembranous ossification
1276 Mesenchyma blastemale Blastemal mesenchyme Blastemal mesenchyme
1277 Textus chondroideus Chondroid tissue Chondroid tissue
1278 Centrum ossificationis Ossification centre Ossification centre
1279 Motus detondens Shearing movement Shearing movement
1280 Stratum osteoblasticum Osteoblastic layer Osteoblastic layer

1282 Osteoclastus Osteoclast Osteoclast
1285 Ossificatio chondralis Chondral ossification Chondral ossification Cartilaginous ossification

1286 Permutationes intracartilagineae Changes in cartilage Changes in cartilage
1287 Irruptio a vasis Vascularization Vascularization
1288 Canalis cartilagineus Cartilage canal Cartilage canal Endnote 169
1289 Hypertrophia chondrocyti Hypertrophy of chondrocyte Hypertrophy of chondrocyte
1290 Vacuolatio Vacuolation Vacuolation
1291 Accumulatio glycogeni Accumulation of glycogen Accumulation of glycogen
1292 Formatio septi matricalis Formation of matrix septum Formation of matrix septum
1293 Degeneratio chondrocyti Degeneration of chondrocyte Degeneration of chondrocyte
1294 Formatio lacunae in cartilagine Formation of cartilage lacuna Formation of cartilage lacuna
1295 Calcificatio parietis lacunae Calcification of lacunar wall Calcification of lacunar wall
1296 Ossificatio perichondralis Perichondral ossification in Perichondral ossification in Endnote 170

diaphysialis diaphysis diaphysis
1297 Perichondrium diaphysiale Diaphysial perichondrium Diaphysial perichondrium
1298 Ossificatio membranacea Ossificatio desmalis Membranous ossification Membranous ossification Intramembranous ossification
1299 Os perichondrale Perichondral bone Perichondral bone
1300 Periosteum Periosteum Periosteum
1301 Stratum osteogenicum Osteogenic layer Osteogenic layer
1305 Anulus perichondralis Perichondral collar Perichondral collar Endnote 171
1306 Anulus osseus diaphysialis Diaphysial bone collar Diaphysial bone collar
1307 Periosteum Periosteum Periosteum
1308 Gemma osteogenica Osteogenic bud Osteogenic bud
1309 Gemma capillaris Capillary sprout Capillary sprout
1310 Osteoclastus Osteoclast Osteoclast
1311 Chondroclastus Chondroclast Chondroclast
1312 Cellula osteoprogenetrix Osteoprogenitor cell Osteoprogenitor cell
1313 Erosio osteoclastica anuli ossei Osteoclastic erosion of Osteoclastic erosion of
diaphysialis diaphysial bone collar diaphysial bone collar
1314 Canalis erosionis Erosion canal Erosion canal
1315 Ossificatio endochondralis Endochondral ossification in Endochondral ossification in

diaphysialis diaphysis diaphysis
1316 Extensio gemmae osteogenicae Spread of osteogenic bud Spread of osteogenic bud Endnote 172
1317 Centrum primarium ossificationis Centrum diaphysiale ossificationis Primary ossification centre Primary ossification centre Diaphysial ossification centre;
Diaphyseal ossification center
1318 Nucleus osteogenicus primarius Primary osteogenic nucleus Primary osteogenic nucleus
1319 Cavitas medullaris primaria Primary medullary cavity Primary medullary cavity

1320 Ossificatio endochondralis Endochondral ossification in Endochondral ossification in
epiphysialis epiphysis epiphysis
1321 Cartilago epiphysialis Epiphysial cartilage Epiphyseal cartilage
1322 Zona quiescens Resting zone Resting zone Quiescent zone
1323 Zona proliferationis Proliferation zone Proliferation zone
1324 Columella chondrocytorum Chondrocyte column Chondrocyte column
1325 Zona hypertrophica Hypertrophic zone Hypertrophic zone
1326 Chondrocytus hypertrophicus Hypertrophic chondrocyte Hypertrophic chondrocyte
1327 Zona calcificationis Calcification zone Calcification zone
1328 Cartilago calcificata Calcified cartilage Calcified cartilage
1329 Lacuna cartilaginis Cartilaginous lacuna Cartilaginous lacuna
1330 Paries transversus lacunae Transverse wall of lacuna Transverse wall of lacuna
1331 Paries longitudinalis Longitudinal wall of lacuna Longitudinal wall of lacuna
lacunae
1332 Zona erosionis Erosion zone Erosion zone
1333 Lacuna erosionis Osteoclastic crypt Osteoclastic crypt Erosion lacuna
1334 Chondroclastus Chondroclast Chondroclast
1335 Zona ossificationis Ossification zone Ossification zone
1336 Os endochondrale Endochondral bone Endochondral bone
1337 Trabecula ossea primaria Primary bone trabecula Primary bone trabecula
1338 Trabecula ossea secundaria Secondary bone trabecula Secondary bone trabecula
1339 Centrum secundarium Centrum epiphysiale ossificationis Secondary ossification centre Secondary ossification center Epiphysial ossification centre;
ossificationis Epiphyseal ossification center
1340 Nucleus osteogenicus Secondary osteogenic nucleus Secondary osteogenic nucleus
secundarius
1341 Chondrocytus hypertrophicus Hypertrophic chondrocyte Hypertrophic chondrocyte
1342 Cartilago calcificata Calcified cartilage Calcified cartilage
1343 Textus chondroideus Chondroid tissue Chondroid tissue
1344 Textus osseus reticulofibrosus Woven bone Woven bone
1345 Lamina epiphysialis Epiphysial plate Epiphyseal plate Growth plate
1346 Textus osseus reticulofibrosus Woven bone Woven bone

1347 Trabecula Trabecula Trabecula
1348 Os compactum nonmaturum Immature compact bone Immature compact bone
1349 Spatium vasculare Vascular space Vascular space
1350 Os lamellare Lamellar bone Lamellar bone

1351 Lamella ossea Osseous lamella Osseous lamella
1352 Stratum preosseum Osteoideum Osteoid Osteoid Preosseous matrix
1353 Lamella circumtendens Circumferential lamella Circumferential lamella
1354 Lamella concentrica Concentric lamella Concentric lamella
1355 Osteonum primarium Primary osteon Primary osteon Endnote 173
1356 Osteonum secundarium Secondary osteon Secondary osteon Endnote 173
1357 Cavitas medullaris ossis Medullary cavity of bone Medullary cavity of bone

1358 MYOHISTOGENESIS MUSCLE HISTOGENESIS MUSCLE HISTOGENESIS
1359 Myogenesis Myogenesis Myogenesis
1360 Cellulae progenetrices Progenitor cells Progenitor cells
1361 Cellula myocytoprogenetrix Myogenic progenitor Myogenic progenitor Myogenic precursor cell;
Myocytoprogenitor cell
1362 Cellula staminalis myogenica Myogenic stem cell Myogenic stem cell
1363 Cellula cardiomyocytoprogenetrix Cardiac myocytoprogenitor cell Cardiac myocytoprogenitor cell
1364 Promyoblastus Promyoblast Promyoblast
1365 Myoblastus Myoblast Myoblast
1366 Myoblastus postmitoticus Postmitotic myoblast Postmitotic myoblast
1367 Status mononuclearis Mononuclear state Mononuclear state
1368 Myocytus Myocyte Myocyte
1369 Myocytus levis Myocytus nonstriatus Smooth muscle cell Smooth muscle cell
1370 Cardiomyocytus Myocytus cardiacus Cardiac muscle cell Cardiac muscle cell
1371 Status multinuclearis Multinuclear state Multinuclear state
1372 Myotubus Myotube Myotube
1373 Myotubus primarius Primary myotube Primary myotube
1374 Myotubus secundarius Secondary myotube Secondary myotube
1375 Myofibra Myofibre Myofiber
1376 Cellula adjuncta Satellite cell Satellite cell
1377 Tendinogenesis Tendinogenesis Tendinogenesis

1378 Cellula tendinocytoprogenetrix Tendinocyte progenitor cell Tendinocyte progenitor cell
1379 Tendinoblastus Tendinoblast Tendinoblast
1380 Tendinocytus Tendon cell Tendon cell Tendinocyte; Tenocyte

ENDNOTES
1 Ejaculatio The reflex process of ejaculation occurs in two phases: in the first – emission – contraction of smooth muscle of glands and ducts delivers the various components of semen into the prostatic urethra;
in the second – ejaculation proper – the striated muscles of the urogenital triangle (particularly the bulbospongiosus muscles) contract spasmodically and expel semen from the urethra.
2 Embryogenesis Embryogenesis is the process of embryo formation. It entails the formation of the principal organs and systems and the acquisition of uniquely human surface features that are apparent with the
unaided eye. The process begins at fertilization and ends, somewhat arbitrarily, 56 days later.
3 Fetogenesis Fetogenesis entails the growth and differentiation, particularly functional differentiation, of the conceptus after embryogenesis is completed. It thus begins on day 57, following the Stage 23 embryo
that already has its principal organs, systems and distinctly human features, and ends at birth, when the fetus becomes a newborn infant or neonate. The time in which fetogenesis occurs may be divided into early,
intermediate and late fetal periods, which correspond to the trimesters of pregnancy in which they occur. There is, however, no agreement on precisely which weeks are encompassed by the first trimester; here it is
regarded as beginning at fertilization and as consisting of embryogenesis and the early fetal period, the 9th to the 13th post-fertilization weeks.
4 Cyclus vaginalis Cyclical changes in the stratified squamous epithelium of the vagina are not obvious in histological sections: under normal circumstances its desquamated cells remain nucleated and it does not
keratinize. However, according to Papanicolaou, there is a relative increase in acidophilic cells with small dark nuclei at the time of ovulation and thus three phases of the vaginal cycle may be recognized
(Papanicolaou GN. The sexual cycle in the human female as revealed by vaginal smears. Am J Anat 1933;52:519-637). The changes at ovulation may represent a prekeratinization process, which is completed
when the epithelium is exposed to the air, as in cases of prolapse.
5 Conceptus Conceptus refers to the entire product of conception from fertilization onwards.
6 Cyema The cyema is the embryonic or fetal part of the conceptus and thus excludes the developmental adnexa (q.v.), which are the placenta, umbilical cord and extra-embryonic membranes (O’Rahilly R, Müller,
F. Human Embryology and Teratology, 3rd ed. New York: Wiley-Liss; 2001).
7 Embryo [St.1 ad 23] Both embryonic and extra-embryonic cell lineages extend forward from the zygote and both extra-embryonic and embryonic tissues are necessary for normal development. Nevertheless, it
has been argued that to include the early stages in the use of the term embryo is misleading because a discrete and identifiable population of exclusively embryonic or cyemic cells does not exist until gastrulation is
under way and because most of the tissues formed prior to this are extra-embryonic or adnexal (Johnson MH and Selwood L. Nomenclature of early development in mammals. Reprod Fertil Dev 1996;8:759-64).
However, communication risks attend the redefining of a commonly and colloquially used term such as embryo and scientific purposes can be as well served by not redefining the term but defining the cells present
at a particular time. Embryo remains the preferred term for all 23 Carnegie Stages.
8 Adnexa developmentalia; Membranae embryonicae et fetales; Adnexa embryonica et fetalia The Latin word adnexum has been used almost exclusively in this plural form to indicate the structures (more than
one) adjacent to or subservient to a major structure. The form adnexae, although frequently used, is incorrect. The developmental adnexa are commonly referred to as the 'fetal membranes'. This is inaccurate
since they include the trophoblast, amnion, chroin, umbilical vesicle, allantoic vesicle, placenta and umbilical cord (O'Rahilly R, Muller F. Human Embryology and Teratology. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley-Liss; 2001).
9 Phasis pregastrulationis The pregastrulation and postgastrulation phases of the embryonic period and the fetal period are stages of prenatal development, each with its own distinctive characteristics, particularly
in respect of its responses to teratogens. The pregastrulation phase begins at fertilization, continues through cleavage and implantation and ends with the establishment of a definite primitive streak in Carnegie
Stage 6b at about two and a half weeks. It is a phase characterized by rapid increase in cell numbers and by regulation. As a result, response to teratogens is uncertain: induced errors of development may regulate
but, if they do not, the errors are likely to be of such magnitude that early spontaneous abortion follows.
10 Phasis preparatoria; Phasis embryogenica The characteristic of the preparative phase is that it is spent preparing extra-embryonic membranes and presumptive embryonic cells but that no cells of the
conceptus have yet been determined as substantive embryonic cells. It has therefore been called the embryogenic phase (Johnson MH and Selwood L. Nomenclature of early development in mammals. Reprod
Fertil Dev. 1996;8:759-64). The term “pre-embryonic stage”, which has been used in legal and clinical contexts, is not recommended.
11 Pregnatio cervicalis; Pregnatio ectopica; Pregnatio extrauterina Although appropriately listed with uterine pregnancy sites, a cervical pregnancy is often considered to be an ectopic pregnancy.

12 Mensurae embryonicae et fetales The norms for measurements of lengths, diameters and circumferences in mm and of weights in grams are given for each postfertilization week in Table A-4 in O'Rahilly R,
Müller F. Human Embryology & Teratology. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley-Liss; 2001.
13 Aetas a fecundiatione Fertilization age begins at the time of fertilization with the sperm penetrating the oocyte and the formation of the zygote. It is the true age of the conceptus and the preferred measure.
14 Aetas ab ovulatione Ovulation age begins on the day of the ovulation that preceded fertilization and the formation of the zygote: it is about 0.5 day longer than fertilization age.
15 Aetas ab inseminatione Insemination age begins when the sperm and oocyte are introduced in artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization.
16 Hebdomades post coitum Coital weeks begin from the time of the coitus that resulted in the pregnancy. Normally, fertilization occurs early in the first coital week. Since the embryo does not exist for the first part
of the first coital week, the term coital age is inappropriate.
17 Hebdomades post menses ultimas Menstrual ("gestational") weeks begin from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period [LMP] before becoming pregnant and are the usual measure in obstetric practice.
Since the embryo does not usually come into being until the first two menstrual weeks have passed, the term menstrual “age” is inappropriate. The term gestational age is superfluous, ambiguous and should be
abandoned, it having been variously equated with menstrual weeks, ovulation age and fertilization age (O’Rahilly R, Müller F. Developmental Stages in Human Embryos: Revised and New Measurements. Cells
Tissues Organs 2010;192:73-84).
18 Longitudo maxima Greatest length [GL] is the preferred measure of length, being independent of fixed points, which are not always easy to determine. GL coincides with crown-rump length [CRL] at Stages 11
and 12; GL is generally more than CRL and coincides with neck-rump length from Stages 13-17; GL and CRL again coincide from Stages 18-20 onwards (O’Rahilly R, Müller F. Developmental Stages in Human
Embryos: Revised and New Measurements. Cells Tissues Organs 2010;192:73-84).
19 Gemini conjuncti See Spencer R. Conjoined twins. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 2003. In conjoined twins, as elsewhere, convention has the suffixes –ia in Latin and –y in English indicating the
condition; the suffix –us, in either language, refers to an individual with that condition.
20 Genum a parente impressum Genomic imprinting occurs during meiosis II of gametogenesis and persists until the primary gametocyte stage in the next generation.
21 Polus animalis Being microlecithal, the human primary oocyte does not exhibit the obvious polarity characteristic of more richly yolked oocytes. It does, however, exhibit some degree of asymmetry in
distribution of cytoplasmic elements. The animal pole of the arrested secondary oocyte is identified by the position of the second meoitic spindle and the lack of microvilli on the cell membrane overlying it. After
fertilization, the animal pole of the ootid is characterized by the presence of the female and male pronuclei. There is no necessary relationship between the animal-vegetal axis and the future embryonic-
abembryonic (dorsoventral) axis. In some (but not all) mouse zygotes, the animal-vegetal axis corresponds to the long axis of the ellipsoid blastocyst and thus to the anteroposterior axis of the embryo. In these
cases the animal-vegetal axis is orthogonal to the embryonic-abembryonic axis (Selwood L, Johnson MH. Trophoblast and hypoblast in the monotreme, marsupial and eutherian mammal: evolution and origins.
BioEssays 2006;28:128-145).
22 Pellucidagenesis; Zonagenesis Although the term zonagenesis is widely used in zoology, it is not recommended as it lacks a locational adjective and could thus apply to any zone. Although the zona pellucida
cannot be seen with the light microscope before the primary ovarian follicle has developed, the heavily glycosylated proteins ZP 1-3 can be demonstrated in the oocytes and follicle cells of primordial follicles (Gook
DA, Edgar DH, Borg J and Martic M. Detection of zona pellucida proteins during human folliculogenesis. Hum Reprod 2008;23:394-402).
23 Regulatio The process by which the developmental fates or rates of development of cells of embryonic subsystems may change during embryonic development, thereby permitting normal integrated
development of the embryo as a whole and compensating for anomalies. It is the result of changes in gene expression; moreover, since the DNA sequence that comprises the genome remains unchanged during
the differentiation of systems, organs, tissues and cell-types, regulation is said to be an epigenetic process. The human zygote is said to be regulatory because in it the primordia of tissues and organs are not

determined at the outset but they become so according to the relation of different parts to one other. The term regulation is applied also at the genetic level: thus, regulatory genes control development by regulating
the switching on and off of structural genes that make proteins to build body parts and components.
24 Differentiatio cellularum in zygoto findenti Differentiation of the cells of the cleaving zygote into outer blastomeres, which are polarized, and inner blastomeres, which are not.
25 Polarisatio cellularum externarum Transformation of rounded, radially symmetrical outer blastomeres into highly asymmetric cells with the characteristics of epithelia. Longitudinal divisions of polarized cells are
conservative, resulting only in more polarized cells. Transverse divisions of polarized cells are differentiative, resulting in both embryoblastic cells and polarized cells. Cells remaining polarized give rise to
trophoblast (Johnson MH. Origin of pluriblast and trophoblast in the eutherian conceptus. Reprod Fertil Dev 1996;8:699-709).
26 Divisio differentiativa embryoblasti; Divisio differentiativa massae cellularis internae; Divisio differentiativa pluriblasti Differentiation of the cells of the embryoblast, inner cell mass or pluriblast into the dorsal cells
of the epiblast and the ventral cells of the hypoblast, with a basal lamina between them.
27 Morphogenesis The development of shape, size or other feature of a particular organ or of a part or the whole of the body. “The word ‘morphogenesis’ is often used in a broad sense to refer to many aspects of
development, but when used strictly it should mean the moulding of cells and tissues into definite shapes” (Waddington CH. Principles of Embryology. London: George Allan & Unwin; 1956). In this strict sense, it
refers particularly to the wide-ranging phenomena associated with gastrulation and organogenesis and to local phenomena like budding, branching and clefting (Hogan BLM. Morphogenesis. Cell 1999;96:225-233).
28 Blastema An identifiable mass of rapidly proliferating undifferentiated cells that gives rise to a differentiated structure/organ.
29 Primordium A term applied to a structure making its first appearance as a differentiating structure. Anlage, from the German, is a synonym. It is now appreciated that, particularly in branching morphogenesis,
an epithelial primordium may be preceded by a mesenchymal primordium, which determines the pattern of arborization (Denny PC, Ball WD, Redman RS. Salivary glands: a paradigm for diversity of gland
development. Crit Rev Biol Med 1997;8:51-75).
30 Rudimentum; Vestigium These terms are not interchangeable: a rudiment (from the Latin rudimentum – that which is unwrought) is an underdeveloped or immature part or organ; a vestige (from the Latin
vestigium – that which is tracked) is a part or organ that has become reduced in function and/or size in the course of phylogeny; some vestiges, nevertheless, play an important part in ontogeny.
31 Status presumptivus The condition of a tissue, region or organ that will, in the course of normal development, become a morphologically differentiated tissue, region or organ. A structure may be presumptive
solely by virtue of its position or it may have undergone determination or chemodifferentiation but as yet shows no visible signs of differentiation.
32 Vestigium See endnote 30.
33 Formatio ansae See, for example: Männer J. The anatomy of cardiac looping: a step towards the understanding of the morphogenesis of several forms of congenital heart malformations (Clin Anat 2009;22:21-
35).
34 Formatio primaria corporis Primary body development involves the primary germ layers and neural plate more or less directly. It includes primary neurulation, the formation of somites 1-29, of spinal ganglia 1-
25, of the foregut, midgut and hindgut and of the corresponding part of the notochord.
35 Formatio secundaria corporis Secondary body development does not involve the germ layers: in it structures develop directly from the axial dense mesenchyme of the caudal eminence or tail bud, which is the
remnant of the primitive streak. It includes secondary neurulation, the formation of somites 30-39, of spinal ganglia 26-35, of the most caudal gut and of the corresponding part of the notochord.
36 Gastrulatio It has been said that the term gastrulation is inappropriate as it refers to the invagination of a monolayered blastula to form a bilayered gastrula containing an endoderm-lined archenteron (O'Rahilly
R and Müller F. Human embryology and teratology. 3rd ed. New York: Wylie-Liss; 2001). While this was the original meaning of gastrulation, its meaning has undergone a profound change (Collins P and Billett FS.
The terminology of early development: history, concepts, and current usage. Clin Anat 1995;8:418-25). It may now be defined as the formative process by which the three germ layers and an axial organization are

established in embryos, a process that probably begins in the attaching human blastocyst [St.4], before the establishment of a definite primitive streak in Stage 6b (Viebahn C. The anterior margin of the mammalian
gastrula: comparative and phylogenetic aspects of its role in axis formation and head induction. Curr Top Dev Biol 1999;46:63-103).
37 Inflatio The ballooning model has succeeded the segmental model of heart chamber formation (Horsthuis T, Christoffels VM, Anderson RH, Moorman AFM. Can recent insights into cardiac development
improve our understanding of congenitally malformed hearts? Clin Anat 2009;22:4-20).
38 Invectio Introduction of material into a structure from outside. An example is the process by which material from the mesocardium is added to the venous and arterial poles of the early heart tube (Horsthuis T,
Christoffels VM, Anderson RH, Moorman AFM. Can recent insights into cardiac development improve our understanding of congenitally malformed hearts? Clin Anat 2009;22:4-20).
39 Maturatio Maturation may be defined as the progressive acquisition of definitive structure and function: its prenatal aspects, particularly, are within the compass of Terminologia Embryologica.
40 Morphogenesis gemmans Budding morphogenesis and the ensuing canalization have been most widely studied in the lung, kidney, mammary gland and salivary glands and the processes detailed for it are
generally followed elsewhere (Varner VD, Nelson CM. Cellular and physical mechanisms of branching morphogenesis. Development 2014;141:2750-2759).
41 Morphogenesis ramificans Branching morphogenesis is the process of forming organized patterns of epithelial cords and then tubules in organs such as the kidney, glands and lungs. It appears to be
determined by mesenchyme and regulated by a wide range of factors (Williams MJ, Clark P. Microscopic analysis of the cellular events during scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor-induced epithelial
tubulogenesis. J Anat 2003;203:483-503). The term tubulogenesis is not recommended in this context as the product is initially solid and only canalizes later.
42 Morphogenesis findens Clefting is the process in which a terminal bud is cleaved into multiple lobules with the ingrowth of mesenchyme and the deposition of extracellular matrix. In some organs, such as the
lung, budding, branching and clefting each occur at different stages of development, whereas in salivary glands clefting appears to predominate (Hogan BLM. Morphogenesis. Cell 1999;96:225-233).
43 Motus condensationis; Motus densationis Movement occurring in a morphogenetic field, called a densation field (Blechschmidt E, Gasser R. Biokinetics and biodynamics of human differentiation. Springfield:
Charles C Thomas; 1978). With loss of intercellular fluid, the cells come closer together. The first appearance of the skeleton is as mesenchymal condensations. The cells have rather spherical cell bodies and very
little intercellular substance present between them. They show no particular orientation which means that they are under tension stresses that are equal in all directions. A densation field is characterized by its
position.
44 Motus dilatationis Movement occurring in a morphogenetic field, called a dilation field (Blechschmidt E, Gasser R. Biokinetics and biodynamics of human differentiation. Springfield: Charles C Thomas; 1978).
The field is spatially and kinetically highly organized. Dilation occurs in mesenchymal tissue when it becomes elongated and slenderized by pull in a particular direction without transverse compression. The
primordia of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle fibres and fibre systems arise in dilation fields. The shape of a muscle is closely related to its position while its structure is closely related to its shape.
45 Motus expansionis longitudinalis; Motus distusionalis Movement occurring in a morphogenetic field, called a distusion field (Blechschmidt E, Gasser R. Biokinetics and biodynamics of human differentiation.
Springfield: Charles C Thomas; 1978). The spherical mesenchymal cells of a densation field become compressed by opposing forces in the longitudinal axis of the field. Initially, such zones of flattened cells are
located only in the centre of a field that has attained sufficient size. For example, cells in such a contusion field become disc-shaped and develop into cartilage cells.
46 Motio involutionis; Involutio The rolling-in of cells over a rim. In this context the term involutionary movement is preferred because of the different connotations of the term involution.
47 Motus translationis; Migratio When re-examined appropriately (Gasser RF. Evidence that some events in mammalian embryogenesis can result from differential growth, making migration unnecessary. Anat
Rec B New Anat.2006;289B:53-63), many examples of changing positional relations turn out not to be examples of true migration.Cell migration may be false or true. In false migration, structures do not move from
one site to another but their positional relationships change and they become separated as an embryo enlarges and changes shape. See, for example: Freeman B. The active migration of germ cells in the embryos
of mice and men is a myth (Reproduction 2003;125:635-643), which explains the relocation of primordial germ cells from the wall of the umbilical vesicle to that of the hindgut by growth movements and shape
changes. True migration, such as occurs in cytokinesisis in the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex, is the movement of cells, cell groups and organs from one site to another, among, around, through or over other
structures, in relation to a central reference point that moves minimally as the embryo enlarges or changes shape.

48 Neurulatio primaria Primary neurulation, as distinct from secondary neurulation, is the process entailing tubulation in which the neural plate folds and forms, in turn, a neural groove and then a neural tube,
which separates from the surface ectoderm. The process concludes with the closure of the caudal neuropore in Stage 12, at about the level of somites 31 (Müller F, O'Rahilly R. The first appearance of the neural
tube and optic primordium in the human embryo at stage 10. Anat Embryol 1985;172:157-69). The term primary neurulation is best confined to the process rather than applied to the phase of development in which
it occurs, which is best referred to as primary body development.
49 Neurulatio secundaria Secondary neurulation is the process entailing canalization that leads to the formation of the spinal cord beyond the limits of primary neurulation. It occurs after the closure of the caudal
neuropore in Stage 12, and thus in Stages 13-18. Axial dense mesenchyme in the caudal eminence forms a neural cord in continuity with the neural tube: the cavity in the neural tube extends into the neural cord
(Müller F, O'Rahilly R. The development of the human brain, the closure of the caudal neuropore, and the beginning of secondary neurulation at stage 12. Anat Embryol 1987;176:413-30). The term secondary
neurulation is best confined to the process rather than applied to the phase of development in which it occurs, which is best referred to as secondary body development.
50 Transitio epitheliomesenchymalis For sessile cells to become free and migrate they must undergo an epitheliomesenchymal transition, first becoming flask-shaped, with the dissolution of juxtaluminal junctions,
and then becoming frankly mesenchymal.
51 Transitio mesenchymoepithelialis Mesenchyme cells that have reached their destinations may condense and revert to sessile epithelial cells, by polarizing, developing basal laminae and specialized
juxtaluminal junctions. Some such epithelia may subsequently undergo an epitheliomesenchymal transition.
52 Ontogenesis Ontogenesis is defined here as the development of the individual, beginning at fertilization and ending at death. It thus covers the principal concerns of this terminology (embryogenesis,
fetogenesis and immediate postnatal development) but extends beyond them.
53 Tempus fetale The pregastrulation and postgastrulation phases of the embryonic period and the fetal period are stages of prenatal development, each with their own distinctive characteristics, particularly in
respect of their responses to teratogens. The fetal period is taken, somewhat arbitrarily, to begin on day 57, by which time the embryo has already acquired the distinctly human features that are apparent with the
unaided eye, and ends at birth, when the fetus becomes a newborn infant or neonate. The main events of organ formation having been completed by Carnegie Stage 23, the fetal period is mainly one of growth and
differentiation, particularly functional differentiation, in preparation for extra-uterine life. Notable in this context is the skeletal system, in which cartilaginous precursors are being replaced by bone, and the nervous
system, which is forming functional connections. Thus anomalies arising during this period entail disturbances of growth, of hard tissues and of neural connections.
54 Aetas fetalis Fetal age is usually given in weeks and is determined by the use of various starting points, of which only fertilization, insemination and ovulation are valid.
55 Tempus fetale initiale; fetus hebdomadis nonae ad hebdomadam tertiam decimam The early fetal period here corresponds to that of the 9 to 13 week fetus and ends at 90 days and about 90mm: the conclusion
of the “second sous-stade de finition histogénétique, de réglage des proportions” (Guyot R. Théorie nouvelle sur les âges de la vie. 2nd ed. Paris: Barré & Dayez; 1985) and probably the end of the first trimester.
There is, however, no agreement on precisely which weeks are encompassed by the first trimester. The attributes of fetuses have not been subjected to the same systematic, intensive investigation as have
embryos. Nevertheless, there are attributes other than size and weight that characterize progression during the early fetal period.
56 Tempus fetale intermedium; Fetus trimestris secundi The intermediate fetal period here corresponds to that of the second trimester fetus and thus begins at 90 days and about 90mm, after the conclusion of the
“second sous-stade de finition histogénétique, de réglage des proportions” (Guyot R. Théorie nouvelle sur les âges de la vie. 2nd ed. Paris: Barré & Dayez; 1985).
57 Tempus fetale serum; Fetus trimestri tertii The late fetal period corresponds to that of the third trimester fetus.
58 Tempus perinatale The perinatal period extends from immediately prior to birth, through birth and through the first 7 days of postnatal life, the early neonatal period.
59 Tempus neonatale The first 7 days after birth constitute the early neonatal period. The following 21 days of postnatal life constitute the late neonatal period, which thus ends with day 28.

60 Neotenia Neoteny in man is the retention of juvenile features in sexually mature adults when compared with other primates. It may be full or partial.
61 Paedomorphosis Paedomorphosis is exhibited in features such as the human flat face, position of the foramen magnum, retarded skeletal development and continuation of fetal growth rates into infancy and
childhood.
62 Fertilisatio post penetrationem spermatozoi Some of the features included in this section are inferred because they are common to all mammalian fertilization: others, such as Zonal reaction and Fertilization
cone, have been observed in the human as a result of in vitro fertilization.
63 Ootidium; Ovum; Embryo pronuclearis [Gradus Ib] The imprecise term ovum has been variously applied, alone or qualified, to stages from the primary oocyte to the implanting blastocyst and beyond. The use of
the more precise term is recommended. In mammals, it is the secondary oocyte, arrested in the metaphase of meiosis II, which is penetrated and thus best referred to as a penetrated oocyte until meiosis II has
been completed. Penetration activates the oocyte into completing meiosis II, with the formation of the ootid and the second polar body. The mammalian ootid contains two separate haploid elements, the female and
male pronuclei. As these two elements fuse into a single diploid aggregation of chromosomes, the ootid becomes a zygote.
64 Corpus polare secundum; Polocytus secundarius A line through the centres of the zygote and the second polar body defines the polar axis and indicates the plane of the first cleavage division (Veeck L L,
Zaninovic N. An atlas of human blastocysts. New York: Parthenon Publishing Group; 2003).
65 Numerus diploideus chromosomatum nonreplicatorum; Numerus diploideus chromosomatum nonreplicatorum This relates to the condition in the penetrated (or definitive) oocyte [2N].
66 Syngamia Traditionally, syngamy has meant sexual reproduction or, more specifically, the fusion of gametes. However, in in vitro fertilization it has come to describe a stage, beginning some 21-32 hr after
insemination, in which maternal and paternal chromosomes intermingle, although this is not easily discernible by ordinary microscopy (Sathananthan H, Trounson AO, Wood C. Atlas of fine structure of human
sperm penetration, eggs and embryos cultured in vitro. New York: Praeger Publishers; 1986).
67 Activatio prima genorum zygoticorum This first transcription produces only a minor population of mRNAs whereas the second transcription (ZGA2), in the two-celled embryo, produces a major population: most
maternal mRNA is degraded at this time although maternal proteins persist into the blastocyst stage (Selwood L, Johnson MH. Trophoblast and hypoblast in the monotreme, marsupial and eutherian mammal:
evolution and origins. BioEssays 2006;28:128-145); De Paepe C, Krivega M, Cauffman G, Geens M, van de Velde H. Totipotency and lineage segregation in the human embryo. Mol Hum Reprod 2014;20:599-618).
68 Tempus embryonicum; Gradus carnegiensis [1-23] There are 23 defined stages of development during the embryonic period, which begins at fertilization and ends, somewhat arbitrarily, 56 days later, by which
time the embryo has already acquired uniquely human surface features that are apparent with the unaided eye. The stages are the internationally accepted Carnegie Stages (O'Rahilly R, Müller F. Developmental
stages in human embryos. Washington DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington; 1987). Each Carnegie Stage is an arbitrarily defined cut through the time axis of the embryo and is based upon carefully-defined
external and internal morphological criteria and not length or age. Thus, embryos of a particular length or age are not necessarily embryos of a particular stage. Carnegie Stage cannot be assigned solely on the
basis of such measurements. See Dickey RP, Gasser RF. Ulltrasound evidence for variability in the size and development of normal human embryos before the tenth postinsemination week after assisted
reproductive technologies. Hum Reprod 1993;8:331-337; Wisser J, Dirschedl P, Krone S. Estimation of gestational age by transvaginal sonographic measurement of greatest embryonic length in dated human
embryos. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1994;4:457-462; Blaas HG-K, Eik-Nes SH, Kiserud T, Hellevik LR. Early development of the forebrain and midbrain: A longitudinal ultrasound study from 7 to 12 weeks of
gestation. Ultrasound Obstetr Gynecol 1994;16:25-29; Pooh RK, Kurjak A, eds Fetal Neurology. Jaypee, St.Louis; 2009; Pooh RK, Shiota K, Kurjak A. Imaging of the human embryo with magnetic resonance
imaging microscopy and high-resolution transvaginal 3-dimensional sonography: Human embryology in the 21st century. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011;204:77.e1-77.e16.). See also O’Rahilly and Müller F, op.cit. for
further discussion of staging and for further references on ultrasound studies. Data have also been derived from MR studies on embryos from the Kyoto Collection of Embryos: Yamada S, Samtani RR, Lee ES,
Lockett E, Uwabe C, Shiota K, et al. Developmental atlas of the early first trimester human embryo. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:1585-1595.
69 Embryo pregastrulationis [St.1 ad 6a] The term pregastrulation embryo is useful because such an embryo has distinctive attributes. The foreshortened term “pre-embryo”, which has been used in legal and
clinical contexts, is not recommended.
70 Spatium subzonale; Spatium subcapsulare The commonly used term perivitelline space is inappropriate for the space surrounding the human oocyte, which is deficient in yolk (Latin - vitellus).

71 Reactio zonalis; Reactio capsularis This and other items with the superscript IVF on the English side are observed in in vitro fertilization studies.
72 Degradatio mitochondriorum paternalium See Sutovsky P, Van Leyen K, McCauley T, Day BN, Sutovsky M. Degradation of paternal mitochondria after fertilization: implications for heteroplasmy, assisted
reproductive technologies and mtDNA inheritance. Department of Animal Science, University of Missouri-Columbia, MO, USA. [email protected], Reprod Biomed Online. 2004 Jan;8(1):24-33.
73 Intercorpus The interbody is a prominent intracytoplasmic electron-dense contractile structure in the equatorial plane of the second meiotic spindle, extending from the penetrated oocyte into the extruding
second polar body. Fine electron-dense particles of unknown chemical nature are associated with spindle microtubules and the interbody represents the site of detachment of the second polar body and
reconstitution of the cell membranes of the embryo and second polar body.
74 Zygotum findens [Gradus II] Embryos of Carnegie Stage 2 consist of between 2 and about 32 cells but have no blastocystic cavity by light microscopy. They are generally 0.1-0.2mm in diameter and about 2-3
days old.
75 Morula Stage 2 embryos from 12 to about 32 cells and without a blastocystic cavity are called morulae (from Latin Morus, mulberry). The term is not ideal because, unlike the amphibian morula, for which the
term was coined, the human morula gives rise to extra-embryonic as well as embryonic tissues. Nevertheless, when the number of blastomeres cannot be counted, there is no other term to describe the solid mass
that precedes the formation of the blastocystic cavity.
76 Cellula externa morulae; Cellula trophoblastica presumptiva; Cellula polarisata; Polarblastus The outer cells of the morula are polarized and are asymmetrical cells with the characteristics of epithelia. Their
longitudinal divisions are conservative and result only in more polarized cells. Their transverse divisions are differentiative and result in both unpolarized embryoblastic cells and polarized cells. Cells remaining
polarized become trophoblast (Johnson MH. Origin of pluriblast and trophoblast in the eutherian conceptus. Reprod Fertil Dev 1996;8:699-709). The term polarblast appropriately describes the tissue.
77 Cellula interna morulae; Cellula embryoblastica presumptiva; Pluriblastus initialis The inner cells of the morula are unpolarized and remain rounded and radially symmetrical. Their divisions are conservative and
result only in more unpolarized cells. They will become the embryoblast or inner cell mass. The term pluriblast (Johnson MH. Origin of pluriblast and trophoblast in the eutherian conceptus. Reprod Fertil Dev
1996;8:699-709) recognizes the fact that its derivatives are both extra-embryonic or adnexal and embryonic or cyemic.
78 Blastocystis libera [Gradus III] Embryos of Carnegie Stage 3 are free blastocysts with a blastocystic cavity by light microscopy. They consist of up to 90 cells, of which about 30 are inner cell mass cells. They
are about 4-5 days old and are generally 0.1-0.2mm in diameter.
79 Embryoblastus; Massa cellularis interna; Pluriblastus serior The term embryoblast is widely used although the derivatives of this tissue are both extra-embryonic or adnexal and embryonic or cyemic. The term
inner cell mass is also used but cannot be used as a comparative term as the corresponding cells are not inner in many, if not all, marsupials (Johnson MH and Selwood L. Nomenclature of early development in
mammals. Reprod Fertil Dev 1996;8:759-64). The term pluriblast has neither of these disadvantages.
80 Epithelium primordiale The tissues of the pre-implantation embryo proper are all epithelial in that their cells are sessile, are polarized between a free surface and a basal lamina and they have specialized
juxtaluminal junctions and little intercellular substance. Daughter cells may be epithelial or, as a result of epitheliomesenchymal transition, become mesenchymal (see below).
81 Epiblastus The term epiblast is preferred for this tissue as it provides appropriate information about its site, fate and potential. Primary ectoderm is less preferred both because the term has been used to include
amnioblast and because current usage postpones the use of the suffix -derm until after gastrulation (Johnson MH and Selwood L. Nomenclature of early development in mammals. Reprod Fertil Dev 1996;8:759-
64). Alternatives that include the term ectoderm, the use of which should be limited to the cells remaining on the dorsal surface of the embryo after the early somite stage, are not recommended.
82 Hypoblastus The term hypoblast is preferred for this tissue as it provides appropriate information about its site, fate and potential. It appears to induce the formation of the primordial amniotic cavity
(Coucouvanis E, Martin GR. Signals for death and survival: a two-step mechanism for cavitation in the vertebrate embryo. Cell 1995;83:279-287) and of axial patterning in the epiblast, including the forebrain
(Beddington RSP, Robertson EP. Axis development and early asymmetry in mammals. Cell 1999;96:195-209). The term primary endoderm is less preferred both because the term has been used to include the

extra-embryonic endoblast and because current usage postpones the use of the suffix -derm until after gastrulation (Johnson MH and Selwood L. Nomenclature of early development in mammals. Reprod Fertil Dev
1996;8:759-64). Other alternatives that include the term endoderm are not recommended.
83 Mesenchyma A tissue consisting of free cells without polarity or specialized juxtaluminal junctions. The loosely arranged, often stellate, cells are suspended in a gelatinous matrix and are amoeboid and actively
phagocytic. As they migrate their processes make temporary contact with each other, with overlying epithelial cells and with their basal laminae. The outcome of eptheliomesenchymal transition is that there are two
types of tissue, namely, epithelial and mesenchymal. These tissue types do not correspond to the primary germ layers, ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm [q.v.].
84 Cavitas blastocystica The term blastocystic cavity is recommended, rather than blastocoel, because the cavity is not homologous with the blastocoel of amphibians and birds, the homologue of which is "the
very narrow slit confined between the epiblast and hypoblast" (Eyal-Giladi H. Establishment of the axis in chordates: facts and speculations. Development 1997;124:2285-2296).
85 Trophoblastus; Trophoectoderma The term trophoblast is preferred for this tissue, which is defined as the earliest appearing stem cell population dedicated to nourishment of future embryonic tissues. Its cells
are adhesive, migratory and, initially, multinucleate. They appear, at least in the mouse, to signal the specification of primordial germ cells and the allantois in the caudal epiblast (Lawson KA, Dunn NR, Roelen BA,
Zeinstra LM, Davies AM, Wright CV, Corving JP, Hogan BL. Bmp4 is required for the generation of primordial germ cells in the mouse embryo. Genes Dev 1999;13:424-436). The term trophectoderm and its
variants are not recommended because current usage postpones the use of the suffix -derm until after gastrulation (Johnson MH and Selwood L. Nomenclature of early development in mammals. Reprod Fertil Dev
1996;8:759-64). Alternatives that include the term ectoderm, the use of which should be limited to the cells remaining on the dorsal surface of the embryo after the early somite stage, are not recommended.
86 Blastocystis unilaminaris [Gradus III] The cavity of a unilaminar blastocyst is surrounded by a single layered extra-embryonic ectodermal membrane, the trophoblast; in the bilaminar blastocyst, the trophoblast
is lined by extra-embryonic endoblast; the interposition of extra-embryonic mesoderm creates the trilaminar blastocyst.
87 Insignia miscellanea cellularum trophoblastorum nondifferentiatarum These miscellaneous features have only been observed in vitro. Similar observations on the differentiated trophoblast are not readily
available.
88 Blastocystis adhaerens [Gradus IV] An embryo of Carnegie Stage 4 is an attaching blastocyst but no such in vivo human specimen has been recorded. Previously reliance was placed on those of the macaque
(Heuser CH, Streeter GL. Development of the macaque embryo. Contrib Embryol 1941;29:15-55) but direct information about Stage 4 is now derived from in vitro experiments in which blastocysts are placed on
monolayers of cultured endometrial epithelial cells. Embryos of Stage 4 would be about 6 days old and about 0.1-0.2mm in diameter.
89 Cavitas amniotica primordialis It appears that a primordial amniotic cavity forms by cavitation within the epiblast, that the roof of the primordial amniotic cavity breaks down creating a transient tropho-epiblastic
cavity and that the definitive amniotic cavity becomes roofed by cells that arise from the margins of the epiblast. There is no primordial amniotic cavity in embryos of Stage 3 and while most embryos of Stage 5a
have a tropho-epiblastic cavity, the “earliest known human implantation stage” (Carnegie No 8020) has a primordial amniotic cavity (Luckett WP.The development of primordial and definitive amniotic cavities in early
Rhesus monkey and human embryos. Am J Anat 1975;144:149-168). It is therefore presumed that for most embryos a primordial amniotic cavity occurs in Stage 4.
90 Blastocystis implantata; Blastocystis invadens; Conceptus previllosus [St.5] Embryos of Carnegie Stage 5 are implanted but previllous blastocysts. Their trophoblast is solid in Stage 5a, contains isolated
lacunae in Stage 5b and contains intercommunicating lacunae in Stage 5c. The embryonic disc in embryos of Stage 5, which are about 7-12 days old, is generally 0.1-0.2mm in diameter.
91 Margo syncytiodecidualis The endometrium responds to the presence of syncytiotrophoblast by undergoing the predecidual reaction, characterized by oedema and then saw–toothed glands, particularly in the
stratum spongiosum. It is thenceforward called decidua.
92 Cavitas trophoepiblastica The trophoepiblastic cavity is apparently formed by the breakdown of the roof of the primordial amniotic cavity. See above.
93 Amnioblastus; Cellulae amniogenicae; Ectoderma amnioticum The term amnioblast is preferred for this tissue as it provides appropriate information about its site, fate and potential. Extra-embryonic ectoderm is
least preferred because current usage postpones the use of the suffix -derm until after gastrulation (Johnson MH and Selwood L. Nomenclature of early development in mammals. Reprod Fertil Dev 1996;8:759-64).
Alternatives that include the suffix -derm are not recommended.

94 Primordium marginis caudalis lineae primitivae; Primordium marginis caudalis lineae gastrulationis / Margo caudalis lineae primitivae precoquis; Margo caudalis lineae gastrulationis precoquis “The epiblast at
the future caudal end of the embryonic disc is flexed dorsally and exhibits an alteration and loosening of its epithelium basally. An accumulation of more loosely associated cells appears to be continuous with, and
derived from, the ventral surface of the epiblast. This modification of the epiblast is interpreted as the precociously differentiated caudal margin of the primitive streak” (Luckett WP. Origin and differentiation of the
yolk sac and extraembryonic mesoderm in presomite human and rhesus monkey embryos. Am J Anat 1979;152:59-98).
95 Area caudalis mesoblastogenica An area at the future caudal margin of the epiblast, which precedes the appearance of a definite primitive streak [St.6b]. Extra-embryonic mesoblast is thought to arise from this
area rather than by delamination from the trophoblast.
96 Mesoblastus extraembryonicus The term mesoblast is preferred for this tissue because it provides appropriate information on its site, fate and potential. Lankester used the term to describe those cells, which
he thought derived from enteric cells (extra-embryonic endoblast), separated, spread out, became amoebiform and “crawled all over the inner wall of the ectodermic vesicle (blastocoele or blastocystic cavity)
(Lankester R. Notes on the embryology and classification of the animal kingdom. Q J Microscop Sci 1877;17:399-454). A term is necessary to describe the tissues found outside the extra-embryonic endoblast and
inside the trophoblast before gastrulation and the use of the suffix -blast is a corollary of current usage (Johnson MH, Selwood L. Nomenclature of early development in mammals. Reprod Fertil Dev 1996;8:759-64).
The qualifying adjective extra-embryonic is necessary because the term mesoblast has been used to describe the free cells that migrate between the epiblast and intra-embryonic endoderm (Collins P, Billett FS.
The terminology of early development: history, concepts, and current usage. Clin Anat 1995;8:418-25) and to denote a temporary, embryonic cell lineage, which will later generate either an epithelial or a free-cell
arrangement (Collins P. Embryology and development. In: Williams PL, Bannister LH, Berry MM, Collins P, Dyson M, Dussek J, Ferguson MWJ, editors. Gray’s Anatomy 38th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone;
1995).
97 Textus angioblasticus mesoblasti / Crista previllosa mesoblasti Extra-embryonic mesoblastic tissues produced from the epiblast before gastrulation.
98 Reticulum extraembryonicum; Magma reticulare Extra-embryonic mesoblast produced, initially from the hypoblast, before gastrulation. At least in the rhesus monkey, the cells of both the hypoblast and the
initial reticulum are mitotically active (Enders AC, King BF. Formation and differentiation of extraembryonic mesoderm in the rhesus monkey. Am J Anat 1988;181:327-340) so that later reticulum may have arisen
from either source.
99 Endoblastus extraembryonicus; Membrana exocoelomica The term endoblast is preferred for this tissue as it provides appropriate information about its site, fate and potential. The term primary endoderm is
least preferred both because it applies also to the hypoblast and also because current usage postpones the use of the suffix -derm until after gastrulation (Johnson MH, Selwood L. Nomenclature of early
development in mammals. Reprod Fertil Dev 1996;8:759-64). Other alternatives that include the term endoderm are not recommended.
100 Vesicula umbilicalis primaria / Saccus vitellinus primarius; Cavitas vesiculae umbilicalis primariae / Cavitas sacci vitellini primarii; Vesicula umbilicalis secundaria / Saccus vitellinus secundarius; Cavitas
vesiculae umbilicalis secundariae / Cavitas sacci vitellini secundarii The term umbilical vesicle, which has been in use for many years, is preferred because yolk (Latin vitellus) is not present in the human vesicle
and because the term indicates location, the vesicle being a feature of the umbilical region of the embryo and becoming, at least partially, incorporated into the umbilical cord.
101 Circulus lacunosus vascularis The lacunar vascular circle is visible from the endometrial surface.
102 Lamina prechordalis precoqua “The first clear evidence of a (rostro)caudal embryonic axis appears [at Stage 5c] as a pronounced thickening of the [hypoblast] at the future cranial end of the embryonic disc to
form a prechordal plate.” (Luckett WP. Origin and differentiation of the yolk sac and extraembryonic mesoderm in presomite human and rhesus monkey embryos. Am J Anat 1979;152:59-98). However, this
thickening may not correspond to the prechordal plate but to the extra-embryonic rostral visceral endoderm or rostral marginal crescent found in other mammals (Viebahn C.The anterior margin of the mammalian
gastrula: comparative and phylogenetic aspects of its role in axis formation and head induction. Curr Top Dev Biol 1999;46:63-103). The prechordal plate proper may not appear until Stage 7.
103 Polus rostralis embryonis Although rostrum means a beak, a snout or the prow of a ship, rostral is commonly used as the opposite of caudal, particularly before the appearance of cephalic structures in Stage
8 or cranial structures in Stage 13, but also thereafter: it is also used in neuroanatomy to mean nearer the rostrum of the corpus callosum in the unfolded nervous system.

104 Polus cephalicus embryonis Cephalic is a positional term that may appropriately be used in Stage 8 and thereafter, when there is a presumptive brain.
105 Latus dextrum embryonis Although the sides of the embryo can be recognized and cranial patterning occurs in Stage 5, it is not until Stage 6b, with the formation of the primitive node, that the molecular basis
for left-right asymmetry is established.
106 Conceptus villosus [Gradus VI] Embryos of Carnegie Stage 6 are villous conceptuses. There may be the suggestion of a primitive streak in embryos of Stage 6a or earlier, but one is definitely present in
embryos of Stage 6b. The embryonic discs of embryos of Stage 6 are generally about 0.2mm in diameter and they are about 17 days old.
107 Chorion frondosum The predecidual reaction around embryos of Carnegie Stage 5 becomes a full-blown decidual reaction around embryos of Carnegie Stage 6, with the transformation of stromal cells into
decidual cells: they become rounded or polyhedral and glycogen, lipids and mitochondria accumulate within their vacuolated cytoplasm.
108 Vasculogenesis Formation of a primordial capillary network from cells that differentiatie locally: they may be invading angioblasts (Risau W, Flamme I. Vasculogenesis. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 1995:11;79-91)
or be endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) which differentiate in splanchnopleuric mesenchyme or its derivatives.
109 Mesenchyma capitis Head mesenchyme is listed as present in embryos from Stage 6b onwards in the Edinburgh atlas and database of human developmental anatomy.
http://www.ana.ed.ac.uk/anatomy/database/humat/ but the primary source of the listing is not known. Its presence in embryos of Stage 7 may be inferred from Hill JP, Florian J. A young human embryo (embryo
Dobbin) with head-process and prechordal plate (Phil Trans Roy Soc London B 1931;219:443-486).
110 Linea primitive / Linea gastrulationis; Nodus primitivus / Nodus gastrulationis; Sulcus primitivus / Sulcus gastrulationis The terms primitive streak/node/groove are widely used but may be misuses of the term
primitive, which more usually refers to phylogeny rather than ontogeny. The alternative terms, gastrulation streak / node / groove, do not have this anomaly and, from a functional viewpoint, are more informative.
111 Mesoderma embryonicum; Mesoblastus These terms describe the intermediate germ layer of the trilaminar embryo, which will form bone, muscle and connective and blood-vascular tissues. Experimental
studies suggest that cells ingressing through the rimitive node and the rostral part of the primitive streak give rise to paraxial mesoderm and those through the middle part give rise to lateral plate mesoderm. The
qualifying adjective embryonic is necessary as long as terms such as primary mesoderm remain in use. The term mesoblast has been used (Collins P. Embryology and development. In: Williams PL, Bannister LH,
Berry MM, Collins P, Dyson M, Dussek J, Ferguson MWJ, editors. Gray’s Anatomy 38th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1995 and subsequent editions). However, the use of the suffix -derm for a germ layer
produced by gastrulation is preferred and has that restricted use here : the parts of the germ layer are paraxial and lateral plate mesoderms; their derivatives are either epithelial or mesenchymal and are named
accordingly.
112 Endoderma embryonicum The term describes the ventral germ layer of the trilaminar embryo, which will form the epithelium of the gut, including the prechordal plate, and many of their derivatives. These
possibly include prechordal mesenchyme but this may be of notochordal origin. Experimental studies suggest that the first cells ingressing through the primitive node give rise to notochord and embryonic endoderm,
which will form the roof of the secondary umbilical vesicle, displacing the cells of the hypoblast laterally into its walls. The qualifying adjective embryonic is necessary as long as terms such as primary endoderm
remain in use.
113 Lamina prechordalis The prechordal plate may not appear until Stage 7: certainly in Stage 8 it is “a highly developed mesendodermal mass [in which cells resemble either endoderm or mesenchyme] in
contact with the floor of the neural groove”. At stages 9 and 10, the plate is related to neuromere D1. Lateral growth at stages 9-11 gives rise to the bilateral premandibular condensations (Müller F, O'Rahilly R. The
prechordal plate, the rostral end of the notochord and nearby median features in staged human embryos. Cells Tissues Organs 2003;173:1-20). Prechordal mesenchyme does not become truly plate-like until Stage
9 and some would thus say that the prechordal plate appears in Stage 9.
114 Diverticulum allantoicum; Ductus allantoicus Several examples of “allantoic diverticula” have been reported in embryos of Stage 6. Nevertheless, “it is difficult to find a convincing example of an allanto-enteric
diverticulum at Stage 6” (O'Rahilly R, Müller F. Developmental stages in human embryos. Washington DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington; 1987).

115 Cellula germinalis precursoria An embryo of Stage 6b showed a marked concentration of glycogen in the extra-embryonic endoderm of the secondary yolk sac and some of the cells may be primordial germ
cells (Hertig AT, Adams EC, McKay DG, Rock J, Mulligan WJ, Menkin MF. A thirteen-day human ovum studied histochemically. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1958;76:1025-1043). Experimental studies suggest that cells
originating in a caudal part of the epiblast, ingress through a caudal part of the primitive streak and migrate into the extra-embryonic endoderm of the secondary yolk sac.
116 Embryo postgastrulationis [St.6b ad 23] The pregastrulation and postgastrulation phases of the embryonic period and the fetal period are stages of prenatal development, each with its own distinctive
characteristics, particularly in respect of its responses to teratogens. In postgastrulation embryos the main events of organ formation occur. These entail delicate and complex tissue interactions that are particularly
susceptible to teratogens, which have dramatic effects upon morphology. Palate and lips, eyes, ears, brain, spinal cord and heart are all highly susceptible. Susceptibility diminishes as the main events of organ
formation are completed by Carnegie Stage 23.
117 Embryo cum processu notochordali [Gradus VII]; Embryo cum processu axiali Gradus VII]; Embryo cum chordomesoderma Gradus VII] Each embryo of Carnegie Stage 7 has a notochordal process
immediately rostral to its primitive node and streak. The embryos are generally about 0.4mm in diameter and about 19 days old.
118 Cardo chordoneuralis; Punctum chordoneurale cardinis Once the primitive node has started to form, gene expression centred on it becomes asymmetrical and the molecular basis for left-right asymmetry is
established. For a review of the first description by Hensen, see: Viebahn C. Hensen’s node. Genesis 2001: 29;96-103. See also: Müller F, O'Rahilly R. The primitive streak, the caudal eminence and related
structures in staged human embryos (Cells Tissues Organs; 177:2-20:2004); Charrier J, Teillet M, Lapointe F, Le Douarin N. Defining subregions of Hensen's node essential for caudalward movement, midline
development and cell survival (Development 1999; 126:4771-4783); Cambray, N, Wilson, V. Axial progenitors with extensive potency are localised to the mouse chordoneural hinge (Development 2002; 129:4855-
66).
119 Canalis neurentericus The neurenteric canal is a temporary passage between the amniotic cavity and the umbilical vesicle. It develops during Stage 8 and is constant (whether patent or not). It is most clearly
visible at Stage 9 and has almost disappeared at Stage 10 (Müller F, O’Rahilly R. The primitive streak, the caudal eminence and related structures in staged human embryos. Cells Tissues Organs 2004;177:2-20).
120 Embryo presomiticus [St.8] Embryos of Carnegie Stage 8 are late presomite embryos. They are generally 1-1.5mm in greatest length and about 23 days old. The term presomite embryo is sometimes applied
more generically to include also Stages 6-8 but this usage is not recommended. Originally, phases were not ascribed to Stage 8 (O'Rahilly R, Müller F. Developmental stages in human embryos. Washington DC:
Carnegie Institution of Washington; 1987). However, only advanced specimens show a neural groove: in the same specimens the floor of the notochordal process is breaking down and a notochordal plate is
present (O'Rahilly R, Müller F.The first appearance of the human nervous system at stage 8. Anat Embryol 1981;163:1-13). These distinct phases are recognised here by the use of the terms Presomite embryo
without neural groove [St.8a] and Presomite embryo with neural groove [St.8b].
121 Fovea primitive The term primitive pit is widely used but may be a misuse of the term primitive, which more usually refers to phylogeny rather than ontogeny. The term notochordal pit does not have this
anomaly and is more informative.
122 Ectoderma embryonicum The term describes the dorsal germ layer of the somite embryo, which will form the epithelium of the skin and nervous system and their derivatives. Experimental studies suggest
that, after obvious primitive streak activity ceases, epiblastic cells continue to ingress through the most caudal part of the primitive streak until the early somite stage. They form axial dense mesenchyme and thence
become the endoderm and mesoderm of more caudal parts in secondary body development. The cells remaining on the dorsal surface of the embryo thereafter constitute the embryonic ectoderm. The qualifying
adjective embryonic is necessary as long as terms such as primary ectoderm remain in use.
123 Somitomerum Somitomeres are paired whorls of mesenchymal cells that appear metamerically in paraxial mesoderm before the appearance of epithelial somites. Somitomeres form in strict craniocaudal
sequence beginning in the head where they subsequently contribute to head mesenchyme. Elsewhere, they condense, epithelialise and form somites. They have been found in all amniote embryos that have been
examined by stereo scanning electron microscopy (Jacobson AG. Somites and head mesoderm arise from somitomeres. In: Sanders EJ, Lash JW, Ordahl CP. Eds. The origin and fate of somites. Amsterdam: IOS
Press; 2001).
124 Zona junctionalis mesenchymalis The bar of mesenchyme where somatopleuric and splanchnopleuric mesenchymes meet and which separates the embryonic and extra-embryonic coeloms on each side of
the Stage 9 embryo. It breaks down, allowing them to communicate, in Stage 10.

125 Tuberculum coccygeum In Stage 20 the vestigial caudal eminence or tail bud is reduced to two transient midline tubercles, caudal to the anal pit: the coccygeal tubercle, which is nearer to the pit, is produced
by the underlying tip or dorsum of the coccyx and will become submerged; and the caudal tubercle, which is further from the pit (see below).
126 Tuberculum caudale In Stage 20 the caudal tubercle (see above) is produced by vestiges of the nonvertebrated part of the caudal eminence or tail bud and may become cystic.
127 Mesenchyma intermedium; Mesoderma intermedium The tissue primarily responsible for the formation of the kidneys and internal genitalia and their ducts. Experimental studies suggest that intermediate
mesoderm in amniotes arises from the middle of the primitive streak distal to somite origin and proximal to lateral plate mesoderm origin. The term intermediate mesenchyme is thus more appropriate than the
commonly used intermediate mesoderm.
128 Cellulae antecedentes The term antecedent cell is used here solely in a generic sense and without any specific connotation. The term precursor is not used in a generic sense, to avoid confusion with the
specific term cellula precursoria, a synonym for the official term for stem cell, cellula staminalis.
129 Potestas totalis Totipotency is the capacity (a) to form all cell lineages, embryonic and extra-embryonic, and (b) to self-organise, i.e., to form the body axis and the basic body plan (e.g., zygote; blastomere).
130 Potestas pluralis Pluripotency is the capacity to form either all embryonic or all extra-embryonic cell lineages (e.g., cells of the inner cell mass or pluripotent stem cells).
131 Potestas multiplex Multipotency is the capacity to form multiple cell types of one cell lineage (e.g., cells of one germ layer; somatic adult stem cells).
132 Potestas una Unipotency is the capacity of adult stem cells to form only one cell type (e.g., haematopoietic stem cells; spermatogonia).
133 Formabilitas Plasticity is the ability of a specific stem cell population to transdifferentiate, i.e, to switch to a stem cell population with a different differentiation potential.
134 Cellula primordialis A primordial cell is totipotent; the zygote and its immediate progeny are primordial cells.
135 Cellula fundatoria Founder cells are capable of contributing to the establishment of one or more cell populations.
136 Cellula progenitalis; Cellula proprecursoria A prestem cell is capable of contributing to the establishment of one or more stem cell populations.
137 Cellula staminalis; Cellula precursoria A stem cell is a constituent of a population that is capable of maintaining its own size while exporting an appropriate output of progeny to one or more cell lineages. The
term Cellula staminalis was adopted by FIPATas the preferred term.
138 Cellulae multipotentes et unipotentes Cells are here usually listed according to both their derivation and their potential: an exception is the epidermal neural crest cell stem cell [eNCSC], which is derived from
epidermis but is capable of giving rise to neural crest cells.
139 Cellula staminalis germinalis An embryo of Stage 6b showed a marked concentration of glycogen in the extra-embryonic endoderm of the secondary yolk sac and some of the cells may be primordial germ
cells (Hertig AT, Adams EC, McKay DG, Rock J, Mulligan WJ, Menkin MF. A thirteen-day human ovum studied histochemically. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1958;76:1025-1043).
140 Factores crescentiae The factors listed here are only representative but all are known to be active in normal embryogenesis and specific congenital anomalies are known to be associated with disturbances of
them (TGF-α). Whether or not these criteria are appropriate and whether or not other growth factors should be included here is debatable. The number of growth factors and their families that have been identified
continues to increase as does knowledge of their activities.

141 Factores transcriptionis Transcription factors are proteins that interact with specific DNA sequences to enable transcription to occur. Their number is enormous and there is no obvious way to limit their
numbers in a way that would permit their inclusion here. A transcription factor classification may be found at http://www.gene-regulation.com/pub/databases/transfac/cl.html. Again, what should be included in a
terminology that is primarily structure- and time-related is debatable but for the present it is felt that it is appropriate to include the sections headed Induction and interaction growth factors as well as this footnote.
142 Crista neuralis Cells of the primary neural crest separate from the neurosomatic ectodermal junction to give rise to the mesencephalic, rhombencephalic and spinal neural crest down to S1. Following
secondary neurulation, cells delaminate from the surface of the secondary neural tube and give rise to spinal neural crest beyond S1 (O'Rahilly R, Müller F. The development of the neural crest in the human. J Anat
2007;211:335-351). Neural crest is here divided according to the adjacent part of the brain. The term circumpharyngeal neural crest is not used as it describes a migration route to the pharyngeal region, the outflow
tract of the heart and great vessels and much of the gut-associated crest derivatives. Furthermore, it is said to be in the posterior rhombencephalic region but the crest for the first two pharyngeal arches is mainly
associated with rhombomeres 2 and 4.
143 Structurae cristae neuralis Neural crest tissue is dealt with under General histogenesis because of the wide range and distribution of its derivatives outside the nervous system. Groups of cells, which behave
in a similar manner but arise from some placodes and by delamination from the optic and otic vesicles are classified here as neural crest-like cells. Neural crest cells and neural crest-like cells meld seamlessly into
neural crest complexes and are no longer morphologically distinguishable (O'Rahilly R, Müller F. The development of the neural crest in the human. J Anat 2007;211:335-351). Here the term neural crest is used in
sensu stricto and the term neural crest complex recognizes the dual lineage of its component cells.
144 Complexus cristae neuralis nasalis The nasal neural crest complex develops from the epithelium of the nasal placodes in Stage 13 and migrates towards the telencephalon, reaching it in Stage 15, at which
stage complex-derived olfactory fibres enter the region of the future olfactory bulb.
145 Complexus cristae neuralis opticae The optic neural crest complex develops from the optic primordium in Stages 11 and 12 at the level of Diencephalon 1 and is the only forebrain-derived neural crest-like
tissue.
146 Cellula staminalis cornealis Corneal stem cells come from the corneoscleral junction.
147 Complexus cristae neuralis mesencephalicae The mesencephalic neural crest complex appears at Stage 9 and at Stage 11 spreads out towards the frontonasal region where it mingles with the optic neural
crest complex.
148 Crista neuralis isthmica Neural crest cells, seen in the roof of the isthmic rhombomere in Stage 13, appear to be destined more for the leptomeninges than for the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal
nerve.
149 Complexus cristae neuralis trigeminalis At Stage 10 neural crest cells migrate mainly from future rhombomere 2 but with contributions from adjacent future rhombomeres and with neural crest-like cells from
the overlying ectoderm form the trigeminal neural crest complex.
150 Complexus cristae neuralis faciovestibulocochlearis At Stage 11 some cells from the otic vesicle, representing the primordial vestibular ganglion, attach to the facial neural crest. At Stage 14 afferent fibres to
the geniculate ganglion and efferent fibres from the vestibular ganglion distinguish between the two parts; at Stage 15 the smaller primordial cochlear ganglion cells appear and fibres are present at Stage 16.
151 Complexus cristae neuralis facialis At Stage 10 neural crest cells migrate mainly from rhombomere 4 but with contributions from adjacent rhombomeres and with neural crest-like cells from the overlying
ectoderm form the facial neural crest complex.
152 Ossiculae auditus (partim) Thompson et al. suggested that the mesenchyme of the auditory ossicles may also originate as a whole or in part from the neural crest. (Thompson H, Ohazama A, Sharpe PT,
Tucker AS. The origin of the stapes and relationship to the otic capsule and oval window. Dev Dyn 2012;241:1396-1404.)

153 Complexus cristae neuralis oticae Neural crest-like cells migrate from the otic placode at Stage 10 and, becoming attached to the facial neural crest complex, represent the primordial vestibular ganglion. The
cochlear ganglion is recognizable at Stage 15.
154 Complexus cristae neuralis glossopharyngealis; Complexus cristae neuralis vagalis At Stage 10 neural crest cells migrate mainly from the roof of rhombomere 6 and probably from adjacent rhombomeres and
meld with neural crest-like cells from the overlying ectoderm to form part of a continuous glossopharyngeal/vagal neural crest complex. In Stage 13, the glossopharyngeal and vagal parts separate and each
develops superior and inferior ganglia, of which only the superior ganglia are believed to be derived from neural crest per se.
155 Crista neuralis cardiaca At Stage 12 some neural crest cells from rhombomeres 6 and 7, which are in continuity ventrally with the hypoglossal neural crest, proceed via pharyngeal arches towards the truncus
arteriosus; at Stage 13 they are joined by neural crest and neural crest-like cells and, continuing beyond the inferior glossopharyngeal and vagal ganglia, migrate into the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arches; these
components are interpreted as human cardiac neural crest tissue.
156 Cartilagines laryngeae The Vagal neural crest complex does not contribute to all of the laryngeal cartilages.
157 Aa. arcuum pharyngeorum The terms pharyngeal arch artery / arteries are preferred to those of aortic arch/es to avoid confusion with the definitive aortic arch.
158 Crista neuralis nervi accessorii At Stage 12 neural crest cells from rhombomere 7 migrate and form the neural crest of the accessory nerve, which, by Stage 13, extends uninterruptedly between the vagal
neural crest and the spinal neural crest.
159 Crista neuralis hypoglossalis; Crista neuralis occipitalis In Stage 10 neural crest cells migrate from rhombomere 8 and spread between occipital somites where they mingle with myotomic cells to form the
hypoglossal cell cord; at Stage 12 the cord has reached the 1st pharyngeal arch; and by Stage 16 it has reached the lateral lingual swelling.
160 Crista neuralis spinalis The spinal leptomeninges, mesenchyme of the neck, trunk and lower limb dermis and adipocytes were formerly attributed to the spinal neural crest but are now known to be derived
from somites (Christ B, Huang R, Scaal M. Amniote somite derivatives. Dev Dyn 2007;236:2382-2396).The traditional distinction between trunk and lumbosacral spinal neural crest seems inappropriate because the
trunk lumbar and 1st sacral spinal neural crest all form in the same way, whereas the remaining sacral and coccygeal spinal neural crest, which form after the caudal neuropore closes at Stage 12, do so by direct
outgrowth from the secondary neural tube. The caudal limit of the spinal neural crest descends with each Stage, as does the formation of primordial spinal ganglia, which lie at somite 19 at Stage 13 and 33 at Stage
14.
161 Via migrationis dorsolateralis Dorsolateral migration from the spinal neural crest passes between the surface ectoderm and the dermatomyotome.
162 Via migrationis ventrolateralis Ventrolateral migration from the spinal neural crest passes between the dermatomyotome and the sclerotome.
163 Via migrationis ventromedialis Ventromedial migration from the spinal neural crest passes between the sclerotome and the neural tube.
164 Mesenchyma somatopleurale Together with ectoderm, somatopleuric mesenchyme makes up the body wall. The unqualified term somatopleure is not recommended because it is ambiguous, having been
used to mean either the whole thickness of the body wall or only its mesenchymal component
165 Mesenchyma splanchnopleurale Together with endoderm, the splanchnopleuric mesenchyme makes up the walls of the gut-related viscera. The unqualified term splanchnopleure is not recommended
because it is ambiguous, having been used to mean either the whole thickness of the visceral wall or only its mesenchymal component.
166 Cellula adipocytoprogenetrix Adipose tissue not only develops from mesenchyme from various sources but also from fat cell progenitors derived from granulocyte macrophage colony-forming units (GM-CFU).

167 Cellula osteoclastoprogenetrix The osteoclast progenitor cell is a multipotent mononuclear stem cell, which is derived from bone marrow and gives rise to monocytes in peripheral blood and to the various types
of tissue macrophages (Bar-Shavit Z. The osteoclast: a multinucleated, hematopoietic-origin, bone-resorbing osteoimmune cell (J Cell Biochem 2007;102:1130–1139 and erratum J Cell Biochem 2008;104:1946-
1947).
168 Osteoclastus Osteoclasts form by the fusion of osteoclast progenitor cells (Bar-Shavit Z. The osteoclast: a multinucleated, hematopoietic-origin, bone-resorbing osteoimmune cell. J Cell Biochem
2007;102:1130–1139).
169 Canalis cartilagineus Cartilage canals first appear in the early fetus and by 28 weeks all the larger masses of cartilage are permeated by them. They contain blood vessels surrounded by loose cellular tissue
and provide the osteoblastic tissue for ossification when this later occurs (Haines RW. Cartilage canals. J Anat 1933;68:45-64).
170 Ossificatio perichondralis diaphysialis Adjectives derived from nouns such as diaphysis, epiphysis and hypophysis are, in a strict grammatical sense, probably best constructed using the suffix –alis giving
diaphysalis, epiphysalis, hypophysalis and symphysalis. However, for reasons of terminological precedence and consistency, the spellings of diaphysialis, epiphysialis, hypophysialis and symphysialis have been
here retained.
171 Anulus perichondralis This term describes the site of periosteal activity around the cartilaginous bud of a bone, and later the periosteal activity around the diaphysial cartilage.
172 Extensio gemmae osteogenicae The spread is that which takes place through an erosion canal into the cartilage model.
173 Osteonum primarium; Osteonum secundarium Primary osteons are directly deposited by the periosteum and not in a preceding resorption cavity. As a result, unlike secondary osteons, primary osteons are
not limited by resorption or reversal lines. Secondary osteons are deposited in a resorption cavity and are limited by resorption or reversal lines.

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TERMINOLOGIA EMBRYOLOGICA

Caput I: Nomina generalia Chapter 1: General terms

Bibliographic Reference Citation:

Creative Commons License:

Latin term Latin synonym UK English US English English synonym Other

34 Cycli genitales Reproductive cycles Reproductive cycles

FIPAT.library.dal.ca TE2, Part 1 7

55 CYCLUS MENSTRUALIS ENDOMETRIAL MENSTRUAL ENDOMETRIAL MENSTRUAL

69 CYCLUS CERVICALIS CERVICAL CYCLE CERVICAL CYCLE

74 CYCLUS VAGINALIS VAGINAL CYCLE VAGINAL CYCLE Endnote 4

78 CYCLUS GLANDULAE MAMMARY GLAND CYCLE MAMMARY GLAND CYCLE

FIPAT.library.dal.ca TE2, Part 1 8

85 Cyclus genitalis masculinus Male reproductive cycle Male reproductive cycle

92 Pregnatio Graviditas Pregnancy Pregnancy Gestation

114 PREGNATIO UTERINA UTERINE PREGNANCY UTERINE PREGNANCY

FIPAT.library.dal.ca TE2, Part 1 9

127 NUMERUS CONCEPTUUM NUMBER OF CONCEPTUSES NUMBER OF CONCEPTUSES

142 TERMINATIO TERMINATION TERMINATION

148 PARTUS BIRTH BIRTH

FIPAT.library.dal.ca TE2, Part 1 10

181 Anomaliae reproductionis Reproductive anomalies Reproductive anomalies

195 ANOMALIAE IMPLANTATIONIS IMPLANTATION ANOMALIES IMPLANTATION ANOMALIES

FIPAT.library.dal.ca TE2, Part 1 11

209 ANOMALIAE EMBRYONIS EMBRYONIC ANOMALIES EMBRYONIC ANOMALIES

213 ANOMALIAE FETALES FETAL ANOMALIES FETAL ANOMALIES

FIPAT.library.dal.ca TE2, Part 1 12

252 Gametogenesis Gametogenesis Gametogenesis

FIPAT.library.dal.ca TE2, Part 1 13

296 SEQUENTIA GAMETOGENESIS GAMETOGENETIC SEQUENCE GAMETOGENETIC SEQUENCE

317 OOGENESIS OOGENESIS OOGENESIS

FIPAT.library.dal.ca TE2, Part 1 14

344 SPERMATOGENESIS SPERMATOGENESIS SPERMATOGENESIS Spermatogeny

FIPAT.library.dal.ca TE2, Part 1 15

359 ANOMALIAE ANOMALIES OF ANOMALIES OF

361 Fertilisatio Fertilization Fertilization

FIPAT.library.dal.ca TE2, Part 1 16

392 REGULATIO REGULATION REGULATION Endnote 23

393 FORMATIO TYPORUM PATTERN FORMATION PATTERN FORMATION

400 COMPACTIO COMPACTION COMPACTION

406 INDUCTIO ET INTERACTIO INDUCTION AND INTERACTION INDUCTION AND INTERACTION

FIPAT.library.dal.ca TE2, Part 1 17

FIPAT.library.dal.ca TE2, Part 1 18

465 MORPHOGENESIS MORPHOGENESIS MORPHOGENESIS Endnote 27

472 Phenomena morphogenetica Morphogenetic phenomena Morphogenetic phenomena

FIPAT.library.dal.ca TE2, Part 1 19

FIPAT.library.dal.ca TE2, Part 1 20

FIPAT.library.dal.ca TE2, Part 1 21

FIPAT.library.dal.ca TE2, Part 1 22

630 TEMPUS FETALE FETAL PERIOD FETAL PERIOD Endnote 53

FIPAT.library.dal.ca TE2, Part 1 23

637 Ontogenesis postnatalis Postnatal ontogeny Postnatal ontogeny

660 Ordo ontogeneticus Ontogenetic sequence Ontogenetic sequence

FIPAT.library.dal.ca TE2, Part 1 24

681 Activatio oocyti Activation of oocyte Activation of oocyte

FIPAT.library.dal.ca TE2, Part 1 25

714 Fertilisatio simplex Single fertilization Single fertilization

716 Fertilisatio duplex Double fertilization Double fertilization