Design Examples using BS EN 1997-1

Design Examples using BS EN 1997-1

Introduction
A recent exercise1 to compare design results using EN 1997-1 revealed a wide diversity
of answers, attributable substantially to the use of different geotechnical analytical
models for ground behaviour; there was only very limited UK input to this exercise.

You are now cordially invited to participate in a joint BGA/GeoTechNet2/BSI3 exercise to

design the same set of ten geotechnical problems; the primary aim is to see how UK
geotechnical engineers interpret the new BS EN 1997-14. Please note that individuals
and their Companies will not be identified in any subsequent public
communications of the results unless specifically requested by the participant.

Guidance on the application of EN 1997-1 has been published5 while guidance on BS

EN 1997-1 already exists6 with more expected shortly7.

Design exercise:
Please design all (or some) of the following ten examples to BS EN 1997-1 (details
given below):
1. Pad foundation with vertical load only
2. Pad foundation with an inclined and an eccentric load
3. Pile foundation designed from soil parameter values
4. Pile foundation designed from pile load tests
5. Cantilever gravity retaining wall
6. Embedded sheet pile retaining wall
7. Anchored sheet pile retaining wall
8. Uplift of a deep basement
9. Hydraulic heave
10. Road embankment

As the UK National Annex for BS EN 1997-1 has not yet been published and to limit the
scope for misinterpretation from the use of different geotechnical formulae, participants
are requested to do the following:

1
Under the auspices of ERTC 10, ISSMGE TC 23 and GeoTechNet, this design comparison exercise was
examined at a Workshop in Dublin on 31 March and 1 April 2005. A publication on the outcome is
expected in due course.
2
GeoTechNet is an EU-funded geotechnical network, part of which aims to assist in the implementation of
Eurocode 7 (see www.geotechnet.org).
3
BSI is in the process of producing the UK National Annex for BS EN 1997-1.
4
BS EN 1997-1: 2004 was published by BSI in December 2004.
5
See Frank et al
6
PP 1990:2004 Structural Eurocodes. Guide to the Structural Eurocodes for students of structural design.
British Standards Institution, London
7
ODPM (2005). A Designers’ Simple Guide to the use of Eurocode 7. To be published.
CIRIA (2005). EC7 - Implications for UK Practice. To be published.

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Design Examples using BS EN 1997-1

1. Use Design Approach 1 (DA1); please feel free also to try any of the other two
Design Approaches if you wish1.
2. Use the partial factor values given in Annex A of the Code.
3. Use the BS EN 1997-1 Annex D method to evaluate bearing capacities.
4. Treat surcharge as a variable load.
5. Use γm = 1.4 for the partial ‘model’ factor required when designing a pile from
ground test results (Example 3).
6. Wherever possible and particularly for the retaining wall Examples 5, 6 and 7,
please present your results in tabular form, with as many intermediate
calculations shown as possible; this will greatly aid the interpretation of
differences in results between entries. Some additional requests specific to the
three retaining wall Examples are given in Appendix A of this document.

For each design example, please state:

• The determined design dimensions (e.g. foundation width).
• The geotechnical analytical model(s) used.
• The values adopted for any parameters that were not given in the example or
provided in BS EN 1997-1.
• Any other design assumptions or comments.
• If and how the serviceability limit state has been considered. Again for the
purposes of comparison of results, please use Annex F of BS EN 1997-1; you are
welcome to comment on the use of this Annex if you wish to.
• How the design dimensions obtained using BS EN 1997-1 compare to those that
would be obtained using your normal, in-house method or current BS Codes of
Practice.

Queries:
Any questions about the designs should be sent to John Powell (email: [email protected]).

Completed calculations
Please send your results to John Powell at the above email address by 15 August
2005.
It is hoped that, if a sufficiently extensive response is achieved, the results of the
exercise will feature in a BGA meeting.

1
While DA1 only is expected to be permitted for design in the UK, DA2 and DA3 may be required for
design in other EU Member States.

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Design Examples using BS EN 1997-1

Example 1 - Pad Foundation with vertical load only

Gk = 900kN, Qk = 600kN

GWL 0.8m

B=?

Soil:
o
Stiff till - cuk = 200kPa, c'k = 0kPa, ϕ'k = 35 ,
γk = 22kN/m3, SPT N = 40, mvk = 0.015m2/MN
• Design Situation
– Square pad foundation, 0.8m embedment depth; groundwater level at base of
foundation. The allowable settlement is 25mm

• Characteristic values of ground properties

– Overconsolidated glacial till, with the parameter values shown in the Figure.

• Characteristic values of actions

– permanent vertical load = 900kN + weight of foundation
– variable vertical load = 600kN
– concrete weight density = 24 kN/m3

• Require foundation width, B, to satisfy both ULS and SLS

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Design Examples using BS EN 1997-1

Example 2 – Pad Foundation with an inclined and eccentric load

Qhk = 400kN

Gk = 3000kN, 4.0m
Qvk = 2000kN

Soil: Sand: c'k = 0kPa, ϕ'k = 32

o 0.8m
γk = 20kN/m3, E'k = 40MPa
B=?

• Design situation:
- Square foundation, 0.8m embedment depth, groundwater level at great depth.
Allowable settlement is 25mm and maximum tilt is 1/2000

• Soil conditions:
- Cohesionless sand, with the characteristic parameters shown in the Figure

• Characteristic values of actions:

- Permanent vertical load Gk = 3000kN plus weight of pad foundation
- Variable vertical load Qvk = 2000kN (at top of foundation)
- Permanent horizontal load = 0
- Variable horizontal load Qhk = 400kN at a height of 4m above the ground surface
- Variable loads are independent of each other

• Require width of foundation, B, to satisfy both ULS and SLS.

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Design Examples using BS EN 1997-1

Example 3 – Pile Foundation designed using soil parameter values

Gk = 1200kN
Qk = 200 kN

GWL 2.0m • Design situation

- Bored pile, 600mm diameter
- Groundwater level at depth of 2m below
the ground surface
• Soil conditions
L=? Sand, with the characteristic parameter
values shown in the Figure
Sand • Characteristic values of Actions
ϕ'k = 35o - Permanent load Gk = 1200kN
γk = 21kN/m3 - Variable load Qk = 200kN
SPT N = 25 - Weight density of concrete = 24kN/m3
• Require: pile length, L

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Design Examples using BS EN 1997-1

Example 4 – Pile Foundation designed from pile load tests

• Design Situation
- Pile group foundation, driven piles, pile diameter D = 0.4m and length = 15m. The
structure supported by the piles does not have the capacity to transfer the load
from weak to strong piles. The allowable pile settlement is 10mm. IGNORE any
pile group effect.

• Pile Resistance
- 2 static pile load test results provided on driven piles of same diameter and length
as design piles. Piles were loaded beyond a settlement of 0.1D = 40mm to give the
limit load.

• Characteristic values of actions

- Permanent vertical load Gk = 20,000kN
- Variable vertical load Qk = 5,000kN

• Require number of piles needed to satisfy both ULS and SLS

Pile Load (MN) Pile Load Test Results

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0
Load Settlement Settlement
Load Test 1 (MN) Pile 1(mm) Pile 2 (mm)
20
0 0 0
Settlement (mm)

0.5 2.1 1.2

40
Load Test 2 1.0 3.6 2.1
1.5 5.0 2.9
60
2.0 6.2 4.1
3.0 10.0 7.0
80
4.0 18.0 14.0
5.0 40.0 26.0
100
5.6 63.0 40.0
120
6.0 100.0 56.0
6.4 80.0

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Design Examples using BS EN 1997-1

Example 5 – Cantilever Gravity Retaining Wall (see Appendix A)

Surcharge 15kPa

o
20

6m
Fill
0.4m

0.75m

Sand B=?

• Design situation
- 6m high cantilever gravity retaining wall.
- Wall and base thicknesses 0.40m.
- Groundwater level is at depth below the base of the wall.
- The wall is embedded 0.75m below ground level in front of the wall.
o
- The ground behind the wall slopes upwards at 20 .

• Soil conditions
- Sand beneath wall: c'k = 0, ϕ'k = 34o, γk = 19kN/m3.
o
- Fill behind wall: c'k = 0, ϕ'k = 38 , γk = 20kN/m3.
• Characteristic values of actions
- Characteristic surcharge behind wall 15kPa.

• Require
- Width of wall foundation, B.
- Design shear force, S, and bending moment, M, in the wall.

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Design Examples using BS EN 1997-1

Example 6 – Embedded sheet pile retaining wall (see Appendix A)

10kPa
• Design situation
- Embedded sheet pile retaining wall for a
3m deep excavation with a 10kPa
surcharge on the surface behind the wall.

1.5m
• Soil conditions
- Sand: c'k = 0, ϕ'k = 37o, γk = 20kN/m3.
3.0m
• Characteristic values of actions
- Surcharge behind wall - 10kPa
- Groundwater level at depth of 1.5m below
ground surface behind wall and at the
ground surface in front of wall

Sand
• Require
- Depth of wall embedment, D.
- Design bending moment in the wall, M.
D=?

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Design Examples using BS EN 1997-1

Example 7 – Anchored sheet pile quay wall (see Appendix A)

10kPa
• Design situation
- Anchored sheet pile retaining wall
1.5m for an 8m high quay using a
Tie bar anchor horizontal tie bar anchor.

8,0m • Soil conditions

o
- Gravelly sand - ϕ'k = 35 , γk =
GWL 3
18kN/m (above water table) and
20kN/m3 (below water table).
• Characteristic values of actions
Water - Surcharge behind wall - 10kPa.
3.3m
3.0m - 3m depth of water in front of the
wall and a tidal lag of 0.3m
between the water in front of the
wall and the water in the ground
behind the wall.
D=?
• Require
- Depth of wall embedment, D.
- Design bending moment, M, in
the wall.

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Design Examples using BS EN 1997-1

Example 8 – Uplift of a deep basement

• Design situation
- Long structure, 15m wide, with a 5m
Structural loading gk = 40kPa
deep basement.
- Groundwater level can rise to the
ground surface.
- Wall thickness = 0.3m.

• Soil Conditions
0.3m o
- Sand - c'k = 0, φ'k = 35 , γk = 20kN/m3
5.0m
(below water table).

• Characteristic values of actions

D? - Permanent structural loading Gk =
40kPa.
- Concrete weight density γ = 24kN/m3.
15.0m
• Require
- Thickness of base slab, D, for safety
against uplift.

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Design Examples using BS EN 1997-1

Example 9 – Failure by Hydraulic Heave

GWL

7.0m

H=?

Water 1.0m

3.0m
Sand γk = 20kN/m3

• Design situation
- Seepage around an embedded sheet pile retaining wall.
• Soil conditions
- γk = 20kN/m3.
• Characteristic values of actions
- Groundwater level 1.0m above ground surface in front of wall.
• Require
- Maximum height, H, of water behind wall above ground surface in front of the
wall to ensure safety against hydraulic heave.

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Design Examples using BS EN 1997-1

Example 10 – Road Embankment

Surcharge 10kPa

13 m

1:2 Embankment fill: ck = 0, H?

o
φ'k = 37 and γk = 19kN/m3

Clay: cuk = 15kPa and γk = 17kN/m3

• Design Situation
- A road embankment is to be constructed over soft clay. Embankment is 13m wide
o
at the top and has side slopes at 1:2 (26.6 ).

• Soil conditions
o
- Fill for embankment: Granular soil c'k = 0, φ'k = 37 , γk = 19kN/m3.
- Soil beneath embankment: Clay cuk = 15kPa, γk = 17kN/m3.

• Characteristic values of actions

- Traffic load on embankment: qk = 10kPa.

• Require
- Maximum height, H, of embankment.

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Design Examples using BS EN 1997-1

Appendix A – Requests for the three retaining wall Examples

To ensure that any possible mis-interpretations of the Code are minimised, please
conform to the following:

1. Values of Ka and Kp should be taken from the charts in BS EN 1997-1 Annex C

2. Example 5

• The characteristic value of the angle of sliding resistance on the interface

between wall and concrete under the base should be taken as 30º.

• The weight density of concrete should be taken as 25 kN/m3.

• It should be assumed that the surcharge might extend up to the wall (i.e. for
calculating bending moments in the wall), or might stop behind the heel of the
wall, not surcharging the heel (i.e. for calculating stability).

3. Example 6

• The wall is a permanent structure.

4. Example 7

• The wall is a permanent structure.

• The length of the wall is to be the minimum allowable.

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Design Examples using BS EN 1997-1

5. Tabular results

To assist in comparing and interpreting results, please tabulate your design

calculations as illustrated for Example 7 in the table below:

Method:
1 - Limit equilibrium;
2 - Soil-structure interaction to obtain redistribution of active pressures
1 1 1 2 2 2 2
Design 1
DA1-C2 DA1-C1 BS8002 DA1-C2 DA1-C2 DA1-C1 DA1-C2
approach:
Sand
3
γ (kN/m ) 18 & 20 18 & 20 18 & 20 18 & 20 18 & 20 18 & 20 18 & 20
o
ϕ'k ( ) (c'k = 0) 35 35 35 35 35 35 35
γ(ϕ) 1.25 1 1.2 1.25 1.25 1 1.25
o
ϕ'd ( ) 29.3 35.0 30.3 29.3 29.3 35.0 29.3
δ/ϕ active 0.6667 0.6667 0.75 0.6667 0.6667 0.6667 0.6667
δ/ϕ passive 0.6667 0.6667 0.75 0.6667 0.6667 0.6667 0.6667
Ka 0.29 0.23 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.23 0.29
γ (on Ka or active
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
pressure)
Ka(d) 0.29 0.23 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.23 0.29
Kp 4.43 6.51 4.87 4.43 4.43 6.51 4.43
γ (on Kp or
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
passive pressure)
Kp(d) 4.43 6.51 4.87 4.43 4.43 6.51 4.43
Overdig (m) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0
Surcharge (k)
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
(kPa)
γ (surcharge) 1.3 1.1 1 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.3
Surcharge (d)
13 11 10 13 13 11 13
(kPa)
Embedment (m) 3.74 2.65 3.43 3.5 3.4 3.4 2.8
Bending moment
333.5 218.9 298.7 257.5 257.9 153.9 224.1
(kNm/m)
γ (BM) 1 1.35 1 1 1 1.35 1
Design bending
moment 333.5 295.515 298.7 257.5 257.9 207.765 224.1
(kNm/m)
Strut force (kN/m) 130.7 92.15 117.9 151.5 151.05 103.62 137.01
γ (SF) 1 1.35 1 1 1 1.35 1
Design strut
130.7 124.4025 117.9 151.5 151.05 139.887 137.01
force (kN/m)
Young's modulus
10+2z 10+2z 10+2z 10+2z
(MPa)
Anchor stiffness
10 10 10 10
(kN/mm)
Bending stiffness
100000 100000 100000 100000
EI (kNm2/m)

1
DA1 - Design Approach 1
C1 - Combination 1 etc.

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