Multi Threading PDF

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nd
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Multi Threading
Agenda
1. Introduction.
2. The ways to define, instantiate and start a new Thread.
1. By extending Thread class
2. By implementing Runnable interface
3. Thread class constructors
4. Thread priority
5. Getting and setting name of a Thread.
6. The methods to prevent(stop) Thread execution.
1. yield()
2. join()
3. sleep()
7. Synchronization.
8. Inter Thread communication.
9. Deadlock
10. Daemon Threads.
11. Various Conclusion
1. To stop a Thread
2. Suspend & resume of a thread
3. Thread group
4. Green Thread
5. Thread Local
12. Life cycle of a Thread
Introduction
Multitasking: Executing several tasks simultaneously is the concept of multitasking.

There are two types of multitasking's.
1. Process based multitasking.

2. Thread based multitasking.
nd
Diagram:
Process based multitasking:
Executing several tasks simultaneously where each task is a separate independent

process such type of multitasking is called process based multitasking.
Example:
 While typing a java program in the editor we can able to listen mp3 audio songs
at the same time we can download a file from the net all these tasks are
independent of each other and executing simultaneously and hence it is Process
based multitasking.
 This type of multitasking is best suitable at "os level".
Thread based multitasking:
Executing several tasks simultaneously where each task is a separate independent part
of the same program, is called Thread based multitasking.
And each independent part is called a "Thread".
1. This type of multitasking is best suitable for "programatic level".

2. When compared with "C++", developing multithreading examples is very easy
in java because java provides in built support for multithreading through a rich
API (Thread, Runnable, ThreadGroup, ThreadLocal...etc).
3. In multithreading on 10% of the work the programmer is required to do and
90% of the work will be down by java API.
4. The main important application areas of multithreading are:
1. To implement multimedia graphics.
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2. To develop animations.
3. To develop video games etc.
4. To develop web and application servers
5. Whether it is process based or Thread based the main objective of multitasking
is to improve performance of the system by reducing response time.
The ways to define instantiate and start a new Thread:
What is singleton? Give example?

We can define a Thread in the following 2 ways.
1. By extending Thread class.

2. By implementing Runnable interface.
Defining a Thread by extending "Thread class":
Example:
nd
class ThreadDemo
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyThread t=new MyThread();//Instantiation of a Thread
t.start();//starting of a Thread
for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
{
System.out.println("main thread");
}
}
}
Case 1: Thread Scheduler:
 If multiple Threads are waiting to execute then which Thread will execute 1st is
decided by "Thread Scheduler" which is part of JVM.
 Which algorithm or behavior followed by Thread Scheduler we can't expect
exactly it is the JVM vendor dependent hence in multithreading examples we
can't expect exact execution order and exact output.
nd
 The following are various possible outputs for the above program.
Case 2: Difference between t.start() and t.run() methods.
 In the case of t.start() a new Thread will be created which is responsible for the
execution of run() method.
 But in the case of t.run() no new Thread will be created and run() method will be
executed just like a normal method by the main Thread.
 In the above program if we are replacing t.start() with t.run() the following is the
output.
Output:
child thread
child thread
child thread
child thread
child thread
child thread
child thread
child thread
child thread
child thread
main thread
main thread
main thread
main thread
nd
main thread
Entire output produced by only main Thread.
Case 3: importance of Thread class start() method.
For every Thread the required mandatory activities like registering the Thread with
Thread Scheduler will takes care by Thread class start() method and programmer is
responsible just to define the job of the Thread inside run() method.
That is start() method acts as best assistant to the programmer.
Example:
start()
{
1. Register Thread with Thread Scheduler
2. All other mandatory low level activities.
3. Invoke or calling run() method.
}
We can conclude that without executing Thread class start() method there is no chance
of starting a new Thread in java. Due to this start() is considered as heart of
multithreading.
Case 4: If we are not overriding run() method:
If we are not overriding run() method then Thread class run() method will be executed
which has empty implementation and hence we won't get any output.
Example:
class MyThread extends Thread
{}
class ThreadDemo
{
{
MyThread t=new MyThread();
t.start();
}
}
It is highly recommended to override run() method. Otherwise don't go for
multithreading concept.
Case 5: Overloding of run() method.
We can overload run() method but Thread class start() method always invokes no
argument run() method the other overload run() methods we have to call explicitly then
only it will be executed just like normal method.
Example:
{
public void run()
{
System.out.println("no arg method");
}
public void run(int i)
{
System.out.println("int arg method");
}
}
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class ThreadDemo
{
{
t.start();
}
}
Output:
No arg method
Case 6: overriding of start() method:
If we override start() method then our start() method will be executed just like a normal
method call and no new Thread will be started.
Example:
{
public void start()
{
System.out.println("start method");
}
public void run()
{
System.out.println("run method");
}
}
class ThreadDemo
{
{
t.start();
System.out.println("main method");
}
}
Output:
start method
main method
Entire output produced by only main Thread.
Note : It is never recommended to override start() method.
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Case 7:
Example 1:
nd
Example 2:
Output:
Case 8: life cycle of the Thread:
Diagram:
nd
 Once we created a Thread object then the Thread is said to be in new state or
born state.
 Once we call start() method then the Thread will be entered into Ready or
Runnable state.
 If Thread Scheduler allocates CPU then the Thread will be entered into running
state.
 Once run() method completes then the Thread will entered into dead state.
Case 9:
After starting a Thread we are not allowed to restart the same Thread once again
otherwise we will get runtime exception saying "IllegalThreadStateException".
Example:
t.start();//valid
;;;;;;;;
t.start();//we will get R.E saying: IllegalThreadStateException
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Defining a Thread by implementing Runnable interface:

We can define a Thread even by implementing Runnable interface also.
Runnable interface present in java.lang.pkg and contains only one method run().
Diagram:
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Example:
class ThreadDemo
{
{
MyRunnable r=new MyRunnable();
Thread t=new Thread(r);//here r is a Target Runnable
t.start();
{
}
}
}
Output:
nd
main thread
main thread
main thread
main thread
main thread
main thread
main thread
main thread
main thread
main thread
child Thread
child Thread
child Thread
child Thread
child Thread
child Thread
child Thread
child Thread
child Thread
child Thread
We can't expect exact output but there are several possible outputs.
Case study:
MyRunnable r=new MyRunnable();
Thread t1=new Thread();
Thread t2=new Thread(r);
Case 1: t1.start():
A new Thread will be created which is responsible for the execution of Thread class
run()method.
Output:
main thread
main thread
main thread
main thread
main thread
Case 2: t1.run():
No new Thread will be created but Thread class run() method will be executed just like
a normal method call.
Output:
main thread
main thread
main thread
main thread
main thread
Case 3: t2.start():
New Thread will be created which is responsible for the execution of MyRunnable run()
method.
Output:
main thread
nd
main thread
main thread
main thread
main thread
child Thread
child Thread
child Thread
child Thread
child Thread
Case 4: t2.run():
No new Thread will be created and MyRunnable run() method will be executed just like
a normal method call.
Output:
child Thread
child Thread
child Thread
child Thread
child Thread
main thread
main thread
main thread
main thread
main thread
Case 5: r.start():
We will get compile time error saying start()method is not available in MyRunnable
class.
Output:
Compile time error
E:\SCJP>javac ThreadDemo.java
ThreadDemo.java:18: cannot find symbol
Symbol: method start()
Location: class MyRunnable
Case 6: r.run():
No new Thread will be created and MyRunnable class run() method will be executed
just like a normal method call.
Output:
child Thread
child Thread
child Thread
nd
child Thread
child Thread
main thread
main thread
main thread
main thread
main thread
In which of the above cases a new Thread will be created which is responsible for the
execution of MyRunnable run() method ?
t2.start();
In which of the above cases a new Thread will be created ?

t1.start();
t2.start();
In which of the above cases MyRunnable class run() will be executed ?

t2.start();
t2.run();
r.run();
Best approach to define a Thread:
 Among the 2 ways of defining a Thread, implements Runnable approach is

always recommended.
 In the 1st approach our class should always extends Thread class there is no
chance of extending any other class hence we are missing the benefits of
inheritance.
 But in the 2nd approach while implementing Runnable interface we can extend
some other class also. Hence implements Runnable mechanism is recommended
to define a Thread.
Thread class constructors:

1. Thread t=new Thread();
2. Thread t=new Thread(Runnable r);
3. Thread t=new Thread(String name);
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4. Thread t=new Thread(Runnable r,String name);

5. Thread t=new Thread(ThreadGroup g,String name);
6. Thread t=new Thread(ThreadGroup g,Runnable r);
7. Thread t=new Thread(ThreadGroup g,Runnable r,String name);
8. Thread t=new Thread(ThreadGroup g,Runnable r,String name,long stackSize);
Ashok's approach to define a Thread(not recommended to use):
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Diagram:
Output:
main method
run method
Getting and setting name of a Thread:

 Every Thread in java has some name it may be provided explicitly by the
programmer or automatically generated by JVM.
 Thread class defines the following methods to get and set name of a Thread.
Methods:
1. public final String getName()

2. public final void setName(String name)
Example:
{}
class ThreadDemo
{
{
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());//main
System.out.println(t.getName());//Thread-0
Thread.currentThread().setName("Bhaskar Thread");
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());//Bhaskar
Thread
}
}
Note: We can get current executing Thread object reference by using
Thread.currentThread() method.
Thread Priorities
 Every Thread in java has some priority it may be default priority generated by
JVM (or) explicitly provided by the programmer.
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 The valid range of Thread priorities is 1 to 10[but not 0 to 10] where 1 is the least
priority and 10 is highest priority.
 Thread class defines the following constants to represent some standard
priorities.
1. Thread. MIN_PRIORITY----------1
2. Thread. MAX_PRIORITY----------10
3. Thread. NORM_PRIORITY--------5
 There are no constants like Thread.LOW_PRIORITY,
Thread.HIGH_PRIORITY
 Thread scheduler uses these priorities while allocating CPU.
 The Thread which is having highest priority will get chance for 1st execution.
 If 2 Threads having the same priority then we can't expect exact execution order
it depends on Thread scheduler whose behavior is vendor dependent.
 We can get and set the priority of a Thread by using the following methods.
1. public final int getPriority()
2. public final void setPriority(int newPriority);//the allowed values are 1 to
10
 The allowed values are 1 to 10 otherwise we will get runtime exception saying
"IllegalArgumentException".
Default priority:
The default priority only for the main Thread is 5. But for all the remaining Threads
the default priority will be inheriting from parent to child. That is whatever the priority
parent has by default the same priority will be for the child also.
Example 1:
{}
class ThreadPriorityDemo
{
{
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getPriority());//5
Thread.currentThread().setPriority(9);
System.out.println(t.getPriority());//9
}
}
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Example 2:
{
public void run()
{
{
System.out.println("child thread");
}
}
}
class ThreadPriorityDemo
{
{
//t.setPriority(10); //----> 1
t.start();
{
}
}
}
 If we are commenting line 1 then both main and child Threads will have the
same priority and hence we can't expect exact execution order.
 If we are not commenting line 1 then child Thread has the priority 10 and main
Thread has the priority 5 hence child Thread will get chance for execution and
after completing child Thread main Thread will get the chance in this the output
is:
Output:
child thread
child thread
child thread
child thread
child thread
child thread
child thread
child thread
child thread
child thread
main thread
nd
main thread
main thread
main thread
main thread
main thread
main thread
main thread
main thread
main thread
Some operating systems(like windowsXP) may not provide proper support for Thread
priorities. We have to install separate bats provided by vendor to provide support for
priorities.
The Methods to Prevent a Thread from Execution:
We can prevent(stop) a Thread execution by using the following methods.
1. yield();
2. join();
3. sleep();
yield():
1. yield() method causes "to pause current executing Thread for giving the chance
of remaining waiting Threads of same priority".
2. If all waiting Threads have the low priority or if there is no waiting Threads then
the same Thread will be continued its execution.
3. If several waiting Threads with same priority available then we can't expect
exact which Thread will get chance for execution.
4. The Thread which is yielded when it get chance once again for execution is
depends on mercy of the Thread scheduler.
5. public static native void yield();
Diagram:
Example:
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{
public void run()
{
{
Thread.yield();
System.out.println("child thread");
}
}
}
class ThreadYieldDemo
{
{
t.start();
{
}
}
}
Output:
main thread
main thread
main thread
main thread
main thread
child thread
child thread
child thread
child thread
child thread
In the above program child Thread always calling yield() method and hence main
Thread will get the chance more number of times for execution.
Hence the chance of completing the main Thread first is high.
Note : Some operating systems may not provide proper support for yield() method.
Join():
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If a Thread wants to wait until completing some other Thread then we should go for
join() method.
Example: If a Thread t1 executes t2.join() then t1 should go for waiting state until
completing t2.
Diagram:
1. public final void join()throws InterruptedException

2. public final void join(long ms) throws InterruptedException
3. public final void join(long ms,int ns) throws InterruptedException
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Diagram:
Every join() method throws InterruptedException, which is checked exception hence

compulsory we should handle either by try catch or by throws keyword.
Otherwise we will get compiletime error.
Example:
{
public void run()
{
{
System.out.println("Sita Thread");
try
{
Thread.sleep(2000);
}
catch (InterruptedException e){}
}
}
}
class ThreadJoinDemo
{
public static void main(String[] args)throws InterruptedException
{
t.start();
//t.join(); //--->1
{
System.out.println("Rama Thread");
}
}
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 If we are commenting line 1 then both Threads will be executed simultaneously

and we can't expect exact execution order.
 If we are not commenting line 1 then main Thread will wait until completing
child Thread in this the output is sita Thread 5 times followed by Rama Thread 5
times.
Waiting of child Thread untill completing main Thread :

Example:
{
static Thread mt;
public void run()
{
try
{
mt.join();
}
catch (InterruptedException e){}
{
System.out.println("Child Thread");
}
}
}
{
{
MyThread mt=Thread.currentThread();
t.start();
{
Thread.sleep(2000);
System.out.println("Main Thread");
}
}
}
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Output :
Main Thread
Main Thread
Main Thread
Main Thread
Main Thread
Child Thread
Child Thread
Child Thread
Child Thread
Child Thread
Note :
If main thread calls join() on child thread object and child thread called join() on main
thread object then both threads will wait for each other forever and the program will be
hanged(like deadlock if a Thread class join() method on the same thread itself then the
program will be hanged ).
Example :
class ThreadDemo {
public static void main() throws InterruptedException {
Thread.currentThread().join();
--------------- --------
main main
}
Sleep() method:
If a Thread don't want to perform any operation for a particular amount of time then
we should go for sleep() method.
1. public static native void sleep(long ms) throws InterruptedException

2. public static void sleep(long ms,int ns)throws InterruptedException
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Diagram:
Example:
{
{
System.out.println("M");
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println("E");
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println("G");
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println("A");
}
}
Output:
M
E
G
A
Interrupting a Thread:
How a Thread can interrupt another thread ?

If a Thread can interrupt a sleeping or waiting Thread by using interrupt()(break off)
method of Thread class.
public void interrupt();
Example:
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{
public void run()
{
try
{
{
System.out.println("i am lazy Thread :"+i);
Thread.sleep(2000);
}
}
catch (InterruptedException e)
{
System.out.println("i got interrupted");
}
}
}
class ThreadInterruptDemo
{
{
t.start();
//t.interrupt(); //--->1
System.out.println("end of main thread");
}
}
 If we are commenting line 1 then main Thread won't interrupt child Thread and
hence child Thread will be continued until its completion.
 If we are not commenting line 1 then main Thread interrupts child Thread and
hence child Thread won't continued until its completion in this case the output
is:
End of main thread

I am lazy Thread: 0
I got interrupted
Note:
 Whenever we are calling interrupt() method we may not see the effect
immediately, if the target Thread is in sleeping or waiting state it will be
interrupted immediately.
 If the target Thread is not in sleeping or waiting state then interrupt call will
wait until target Thread will enter into sleeping or waiting state. Once target
Thread entered into sleeping or waiting state it will effect immediately.
 In its lifetime if the target Thread never entered into sleeping or waiting state
then there is no impact of interrupt call simply interrupt call will be wasted.
Example:
{
public void run()
{
{
System.out.println("iam lazy thread");
}
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System.out.println("I'm entered into sleeping stage");

try
{
Thread.sleep(3000);
}
{
System.out.println("i got interrupted");
}
}
}
class ThreadInterruptDemo1
{
{
t.start();
t.interrupt();
System.out.println("end of main thread");
}
}
 In the above program interrupt() method call invoked by main Thread will wait
until child Thread entered into sleeping state.
 Once child Thread entered into sleeping state then it will be interrupted
immediately.
Compression of yield, join and sleep() method?
property Yield() Join() Sleep()

To pause current If a Thread don't
If a Thread wants
executing Thread want to perform any
to wait until
for giving the operation for a
completing some
1) Purpose? chance of particular amount of
other Thread then
remaining waiting time then we should
we should go for
Threads of same go for sleep()
join.
priority. method.
2) Is it static? yes no yes
3) Is it final? no yes no
4) Is it overloaded? No yes yes
5) Is it throws no yes yes
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InterruptedException?
sleep(long ms) --
>native
6) Is it native method? yes no
sleep(long ms,int ns)
-->non-native
Synchronization
1. Synchronized is the keyword applicable for methods and blocks but not for
classes and variables.
2. If a method or block declared as the synchronized then at a time only one
Thread is allow to execute that method or block on the given object.
3. The main advantage of synchronized keyword is we can resolve date
inconsistency problems.
4. But the main disadvantage of synchronized keyword is it increases waiting time
of the Thread and effects performance of the system.
5. Hence if there is no specific requirement then never recommended to use
synchronized keyword.
6. Internally synchronization concept is implemented by using lock concept.
7. Every object in java has a unique lock. Whenever we are using synchronized
keyword then only lock concept will come into the picture.
8. If a Thread wants to execute any synchronized method on the given object 1st it
has to get the lock of that object. Once a Thread got the lock of that object then
it's allow to execute any synchronized method on that object. If the synchronized
method execution completes then automatically Thread releases lock.
9. While a Thread executing any synchronized method the remaining Threads are
not allowed execute any synchronized method on that object simultaneously. But
remaining Threads are allowed to execute any non-synchronized method
simultaneously. [lock concept is implemented based on object but not based on
method].
Example:
class Display
{
public synchronized void wish(String name)
{
{
System.out.print("good morning:");
try
{
Thread.sleep(1000);
}
{}
System.out.println(name);
}
}
}
{
Display d;
String name;
MyThread(Display d,String name)
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{
this.d=d;
this.name=name;
}
public void run()
{
d.wish(name);
}
}
class SynchronizedDemo
{
{
Display d1=new Display();
MyThread t1=new MyThread(d1,"dhoni");
MyThread t2=new MyThread(d1,"yuvaraj");
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}
If we are not declaring wish() method as synchronized then both Threads will be
executed simultaneously and we will get irregular output.
Output:
good morning:good morning:yuvaraj
good morning:dhoni
good morning:yuvaraj
good morning:dhoni
good morning:dhoni
good morning:dhoni
dhoni
If we declare wish()method as synchronized then the Threads will be executed one by
one that is until completing the 1st Thread the 2nd Thread will wait in this case we will
get regular output which is nothing but
Output:
good morning:dhoni
good morning:dhoni
good morning:dhoni
good morning:dhoni
good morning:dhoni
nd
Case study:
Case 1:
MyThread t1=new MyThread(d1,"dhoni");
MyThread t2=new MyThread(d2,"yuvaraj");
t1.start();
t2.start();
Diagram:
Even though we declared wish() method as synchronized but we will get irregular
output in this case, because both Threads are operating on different objects.
Conclusion : If multiple threads are operating on multiple objects then there is no

impact of Syncronization.
If multiple threads are operating on same java objects then syncronized concept is
required(applicable).
Class level lock:
1. Every class in java has a unique lock. If a Thread wants to execute a static
synchronized method then it required class level lock.
2. Once a Thread got class level lock then it is allow to execute any static
synchronized method of that class.
3. While a Thread executing any static synchronized method the remaining
Threads are not allow to execute any static synchronized method of that class
simultaneously.
4. But remaining Threads are allowed to execute normal synchronized methods,
normal static methods, and normal instance methods simultaneously.
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5. Class level lock and object lock both are different and there is no relationship
between these two.
Synchronized block:
1. If very few lines of the code required synchronization then it's never
recommended to declare entire method as synchronized we have to enclose those
few lines of the code with in synchronized block.
2. The main advantage of synchronized block over synchronized method is it
reduces waiting time of Thread and improves performance of the system.
Example 1: To get lock of current object we can declare synchronized block as follows.
If Thread got lock of current object then only it is allowed to execute this block.
Synchronized(this){}
Example 2: To get the lock of a particular object 'b' we have to declare a synchronized
block as follows.
If thread got lock of 'b' object then only it is allowed to execute this block.
Synchronized(b){}
Example 3: To get class level lock we have to declare synchronized block as follows.
Synchronized(Display.class){}
If thread got class level lock of Display then only it allowed to execute this block.
Note:As the argument to the synchronized block we can pass either object reference or
".class file" and we can't pass primitive values as argument [because lock concept is
dependent only for objects and classes but not for primitives].
Example:
Int x=b;
Synchronized(x){}
Output:
Compile time error.
Unexpected type.
Found: int
Required: reference
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Questions:
1. Explain about synchronized keyword and its advantages and disadvantages?

2. What is object lock and when a Thread required?
3. What is class level lock and when a Thread required?
4. What is the difference between object lock and class level lock?
5. While a Thread executing a synchronized method on the given object is the
remaining Threads are allowed to execute other synchronized methods
simultaneously on the same object?
Ans: No.
6. What is synchronized block and explain its declaration?
7. What is the advantage of synchronized block over synchronized method?
8. Is a Thread can hold more than one lock at a time?
Ans: Yes, up course from different objects. Example:
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9.
Diagram:
10. What is synchronized statement?

Ans: The statements which present inside synchronized method and
synchronized block are called synchronized statements. [Interview people
created terminology].
Inter Thread communication (wait(),notify(), notifyAll()):

 Two Threads can communicate with each other by using wait(), notify() and
notifyAll() methods.
 The Thread which is required updation it has to call wait() method on the
required object then immediately the Thread will entered into waiting state.
The Thread which is performing updation of object, it is responsible to give
notification by calling notify() method.
After getting notification the waiting Thread will get those updations.
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 Diagram:
 wait(), notify() and notifyAll() methods are available in Object class but not in
Thread class because Thread can call these methods on any common object.
 To call wait(), notify() and notifyAll() methods compulsory the current Thread
should be owner of that object
i.e., current Thread should has lock of that object
i.e., current Thread should be in synchronized area. Hence we can call wait(),
notify() and notifyAll() methods only from synchronized area otherwise we will
get runtime exception saying IllegalMonitorStateException.
 Once a Thread calls wait() method on the given object 1st it releases the lock of
that object immediately and entered into waiting state.
 Once a Thread calls notify() (or) notifyAll() methods it releases the lock of that
object but may not immediately.
 Except these (wait(),notify(),notifyAll()) methods there is no other place(method)
where the lock release will be happen.
Method Is Thread Releases Lock?

yield() No
join() No
sleep() No
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wait() Yes
notify() Yes
notifyAll() Yes
 Once a Thread calls wait(), notify(), notifyAll() methods on any object then it
releases the lock of that particular object but not all locks it has.
1. public final void wait()throws InterruptedException
2. public final native void wait(long ms)throws InterruptedException
3. public final void wait(long ms,int ns)throws InterruptedException
4. public final native void notify()
5. public final void notifyAll()
Diagram:
Example 1:
class ThreadA
{
{
ThreadB b=new ThreadB();
b.start();
synchronized(b)
{
System.out.println("main Thread calling wait() method");//step-1
b.wait();
System.out.println("main Thread got notification call");//step-4
System.out.println(b.total);
}
}
}
class ThreadB extends Thread
nd
{
int total=0;
public void run()
{
synchronized(this)
{
System.out.println("child thread starts calcuation");//step-2
for(int i=0;i<=100;i++)
{
total=total+i;
}
System.out.println("child thread giving notification call");//step-
3
this.notify();
}
}
}
Output:
main Thread calling wait() method
child thread starts calculation
child thread giving notification call
main Thread got notification call
5050
Example 2:
Producer consumer problem:
 Producer(producer Thread) will produce the items to the queue and

consumer(consumer thread) will consume the items from the queue. If the queue
is empty then consumer has to call wait() method on the queue object then it will
entered into waiting state.
 After producing the items producer Thread call notify() method on the queue to
give notification so that consumer Thread will get that notification and consume
items.
nd
Diagram:
Example:
Notify vs notifyAll():
 We can use notify() method to give notification for only one Thread. If multiple
Threads are waiting then only one Thread will get the chance and remaining
Threads has to wait for further notification. But which Thread will be
notify(inform) we can't expect exactly it depends on JVM.
 We can use notifyAll() method to give the notification for all waiting Threads. All
waiting Threads will be notified and will be executed one by one, because they
are required lock
Note: On which object we are calling wait(), notify() and notifyAll() methods that
corresponding object lock we have to get but not other object locks.
nd
Example:
Which of the folowing statements are True ?
1. Once a Thread calls wait() on any Object immediately it will entered into waiting
state without releasing the lock ?
NO
2. Once a Thread calls wait() on any Object it reduces the lock of that Object but
may not immediately ?
NO
3. Once a Thread calls wait() on any Object it immediately releases all locks
whatever it has and entered into waiting state ?
NO
4. Once a Thread calls wait() on any Object it immediately releases the lock of that
perticular Object and entered into waiting state ?
YES
5. Once a Thread calls notify() on any Object it immediately releases the lock of
that Object ?
NO
6. Once a Thread calls notify() on any Object it releases the lock of that Object but
may not immediately ?
YES
nd
Dead lock:
 If 2 Threads are waiting for each other forever(without end) such type of
situation(infinite waiting) is called dead lock.
 There are no resolution techniques for dead lock but several
prevention(avoidance) techniques are possible.
 Synchronized keyword is the cause for deadlock hence whenever we are using
synchronized keyword we have to take special care.
Example:
class A
{
public synchronized void foo(B b)
{
System.out.println("Thread1 starts execution of foo()
method");
try
{
Thread.sleep(2000);
}
{}
System.out.println("Thread1 trying to call b.last()");
b.last();
}
public synchronized void last()
{
System.out.println("inside A, this is last()method");
}
}
class B
{
public synchronized void bar(A a)
{
System.out.println("Thread2 starts execution of bar() method");
try
{
Thread.sleep(2000);
}
{}
System.out.println("Thread2 trying to call a.last()");
a.last();
}
public synchronized void last()
{
System.out.println("inside B, this is last() method");
}
}
class DeadLock implements Runnable
{
A a=new A();
B b=new B();
DeadLock()
{
Thread t=new Thread(this);
t.start();
a.foo(b);//main thread
nd
}
public void run()
{
b.bar(a);//child thread
}
{
new DeadLock();//main thread
}
}
Output:
Thread1 starts execution of foo() method
Thread2 starts execution of bar() method
Thread2 trying to call a.last()
Thread1 trying to call b.last()
//here cursor always waiting.
Note : If we remove atleast one syncronized keywoed then we won't get

DeadLOck.Hence syncronized keyword in the only reason for DeadLock due to this
while using syncronized keyword we have to handling carefully.
Daemon Threads:
The Threads which are executing in the background are called daemon Threads.
The main objective of daemon Threads is to provide support for non-daemon Threads
like main Thread.
Example:
Garbage collector
nd
When ever the program runs with low memory the JVM will execute Garbage Collector
to provide free memory. So that the main Thread can continue it's execution.
 We can check whether the Thread is daemon or not by using isDaemon() method
of Thread class.
public final boolean isDaemon();
 We can change daemon nature of a Thread by using setDaemon () method.
public final void setDaemon(boolean b);
 But we can change daemon nature before starting Thread only. That is after
starting the Thread if we are trying to change the daemon nature we will get R.E
saying IllegalThreadStateException.
 Default Nature : Main Thread is always non daemon and we can't change its
daemon nature because it's already started at the beginning only.
 Main Thread is always non daemon and for the remaining Threads daemon
nature will be inheriting from parent to child that is if the parent is daemon child
is also daemon and if the parent is non daemon then child is also non daemon.
 Whenever the last non daemon Thread terminates automatically all daemon
Threads will be terminated.
Example:
{
class DaemonThreadDemo
{
{
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().isDaemon());
System.out.println(t.isDaemon()); 1
t.start();
t.setDaemon(true);
System.out.println(t.isDaemon());
}
}
Output:
false
false
RE:IllegalThreadStateException
Example:
{
public void run()
{
{
System.out.println("lazy thread");
try
{
Thread.sleep(2000);
}
{}
}
}
nd
}
class DaemonThreadDemo
{
{
t.setDaemon(true); //-->1
t.start();
System.out.println("end of main Thread");
}
}
Output:
End of main Thread
 If we comment line 1 then both main & child Threads are non-Daemon , and
hence both threads will be executed untill there completion.
 If we are not comment line 1 then main thread is non-Daemon and child thread
is Daemon. Hence when ever main Thread terminates automatically child thread
will be terminated.
Lazy thread
 If we are commenting line 1 then both main and child Threads are non daemon
and hence both will be executed until they completion.
 If we are not commenting line 1 then main Thread is non daemon and child
Thread is daemon and hence whenever main Thread terminates automatically
child Thread will be terminated.
Deadlock vs Starvation:
 A long waiting of a Thread which never ends is called deadlock.
 A long waiting of a Thread which ends at certain point is called starvation.
 A low priority Thread has to wait until completing all high priority Threads.
 This long waiting of Thread which ends at certain point is called starvation.
How to kill a Thread in the middle of the line?
nd
 We can call stop() method to stop a Thread in the middle then it will be entered
into dead state immediately.
public final void stop();
 stop() method has been deprecated and hence not recommended to use.
suspend and resume methods:
 A Thread can suspend another Thread by using suspend() method then that
Thread will be paused temporarily.
 A Thread can resume a suspended Thread by using resume() method then
suspended Thread will continue its execution.
1. public final void suspend();
2. public final void resume();
 Both methods are deprecated and not recommended to use.
RACE condition:
Executing multiple Threads simultaneously and causing data inconsistency problems is

nothing but Race condition
we can resolve race condition by using synchronized keyword.
ThreadGroup:
Based on functionality we can group threads as a single unit which is nothing but
ThreadGroup.
ThreadGroup provides a convenient way to perform common operations for all threads
belongs to a perticular group.
We can create a ThreadGroup by using the following constructors

ThreadGroup g=new ThreadGroup(String gName);
We can attach a Thread to the ThreadGroup by using the following constructor of

Thread class
Thread t=new Thread(ThreadGroup g, String name);
ThreadGroup g=new ThreadGroup("Printing Threads");

MyThread t1=new MyThread(g,"Header Printing");
MyThread t2=new MyThread(g,"Footer Printing");
MyThread t3=new MyThread(g,"Body Printing");
-----------
g.stop();
ThreadLocal(1.2 v):
We can use ThreadLocal to define local resources which are required for a perticular
Thread like DBConnections, counterVariables etc.,
nd
We can use ThreadLocal to define Thread scope like Servlet

Scopes(page,request,session,application).
GreenThread:
Java multiThreading concept is implementing by using the following 2 methods :
1. GreenThread Model
2. Native OS Model
GreenThread Model
The threads which are managed completely by JVM without taking support for
underlying OS, such type of threads are called Green Threads.
Native OS Model
 The Threads which are managed with the help of underlying OS are called
Native Threads.
 Windows based OS provide support for Native OS Model
 Very few OS like SunSolaries provide support for GreenThread Model
 Anyway GreenThread model is deprecated and not recommended to use.
nd
Life cycle of a Thread:
What is the difference between extends Thread and implements Runnable?
1. Extends Thread is useful to override the public void run() method of Thread
class.
2. Implements Runnable is useful to implement public void run() method of
Runnable interface.
Extends Thread, implements Runnable which one is advantage?

If we extend Thread class, there is no scope to extend another class.
Example:
Class MyClass extends Frame,Thread//invalid
If we write implements Runnable still there is a scope to extend one more class.
Example:
1. class MyClass extends Thread implements Runnable

2. class MyClass extends Frame implements Runnable
nd
How can you stop a Thread which is running?
Step 1: Declare a boolean type variable and store false in that variable.
boolean stop=false;
Step 2: If the variable becomes true return from the run() method.
If(stop) return;
Step 3: Whenever to stop the Thread store true into the variable.
System.in.read();//press enter
Obj.stop=true;
Questions:
1. What is a Thread?
2. Which Thread by default runs in every java program?
Ans: By default main Thread runs in every java program.
3. What is the default priority of the Thread?
4. How can you change the priority number of the Thread?
5. Which method is executed by any Thread?
Ans: A Thread executes only public void run() method.
6. How can you stop a Thread which is running?
7. Explain the two types of multitasking?
8. What is the difference between a process and a Thread?
9. What is Thread scheduler?
10. Explain the synchronization of Threads?
11. What is the difference between synchronized block and synchronized keyword?
12. What is Thread deadlock? How can you resolve deadlock situation?
13. Which methods are used in Thread communication?
14. What is the difference between notify() and notifyAll() methods?
15. What is the difference between sleep() and wait() methods?
16. Explain the life cycle of a Thread?
17. What is daemon Thread?
nd

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What are the different ways to define and instantiate a new thread in Java?

What are the different ways to define and instantiate a new thread in Java?

What are the different states in the lifecycle of a thread?

What are the different states in the lifecycle of a thread?

JAVA Means DURGA SIR

Multitasking: Executing several tasks simultaneously is the concept of multitasking.

1. Process based multitasking.

Process based multitasking:

Executing several tasks simultaneously where each task is a separate independent

Thread based multitasking:

1. This type of multitasking is best suitable for "programatic level".

The ways to define instantiate and start a new Thread:

What is singleton? Give example?

1. By extending Thread class.

Defining a Thread by extending "Thread class":

Case 1: Thread Scheduler:

Case 2: Difference between t.start() and t.run() methods.

Case 3: importance of Thread class start() method.

Case 4: If we are not overriding run() method:

Case 5: Overloding of run() method.

Case 6: overriding of start() method:

Case 8: life cycle of the Thread:

Defining a Thread by implementing Runnable interface:

In which of the above cases a new Thread will be created ?

In which of the above cases MyRunnable class run() will be executed ?

Best approach to define a Thread:

 Among the 2 ways of defining a Thread, implements Runnable approach is

Thread class constructors:

4. Thread t=new Thread(Runnable r,String name);

Ashok's approach to define a Thread(not recommended to use):

Getting and setting name of a Thread:

1. public final String getName()

The Methods to Prevent a Thread from Execution:

We can prevent(stop) a Thread execution by using the following methods.

class MyThread extends Thread

1. public final void join()throws InterruptedException

Every join() method throws InterruptedException, which is checked exception hence

 If we are commenting line 1 then both Threads will be executed simultaneously

Waiting of child Thread untill completing main Thread :

1. public static native void sleep(long ms) throws InterruptedException

How a Thread can interrupt another thread ?

End of main thread

System.out.println("I'm entered into sleeping stage");

Compression of yield, join and sleep() method?

property Yield() Join() Sleep()

Conclusion : If multiple threads are operating on multiple objects then there is no

Class level lock:

1. Explain about synchronized keyword and its advantages and disadvantages?

10. What is synchronized statement?

Inter Thread communication (wait(),notify(), notifyAll()):

Method Is Thread Releases Lock?

Producer consumer problem:

 Producer(producer Thread) will produce the items to the queue and

Which of the folowing statements are True ?

Note : If we remove atleast one syncronized keywoed then we won't get

How to kill a Thread in the middle of the line?

suspend and resume methods:

Executing multiple Threads simultaneously and causing data inconsistency problems is

We can create a ThreadGroup by using the following constructors