Experiment Observation Inference

1. Physical examination
(a) Noted the colour of given White Cu2+ , Fe2+ , Ni2+ , Mn2+, Co2+
Salt. Absent.
(b) Noted the smell of the No specific smell. NH4+ , S2- and CH3COO- may be
salt. absent.

2. Dry heating test

(a) Gas evolved. A reddish brown gas evolved NO3- may be present.
(b) Sublimation. No sublimation formed. Ammonium halides, aluminium
May be absent.
(c) Colour of the residue. White Zn2+ , Pb2+ may be absent.

3. Preliminary tes for acidic

radical
(a) Copper chips test :- Salt +
conc. H2SO4 + Few copper Reddish brown gas evolved. NO3- may be present.
chips.

4. Confirmatory test for

Nitrate
A dark brown ring formed at NO3- confirmed.
(b) Ring test:- 2-3ml of salt the junction of the two liquid.
sol. + FeSO4 sol + Conc. NaNO3 + H2SO4→ NaHSO4 +
H2SO4 along the side of HNO3
the test tube. 2HNO3 + 6FeSO4 + 3H2SO4→
3Fe2(SO4)3 + 2NO + 4H2O
FeSO4 + NO → [Fe(NO)]SO4 brown
ring
5. Preliminary test for basic
radical
No ammonia gas evolved. NH4+ absent.
i)Heated a pinch of salt with
conc. NaOH solution.+ HCl

ii).Preparation of original
solution (O.S) Solution obtained. Labelled it as Original
Shook a pinch of the salt with solution(O.S).
Water.

iii). To a part of the O.S added

1- 2 ml of dilute HCl. No ppt. formed. Group I absent.(Pb2+ absent)

iv) Through a part of the above

Solution, passed H2S gas. black ppt. formed. Group II present.(Pb2+)

6. Confirmatory test for lead

(a) Potassium iodide test:-

O.S + Pot. Iodide sol. Yellow ppt. Pb2+ confirmed.
Pb(NO)3 + 2KI → PbI2 yellow +
2KNO3
Result…. Acidic Radical : NO3- Basic Radical : Pb2+
 Experiment Observation Inference
1. Physical examination
(a) Noted the colour of given White Cu2+ , Fe2+ , Ni2+ , Mn2+, Co2+
Salt. Absent.
(b) Noted the smell of the No specific smell. NH4+ , S2- and CH3COO- may be
salt. absent.

2. Preliminary tes for acidic

radical
(a) Dil H2SO4 :- Colourless gas evolved which CO32- may be present.
Salt + dil H2SO4 turns lime water milky

3. Confirmatory test for

carbonate

(a)silver nitrate test:- 2-3ml White ppt formed. CO32- confirmed.

of salt sol. + AgNO3 CO32- + 2Ag+ → Ag2CO3white
solution along the side of ppt
the test tube.

4. Preliminary test for basic

radical

i)Heated a pinch of salt with No ammonia gas evolved. NH4+ absent.

conc. NaOH solution.+ HCl

ii).Preparation of original
solution (O.S)
Shook a pinch of the salt with Solution obtained. Labelled it as Original
Water. solution(O.S).

iii). To a part of the O.S added

1- 2 ml of dilute HCl.
No ppt. formed. Group I absent.(Pb2+ absent)
iv) Through a part of the above
Solution, passed H2S gas.
Black ppt. formed. Group II present.(Pb2+)
6. Confirmatory test for lead

(a) Potassium iodide test:-

O.S + Pot. Iodide sol.
Yellow ppt. Pb2+ confirmed.
Pb(NO)3 + 2KI → PbI2 yellow +
2KNO3

Result…. Acidic Radical : CO32- Basic Radical : Pb2+

 Experiment Observation Inference
1. Physical examination
(a) Noted the colour of given White Cu2+ , Fe2+ , Ni2+ , Mn2+, Co2+
Salt. Absent.
(b) Noted the smell of the No specific smell. NH4+ , S2- and CH3COO- may
salt. be absent.
(c) nature : crystalline Fluffy powder Carbonates of non-alkali
nature. metals like CaCO3 , MgCO3
may be present
2. Dry heating test
(a) Gas evolved. Colour gas and odourless gas CO32- may be present.
evolved
(b) Sublimation. No sublimation formed. Ammonium halides,
aluminium
3. Preliminary tes for acidic May be absent.
radical
(a) dil H2SO4 test :- Salt + dil Brisk effervescence with
H2SO4 test evolution of CO2 CO32- may be present.

4. Confirmatory test for

Nitrate CO32- + 2Ag+ → Ag2CO3white ppt
(a) AgNO3 test:- 2-3ml of White ppt formed CO32- confirmed.
salt sol. + AgNO3
.
5. Preliminary test for basic
radical
Heated a pinch of salt with No ammonia gas evolved. NH4+ absent.
conc. NaOH solution.

i).Preparation of original solution

(O.S)
Shook a pinch of the salt with Solution obtained. Labelled it as Original
Water. solution(O.S).

ii). To a part of the O.S added No ppt. formed. Group I absent.(Pb2+ absent)
1-2 ml of dilute HCl.

iii).Through a part of the above Group II absent.(Pb2+, Cu2+ ,

solution, passed H2S gas. No ppt. formed. As3+)

iv).To the remaining solution ,

added with conc HNO3 + a
pinch of solid ammonium
Chloride boiled the solution
cooled it and added excess No ppt. formed. Group III absent( Fe3+, Al3+)
of ammonium hydroxide
solution.
v).Through a part of this
solution, passed H2S gas. No ppt . formed. Group IV absent
(Zn2+ , Mn2+ , Ni2+ , Co2+)
vi).To a part of the O.S add
NH4OH and Solid (NH4)2CO3 White ppt. formed. Group V present
(Ca2+ , Ba2+, Sr2+ may be
present)
6. Confirmatory test for
Calcium
(CH3COO)2+ (NH4)2C2O4→
(a) ammonium oxalate:- (COO)2Ca White ppt +
O.S + ammonium oxalte 2CH3COONH4 Ca2+ confirmed.
test White ppt formed.

Result…. Acidic Radical : CO32- Basic Radical : Ca2+

 Experiment Observation Inference
1. Physical examination
(a) Noted the colour of given White Cu2+ , Fe2+ , Ni2+ , Mn2+, Co2+
Salt. Absent.

2. Dry heating test

(a) Gas evolved. NH3 gas evolved NH4+ may be present.
(b) Sublimation. sublimation formed. Ammonium halides, aluminium
May be present
.
3. Preliminary tes for basic
radical
(a) Heated a pinch of salt with White fumes evolved. NH4+ may be present.
conc. NaOH solution.+ HCl. NH4Cl + NaOH → NaCl +
NH3+ H2O

NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl(white

Confirmatory test for basic fumes)
radical
nessler’s reagent test 2K2HgI4 + NH3 + 3KOH→ NH4+ confirmed.
(a) salt + water + nessler’s HgO.Hg(NH2)I + 7KI + 2H2O
reagent Brown ppt is obtained

5. Preliminary test for acidic

radical

Salt + water + dil H2SO4 + Dense white fumes is obtained Cl- may be present.
NH4OH

6. Confirmatory test for lead

Silver nitrate test

1-2 ml of salt solution + A curdy white ppt is obtained Cl- confirmed.
AgNO3 solution NaCl + AgNO3 → NaNO3 + AgCl

Result…. Acidic Radical : Cl- Basic Radical : NH4+

 Experiment Observation Inference
1. Physical examination
(a) Noted the colour of given White Cu2+ , Fe2+ , Ni2+ , Mn2+, Co2+
Salt. Absent.
(b) Noted the smell of the No specific smell. NH4+ , S2- and CH3COO- may be
salt. absent.

2. Dry heating test

(a) Gas evolved. A reddish brown gas evolved NO3- may be present.
(b) Sublimation. No sublimation formed. Ammonium halides, aluminium
May be absent.
(c) Colour of the residue. White Zn2+ , Pb2+ may be absent.

3. Preliminary tes for acidic

radical
(a) Copper chips test :- Salt +
conc. H2SO4 + Few copper Reddish brown gas evolved. NO3- may be present.
chips.

4. Confirmatory test for

Nitrate
A dark brown ring formed at NO3- confirmed.
(b) Ring test:- 2-3ml of salt the junction of the two liquid.
sol. + FeSO4 sol + Conc. NaNO3 + H2SO4→ NaHSO4 +
H2SO4 along the side of HNO3
the test tube. 2HNO3 + 6FeSO4 + 3H2SO4→
3Fe2(SO4)3 + 2NO + 4H2O
FeSO4 + NO → [Fe(NO)]SO4 brown
ring
5. Preliminary test for basic
radical

i)Heated a pinch of salt with No ammonia gas evolved. NH4+ absent.

conc. NaOH solution.+ HCl

ii).Preparation of original
solution (O.S)
Shook a pinch of the salt with Solution obtained. Labelled it as Original
Water. solution(O.S).

iii). To a part of the O.S added No ppt. formed. Group I absent.(Pb2+ absent)
1- 2 ml of dilute HCl.

iv) Through a part of the above black ppt. formed. Group II present.(Pb2+)
Solution, passed H2S gas.

6. Confirmatory test for lead

(a) Potassium iodide test:- Yellow ppt. Pb2+ confirmed.

O.S + Pot. Iodide sol. Pb(NO)3 + 2KI → PbI2 yellow +
2KNO3
Result…. Acidic Radical : NO3- Basic Radical : Pb2+

Experiment Observation Inference

1. Physical examination
(a) Noted the colour of given White Cu2+ , Fe2+ , Ni2+ , Mn2+, Co2+
Salt. Absent.
(b) Noted the smell of the No specific smell. NH4+ , S2- and CH3COO- may be
salt. absent.

2. Dry heating test

(a) Gas evolved. Colourless , smell of burning SO42- may be present.
sulphur ,turns potassium
dichromate paper green
(b) Sublimation. No sublimation formed. Ammonium halides, aluminium
May be absent.

3. Preliminary tes for acidic

radical
(a) salt + water + dilHCl+
potassium dichromate Green coloured observed SO42- may be present.

4. Confirmatory test for

sulphate:

(a) BaCl2 test:- 2-3ml of salt White ppt formed. SO4-2 confirmed.
sol. + dil HCl + BaCl2 sol Na2SO4 + BaCl2→
BaSO4(white ppt ) + 2NaCl

(b) lead acetate test: 2-3ml of White ppt formed. SO4-2 confirmed.
salt sol. + dil HCl + lead Na2SO4 + (CH3COO)2Pb→
acetate sol. PbSO4(white ppt ) + CH3COONa

5. Preliminary test for basic

radical

i)Heated a pinch of salt with No ppt. formed. NH4+ absent.

conc. NaOH solution.+ HCl

ii).Preparation of original
solution (O.S)
Shook a pinch of the salt with Labelled it as Original
Water. solution(O.S).

iii). To a part of the O.S added No ppt formed. Group I absent.(Pb2+ absent)
1- 2 ml of dilute HCl.

iv) Through a part of the above Group II present.(Pb2+)

Solution, passed H2S gas. Black ppt. formed.

6. Confirmatory test for lead Yellow ppt. Pb2+ confirmed.

Pb(NO)3 + 2KI → PbI2 yellow +
(a) Potassium iodide test:- 2KNO3
O.S + Pot. Iodide sol.
Result…. Acidic Radical : SO4-2 Basic Radical : Pb2+