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 Storage of data in variables and arrays is temporary—

such data is lost when a program terminates.
 Files are used for permanent retention of data.
 We both consider sequential-access and random-access
file processing.

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 C views each file simply as a sequential stream of bytes.
 Each file ends either with an _______________or at a
specific byte number recorded in a system-maintained,
administrative data structure.
 When a file is opened, a ___________ is associated with it.
 Three files and their associated streams are automatically
opened when program execution begins—the standard
________, the standard _________ and the standard
________.

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 The standard library provides many functions for reading data
from files and for writing data to files.
 Function fgetc, like getchar, reads one character from a file.
 Function fgetc receives as an argument a FILE pointer for the
file from which a character will be read.
 The call fgetc( stdin ) reads one character from stdin—
the standard input.
 This call is equivalent to the call getchar().
 Function fputc, like putchar, writes one character to a file.
 Function fputc receives as arguments a character to be written
and a pointer for the file to which the character will be written.

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 The function call fputc( 'a', stdout ) writes the
character 'a' to stdout—the standard output.
 This call is equivalent to putchar( 'a' ).
 Several other functions used to read data from standard
input and write data to standard output have similarly
named file-processing functions.
 The fgets and fputs functions, for example, can be used to
read a line from a file and write a line to a file, respectively.
 In the next several sections, we introduce the file-
processing equivalents of functions scanf and printf—
fscanf and fprintf.

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 The program displays a menu and allows the credit
manager to enter one of three options to obtain credit
information.
 Option 1 produces a list of accounts with zero balances.
 Option 2 produces a list of accounts with credit
balances.
 Option 3 produces a list of accounts with debit
balances.
 Option 4 terminates program execution.
 A sample output is shown in Fig. 11.8.

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 Function fwrite transfers a specified number of
bytes beginning at a specified location in memory to a
file.
 The data is written beginning at the location in the file
indicated by the file position pointer.
 Function fread transfers a specified number of bytes
from the location in the file specified by the file
position pointer to an area in memory beginning with a
specified address.

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 Now, when writing an integer, instead of using
 fprintf( fPtr, "%d", number );
which could print a single digit or as many as 11 digits
(10 digits plus a sign, each of which requires 1 byte of
storage) for a four-byte integer, we can use
 fwrite( &number, sizeof( int ), 1, fPtr );
which always writes four bytes on a system with four-
byte integers from a variable number to the file
represented by fPtr (we’ll explain the 1 argument
shortly).

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 Later, fread can be used to read those four bytes into
an integer variable number.
 Although fread and fwrite read and write data,
such as integers, in fixed-size rather than variable-size
format, the data they handle are processed in computer
“raw data” format (i.e., bytes of data) rather than in
printf’s and scanf’s human-readable text format.

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 Functions fwrite and fread are capable of reading and
writing arrays of data to and from disk.
 The third argument of both fread and fwrite is the
number of elements in the array that should be read from or
written to disk.
 The preceding fwrite function call writes a single integer
to disk, so the third argument is 1 (as if one element of an
array is being written).
 File-processing programs rarely write a single field to a file.
 Normally, they write one struct at a time, as we show in
the following examples.

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 Consider the following problem statement:
◦ Create a credit-processing system capable of storing up to 100
fixed-length records. Each record should consist of an account
number that will be used as the record key, a last name, a first
name and a balance. The resulting program should be able to
update an account, insert a new account record, delete an
account and list all the account records in a formatted text file
for printing. Use a random-access file.

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