ANDREA LOUISE R.

BELTRAN

1-23

PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION

(MATRIX 3)

EASTERN PHILOSOPHY
Their religion and philosophy are the same. The way of thinking is the same with their way of life, Relies on instruction and
mysticism

ADVANTAGES/PROS PHILOSOPHY DISADVANTAGES/CONS

 On the individual CONFUCIANISM  People’s individuality

level, Confucianism is suppressed into
provides a rational  Teaches ethical and moral life through obedience
basis for why people devotion to the family, to the elders. Having  It promotes inequality
should improve their filial piety and love of family. They show as a good thing
moral character and signs of respect by bowing and parents  Confucianism is too
encourages them to usually choose the marriage for their optimistic that the
do so children. people it gives power
 Confucianism links  Education should be free to all - by all to will not take
individual morality meaning the men. advantage of the
to the wider social situation
structure and  Golden Rule (Analects) - book of Confucius.
therefore Book XII - Ren “Do unto others what you
encourages leaders would not like yourself”
to be good in order  Levels of learning are: 1. Reflection
to create a (noblest) 2. Imitation (Easiest) 3. Experience
harmonious society (bitterest)
 Encourages
education and
strong work-ethic for Curriculum
the greater good
 Preservation and  Moral training is must be applied in
enrichment of culture, behavior and living
character and
personality
development and Method
cultivation of noble
ideals.  Teacher centered, the teacher must be a
master teacher however students are still
active by mentally thinking.
 Meditation and reflection are silent but
effective mental engagements.
 People will be  Others will fail to
encouraged to love understand the
the nature even TAOISM (LAO TSU) benefits of education
more. to everyone.
 Many will seek to
understand and take  “Tao” - the way, nature of law  Will not be able to
care of the nature  We must follow the laws of nature acquire knowledge
for it will provide us that can only be given
with everything  Rejects education, because for them through education
 Greater peace, education is artificial and because we are
happiness and  Ignoring political and
naturally guided by nature.
productivity. social laws
 For them education is dangerous,
unnecessary and destructive

 Provide good  The caste system

training to young makes other people
men and women in
HINDUISM not care about the
the performance of other people.
their social,
 No known founder  Others will not learn
economic, and
how to love and enjoy
religious duties.  85% Hinduism in India
their life since they
 Get to engage in  Believe in the “Trimutri” - Brahma are aiming only to
rituals in our lives (supreme), Vishnu (preserver), Shiva achieve total
(destroyer) perfection.
 Learn to live a
healthy life  Believe in the caste system
 Keep track of our  Destined to be born in a specific class:
actions in order to
1. Brahmins - priest
achieve perfection.
2. Kshatriyas - nobles/warriors
 Diverse and
open-minded 3. Vaisyas - traiders, cultivators
4. Sudras - servant
5. Untouchables - born without caste
 Law of karma - which is a process or
schedule of birth and rebirth until one
attains perfections and finally reachers
“nirvana” which is eternal happiness.
 Veda - sacred text of Hinduism, teaches you
how to be perfect.
1. Rig - hymns and praises
2. Yajur - prayer
3. Sama - tunes or chants
4. Athana - magical formula
 Education
 They want to popularize values
 Life has 4 essential aims
1. Dharma - virtue
2. Artha - wealth
3. Kama - pleasure
4. Moksha - liberation - highest
 Vidya - values education, highest purpose of
life, overcome impurities. There are levels of
purification:
1. Para Vidya - physical level
2. Apara vidya - physical and spiritual

School
 Gurukula
 Guru - teacher, the teacher is the school
 Anywhere the guru goes, the students
follow
 Existed mostly in the forest

Methods
 Mostly oral means of teaching
 The guru will never repeat what he/she
stated
 Memory intensive

 Women, wealth and  lack of persuasive and

ornaments are the effective
real bindings so only BUDDHISM communication for
those can achieve creative action for the
salvation who leads 21st century and the
non-attached life  Siddharta Gautama - first founder
variety of issues facing
 Buddhism teaches  “budh” awaken humanity.
that mental and  He taught that anyone can be a budha
 Studying and
physical well-being
understanding their
 can help you to  There are types of Budha: philosophy takes time
achieve happiness. and dedication.
1. Theravada - conservation, shaving the
This is the kind of
head. “Ways of the elders”
happiness that the
statue of the happy 2. Mahayana - “Great Vehicle”, liberal type
Buddha depicts.
 Four noble truth:
 The practice of
1. Life is pain and suffering
Buddhism also has a
way of benefitting us 2. Cause of pain and suffering is selfishness
physically. That is to
3. Pain can be eliminated
say, apart from
mental health, 4. End suffering and pain my following the
practicing Buddhism eight foldpath
also produces a
 Budhist education surround itslef by the 8
positive effect on
fold path. One is considered educated if
our physical health
they achieve this.
 Develops ethics,
1. Faith
mindfulness, calm
and insight 2. Resolve
meditation and
3. Speed
wisdom.
4. Active
5. Living
6. Effort
7. Thought
8. Concentration

 Help or facilitate a ISLAMIC  Research say that

child's learning in fasting has a bad
such a way as to effect for the digestive
acquire Allah's  Muhammad (AD 571) system of a person.
attributes according
to one's ability.  Submission to the law of Allah
 Encourages
 5 doctrines of Islam/ Pillars
meditation that is
good for the body. 1. Shahada - confession of faith - no other
God than Allah
 You get better
health 2. Salat - praying 5 times a day facing
arrangements. Islam mecca 9where the sun shines)
encourages diet 1/3
3. Zakat - alsmgiving, giving 2 and a half
of full stomach for
percent of their income to charity
food, 1/3 drink & 1/3
 breathing air 4. Ramadan - fasting, doesn’t eat
 You have better 5. Haji - pilgrimage, goes to Mecca atleast
social network, once in their lifetime.
where you meet
your friends, family
and neighbors Education
everyday 5 times in
 Madrasah - a place where learning is done
the mosque.
 They usually teach arabic, Tafsir (koran),
Sharilah (islamic law), Hadith (deeds of
Muhammad), Mantig (logic) and Muslim
history.

WESTERN PHILOSOPHY
Their way of thinking is different from their way of living. Religion and philosophy are different. Relies on science and logic

ADVANTAGES/PROS PHILOSOPHY DISADVANTAGES/CONS

 Freedom for child NATURALISM

from tyranny and  We don't see that
rigidity, interference
difference societies
and strict discipline  Oldest western philosophy respond to these
 Scientific approach is 'objective truths' in the
 Nature are material things only, no spirit, no
favoured by modern same way. For
essence of life
society. By example, sacrifice and
investigating the  Law of nature is the only one that governs the pain it brings are
impact of an action life. observable as
and the impact it has abhorrent in our
on others, we have society, but may be
conclusive proof that Metaphysical Position: seen as a point of
something is good or worship in another
 No such thing as ghost. Unchanging laws of
bad Nature explains all events and occurrence in  We will not be able to
 Everything can be the world. practice our moral
proven with scientific  Changes in life of man and physical values and ethics that
evidences is needed in this
conditions are due to scientific discoveries
society.
 Encourages children based on mans inventions.
into pursue and study  The ultimate reality is of matter.  Only focuses on the
experiments to present needs and
discover something  God, soul, mind, heaven, hell, spirit, etc. Are neglects the future
new and be all hallucinations/illusions. ones.
innovative
 It is based on one-
 Motives the child to Epistemology sided psychology.
acquire more Irrespective of their
 The only body of knowledge is based from individual differences,
knowledge in the
experience. capacities and
environment.
 Highlight the values of scientific knowledge temperament


Axiology
 There is no absolute good or evil for nature
is good.
 Values arises based from the environment.
 The highest good is the most highly retired
and abiding pleasure.
 Hedonism - pleasure is the ultimate goal
 Nature provides criteria for beauty.

Personalities
 Herbert Spencer, Thomas Hobbes, Jean
Jacques Rousseau

Educational Implication
 Aim
1. Self preservation
2. Necessities of life
3. Raising children
4. Social and political relation
5. Enjoyment of leisure

 In school
- should be free, no too much rules. Without
rigidity.
- no fixed time table, no forcing of
knowledge
- situated in the lap of nature, far away from
the cities (near the forest)
- no provision for punishment
  Curriculum
- child should be reared in natural
environment
- child - centered
- physical subjects (scientific)
- Ignores spiritual subjects
Negative education - based on the child
natures, interest and need
Positive education - tend to form the child
prematurely that is something only suitable for a
grown man.

 Method
- learning by doing
- observation and excursion
- learning through the senses
- play-way method
- heuristic method - emphasize science and
math

 Because idealism IDEALISM  Understanding a

urges individuals to meaning to a certain
discover the truth thing may be
about the world complicated.
 Believes on abstract and spiritual object
through discussion
 Unrealistic ideals
and debate, another  “idein” - to see
advantage related to  Emphasis on newness
 Knowledge is independent of sense,
idealism includes as opposed to cultural
perception or experience.
open-mindedness. heritage idealism leans
toward intellectual
 Idealism encourages elitisms extreme
Metaphysical Position
children to seek cognitive and bookish
education over  Reality is basically spirit rather than matter approach
material goods, and
 The world of idea is static, and absolute
to value personal
goodness in  Reality is dependent in the mind
themselves and other
 people. Epistemology
 Knowledge results from the mind grasping
 Teaching seeks to
reality.
create schools that
are intellectual  The process of knowing is entirely abstract
centers to the
 Right reason is thus a primary concern for
learners.
idealism.

Axiology
 Ideal, that is, perfection

In education
 Aim
- self realization - greatest idea about
yourself
- development of moral sense
- simple living and high thinking

 Curriculum
- subject-centered curriculum
- mathematics, history, literature

 Method
- memorization, accumulation of knowledge
- Apple criteria for world evaluation
- Socratic method or learning (question and
answer)

 Teacher
- master teacher, moral teacher
- Thinking and reasoning are criteria of a
good teacher or learner

 Student
- order is the first thing to be learned by the
 student. They must be disciplined.

 It helps a child REALISM  There will be little

prepare for the real attention to the
life in order to spiritual aspect of life
achieve a happy one  Reality, knowledge and values exist therefor will not b able
independent of the human mind, to understand our
 Everyone would be
moral actions.
practical about all  Ideas must be subject to public verification
things and must be proven through scientific  Great stress about th
experimentation. physical world
 Related to the needs
and demands of the  Realism emphasize on
society science and neglects
Personalities art and literature.
 Students would
understand the  Father of realism is Aristotle.  Doesn’t give
importance of  John Locke, Francis Bacon, Thomas Aquinas importance to values
science
 John Amos Comenius - father of modern
 Bring the child in education, visual aids
touch with external
realities of life  Pestalozzi - spinning and gardening

 Helps the child to be  Froebel - father of kindergarten

aware of what is  Herbert - automistic curriculum
happening in the
society  Maria Monetessori - blocks, cylinders,
patterns

Education
 Aim
- provide students the essential knowledge
that a child would need to survive in the real
world.

 Education
- subject matter approach. There are 2
component:
- the body of knowledge
- the appropriate pedagogy

 Methods
- knowledge comes from the senses and the
order learner must be Thing, Thoughts and
 Words
- the teachers is expected to be skilled in the
subject and method
- Elementary - emphasis on developments of
skills such as reading, writing, study habit rather
than content
- Secondary & Collegiate - requiring to
recall, explain, complain, interpret and make
inferences.

 Teacher - Learner Relation

- teaching not be indoctrinating
Learning should be interactive
The teacher maintains discipline by reward
and control pupil by activity

 A child will be able to PRAGMATISM  Disregard the other

do what interest him capabilities of things
the most  Modern because people
ignores it if it doens’t
 Learning is active  Root of the work prgmatism is the greek
work anymore
since the child is word pragma meaning work
interested in what he  Will become less
 Believes that the meaning of the ideas is not
is doing resourceful of
that it is real but whether if it is effective or
materials
 Allows the child to not.
analyze more things
to determine its
effectiveness Personalities
 Learns to set  John Dewey - connected education to
priorities pragmatism. Education is itself and a
continuous reconstruction.
 Engage more on
activities that they  Charles Sanders Pierce
will learn from

Role of a teacher
 Teachers are not the authoritarian
 Not a master teacher but a facilitator
 Inquiry method, problem solving, integrated
curriculum
 Curriculum
 The following are the principles that must
be applied:
- Principle of Utility - never study anything
that is not included in the present need of a
child
- Principle of Interest - include only activities
or lessons that the child take interest and
abandon what the child hates
- Principle of Experience - experience based
learning, to experience whether something
works or not
- Principle of Integration - what the child
learns from the past, present and future must be
interconnected.

Method
 Learning by doing/experiencing

 Encourages EXISTENTIALISM
individuality
 Hard to implement in
 Acknowledges that the 21st century
no two children are  European modern philosophy classrooms
alike
 You create yourself  Hard to choose your
 Encourgaes own existence when
 Existence precedes essence we are so dependent
responsiblity
 The persons essence is in his subjective on outside stimuli such
 Mutual respect for
state of existence as money and power
the teacher and
student  Freedom and contingency constitute the
essential make up of mans existence
 Humans make themselves by their own
choice

Aim
 To train individual for significant existence
  Truth is subjective

School
 Provide an individual develop in a healthy
way

 Emphasize that PERENNIALISM  Students can learn

students should not from historical figures,
be taught such as Washington
information that may and Lincoln
 Perennialism in education is the idea that
soon be outdated or
school curricula should focus on what is  Teachers will focus on
found to be incorrect
everlasting. You can remember the word reading, and it's
 Enhance 'perennialism' by remembering importance, and use
contemplation that perennial means lasting for many lessons in reading to
years. Thus, perennialism is focused on make a moral point.
 Can improve the
things that have lasted for many years.
comprehension
because it is more on
memorization
Aim
 Strengthen the mind
 To develop students intellectual and moral
through philosophical
qualities
inquiry
 To emphasize that students should not be
 Students can analyze
taught information that may soon be
the facts
outdated or found to be incorrect

Curriculum
 Teaches concepts and focuses on
knowledge and the meaning of knowledge

Method
 Teacher centered
 Emphasize on the importance of transfer of
knowledge, information and skills
 The teacher teaches everything based on
the syllabus

Roles of teacher
 Act a director and coach for intellectual
development
  Must deliver clear lectures
Personalities
 Robert Maynard Hutchins
 Mortimer Adler
 Jacques Maritain

 Strong emphasis on PROGRESSIVISM

problem based  Teachers will have to
learning to develop  the idea that education comes from the work a lot to plan a
solving and analysis experience of the child. This theory was lesson
skills started in America in the late 19th century
and continued to develop through the first  Emphasizing only in
 Train child to physical
half of the 20th century. the self and
realities of life disregarding the social
 Children learn best when doing what they issues
 It uses the life
are interested in
experience approach  Require teacher with
to fit the student for  Education must be based on a principle that great skills and
future social action. the children are social animal that learn best competence when
in real life activities
 Students will be more dealing with
eager to learn individuals
because they are
Aim
interested
 To develop the personality of an individual
through providing a democratic
environment

Curriculum
 Interdisciplinary in nature
 Based on students interest

Method
 Project method, socialized method,
conferences, demonstration and group
works

Role of a teacher
 As a facilitator or guide
 Determine students interest
 Required to master a ESSENTIALISM  No emphasis on the
set of information students interest and
before being needs
promoted to a higher
 Extremely important or necessary  Only focuses on the
level.
society and disregard
 A belief that something is necessary
 Orderly and the needs of a child in
systematic as well as  Essentialists believe that students should be learning
emphasizes discipline taught to be a model citizen.

 Students learned
from established
Aim
fundamentals of
education (basic  Prepare students to be productive,
theory, basic subjects contributing members of society.
 the aim of education is to teach the young
the essentials they need to live well in the
modern world.

Curriculum
 Mathematics, natural science, foreign
language, science
 Strong emphasis on basic skills in
elementary schools
 There should be common core curriculum
that must be taught in every student

Role of a teacher
 Teaches discipline and hardwork
 Expert on the content of knowledge

Method
 Use instructional strategies
 Lecture and memorization

 Students will be SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM  Lack of proper

aware of what is structure and some
 ahppening in the type
society and therefore of confusion and frustr
 The chief purpose of education is
can assess what ation created between
reconstruct the society students
possible solutions to
do  Social Reconstructionism is a philosophy  Disregard the need of
that emphasizes the addressing of social individual
 Education can help in
questions and a quest to create a better
the development of
society and worldwide democracy. Typically
the society
a Reconstructionist focuses on a curriculum
 Problems of teh that highlights social reform.
society will be solved
 Helps student to
Personalities
think in critical terms
and expose  Theodore Brameld - founder of social
their assumptions an reconstructionism
d practices.

Aim
 Examine all cultural and educational
institutions and recommend change and
reform as needed
 To teach students to not settle for “what is”
but rather dream about “what might be”
 Prepare students to be agents of change

Curriculum
 Reflects on democratic ideals and
emphasize civic education
 Opportunity for students to gain experience
in the social problems.

Method
 Cooperative learning, problem solving,
critical thinking
 Focus on active learning outside of school

Role of a teacher
 Must be comfortable with constant change
 Engage in activities outside school
 WHICH OF THE PHILOSOPHY DO YOU ADHERE THE MOST AND WHY

 The philosophy that I most adhere to the most is the Social Reconstructionism. This
philosophy states that education can reconstruct the society. These days, the society
has not been doing well. New problems arise and politicians cant think of possible
solutions for it. If education can indeed reconstruct the society, then it must be needed
now. This philosophy also focuses on the future state of the society, because it
emphasizes the “what might be” effect of something. With this philosophy, many
students will be aware of the different issues in the society that they might have a plan
and to make this country a better place.

WHAT IS YOUR OWN PHILOSOPHY

 Our time on Earth is never long enough, so why not enjoy it?! There are times when
when lose sight of what’s most important, and these quotes about having fun and
enjoying your life will remind you of it. Education is important to live with happiness
and prosperity. It empowers minds that will be able to conceive good thoughts and
ideas. It also enables students to do the analysis while making life decisions. My
philosophy in life is to always incorporate fun with learning. This philosophy of mine is
somehow related to pragmatism because the interest of a child is always prioritized.
Learning can somehow drain the power in every child and they seem bored or not
interested in what they are doing. However, if we incorporate fun into their learning
they will be more eager to learn an participate. But I always keep in mind the ratio of
fun and learning. Learning must be more dominant because students should learn to set
their priorities first which is studying. Learning shouldn’t be restricted with learning
alone. Incorporating fun into it will change the perspectives of child about learning