AKNM GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC

COLLEGE THIRURANGADI

SEMINAR REPORT ON

SCREEN LESS DISPLAY

PRESENTED BY

SURAJ C
REGISTER NO: 17041658

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

2019-2020
 AKNM GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC
COLLEGE THIRURANGADI
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar report on “SCREEN LESS

DISPLAY ”submitted by Mr. SURAJ.C ,Register No 17041658
towards partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
Diploma in Electronics Engineering under the Directorate of the
Technical Education, Government of Kerala during the year 2019-
2020.

Place: Chelari Register No: 17041658

Date:

STAFF IN CHARGE: HEAD OF SECTION:

STELLA MARIA STELLA MARIA

Head of section in Head of section in

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Mr. SURESH

KUMAR.J.S, respected principal of AKNM Government Polytechnic
College, Thirurangadi.

I would like to thank Mrs. STELLA MARIA, Head of Electronics

department for providing us this valuable opportunity of presenting the
seminar on latest trends in electronics which has not only enhanced my
knowledge about the subject but also increased my confidence level.

I would also like to extend my cordial gratitude and regard to all my

friends for their constant help and support. I am thankful to everyone
who has given me a part of his or her precious time for this seminar.

SURAJ.C
 ABSTRACT

This paper discusses advent of the Screen less display which is an

emerging new technology, has become a good prospect in the near future
for a wide range of applications. As the name implies it deals with the
display of several things without the use of screens using projector.

It involves the following 3 different working principles. The Visual

image, Virtual retinal display, Synaptic interface. This paper mainly
illustrates and demonstrates how the screen less displays works and its
applications in various fields of science. This technology would bring
about the revolution in the field of displays and monitors that are costly,
huge and are proven difficult to manage the power requirements and
constraints. It is also the futuristic technological innovation.

Screen less display is the present evolving technology in the field of

the computer-enhanced technologies. It is going to be the one of the
greatest technological development in the coming future years. Several
patents are still working on this new emerging technology which can
change the whole spectacular view of the screen less displays.
Screen less display technology has the main aim of displaying (or)
transmitting the information without any help of the screen (or) the
projector. Screen less displays have become a new rage of development
for the next GEN-X. Screen less videos describe systems for transmitting
visual information from a video source without the use of the screen.
 CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Basic System

1.2 History behind Screenless Display
1.3 Technology used in Screenless Display
1.3.1. Interactive Projection and Visual Display System
1.3.2. 3D Display Projection Technology

2. BACKGROUND

2.1. Visual Image

2.2. Retinal Display

3. THE WORKING PRINCIPLE

3.1 How Vision works

3.2Additional Software and Hardware Requirements

4. VIRTUAL RETINAL DISPLAY STRUCTURE AND

IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 Background of the Invention

4.2 Working of Virtual Retinal Display
4.3 Potential Advantages of the Virtual Retinal Display

5. APPLICATIONS OF THE SCREENLESS DISPLAY

6. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE

TECHNOLOGY

7. FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

8.CONCLUSION
1. INTRODUCTION

Technology is making a huge modification in existing machines or tools in

order to solve problem at higher level and make life comfortable. Screen
less display is one of the most interesting subjects in technologies and
research on this is increasing by exponential scale day by day. It is a
system of transferring information/data though an electronic video source
without using screen at all. Few parts of this technology is being used at
present but they are not so advance yet. Screen less display is the present
evolving technology in the field of the computer-enhanced technologies. It
is going to be the one of the greatest technological development in the
coming future years. Several patents are still working on this new
emerging technology which can change the whole spectacular view of the
screen less displays. Screen less display technology has the main aim of
displaying (or) transmitting the information without any help of the screen
(or) the projector. Screen less displays have become a new rage of
development for the next GEN-X. Screenless videos describe systems for
transmitting visual information from a video source without the use of the
screen. Well screen less display, AKA hologram, has such amazing
potential that my hope is that the internet can be a medium for
collaboration of ideas and information about screen less display that could
help break down the barriers that prevent us from making it a reality.
Essentially screen less display is a projection that can be seen projected
onto the air itself. The only screen less display that has been achieved to
my knowledge still uses fog as a medium to reflect light. Other options
have been to use mirrors and plastic film to imitate the idea, but no one
has been able to reflect light off of air itself. Can it be done? It’s quite
possible that it can. Light does reflect off of large amounts of air as we see
in our atmosphere but doing it in such a manner that we could pinpoint it
to a single area is immensely difficult. So why not take some time and
look over some ideas I have collected about the possibilities of screenless
display and maybe even share some of your own. Check some of the links
below to get a better grasp on the development of the technology.
1.1 The Basic System

In the past similar systems have been made by projecting a defocused

image directly in front of the user's eye on a small "screen", normally in
the form of large glasses. The user focused their eyes on the background,
where the screen appeared to be floating. The disadvantage of these
systems was the limited area covered by the "screen", the high weight of
the small televisions used to project the display, and the fact that the image
would appear focused only if the user was focusing at a particular "depth".
Limited brightness made them useful only in indoor settings as well. Only
recently a number of developments have made a true VRD system
practical. In particular the development of high-brightness LEDs have
made the displays bright enough to be used during the day, and adaptive
optics have allowed systems to dynamically correct for irregularities in the
eye (although this is not always needed). The result is a high-resolution
screen less display with excellent color gamut and brightness, far better
than the best television technologies. In a conventional display a real
image is produced. The real image is either viewed directly or, as in the
case with most head-mounted displays, projected through an optical
system and the resulting virtual image is viewed. The projection moves the
virtual image to a distance that allows the eye to focus comfortably. No
real image is ever produced with the VRD. Rather, an image is formed
directly on the retina of the user's eye.

Fig 1. Basic Display

1.2 History behind Screen less Display

Reto Meier, an “Android Developer Advocate for Google” recently

laid out a fairly science-fiction account of where computer (or at least
mobile) interfaces are headed.

In the spirit of the best futurism, all of his predictions - from

Augmented Reality eye glasses to advanced batteries - have parallels in
the real world. What follows is a walk-through of the future, expressed in
terms of the not quite ready for prime time discoveries coming out of labs
today.

Fig 2. Screenless Glass

Working on the average laptop is like working on a desk that’s as big
as a sheet of paper. That’s why all our “files” are half an inch high. The
key to productivity and immersion is more, bigger screens - hence the
proliferation of external monitors, secondary reading devices and even
mobile phones with improbably large screens.

So-called “Pico” projectors (named for their tiny size) already exist -
there’s even an HD version, the Forever Plus, that’s less than an inch on
its longest dimension. And there are mobile phones, such as the Samsung
Show, which have built-in Pico projectors - so outside of market demand
(how many of us really need this?) there’s nothing to stop this prediction
from coming true
1.3 Technology used in Screenless Display

1.3.1. Interactive Projection and Visual Display System

The biggest impact in screen less technology has been seen in the
use of optical technology. Whether talking of VRD (virtual retinal
display), RSD (retinal scanning display) or LOE (light-guide optical
element), optical technology is being used by consumer electronic
corporations like Apple to the military and even the health care industry.
Optical technology enables personal screen less displays by projecting
images and data from computers, DVD players, or VCRs into the viewer's
eye, displaying them in the visual field of the viewer. For instance, Micro
vision Inc. has created helmet mounted displays in which an Army tank
commander can view the surrounding area from topside while still
viewing a translucent map that floats a couple of feet away.

Fig 3. Interactive projection

1.3.2. 3D Display Projection Technology

With the large influx of new displays into the market boasting '3D
support', we thought we would produce an article which outlines some of
the key technologies being used, where they differ and how they work. We
will look at the two main techniques being used today, those being active
shutter and passive polarization technologies. We will also discuss the
trends in desktop displays from a 3D point of view as well as looking at
the other aspects being developed to support 3D, such as panel
technology.

To begin with an explanation, a modern 3D display / monitor is

capable of conveying a stereoscopic perception of 3D depth to the viewer.
The basic requirement is to present offset images that are displayed
separately to the left and right eye. Both of these 2D offset images are then
combined in the brain to give the perception of 3D depth. Although the
term "3D" is ubiquitously used, it is important to note that the presentation
of dual 2D images is distinctly different from displaying an image in 3 full
dimensions. The most notable difference is that the observer is lacking any
freedom of head movement and freedom to increase information about the
3-dimensional objects being displayed. Holographic displays do not have
this limitation, so the term "3D display" fits accurately for such
technology. In modern displays the term 3D is actually an overstatement
of capability and is referring to dual 2D images as being "3D". The
accurate term "stereoscopic" is more cumbersome than the common
misnomer "3D", which has been entrenched after many decades of
unquestioned misuse.

It is generally expected that most consumers have the desire to

migrate to 3D systems from 2D. It is predicted that the 3D market will
grow tremendously as soon as the problems in the existing products are
eliminated and the issues on basic infrastructure, such as price
competitiveness and 3D content, will be resolved. It is highly likely that
the content industry will also make a fast transition into 3D in all areas
such as TV, film, and game and have already begun to make this change.
 Fig 4. 3D projection

2. BACKGROUND

The first screen-less display that needs mentioning is Google Glass.

This device has been tested for the past year, and some lucky individuals
have even got their devices already. Google Glass sits on the face like a
pair of glasses, and on one eye it has a block of glass that allows you to
see augmented reality. Images can be displayed right in front of your eye,
as well as text and information about objects and places that are in front of
you. This technology is only in its early stages, but definitely shows that
screen-less displays will become a natural form of media consumption in
the future.

Fig 6. Google Glass

2.1. VISUAL IMAGE

Visual Image screen less display includes any screen less image that
the eye can perceive. The most common example of Visual Image screen
less display is a hologram.

Holographic messages, which we previously saw only in movies like

Star Wars are about to become reality through a new technology arrived
directly from Japan. It’s True 3D, which is based on older technology,
developed by AIST and Keio University in 2006. This new projection
system can be used to present images without the need for a screen.
The system works by focusing a laser beam that generates a plasma
environment from the oxygen and nitrogen present in air, thus enabling it
to display holographic images. According Ubergizmo.com, the projected
holographic images appear as 3D floating objects in mid-air.

At this point, the system creates approximately 50,000 points per

second and features a frame rate of 10-15 FPS, but Japanese scientists are
trying to increase it to 24-30 FPS. So far, the images are only
monochromatic (Single color), green, but multi-colored images but can
also be created using lasers emitting at different Wavelengths e.g. blue and
red.

Fig 7. Visual display

HOLOGRAM

Holograms were used mostly in telecommunications as an

alternative to screens. Holograms could be transmitted directly, or they
could be stored in various storage devices (such as holodiscs) the storage
device can be hooked up with a holoprojector in order for the stored image
to be accessed.

Fig 8. Example of visual Image

Debatably, virtual reality goggles (which consist of two small
screens but are nonetheless sufficiently different from traditional computer
screens to be considered screen less) and heads-up display in jet fighters
(which display images on the clear cockpit window) also are included in
Visual Image category. In all of these cases, light is reflected off some
intermediate object (hologram, LCD panel, or cockpit window) before it
reaches the retina. In the case of LCD panels the light is refracted from the
back of the panel, but is nonetheless a reflected. Source [3].

The new software and hardware will enable the user to, in effect;
make design adjustments in the system to fit his or her particular needs,
capabilities, and preferences. They will enable the system to do such
things as adjusting to users’ behaviors in dealing with interactive movable
type.

Fig 9.Hologram Display

Holographic technology has unfortunately not gone very far past
trickery with mirrors. This form of photography provides a three
dimensional image, and some technologies are now creating images using
lenses, helium neon and holographic film. Scientists will not have a fully
working holographic table prepared for market any time soon, but it is
definitely on the cards for the future. The only downfall of this kind of
system, ever, is that the orientation and viewing angle of a viewer will
determine the quality of the image that can be seen – meaning that so far,
holographs are not ideal for media or information consumption.

Holographs can work by using a laser beam that can interfere with
an object beam. When these two beams get in the way of one another, they
can create what looks like a three dimensional image. This image can then
be recorded for processing by recording the diffraction of the light and the
way in which the beams interfere with one another.

2.2. RETINAL DISPLAY

Virtual retinal display systems are a class of screen less displays in

which images are projected directly onto the retina as shown in figure 3.
They are distinguished from visual image systems because light is not
reflected from some intermediate object onto the retina; it is instead
projected directly onto the retina. Retinal Direct systems, once marketed,
hold out the promise of extreme privacy when computing work is done in
public places because most inquiring relies on viewing the same light as
the person who is legitimately viewing the screen, and retinal direct
systems send light only into the pupils of their intended viewer.

Fig 10. Block diagram of Retinal Display

Fig. 11. Retinal Display

With a retinal display light is not reflected off an immediate object,

like in a visual image, but it is projected directly onto the retina. This can
be handy in that one is not limited by physical screen size because there is
no immediate object to be viewed, retinal display can be used to keep
things such as financial information safe from snooping eyes. The image
can take up the entire field of vision. We’ve seen the potential of retinal
displays in movies like Terminator

Fig. 12. Retinal Display in Glass Format

3. THE WORKING PRINCIPLE

There are several new emerging ways for the technological

development of the working principle of the screen less displays. Several
software’s are merging for the GEN-X wonder view. Any computer
system that can run the mudoc software can present text that has been set
in interactive movable type. Most of the mudocs that are consumed in the
next few years will be consumed with conventional personal computers, e-
book readers, and other kinds of display and projection devices that are
now in use. Very soon it appears to be a new kind of input/output system
will facilitate communication and interaction between the computer and
the computer user. This new human/computer interface is the telereader
terminal. Visual Image is a bitmap manipulation and composition product.
Bitmaps can be manipulated independently, in the Image Mode or
multiple bitmaps can be composited Together in the Object Mode to create
a "collage". Visual Image can create and Manipulate images of any size:
the only limitation is the amount of memory resources your system has.

A. Creating Visual Catalog Files with Visual Image Visual Image

gives you the ability to create files in the
EYE file format for use in the Visual Catalog program. These EYE files
can be used to create catalogs of images in logical sub groupings: for
example, you can create a catalog file in the EYE format that lists all
images of building materials (brick, concrete, stone, etc.). The File, Export
Project command creates an EYE file that refers to all of the images that
are currently loaded into Visual Image. When you select this command,
you are prompted to enter a filename for the EYE file that is to be created.
If you have created any image in Visual Image that are not yet saved to
disk you will be asked if you wish to include those images in the EYE file
and if so, you are prompted to store those images as bitmaps. The File,
Exports Editor Command in Visual Image allows you to pack and choose
those image files on disk that you wish to include in a catalog EYE file.
When you select File in Export Editor, a file browser appears from which
you can choose the image files to include. Use this browser to select
images to add to a project file for use in Visual Catalog

3.1 How Vision works

In Screenless display images projecting directly onto a person’s

retina, not only avoiding the need for weighty hardware, but also
promising to safeguard privacy by allowing people to interact with
computers without others sharing the same view. By January 2014, one
start-up company had already raised a substantial sum via Kick starter
with the aim of commercializing a personal gaming and cinema device
using retinal display. In the longer term, technology may allow synaptic
interfaces that bypass the eye altogether, transmitting “visual” information
directly to the brain.

We can see things because of reflected light. Light bounces of an object

and enters our eye. This light then focuses on the retina to form an image.
 Fig. 15. Vision process

3.2Additional Software and Hardware Requirements

1. To facilitate the interactivity.

2. To optimize the user’s perceptual and cognitive capabilities.
3. To provide the most healthful visual environment for the user.
4. Responding to a variety of user commands (using voice, hand, foot, or
other signal methods).
5. Providing blink cues or blinks responses.
6. Modifying output to compensate for changes in user’s physiology or
reaction time, etc. The new software and hardware will enable the user and
the system to better exploit each other’s capabilities and to function as a
fully integrated team.
4. VIRTUAL RETINAL DISPLAY STRUCTURE AND
IMPLEMENTATION

A virtual retinal display (VRD), also known as a retinal scan display

(RSD), is a new display technology that draws a raster display (like a
television) directly onto the retina of the eye. The user sees what appears
to be a conventional display floating in space in front of them. Similar
systems have been made by projecting a defocused image directly in front
of the user's eye on a small "screen", normally in the form of large
sunglasses. The user focuses their eyes on the background, where the
screen appeared to be floating. The disadvantage of these systems was the
limited area covered by the "screen", the high weight of the small
televisions used to project the display, and the fact that the image would
appear focused only if the user was focusing at a particular "depth".
Limited brightness made them useful only in indoor settings as well. Only
recently, a number of developments have made a true VRD system in
practice. In particular, the development of high brightness LEDs have
made the displays bright enough to be used during the day and adaptive
optics have allowed systems to dynamically correct for irregularities in the
eye (although this is not at all needed in all situations). The result is a
high-resolution screen less display with excellent color range and
brightness, far better than the best television technologies. The VRD was
invented at the University of Washington in the Human Interface
Technology Lab in 1991. Most of this research into VRDs to date has been
in combination with various virtual reality systems. In this role VRDs
have the potential advantage of being much smaller than existing
television-based systems. They share some of the same disadvantages
however, requiring some sort of optics to send the image into the eye,
typically similar to the sunglasses system used with previous technologies.
It can be also used as part of a wearable computer system. More recently,
there has been some interest in VRDs as a display system for portable
devices such as cell phones, PDAs and various media players. In this role
the device would be placed in front of the user, perhaps on a desk, and
aimed in the general direction of the eyes. The system would then detect
the eye using facial scanning techniques and keep the image in place using
motion compensation. In this role the VRD offers unique advantages,
being able to replicate a full sized monitor on a small device. The most
recent innovations in mobile computing have been based around touch
screen technology. The future of mobile devices is both touch less and
screen less. By 2020 the mobile phone as we know it today will disappear
and something very different will take its place. Instead of touching a
screen, we will interact with technology directly through our senses,
through technology embedded in what he is calling
“Internet Glasses”. Voice was always organized in sessions with a
beginning and an end. Today we have threads, i.e. when a thread is started
it never ends and we have many continuing in parallel. Think of your
email, RSS feeds, Twitter, etc. So this is how our brain works. The hone
of tomorrow will be telecoupling and related machines and future is
bypassing screens and keyboards altogether as in figure 6. The two key
technologies will be laser based displays, which display images directly
onto our retinas and brain wave sensing implants as shown in figure 5.
This will allow technology to integrate with our ‘reality vision’ much
more seamlessly. We are on the verge of a hardware revolution that will
make this all possible, as well as the cloud-based information streaming
that will enable the user interface to become a reality.

Fig. 16. Basic block diagram of the Virtual Retinal Display

The Virtual Retinal Display (VRD) is a unique approach to developing a

high-resolution head-mounted display currently under development at the
University of Washington's Human Interface Technology (HIT)
Laboratory. Rather than looking at a screen though a magnifier or optical
relay system, the viewer of the VRD has a scanned beam of light enter the
pupil of the eye and focused to a spot on the retina. This type of optical
system is subject to different design constraints than a typical HMD. With
the VRD it may be possible to realize higher resolution, greater color
saturation, higher brightness and larger field-of-view than a traditional
LCD or CRT screen-based system.
4.1 Background of the Invention

This invention relates to retinal display devices, and more

particularly to a method and apparatus for mapping and tracking a viewer's
eye. A retinal display device is an optical device for generating an image
upon the retina of an eye. Light is emitted from a light source, collimated
through a lens, and then passed through a scanning device. The scanning
device defines a scanning pattern for the light. The scanned light
converges to focus points on an intermediate image plane. As the scanning
occurs the focus point moves along the image plane (e.g., in a raster
scanning pattern). The light then diverges beyond the plane. An eyepiece
is positioned along the light path beyond the intermediate image plane at
some desired focal length. An “exit pupil” occurs shortly beyond the
eyepiece in an area where a viewer's eye pupil is to be positioned.

A viewer looks into the eyepiece to view an image. The eyepiece

receives light that is being deflected along a raster pattern. Modulation of
the light during the scanning cycle determines the content of the image.
For a see through virtual retinal display a user sees the real world
environment around the user, plus the added image of the display
projected onto the retina.

4.2 Working of Virtual Retinal Display

A viewer wearing a head-mounted virtual retinal display typically

moves their eye as they look at images being displayed. According to the
invention, the direction the viewer looks is tracked with the display. Prior
to tracking, a map of the viewer's eye is generated by the display. The map
includes ‘landmarks’ such as the viewer's optic nerve, fovea, and blood
vessels. Thereafter, the relative position of one or more landmarks is used
to track the viewing direction. The head-mounted display includes a light
source and a scanner. The scanner deflects light received from the light
source to scan a virtual image onto a viewer's retina in a periodic manner.
During each scanning period, light is deflected along a prescribed pattern.
To generate a map, and thereafter to monitor viewing direction, light
reflected off the viewer's retina is monitored. Some of the reflected light
travels back into the display device. The content of the reflected light will
vary depending upon the image light projected and the features of the
viewer's retina. During the initial mapping stage, the content of the image
light can be fixed at a constant intensity, so that the content of the
reflected light is related only to the feature's (i.e., landmarks) of the retina.
The changing content of the reflected light is sampled at a sampling rate
and stored. The scanner position at the time of each sample is used to
correlate a position of the sample. The relative position and the content
represent a map of the viewer's retina

Fig. 19.Optical schematic diagram of a virtual retinal display having an

eye tracking capability

According to one aspect of the invention, the light reflected from the
viewer's eye travels back into an eyepiece and along a light path within the
retinal display device. In a specific embodiment the reflected light is
deflected by the scanner toward a beam splitter. The beam splitter deflects
the reflected light toward a photo detector which samples the reflected
light content. The beam splitter is positioned between the light source and
the scanner of the retinal display device
For generating a virtual image, light emitted from the light source
passes through the beam splitter to the scanning subsystem and onward to
the eyepiece and the viewer's eye. Light reflected from the viewer's eye
passes back along the same path but is deflected so as not to return to the
light source. Instead the light is deflected toward the photo detector. Thus,
the beam splitter passes light which is incident in one direction (e.g., light
from the light source) and deflects light which is incident in the opposite
direction (e.g., reflected light from the viewer's eye).

According to another aspect of the invention, a specific feature of the

retina (e.g., fovea position) is monitored over time to track where the
viewer is looking (i.e., the viewer's center of vision). The landmarks in the
retina which correspond to such feature will cause the reflected light to
exhibit an expected pattern. The relative position of such pattern in the
reflected light will vary according to the viewing direction. By identifying
the pattern and correlating the relative orientation of the pattern to the
orientation of the corresponding feature in the map, the change in viewing
direction is determined. In various applications, such position indication is
used as a pointing device or is used to determine image content. For
example, as a pointing device the fovea position indicates pointer position.
A blink of the eye for example, corresponds to actuating a pointing device
(e.g., “clicking” a computer mouse.)

According to another aspect of the invention, the map of the viewer's

retina is stored and used for purposes of viewer identification. In a security
application for example, a viewer is denied access to information or
denied operation of a computer or display when the viewer's retina does
not correlate to a previously stored map of an authorized user.

According to an advantage of the invention, the display can track

where a viewer is looking, use the viewer's eye as a pointer, and identify
the person using the display. These and other aspects and advantages of
the invention will be better understood by reference to the following
detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying
drawings.
4.3 Potential Advantages of the Virtual Retinal Display

It is really interesting to note why this family of imaging systems

score better than the conventional display systems.

A) Brightness

One problem with conventional helmet mounted display image

sources is the low luminance levels they produce. Most liquid crystal array
image sources have insufficient luminance levels for operation in a see-
through display. The VRD, however, does not contain individual
Lambertian (or nearly Lambertian) pixel emitters (liquid crystal cells or
phosphors) as do most LCD arrays and CRT's. The only light losses in the
VRD result from the optics (including the scanners and fiber coupling
optics). There is no inherent tradeoff, however, between resolution and
luminance as is true with individual pixel emitters. In individual pixel
emitters, a smaller physical size increases resolution but decreases
luminance. In the Virtual Retinal Display, intensity of the beam entering
the eye and resolution are independent of each other. Consequently, the
VRD represents a major step away from the traditional limitations on
display brightness.

B) Resolution

As resolution requirements increase, the number of picture elements

must increase in a screen based display. These greater packing densities
become increasingly difficult to manufacture successfully. The VRD
overcomes this problem because the resolution of the display is limited
only by the spot size on the retina. The spot size on the retina is
determined primarily by the scanner speed, light modulation bandwidth,
and imaging optics.

C) Yield

One limiting aspect in the manufacture of liquid crystal array image

generators is the yield and reliability of the hundreds of thousands of
individual liquid crystal cells present in these displays. For a liquid crystal
array display to function properly at all times, each picture element must
function properly. The Virtual Retinal Display requires only constant
functionality from the light sources and the scanners. As resolution
increases in virtual image displays, liquid crystal arrays will contain more
and more individual liquid crystal cells. The
Virtual Retinal Display will gain an increasing advantage over liquid
crystal array image generators in terms of yield as resolution demands
increase in the future.

D) Size

The theoretical size for horizontal and vertical scanners plus light
sources for the VRD is smaller than the size of conventional liquid crystal
array and CRT image sources. A typical size for a liquid crystal array
image generator for helmet mounted display applications is one inch by
one inch. The Mechanical Resonant Scanner used in this project was
approximately 1 [cm] by 2m [cm]. Furthermore, the problem of scanner
size has not been directly addressed. Further size reduction is certainly
possible. It should be noted that light sources for a smaller, usable full
color VRD must be much smaller than the sources used in this project.
The potential size of light emitting diodes and diode lasers indicate that
these sources show greatest promise for future systems in terms of size.
5. APPLICATIONS OF THE SCREENLESS DISPLAY

The main use of the screen less displays are used for the
development of the mobile phones which are mainly used by the old and
blind people. This type of the invention of the screen less displays was
first done on the mobile phone named OWASYS 2CC. This model is very
useful for the old, blind, and even for the people with less vision power.

Fig. 20. Application applied to mobile Technology

Screen less displays technology is also implemented for the
development of the screen less laptops. A laptop without an LCD can be a
very useful portable solution when connected to CRT or fixed LCD
monitors. Laptops without screens would also be a green solution, giving
value to donated CRT monitors that would otherwise be heading for
landfills. Portability means that volunteers, who don’t always have the
time to travel to people’
Homes, can more easily maintain this computer. Screenless displays are
also widely applicable in the field of the holograms projection. Hologram
projection is a result of a technological innovation that truly helps in touch
less holographic interfaces. In fact, hologram projection projects 3D
images of so high quality that it feels as if one can touch them. However,
holographic projection is still to achieve mass acceptance as until now,
conventional holograms, which offer 3D images.
 Fig.21. Example view of holographic Projection

Latest laser technology are also implementing the special technique

of the screen less display through the presence of the several 3D scope
animation or the screen provides the advantage of being combined with
the Laser Valve Video Projector that helps in projecting video images by
the use of the laser light instead of the Xenon Arc lamps as depicted in
figure 8. Laser technologies have given an edge over the other
technologies as the LVP gives the projector an excellent depth in the
focus.

Fig. 22. Virtual screens

Screen less display’s major working principle can also be implemented in
the emerging of the new screen less TV’s. Imagine that watching the TV
picture that seems to be magically appearing in the thin air. The picture
just floats on in front of the viewer; this would be a latest emerging
technology in the future as depicted in figure 22
6. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE
TECHNOLOGY

6.1 ADVANTAGES:

1. Low power requirements- Only six diodes are required and a few of a
watts to deliver their images to the user’s eyes.

2. Higher resolution images- The pixels in the images projected by the

diodes can be made smaller than is possible with any CRT or flat panel
display, so higher resolution can be achieved. With retinal projectors, the
only limitation in the resolution of visual images will be the resolving
power of the users’ eyes.

3. Greater portability- The combination of diodes, lenses, and processing

components in a retinal projector system will weigh only a few ounces.
4. Wider angle of view- Retinal projectors will be able to provide a wider
field of view than is possible with display screens.

5. More accurate color- By modulating light sources to vary the intensity

of red, green, and blue light, retinal projectors can provide a wider range
of colors – and more fully saturated colors – than any other display
technology.

6. Greater brightness and better contrast- Retinal projectors can

provide higher levels of contrast and brightness than any other display
system.

7. Ability to present 3D images- With their capability of presenting high

definition image-pairs, retinal projectors can deliver the most highly
realistic stereoscopic movies and still pictorial images to their users.

8. Ability to present far-point images- The human visual system is a far-

point system. With today’s desktop and laptop computers users must
employ their near-point vision. The excessive use of our near-point vision
in using computers, reading, sewing, playing video games, etc., is making
myopia a very common impediment. The use of the far-point images that
can be provided by retinal projector systems could reduce the incidence of
myopia and, hence, the growing need for and use of eyeglasses.

9. Lower costs- The present cost of retinal projector systems is high.

Nevertheless, there are no hard-to overcome manufacturing problems in
mass-producing and low-cost components, so inexpensive systems will
soon become available. Environmental and disposal costs of these tiny
delivery devices will also be minimal because toxic elements such as lead,
phosphorus, arsenic, cadmium, and mercury are not used in their
manufacture.

6.2 DISADVANTAGES:

1. The principle disadvantage is that Virtual retinal display (VRD) is not

yet available in the significant number.

2. Prototypes and special experimental models are now being built, but
their cost per unit is high.

3. The VRD technology is still under progress and Development

7. FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

For the future development of this emerging new technology, several

researches are being conducted and the several renowned IT sector
companies and other best labs present in the world are handling over the
project of screen less displays.

Technology has become perhaps the greatest agent of change in the

modern world. While never without risk, positive technological
breakthroughs promise innovative solutions to the most pressing global
challenges of our time, from resource scarcity to global environmental
change. However, a lack of appropriate investment, outdated regulatory
frameworks and gaps in public understanding prevent many promising
technologies from achieving their potential.

This field saw rapid progress in 2013 and appears set for imminent
breakthroughs of scalable deployment of screen less display. Various
companies have made significant breakthroughs in the field, including
virtual reality headsets, bionic contact lenses, the development of mobile
phones for the elderly and partially blind people, and hologram-like videos
without the need for moving parts or glasses.

Microsoft in 2001 began the work on an idea for an Interactive table

that mixes both the physical and the Virtual worlds.

Multi touch is a human computer interaction technique and the hardwire

devices that implement it, which allows users to compute without
conventional input devices.

CUBIT is being developed for the future use of the multi Touch use of
the program.

Development of the enhancement of the micro vision also gives the

improved and the futuristic view of the screen less displays. This
technology of the micro vision is the very well useful in the Artificial
Retinal Display properties.
 Japanese scientists have invented the pair of intelligent Glasses that
remembers where people last saw their keys, Handbags, iPod, and mobile
phones.
Smart Google is developing the compact video camera which films
everything the wearer looks at the information what the viewer wants will
be directly being seen in through the glasses where there is no screen or
projector present.

Several laboratories are working under progress on the electron beam

lithography which includes the advanced enhancement of the futuristic
screen less display.

Adobe systems are also working out for the development and
deployment cross platform of the several applications which are to be
viewed without the actual screen.
8. CONCLUSION

The paper has elaborately discussed screen less displays which is

one of the most emerging computer technologies and has become a new
exciting rage for the upcoming generations as a field of the futuristic
technology. Due to the ability of having several advantages which are
involved in the making, designing, coding of the screen less, this needs
plenty of knowledge and process for the development is still under the
improvement. May be in the future the world may be dominated with the
screen less display technologies and this enriches the world of
technological empowerment in the field of the computer technology.
Screenless displays promises the cost effective aspect and also brighter
future in the computer technology.
REFERENCES
 Google
 WIKIPEDIA
 www.elprocus.com
QUESTION AND ANSWERS
? What is retinal display?
 A virtual retinal display (VRD), also known as a retinal scan
display (RSD) or retinal projector (RP), is a display technology that
draws a raster display (like a television) directly onto the retina of
the eye. The user sees what appears to be a conventional display
floating in space in front of them.

? What are the disadvantage of retinal display?

 The range between to source light and eye is so small that harm can
be caused to the eye.
 This technology is like any other breaking new technology, because
it can be used for military purposes, it can be used to cause more
harm.
 Interferences with physical object is an obvious concern because
the virtual image will interfere with objects, causing destabilization
and loss of attention towards dangerous objects.

? What are the main application of synaptic interfacing?

 To provide provision who have a defect of the eye by bypassing
the damaged eye parts and sending a visual signal straight to the
brain.