Introduction to

by Bernhard Kutzler
& Vlasta Kokol-Voljc

T I E X P L O R A T I O N S™ S O F T W A R E
 Bernhard KUTZLER
Vlasta KOKOL-VOLJC

Introduction to
DERIVE 5 TM

The following Derive™ 5 documentation is being

provided as a courtesy of the authors, Bernhard
Kutzler / Vlasta Kokol and the publisher Texas
Instruments. We invite you to use the following
abbreviated document during your personal
evaluation of Derive™ 5. Use of the document for
any other purpose is strictly prohibited.

A book for learning how to use DERIVE 5

Kutzler, Bernhard & Kokol-Voljc, Vlasta
Introduction to DERIVE 5
2000

 2000 Kutzler & Kokol-Voljc OEG, Austria

1. Edition, 1. Printing: March 2000

Typesetting: Bernhard Kutzler, Leonding, Austria

Cover art: Texas Instruments Incorporated, Dallas, Texas, USA

The author and publisher make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to the
documentation contained in this book. The author and publisher shall not be liable in any event for
incidental or consequental damages in connection with, or arising out of, the furnishing, performance
or use of this text.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any
form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior
permission, in writing, from the publisher.

DERIVE is a trademark of Texas Instruments Incorporated

WINDOWS, WINDOWS95, WINDOWSNT, and WIN32S are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corp.
 iii

Table of Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 1
Chapter 1: First Steps ............................................................................................................................. 3
Chapter 2: Documenting Polynomial Zero Finding ........................................................................... 23
Chapter 3: The Whole and Its Parts – Subexpressions ..................................................................... 43
Chapter 4: Equations and Inequalities ................................................................................................ 63
Chapter 5: Approximate Versus Exact Computations ...................................................................... 83
Chapter 6: Sequences and Families of Curves ................................................................................... 95
Chapter 7: Investigations in Space .................................................................................................... 117
Chapter 8: What Is ‘Simple’? .............................................................................................................. 135
Chapter 9: Vectors, Matrices, and Sets ............................................................................................. 153
Chapter 10: Parametric Plots ............................................................................................................. 171
Chapter 11: Towards a Module for Analytical Geometry ............................................................... 185
Chapter 12: Some Calculus ................................................................................................................ 203
Chapter 13: More on Plotting ............................................................................................................. 221
Chapter 14: What Else Can DERIVE Do? ............................................................................................ 243
Learn More about DERIVE ................................................................................................................... 261
Appendix A: DERIVE Startup Options ................................................................................................ 263
Appendix B: Factory Default DERIVE ................................................................................................ 265
Index ..................................................................................................................................................... 269
 v

Preface
The desire to make DERIVE 5 easily and quickly accessible led to this book.
Many thanks to Albert Rich and Theresa Shelby, the principal authors of DERIVE 5, for their
continuous support during the writing of this book.
Many thanks to Patricia Littlefield and David Stoutemyer who polished the language of this
book.
Bernhard Kutzler & Vlasta Kokol-Voljc, February 2000
Introduction
DERIVE is a mathematical computer program. It processes algebraic variables, expressions,
equations, functions, vectors, and matrices like a scientific calculator processes floating point
numbers. DERIVE can perform numeric and symbolic computations, algebra, trigonometry,
calculus, and plot graphs in 2 and 3 dimensions. The main strength of DERIVE are symbolic
algebra and powerful graphics. It is an excellent tool for doing and applying mathematics, for
documenting mathematical work, and for teaching and learning mathematics.

For a teacher and student, DERIVE is the ideal tool for supporting the teaching and the learning of
mathematics. By providing numeric, algebraic, and graphic capabilities together with seamless
integration of these, DERIVE enables new approaches in teaching, learning, and understanding
mathematics. You will find that many topics can be treated more efficiently and effectively than
by using traditional methods. Many problems that require extensive and laborious training at
school can be solved with a single keystroke using DERIVE: It eliminates the drudgery of
performing long mathematical calculations. While DERIVE takes the burden of doing the
mechanical/algorithmic parts of solving a problem, students can concentrate on the
mathematical meaning of concepts. Instead of teaching and learning boring technical skills,
teachers and students can concentrate on the exciting and useful techniques of problem solving.
It has proven to be highly supportive for the cognitive development of advanced mathematical
concepts.

For an engineer, DERIVE is the ideal tool for fast and effective access to numerous mathematical
operations and functions and for visualizing problems and their solutions in various ways. If you
use DERIVE for your everyday mathematical work, you will find it a tireless, powerful, and
knowledgeable mathematical assistant that is easy to use.

This book is for learning how to use DERIVE 5 by private study. Install DERIVE 5 on your
computer. Starting with the first chapter, you will learn step by step how to use the program.
Follow all instructions and examples. The text leads you through several mathematical topics
that are used for learning how to solve mathematical problems with DERIVE. Many of the
examples also provide ideas for using DERIVE during teaching; some of them are explained in
more detail in “Educator’s footnotes.” Paragraphs starting with the symbol  give instructions
about what you should do on your computer. Hundreds of screen dumps ensure that you will not
get lost on this journey.
2 Introduction

By solving typical mathematical high school level problems, you will learn to handle DERIVE 5 as
much as necessary for everyday use and for teaching or learning mathematics. You will learn
how to use the major commands, keys, and functions. At the end of each chapter you will find a
summary of the features learned in that chapter. The Quick Reference Guide at the end of the
book is a summary of commands, keys, functions, and utility files, which is organized by tasks.
The index at the end is useful if you need to locate a particular portion of the text.

All you need to run DERIVE 5 is a PC compatible computer with WINDOWS 95, WINDOWS 98, or
WINDOWS NT.

It is assumed that you know how to use computers and the WINDOWS operating system. The
screen shots in this book were produced from DERIVE running on WINDOWS NT. If you are running
DERIVE on WINDOWS 95 or 98, some of the screens may appear slightly different.

This book introduces all features and functions that are required for routine use of DERIVE 5.
There is more functionality than can be described here. This book is not a reference manual for
DERIVE. A complete reference to all features is included with the software as online help. Some
of the chapters give examples of how to use the online help.

We plan to write additional texts on DERIVE 5. Please regularly look at the web site
http://series.bk-teachware.com for new texts and local dealer information.

Have fun reading and discovering.

Chapter 1: First Steps
DERIVE makes it easy to perform mathematical operations: Enter an expression, apply a
command, and a new expression is obtained. All expressions can be used for new
computations—just like on a piece of paper. This chapter teaches the basic techniques of using
DERIVE 5. Note: For simplicity, we will abbreviate DERIVE 5 as DERIVE throughout this text.
This text assumes that you use a factory default DERIVE. Only then will your screen images fully
match those in this book. If you just installed DERIVE, it is a factory default version. If you use a
version of DERIVE that was used by someone else, we recommend that you turn it into a factory
default version now. Appendix B gives instructions on how to do this.
Start DERIVE by double clicking on the DERIVE icon. If there is no DERIVE icon on your computer’s
desktop, you probably will find DERIVE on the Start menu or via Start>Programs.


The following screen appears after a few seconds:

The DERIVE screen comprises (from top to bottom):

• the Titlebar
• the Menu Bar
• the Command Toolbar
• a (currently empty) Algebra Window, also called the View
• the Status Bar
• the Expression Entry Toolbar, also called the entry line
• the Greek Symbol Toolbar and the Math Symbol Toolbar
4 Chapter 1: First Steps

Work with DERIVE by entering expressions and applying commands, thus creating a worksheet.
After starting DERIVE, the system is ready to accept user input via the Expression Entry Toolbar,
as is indicated by the blinking cursor in the toolbar’s entry field. Input mode can be implemented
with the Command Toolbar’s tenth button from the left, labeled .
 Learn more about the button by moving the mouse pointer onto it.

The message Author Expression below the cursor is the button’s title. The Status Bar message
Enter new expression in active work sheet is the button’s function description.
 Prepare for entering an expression: Move the mouse pointer onto , then click (i.e. press
and release) the left mouse button.

 Enter the fraction: 2/3

 End the input with the ‘Enter’-key (¢).

DERIVE displays this expression as a fraction with a horizontal line, a numerator, and a
denominator, i.e. in “2-dimensional” output format, as opposed to the “1-dimensional” or “linear”
input format used for entering the number. The expression’s unique label number, #1, is shown
to the left of the expression. DERIVE is again ready to accept the next input, i.e. input control (the
focus) is still in the entry line. Also observe that a copy of the input is still in the entry field and is
entirely highlighted. This has the same meaning as in text editors and word processors. You can
remove the highlighting with the right arrow key, then edit the string of symbols, or you can
replace the marked string by typing new symbols.
Kutzler & Kokol-Voljc: Introduction to DERIVE 5 5

1 1
Replace the last input by + with an intentional typographical error:
2 3
 Enter 1/2+1&3 (¢).

When a syntax error is detected, the cursor is moved to the location of the error and the cause of
the error is displayed in the Status Bar’s first pane. In the above example DERIVE discovered an
unexpected special character. In some cases (for example, when entering an opening
parenthesis instead of the division symbol) there are several errors possible, and DERIVE can only
guess.
 Update the input to 1/2+1/3: Use the (Del) key (or the right arrow key (Æ) followed by
the backspace key (æ_)) to delete the incorrect character, then type the division operator.
Conclude with (¢).

The expression and its label, #2, are displayed. The new expression is highlighted in reverse
video. Expression #1 is no longer highlighted.
If you mistyped the input and want to delete the highlighted expression for a retry, use (Esc) to
move the focus into the algebra window, use the ‘Delete’ key (Del) to delete the highlighted
expression, then use the Author Expression button to move the focus back into the entry line.
An alternative technique for replacing an expression will be explained in Chapter 2.
 Simplify expression #2 using the Command Toolbar’s Simplify button .

The result becomes the next expression with the label #3. By default, simplified expressions are
displayed centered. This makes it easy to distinguish between entry and result. As with many
other behaviors of DERIVE, this can be customized if desired.
Even after using the Simplify button, the focus still is in the entry line. Enter the next
expression, 24 . To enter the square root symbol, use the respective button on the Math
Symbol Toolbar:

 Enter 24 as: 24 (¢)

6 Chapter 1: First Steps

 Simplify using .

This is different from what an “ordinary” calculator would produce. A mathematician once
asked: “How do you recognize a mathematician?” and suggested the following answer: “A
mathematician considers expression #5 a beautiful result.” Most students strive to replace
such an expression by the corresponding floating point approximation. DERIVE can do this as
well: Highlight expression #4 so that you can apply a different command to it.
 Highlight expression #4 by moving the mouse pointer anywhere in the row occupied by the
expression, then clicking the left mouse button.

Selecting an expression with the mouse button is one technique of highlighting it. An alternative
technique is first to move the focus into the algebra window (if necessary) using the (Esc) key,
then using the cursor keys (½) or (¼) to move the highlighting one expression up or down.

 Approximate using the Command Toolbar’s Approximate button .

While an expression is highlighted, the Status Bar’s second pane shows the automatically
generated expression annotation. The third pane shows the computing time in case the expres-
sion was obtained as a result of a computation. For expression #6 this is:

The automatically generated annotation explains how the expression was obtained.
Approx(#4) means that the expression was obtained by applying the Approximate button (or
command) to expression #4. The computation time displayed in the third pane, 0.000s,
indicates that the calculation took less than 0.001 seconds (the time may be different on your
computer).
 Highlight expression #4, . . .

 . . . then expression #5.,

The annotation of expression #4, User, means that it was entered by the user; the annotation of
expression #5, Simp(#4), indicates that the expression was obtained by applying the Simplify
button (or command) to expression #4. The first pane is always available for messages
associated with a menu item, button, or command status.
DERIVE worksheets also can include text and other objects. The easiest way of entering text is via
the Command Toolbar’s Insert Text button . New expressions are added at the end of the
Kutzler & Kokol-Voljc: Introduction to DERIVE 5 7

worksheet. Other objects (including text objects) are added after the highlighted object. To
insert a text object above the square root of 24, first highlight the object that is now above it.
 Highlight expression #3.

 Display a function description of the Insert Text button by moving the mouse pointer
onto it.

 Insert a text object by clicking on the Insert Text button .

Highlighting of a text object is indicated by a frame around it. The blinking cursor inside
indicates text editing mode.
 Enter the text: We compute the square root of 24:

A text object allows simple text editing similar to what you can do in standard text editors. Later
you will learn how to change the font size, alignment, color, etc.
56
As a next example compute 1234 . Due to the previous activity, the focus now is in the algebra
window. Before you can enter another expression, move the focus into the entry line.
 Enter 1234^56 by using the Author Expression button , then typing the respective string
of digits followed by (¢). The exponentiation operator ^ can be found on both the
keyboard and the Math Symbol Toolbar. (It is the sixth symbol from the left in the first row.)

 Simplify using .

This is a very big number. For those who want to know the number of digits, there are two
methods to find out: First, you can count them. Second, you can approximate the number.
8 Chapter 1: First Steps

 Approximate using .

The answer is displayed in scientific notation. Since the count of whole digits is one more than
the power of 10, the number has 173+1 = 174 digits.
In the next exercise, you will learn a different technique of entering expressions by using the
buttons preceding the entry field.
 Type into the entry line x/3+x/4 this time without concluding with (¢).

Note the five buttons left of the entry field. The usual technique of moving the mouse pointer
onto a button reveals the first one, , as the Author Expression button. Selecting this button
has the same effect as concluding the input with the (¢) key. Try it:
 Enter the above expression with , then simplify as usual using the Command Toolbar’s
Simplify button .

Unlike ordinary calculators, DERIVE can perform nonnumeric (symbolic, algebraic) computations
such as simplifying expression #10 into expression #11.
For the next example use the Expression Entry Toolbar’s second button, .
 To simplify x + 2 x immediately, type x+2x then select the entry line’s Simplify button .

This button simplified the entered expression immediately without the usual display of the
unsimplified expression. Note the result’s annotation: Simp(User)
For the next example use the Expression Entry Toolbar’s third button, .
 Enter and simplify xy + sin x by typing xy+sinx then using the entry line’s Author and
Simplify button .
Kutzler & Kokol-Voljc: Introduction to DERIVE 5 9

This button produced two expressions, #13 and #14 and has the same effect as entering the
unsimplified expression with (¢) or , then simplifying it with . It is, therefore, a convenient
shortcut for the frequently used “enter and simplify.” This example also shows how convenient
fast input is in DERIVE. You can enter expressions just as you would write them on paper. For ‘x
times y ‘ simply enter xy. No multiplication operator is needed between x and y. For ‘Sine of x ‘
simply enter sinx. No parentheses are needed around x.
The Expression Entry Toolbar has buttons for entering, simplifying, entering & simplifying,
approximating, and entering & approximating expressions.
The simplified expression #14 differs from the unsimplified expression #13 only in the order in
which its terms are displayed. While unsimplified expressions are displayed as they were entered
(except for the 2-dimensional pretty print format), simplified expressions are displayed in a
standardized format using a certain term ordering.
Back to how simple it is to enter expressions. A consequence of the convenient fast input, such
as xy+sinx for x ⋅ y + sin( x) , is that variable names can consist of only one character (for
example x and y). This suffices most of the time, but if you need to use multicharacter variable
names, DERIVE allows this, too (for example time or x12). Using multicharacter variable names
will be explained in Chapter 14.
Clearly, you cannot omit all parentheses. For example, you will need to parenthesize the
2
denominator to enter a rational expression such as . If the parentheses are omitted in this
x +1
example, the resulting expression has a different meaning.
 Enter: 2/x+1

Oops—the expression on the screen looks different from the intended expression! DERIVE
applies operations in the conventional order, for example multiplication and division before
addition and subtraction. As you can see from the above example, the 2-dimensional screen
display of an input provides you with valuable feedback about the soundness of your input.1

1
Educator’s footnote: A very simple educational exercise with DERIVE, therefore, consists of asking
the students to input expressions given to them on the chalkboard or a piece of paper. Because DERIVE
features 2-dimensional output of expressions, the students get an immediate feedback. If the
expression on the screen looks different from the one on the chalkboard or paper, then the input was
wrong, and they must try again. When the teacher lets students input expressions of increasing
complexity, they learn how to “linearize” expressions by trying and experimenting (trial and error),
and learn to understand the structure of expressions. In this way, they improve their competence in
recognizing structures, which is one of the basic mathematical skills important in many areas.
10 Chapter 1: First Steps

When correcting the most recent input, you can take advantage of the fact that a copy of the
most recent input and the focus are still in the entry line.
 To edit the expression use the right arrow key (Æ) to remove the highlighting. Change the
input to 2/(x+1) by adding the parentheses, then enter the expression with (¢).

Now it looks correct. Since you don’t need expression #15 any more, delete it.
 Prepare for deletion: Highlight expression #15 either with the mouse or with the keyboard’s
arrow keys after moving the focus into the algebra window using (Esc).

 Delete expression #15: Use the Delete Object button or press the (Del) key.

The expression that was expression #15 disappeared. The expression that was expression #16
has become expression #15. By default, automatic renumbering adjusts expression numbers so
that they begin with #1 and have no gaps.
Errors such as omitting a whole pair of parentheses may change the meaning of an expression,
as was the case in the previous example. If only one parenthesis is omitted, the input becomes a
meaningless character string, and DERIVE will issue a warning in the form of an appropriate
syntax error message:
 Enter 4x-1/x-5) after moving the focus into the entry line with .

DERIVE attempts to position the cursor in front of the expected error. Since a superfluous closing
parenthesis can be spotted while a missing opening parenthesis obviously cannot, the first
alternative is used for the error message. Depending on how the expression should look, you
have to either delete the closing parenthesis or insert an opening parenthesis somewhere before
it. For the above example there are six possible repairs:

input 4x-1/x-5 4x-1/x-(5) 4x-1/(x-5) 4x-(1/x-5) 4(x-1/x-5) (4x-1/x-5)

output 1 1 1 1   1  1
4x − −5 4x − −5 4x − 4x −  − 5 4  x − − 5 4x − −5
x x x−5 x   x  x

To choose the third variant insert an opening parenthesis between the division operator and the
variable x.
Kutzler & Kokol-Voljc: Introduction to DERIVE 5 11

 Edit the input string to 4x-1/(x-5) then press (¢).2

When working with DERIVE, focus can be either in the entry line or in the algebra window (View).
When focus is in the entry line, (Esc) will move focus into the View. When focus is in the View,
the Author Expression button or its hot key equivalent, (F2), moves it into the entry line.
Another method to move focus is using the mouse. Focus is where one last moved the mouse
pointer to and then pressed the left mouse button.
 Ensure that focus is in the entry line by moving the mouse pointer into the entry line’s entry
field, then clicking with the left mouse button.

The disadvantage of this method is that it removes highlighting if there was any, so now you
cannot simply replace the old input with a new one by starting to type the new input string. You
could use the backspace key several times to delete the old string, but a more elegant way is to
use the tab key.
 Highlight the contents of the entry line with the tab key (ÿ).

Enter and simplify √x^2. It is up to you to either use the ‘Enter’ key followed by the Simplify
button or to use the entry line’s Enter and Simplify button. The square root symbol √ can be
obtained from the Math Symbol Toolbar ( ) or entered as (Ctrl)-(Q).
 Type √x^2 then press (Ctrl)+(¢). This is the same as , i.e. this is a simple way to
perform an “enter and simplify” operation without using the mouse.

As an alternative, introduce a pair of parentheses around x^2.

 Enter and simplify: √(x^2)

2
Educator’s footnote: This is another example for an elementary educational use of DERIVE. Ask
students how many different expressions they can generate by inserting 1, 2 (or more) pairs of paren-
theses into a valid string of characters. This is another excellent exercise to help students gain an
understanding of the structure of expressions.
12 Chapter 1: First Steps

The last two examples are remarkable for two reasons. First, they demonstrate the importance

( x ) ) and
2 2
of using parentheses to differentiate between x (meaning x 2 (meaning

( x ) ). Second, expression #20 shows how carefully DERIVE simplifies expressions.

2

The third power of α − 1 is entered as follows:

 Enter (α-1)^3. (Insert Alpha with the Greek Symbol Toolbar button .)

 Try to expand expression #21, first by simplifying with .

This did not change anything. Now you have an opportunity to apply one of those commands for
which there is no equivalent Command Toolbar button.
 Prepare for opening the Simplify menu by moving the mouse pointer above the Menu Bar’s
Simplify command.

 Open the Simplify menu by clicking the left mouse button.

This menu offers several commands. The Expand command is appropriate for expanding an
expression.
 Select this command by moving the mouse pointer above the word Expand . . .
Kutzler & Kokol-Voljc: Introduction to DERIVE 5 13

 . . . then invoke the command by clicking on it with the left mouse button.

DERIVE opens the Expand Expression dialog box. You will obtain similar dialog boxes with all
commands that require specification of parameters. The above dialog box requires the
specification of the expansion variable and the amount of expansion. Often it is enough to accept
the default specifications and immediately exit the dialog box with the ‘Enter’ key or by clicking
the default button, which here is (_Expand_). (The default button is the one prominently
displayed.) Use the (_Cancel_) button or the (Esc) key to cancel the command. Use (_OK_) if
you want an unsimplified application of the EXPAND function.
 Perform the expansion with the suggested parameters by using (_Expand_) (either press
(¢) because this is the default button or click on (_Expand_).)

A keyboard alternative for selecting the Expansion command from the Simplify menu is the
following standard WINDOWS technique: (Alt)+(S) opens the Simplify menu (use (S) because of
the underscore under the letter S in Simplify), then press (E) (again the letter with the
underscore, but now without the (Alt), which is used only to open menus.) This technique
works for all menu commands.
For all buttons from the Command Toolbar there exist corresponding menu commands. Use
commands for the next example. Enter, simplify, then approximate sin (π 4 ) .
 To enter the above expression, select the Author>Expression command, then type
sin(¹/4) (¢) . (Obtain π from either the Greek or the Math Symbol Toolbar. A button
for this frequently used character is in both of these toolbars.)

 Simplify expression #24 with the Simplify>Basic command.

14 Chapter 1: First Steps

This is another “beautiful” result. Before computing an approximation, add an appropriate

comment to the worksheet in form of a text object.
 Insert a text object with the Insert>Text Object command, then type:
The following is an approximation of sin(pi/4)

 (Try to) conclude the input with (¢).

The ‘Enter’ key, used from within text editing mode, added an extra line to the text object. This
is not what was intended.
 Delete the extra line using the backspace key (æ_).

Note that while DERIVE is in text editing mode, you have no access to certain buttons and menu
commands as you can see in the Command Toolbar. The inaccessible buttons and menu
commands appear dimmed. For example, the Approximate button is not available in text editing
mode now, because a text object is highlighted.

You need to highlight an expression before you can approximate it.

 Highlight expression #24, then approximate it with Simplify>Approximate.

Other than the Command Toolbar’s Approximate button, the Simplify>Approximate command
invokes a dialog box in which you are asked to specify the number of digits of precision. The
currently displayed default value of 10 digits is also used by the Approximate button. The
Simplify>Approximate command allows you to temporarily change the default value for the next
computation. Change the number to 35, then use the default dialog exit.

 35 (_Approximate_)
Kutzler & Kokol-Voljc: Introduction to DERIVE 5 15

In DERIVE you can specify virtually any precision, meaning number of significant digits used for
arithmetic. The practical limitations are given by the available memory and your patience. Note
that computing time increases with increasing precision.
Update your text to indicate the chosen precision.
 Bring the text object into editing mode by clicking into it. Position the cursor immediately
after the word: an

 Change the text appropriately by using the backspace key (æ_) to delete the letter n, then
adding: 35-digit

Reducing the text’s font size requires the Formatting Toolbar to be on.
 Open the View Toolbars submenu with the Window>View Toolbars command.

 Turn the Formatting Toolbar on by selecting the Formatting Toolbar command.

For editing DERIVE text, use the same techniques as in standard word processing programs. This
toolbar indicates that the font size is 12 points. Before you can reduce the font size to 10 points,
you need to highlight the respective portion of text.
 Highlight the entire sentence. Either use the technique of dragging the mouse pointer (hold
the left mouse button down) from one end of the text to the other, or put the cursor at the
text’s end (or beginning), then repeatedly use the left (or right) arrow key together with the
shift key, or place the cursor anywhere in the text, then triple-click.
16 Chapter 1: First Steps

 Prepare for changing the font size: Open the Font Size field’s dropdown selection menu by
clicking on .

 Select the number 10.

Alternatively, you could make the Font Size field active, then overwrite 12 with 10.
Now, announce the next example with an appropriate text.
 Prepare for entering text using the Insert Text button .

Oops—this is the wrong position. The new text should appear at the end of the document. Since
the Insert Text button (as well as the Insert>Text Object command) adds the text object after the
highlighted object, you need to highlight expression #26 first.
 Select expression #26.

Although the frame around the unintentionally inserted, empty text object disappeared, it is still
there. It can be deleted like any other object only after it is highlighted.
 Highlight the text object by clicking into it.

 Try to delete it, using the (Del) key.

This has no effect. Remember: Clicking inside a text object starts text editing mode. To select a
text object for deletion, copying, or moving, click (precisely) onto the frame or into the narrow
space left (or right) of the text object, or press (Esc) from within text editing.
 Select the text object for deletion using (Esc).
Kutzler & Kokol-Voljc: Introduction to DERIVE 5 17

The text object is selected now as is indicated by the frame around it. Make sure there is no
cursor inside it. If there is, press (Esc) again.
 Delete the empty text object using the (Del) key.

 Insert a new text object after the highlighted expression #26 (using ), then start entering
the text “Next we.”

Note that this text again has font size 12 as you can see in the Formatting Toolbar’s Font Size
field. Earlier you only changed the format of existing text. Changing the default format of all new
text objects is done via a command from the Options>Display menu.
 To change the default setting of future text objects, select the Options>Display>Font of New
Text Objects command.
18 Chapter 1: First Steps

 Change the font size to 10 points by scrolling within the Size selection menu appropriately,
then selecting the number 10, or by overwriting 12 with 10 via the keyboard.

 Close the dialog with (_OK_).

When continuing to write into the text object you started (you may need to click into the text
object to put it into text editing mode), it still is in 12 point size, because the setting you just
changed effects new text objects only.
 Delete the text object for a retry with the new default text font size. Select it by clicking into
it then using (Esc). Delete with (Del) or .

 Enter a new text object with the following contents:

The text has font size 10 points now. You will not need the Formatting Toolbar any more in this
session, so switch it off to provide more space for other purposes. Switching a toolbar off
requires the same procedure as switching it on.
 Turn the Formatting Toolbar off using Window>View Toolbars>Formatting Toolbar.

Experiment with the commands from the Options>Display submenu to become familiar with
changing the “look” of a DERIVE worksheet.
Kutzler & Kokol-Voljc: Introduction to DERIVE 5 19

 Select the Options>Display menu’s first choice (i.e. Alignment of New Objects.)

This invokes a dialog box that allows you to control the alignment of all the objects that can be
in a DERIVE worksheet. Unsimplified Expressions are expressions entered by you or expressions
obtained by adding an operator to an expression without simplifying. Simplified Expressions are
expressions obtained from simplifying or approximating an expression. It is helpful to display
user input left justified and the answers centered, as it is done by the default setting.
 To keep the settings as they are, exit the dialog with (_Cancel_) or the (Esc) key.
Try the next command in the Options>Display submenu.
 Try the menu’s second choice, Options>Display>Font of All Expressions (left picture), then
change the text size by clicking on the Large radio button.
20 Chapter 1: First Steps

 Carry out the change by leaving the dialog box with (_OK_).

This font is useful for demonstration purposes, especially when using an overhead projector with
a display palette. For personal work the small font may be preferable. Therefore, switch back to
it and try a different color instead.
 To undo the change of expression size, select Options>Display>Font of All Expressions
again, then change the text size back to small by clicking on the Small radio button (left
picture.) Prepare for changing the font color by opening the Color selection menu.

 Select a color of your choice by clicking on it, then close the dialog with (_OK_).
Earlier you entered π via the Greek or Math Symbol Toolbar. There are several methods for
entering special constants such as π, the base of the natural logarithm e, or the imaginary unit i.
 To enter a sum of three π‘s, first move the focus into the entry line using (F2). Enter the first
π from one of the two symbol toolbars, the second one by typing pi, and the third one as
(Ctrl)+(P). (The pluses in between are all entered via the keyboard.)

These are the three methods of entering the number π. While some look different in the entry
line, they all look and mean the same once they are entered:
 Conclude the input of the sum of three π‘s with (¢).
Kutzler & Kokol-Voljc: Introduction to DERIVE 5 21

There are also three methods for entering the base of the natural logarithm e. Use all three of
them to enter a sum of three e’s, then add the ordinary letter e to see the difference between a
variable with this name and the famous constant. There is also another method of simplifying an
expression.
 Enter the first e from the Math Symbol Toolbar using , the second one by typing #e, and
the third one as (Ctrl)+(E). Then type: +e= (Note the use of the postfix equals operator.)

 End the input of the sum of three e’s and the variable e with (¢).

The postfix equals operator causes an automatic simplification and the generation of an equation
whose left hand side is the unsimplified expression and whose right hand side is the simplified
expression. This method displays both the unsimplified and simplified expression on the same
line, saving lines on the screen.
Similarly there are three methods for entering the imaginary unit. You can obtain I from the
Math Symbol Toolbar, type #i, or enter it via the key combination (Ctrl)+(I).
Conclude this chapter as follows.
 Enter the text “This is the end of the first chapter.”

Exit DERIVE. The Exit command can be found in the File menu.
 Exit DERIVE using the File>Exit command.

 To exit without saving the worksheet, select (_No_).

22 Chapter 1: First Steps

Summary

Algebra Window
or (Del) ............................................................................................. delete highlighted expression
or Insert>Text Object or (F5) ............................. insert text object after the highlighted object
or Author>Expression or (F2) ............................. enter expression, move focus into entry line
or Simplify>Basic ......................................................................... simplify highlighted expression
or Simplify>Approximate ................................................... approximate highlighted expression
File>Exit .................................................................................................................................. exit DERIVE
Simplify>Expand ................................................................................. expand highlighted expression
Options>Display ............................................................................................... change display settings
Window>View Toolbars>Formatting Toolbar .................................... toggle the formatting toolbar
(½), (¼)........................................................................ move highlighting one expression up, down
(Esc) ............................................................................................................................. cancel command
click left mouse button into row occupied by the expression ......................... highlight expression
click left mouse button into text object .................................................. edit contents of text object
click onto text object frame or left or right of it, or press (Esc) from within text editing ...............
.....................................................................highlight text object (without text editing)

Expression Entry Toolbar

or (¢) ...................................................................................................................... enter expression
................................................................................................................ enter simplified expression
...................................................................................... enter expression and simplified expression
(Esc) ............................................................................................ move focus into the algebra window
(ÿ) ...................................................................................................... highlight contents of entry field
or (Ctrl)+(P) or pi ........................................................................................................................... π
or (Ctrl)+(E) or #e .............................................................................. base of natural logarithm e
or (Ctrl)+(I) or #i ................................................................................................. imaginary unit i
, etc................................................................................................................................... Greek letters
or (Ctrl)+(Q) or sqrt ..................................................................................... square root symbol
= (postfix equals operator) ................................................................................ enforce simplification
Chapter 2:
Documenting Polynomial Zero Finding
The emphasis in this chapter is on creating a simple mathematical document about the finding of
the zeros of a polynomial. At the same time you will learn the corresponding basic techniques of
using DERIVE.
 Start DERIVE.

Your first session with DERIVE left a trace in the form of an initialization file. This file stores
information about the status of DERIVE before you last shut it down. For example, the change
performed with the Options>Display>Font of New Text Objects command is among the data in
this file. The Derive Startup dialog gives you the choice to either start DERIVE with the factory
default settings or start DERIVE with the settings from the initialization file, i.e. with some of the
changes from the first chapter. This book is written so that each chapter starts with a factory
default DERIVE. We recommend that you do the same.
 Start with a factory default DERIVE by exiting the dialog with (_Yes_).
Start the new document with an appropriate headline.
 Insert a text object containing the text “Finding the zeros of a polynomial.”

x 4 3x3 5 x 2 7 x 1
You will look for the zeros of the polynomial y = p( x) , y = + − − − .
2 4 4 4 2
24 Chapter 2: Documenting Polynomial Zero Finding

 Enter the above polynomial by preparing for expression input with , then typing:
y=x^4/2+3x^3/4-5x^2-7x/4-1/2
(Intentionally leave out the /4 in the middle term.)

From here on, the key (¢) or the button (_OK_) will be displayed only in ambiguous situations.
It will not be used any more for simple inputs such as the above. It is important for some of the
features you are going to study and use in this chapter that you work with the above polynomial.
Therefore, make sure it was entered properly.
As you know, it was not! The /4 in the middle term is missing. This is easily repaired by applying
the Edit>Derive Object command to the highlighted expression.
 Edit the highlighted expression by selecting the Edit>Derive Object command.

This brings a copy of the expression into the entry line with the cursor positioned at its left end,
so the system is ready for editing.
 Insert /4 after 5x^2, then end the input with (¢).

The (¢) key performed a replacement of the old expression with the new one. There is no need
to delete the old expression when using the Edit>Derive Object command.
Consider looking at a house from several different positions. From each position you will see
details that you can’t see from other positions. Based on this idea, mathematicians use a variety
of different representations for mathematical objects. The fourth degree polynomial that you
entered is displayed as an algebraic representation. Next you will produce a graphical
representation, because this representation is particularly useful for obtaining information about
the zeros. In other words, you will plot1 its graph.
Since the major goal in this session is to properly document the mathematical work, . . .
 . . . insert the text “First we try a graphic approach by plotting the polynomial in a 2D-plot
window.”

1
“Plot” is a technical term. As such, it includes different aspects of drawing and graphical
representation. It does not stand for mathematical accuracy, and in this book it will be used with three
different meanings: for the activity of producing a graphical representation, for a graphical
representation as an object, and for the corresponding DERIVE command.
Kutzler & Kokol-Voljc: Introduction to DERIVE 5 25

 Prepare for plotting a 2D graph: Open a 2D-plot window by clicking on the 2D-plot Window
button or selecting the Window>New 2D plot Window command.

DERIVE created a plot window, so that you now have two windows to work with: an algebra
window and a 2D-plot window. Use the usual WINDOWS techniques to flip between windows or
change their sizes and positions.
 Put the two windows side by side using the Window>Tile Vertically command.

Each window is labeled with the window type in its upper left corner (2D-plot and Algebra). The
active window’s Title Bar is dark; the inactive window’s Title Bar is dimmed. Since the plot
window is active, the Menu Bar, the Command Toolbar, and the Status Bar are all different from
26 Chapter 2: Documenting Polynomial Zero Finding

that of the algebra window. In particular, the Status Bar displays the following graphics
information:
• Cross gives the coordinates of a movable cross,
• Center gives the coordinates of the picture center,
• Scale gives the scale factors of both axes,
• The crossed square icon preceding the word Cross indicates Cartesian coordinates.
 Draw the graph using the Plot Expression button .

Oops—the Plot Expression button is dimmed inaccessible.

The reason is that the Plot Expression button (as well as its equivalent, the Insert>Plot
command) plots the point set given by the algebra window’s highlighted expression, but
currently the second text object is highlighted and a text object can’t be plotted.
 Highlight the polynomial by clicking on it (this makes the algebra window the active
window), then make the 2D-plot window active again by clicking its Title Bar.

There are several techniques to make a different window active:

• From the algebra window use the Command Toolbar’s 2D-plot window button and from
the 2D-plot window use the Command Toolbar’s Algebra window button .
• Click on the window you want to make active. This method, however, must be used with
care: Clicking on an algebra window with the left mouse button is likely to alter the
highlighting, clicking on a 2D-plot window with the left mouse button is likely to move the
graphics cross, this might have unexpected effects. Therefore, it is better to click with the
right mouse button to change windows, or to click, with any mouse button, into the window’s
Title Bar.
• From the algebra window use the Window>y 2D-plot command and from the graphics
window use the Window>x Algebra command. (The numbers x and y may vary.)
• From the algebra window use the (Alt)+(W) and (y) keys and from the graphics window use
the (Alt)+(W) and (x) keys as abbreviations of the above.
Kutzler & Kokol-Voljc: Introduction to DERIVE 5 27

Now the Plot Expression button is available, and you are ready to plot the polynomial.
 Draw the polynomial’s graph using the Plot Expression button .

Now we have both an algebraic and a graphical representation of the polynomial available.
However, the graphical representation is outside the algebra window’s worksheet in its own
independent plot window.
 Copy the current plot window into the algebra window’s worksheet by using the 2D-plot
window’s File>Embed command.

This “freezes” the current status of the plot window into the worksheet. The plot window is
interactive; the embedded plot image is not. The embedded plot image can be brought back into
an interactive plot window at any time with a double mouse click.
The graphical representation is useful for exploring the polynomial’s zeros. However, from the
current picture it is not clear whether the polynomial has two, three, or four distinct zeros. An
answer can be found by inspecting the graph with the moveable graphics cross. Its coordinates
are displayed in the status line, which now shows the cross at the initial position (1,1):
28 Chapter 2: Documenting Polynomial Zero Finding

The color of the cross can be changed using the Options>Display>Cross command.

When the plot window is active, the cross can be repositioned by either moving the mouse
pointer and clicking the left mouse button or by using the arrow keys (Æ), (æ), (½), and (¼).
 Move the mouse pointer to (1,-1), or near it, then click with the left mouse button to move
the cross to this position (left picture). Use the arrow keys to move the cross to (0.5,0.5). Try
(Ctrl)+(Æ), (Ctrl)+(æ), (Ctrl)+(½), and (Ctrl)+(¼) to move the cross in bigger
steps.

The (Home) key moves the cross to the plot window center.
The trace mode is very useful for inspecting curves. This mode can be switched on and off with
the Trace Plots button , the Options>Trace Plots command, or the corresponding hot key
(F3). As is customary in WINDOWS programs, a button with the same effect as a command is
displayed in the respective menu left of the command, while the hot key is displayed right of the
command. Check this out for the Options>Trace Plots command:
 Open the Options menu.
Kutzler & Kokol-Voljc: Introduction to DERIVE 5 29

 Turn trace mode on by selecting the Trace Plots command.

When trace mode is switched on, the cross changes its shape into a square and jumps vertically
to the curve, with its horizontal coordinate unchanged. The expression number of the traced
curve is displayed in the plot window’s Title Bar (here: Tracing Expression #1). When trace
mode is switched on, the square can be moved only along the curve. This can be done using (Æ)
and (æ), or using (Ctrl)+(Æ) and (Ctrl)+(æ) for “big steps.” It can also be done by moving
the mouse pointer and clicking with the left mouse button to the new position. If there are
several graphs displayed, use (½) and (¼) to select another graph.
 Become familiar with moving the square. Use the arrow keys and the mouse to move the
square. Finally, click the left mouse button at the point (2.5,0).

What happened to the square? It disappeared. Looking at the status line indicates the reason. The
square’s vertical coordinate is 18.5625, so it is far from the current plot area. You can ask DERIVE
to move the plot area where the cross or square is.
 Move the plot area where the cross is by flipping the switch Options>Follow Cross.
30 Chapter 2: Documenting Polynomial Zero Finding

The plot window “follows” the square. This means that the plot ranges for the horizontal and the
vertical axes are changed automatically to ensure that the cross is visible. Since this mode can
destroy a chosen plot range, follow mode should be used carefully and is therefore switched off
by default.
 Turn follow mode off by selecting Options>Follow Cross again.
There are several ways to restore a previous range:
• While follow mode is on, you can click the left mouse button at a horizontal position where
the corresponding vertical curve coordinate is within the original plot range. This requires
some knowledge and reasoning about the curve.
• Independent of the follow mode status you may use the Center on origin button .
• Select the Set>Plot Range or the Set>Plot Region command, use the (_Reset_) button,
then leave the dialog.
• If available, double click on an embedded version of the original graph. This last option is
particularly convenient.
 Restore the original graph by double clicking on the embedded graph.

Trace mode was lost because the embedded graph was produced before trace mode was turned
on. Switch trace mode on again to start looking for the polynomial’s zeros.
 Switch trace mode on with , then move the square to the rightmost zero, as near as you
can get to the horizontal axis.

DERIVE displays the square coordinates as Cross: 1.62, 0.01688368. (Your numbers might be
different.) Using the left arrow key (æ) once moves the square to Cross: 1.6, -0.1512. You have
Kutzler & Kokol-Voljc: Introduction to DERIVE 5 31

not found a position at which the y-coordinate is zero, but you can say that the polynomial zero
must be between 1.6 and 1.62, probably being closer to 1.62. An obvious approach for getting
closer is magnification.
 Zoom in using the Command Toolbar’s Zoom in button (left picture), then move the
square closer to the rightmost zero.

Now you get Cross: 1.62, 0.01688368 and Cross: 1.61, -0.06817304 (or whatever numbers you
obtain) hence the polynomial zero is between 1.61 and 1.62.
 Restore the original scale factors by zooming out with the Zoom out button .

 Find an approximation for the leftmost zero by moving the square to it.

The leftmost zero seems to be at exactly x=-2.

Document what you found so far by inserting appropriate text objects.
 Switch to the algebra window. Resize the embedded plot: Select the image by clicking on it.
The image is surrounded by 8 black squares, which can be used to resize it. Move the mouse
pointer to the lower right corner until a double-headed arrow appears. Press and hold the
left mouse button. With the left mouse button held down, drag the pointer towards the
image center. When a suitable size is reached, release the mouse button.
32 Chapter 2: Documenting Polynomial Zero Finding

When you don’t like the change of the aspect ratio such is in the above pictures, you can easily
restore it. You will learn how to do this in Chapter 4.
Insert a text object documenting the method and result of your findings.
 Insert a new text object and enter the following text (use the numbers you found):

 Search for more zeros: Make the plot window active, then move the square to the uncertain
middle section.

You will find that there is one zero between -0.62 and -0.6. Another zero seems to be at exactly
x=-0.5. To obtain a picture with intersections of the graph, magnify again.
 Zoom in, this time using the Zoom in button twice.

It becomes obvious that there are two zeros. Continue to magnify the graph.
 Zooming in once more with lets the square leave the plot window because follow mode is
switched off (left picture). The very useful Center on cross button shifts the plot range
so that the square/cross is in the center of the new plot image.
Kutzler & Kokol-Voljc: Introduction to DERIVE 5 33

Move the square to get a better approximation of the left zero.

 Move the square near the left zero and note the cross coordinates in the Status Bar.

Now the change of sign happens between x=-0.62 and x=-0.618. Produce a graph with steeper
intersections to get a more accurate answer.
 Zoom in vertically only, using the Zoom vertical in button .

A highly recommended tool is the Set range with box button , which allows to choose a crop
rectangle graphically.
 Prepare for choosing a crop rectangle by using the Set range with box button .
The mouse cursor turns into a crosshair.
 Choose a crop rectangle: Click and hold the left mouse button at the top left corner of the
desired area. Drag the mouse down and to the right until the box encloses the desired area.

 Release the mouse button.

The Set 2D-Plot Range dialog box is displayed, reflecting the numerical equivalents of the
choices you just made with the mouse. This dialog box could be obtained in the first place using
the Set>Plot Range command. But a graphical choice of the plot range is often more convenient.
34 Chapter 2: Documenting Polynomial Zero Finding

 See what happens if you confirm with (_OK_).

Notice the complicated numbers below the tick marks (your numbers are likely to be different)
and in the Status Bar scale factors. This is caused by the graphical box selection.
 Zoom in again using the Set range with box button .

It is helpful to edit the suggested numerical values to the nearest simple values. Start by
overwriting the highlighted value of the input field for the Horizontal Minimum. Then use the tab
key (ÿ) to make the next input field active. Enter the following values.
 -0.7 (ÿ) -0.4 (ÿ) 6 (ÿ)

Make the values for the Intervals fields fit to the difference of the values for the Minimum and
the Maximum fields. For example, 6 intervals for a horizontal range of length 0.3 (= difference of
-0.7 and -0.4) ensures nice numbers below the tick marks.
 -0.01 (ÿ) 0.01 (ÿ) 4 (_OK_)
Kutzler & Kokol-Voljc: Introduction to DERIVE 5 35

 Use the trace mode square to find approximations of the two zeros.
The left zero lies between -0.6181818 and -0.6174242; and the other zero probably is at -0.5. All
the above work now should be documented in the algebra window’s worksheet by embedding
the graph and adding an appropriate text object.
 From the 2D-plot window select the File>Embed command, then switch to the algebra
window and resize the embedded plot appropriately.

 Insert a new text object documenting the method and result of your findings:

Close the plot window, then open the algebra window to full size.
 Close the plot window by clicking the left mouse button on the button that is located in
the window’s upper right corner. Open the algebra window to full size by clicking on the
button, which is located left of the algebra window’s button.

Next compute the zeros by solving the corresponding polynomial equation. Before doing so,
enter an appropriate textual description of your approach.
36 Chapter 2: Documenting Polynomial Zero Finding

 Enter the text: “Next we compute the polynomial’s zeros by applying the SOLVE function
to the corresponding polynomial equation.”

Generate the corresponding polynomial equation.

 Highlight the polynomial #1, move focus into the entry line with (F2) (which is the hot key
for authoring expressions), then auto-paste a copy of the polynomial using the hot key (F3).

(F2) may become your most frequently used hot key.

 Replace y with 0 then conclude the input with (¢).

For solving this equation either use the Solve>Expression command or the corresponding
toolbar button .
 Prepare for solving the equation by applying the Solve Expression button .

 Solve the equation. Accept all suggested parameters by selecting (_Solve_).

Here ∨ is the mathematical symbol for the logical operator OR.

Similar to the Entry Toolbar’s Enter and Simplify button , (_Solve_) generated both an
unsimplified expression (which is the formal application of the SOLVE function to the equation)
and a simplified expression (which is the solution of the equation.) The exit (_OK_) would have
generated the unsimplified expression only.
Kutzler & Kokol-Voljc: Introduction to DERIVE 5 37

 Enter the text “Expression #4 gives the four exact zeros of the polynomial.”

In order to compare these results with what you found graphically, approximate expression #4.
Before doing so, again add a textual description of your approach.
 Enter the text “We approximate #4 so that we can compare it with what we found
graphically.”

 Approximate expression #4 by first highlighting it, and then applying the Approximate
button .

To turn this worksheet into a good piece of mathematical documentation, do some more editing,
then print and save it. First, add a signature documenting author(s) and date.
 Switch the Formatting Toolbar on using Window>View Toolbars>Formatting Toolbar.

All fields and buttons are dimmed as long as there is no text object in editing mode.
 Add a text object at the end of the worksheet using . Choose a special format for the
signature: In the Formatting Toolbar change the font size to 8 points and click on the
Right Justify button .

 Enter “This document was created by . . . on . . ..”

Next change the topmost text object into an attention-catching title line.
 Highlight the first text object’s contents using the usual text processing techniques.

Choose a format that is suitable for a title line, for example . . .

 . . . change to 14 point font size, bold ( ), centered ( ), then add a blank line.

 Switch the Formatting Toolbar off using Window>View Toolbars>Formatting Toolbar.

38 Chapter 2: Documenting Polynomial Zero Finding

Before sending a document to the printer, it is a good idea to do a print preview.

 Look at the print preview using the File>Print Preview command.

Print preview offers various options including a button for zooming in.
 Zoom in with (_Zoom_In_).

The magnifying glass shaped cursor in the upper right quarter of the page indicates that an
alternative to using the (_Zoom_In_) button is to click with the left mouse button.
Kutzler & Kokol-Voljc: Introduction to DERIVE 5 39

Make the expressions slightly larger. Change the expression font size via the Options>Printing
submenu.
 Prepare for changing the expression font size: Close the print preview window with
(_Close_), then select the command Options>Printing>Expression Layout.

Here you can select the expression font size, choose between Regular and Bold font, and control
the printing of Annotations and Computation Times. (By default neither is printed).
 Change the font size to 11 points, then close the dialog with (_OK_).
Apply again the File>Print Preview command, this time zooming in twice.

The worksheet is now ready to be printed.

40 Chapter 2: Documenting Polynomial Zero Finding

 Prepare for printing the document using print preview’s (_Print_) button.

Make sure that the printer is properly connected, switched on, and set. In the Printing dialog box
you can change the printer or the printing properties, change the print range from All to either a
range of pages or the highlighted expressions, or change the number of copies from the default 1
to the number you want.
 Send the document to the printer with (_OK_).
Kutzler & Kokol-Voljc: Introduction to DERIVE 5 41

Saving the worksheet preserves your work for later use or modification.
 Save the worksheet by selecting the File>Save As command.

DERIVE suggests storing the file in the subdirectory Math. You may choose a different directory
by selecting one from the selection menu that is offered for the Save in field.
 Accept the suggestion and enter the file name chapter02 in the File name input field.
Close the dialog with (_Save_).

Notice the Title Bar. Previously there was [Algebra 1] as the indication of an unnamed algebra
worksheet. Now there is [Algebra 1 chapter02.dfw], indicating an algebra worksheet with name
chapter02.dfw. The suffix .dfw is the default that is chosen when you do not specify a suffix as
part of the filename.
 Exit from DERIVE.
42 Chapter 2: Documenting Polynomial Zero Finding

Summary

Algebra Window
or Solve>Expression or (Ctrl)+(ª)+(E) ............................................................. solve equation
............................................................................................ open 2D-plot window or switch to one
........................................................................................................... right justify highlighted object
.................................................................................................................... center highlighted object
File>Save As .......................................................................................... save worksheet using a name
File>Print Preview ............................................................................................................ print preview
Edit>Derive Object or double-click left or right of expr. ...................... edit highlighted expression
Options>Display>Cross .......................................................... change appearance of graphics cross
Options>Printing>Expression Layout ...................................................... format expression layout
Window>New 2D plot Window ................................................................. open new 2D-plot window
double-click left mouse button on embedded plot ................. open embedded plot in plot window

2D-plot Window
or Insert>Plot ...................................................................................... plot highlighted expression
or Options>Trace Plots or (F3) ......................................................................... toggle trace mode
................................................................................................................. center plot region on cross
................................................................................................................ center plot region on origin
or (F9) ...................................................................................................................................... zoom in
or (F10) ................................................................................................................................. zoom out
or (F7) .................................................................................................................... zoom in vertically
.................................................................................................. graphically choose a crop rectangle
File>Embed ....................................................................... copy plot window into algebra worksheet
Set>Plot Range ................................................................................................... set plot range borders
Options>Follow Cross ........................................................................................... toggle follow mode
(Æ), (¼),(æ), (½) ................................................. move cross one pixel (one dot) on the screen
(Ctrl)+(Æ), (Ctrl)+(¼), (Ctrl)+(æ), (Ctrl)+(½) ......................... move cross several pixels
(Home) ............................................................................................. move cross to plot window center

All Windows
Window>Tile Vertically ................. arrange windows as right-left split (active window on the left)
Index
............................................................. 124 (Esc) ........................................ 5, 13, 16, 243
.............................................................. 35 (F2) .................................................... 11, 126
.............................................................. 35 (F3) ........................................ 28, 36, 49, 122
5x – 6 = 2x + 15 ......................................... 63 (F4) ...................................................... 49, 64
z = x 2 − y 2 ............................................. 117 (F9) .......................................................... 128
z = cos( x ⋅ y ) ................................. 125, 132 (Home) ........................................................ 28
∨ ........................................................... 67, 75 (PgDn) ...................................................... 119
∧ ................................................................. 75 (PgUp) ...................................................... 119
° ................................................................ 147 (PrtSc) .................................................... 201
:∈ ...................................................... 137, 138 (ÿ) ...................................................... 11, 34
:= .......................................... 66, 96, 138, 167 (Insert expression) ............................. 49, 64
∞ ............................................................... 138 .dfw ............................................................. 41
↓ ............................................................... 161 2:1 ............................................................... 56
(¢) ..................................................... 4, 106 2D-plot Window button ..................... 25
(¼) .................................. 6, 28, 29, 118, 209 3D-plot window button ..................... 117
(½) .................................. 6, 28, 29, 118, 209
(ª)+(¼) .......................................... 45, 121 A
(ª)+(½) .......................................... 46, 121 abort computation .................................... 90
(ª)+(Æ) .......................................... 46, 121 absolute value function .... 74, 139, 154, 198
(ª)+(æ) .......................................... 46, 121 accuracy ..................................................... 86
(Æ) ......................................... 5, 28, 29, 118 activate window ........................................ 26
(æ) ......................................... 5, 28, 29, 118 aggressive simplification ....................... 151
(Alt)+(PrtSc) ...................................... 201 algebra window ..................................... 3, 25
(Ctrl)+(¢) .............................. 11, 64, 106 Algebra Window button .................... 26
(Ctrl)+(¼) ............................................ 28 algebraic equation .................................. 232
(Ctrl)+(½) ............................................ 28 algebraic representation .......................... 24
(Ctrl)+(ª)+(¼) ................................... 53 Algebraically radio button ....................... 91
(Ctrl)+(ª)+(½) ................................... 53 algebra-state variable ................... 66, 68, 84
(Ctrl)+(ª)+(M) ................................... 201 algorithmic limitations ............................. 87
(Ctrl)+(Æ) ...................................... 28, 29 aliasing ..................................................... 133
(Ctrl)+(æ) ...................................... 28, 29 Alpha .......................................................... 12
(Ctrl)+(C) ...................................... 54, 201 alternative to Edit>Derive Object ........... 78
(Ctrl)+(E) .............................................. 20 analytic geometry ................................... 185
(Ctrl)+(P) .............................................. 20 AND .............................................................. 75
(Ctrl)+(Q) .............................................. 11 ANGLE ........................................................ 155
(Ctrl)+(V) .............................................. 54 angle between two vectors .................... 154
(Ctrl)+(X) ...................................... 54, 201 Angular unit ............................................ 148
(Del) ........................................................... 5 annotation ................................................ 105
270 Index

annotation of expression .......................... 6 Boolean combination ............................... 77

annotation’s position ............................. 106 border lines/curves ............................. 76, 77
apostrophe ................................................ 51 Bottom Maximum ................................... 125
Apply parameters to rest of plot list ... 175 Bottom Minimum .................................... 125
applying differentiation ......................... 207 box ............................................................ 129
Approximate button ............................ 6 brackets ............................................. 72, 137
approximate computations ................... 230 branch ...................................................... 230
approximate mode ................................... 83 Branch ..................................................... 232
approximate step by step ........................ 88 bring embedded plots alive ..................... 56
approximation tools ................................. 83 Buchberger ................................................ 73
arbitrary number of digits ....................... 83 built-in functions ..................................... 187
area .......................................................... 212
aspect ratio ....................................... 31, 115 C
assignment expression ...................... 66, 96 C File ........................................................ 201
assignment operator .............................. 138 Calculus>Differentiate ........................... 205
Asterisk ................................................... 247 Calculus>Integrate ................................. 211
audit trail ................................................... 66 Calculus>Limit ................................ 104, 203
Author and Simplify button ................. 8 Calculus>Table ....................................... 110
Author Expression button .................. 4 Calculus>Vector ..................................... 109
Author Expression button .................. 8 cancellation ....................................... 90, 145
Author Matrix button ....................... 162 cannot integrate ...................................... 214
Author Vector button ...................... 153 case insensitive mode .............................. 65
Author>Expression ................................. 13 Case Sensitivity ................................ 66, 246
Author>Matrix ........................................ 162 catastrophic cancellation ......................... 90
Author>Vector ........................................ 153 cautious .................................................... 230
Auto Plot Color scheme ........................ 125 Center ......................................................... 26
automatic color cycling mode .............. 156 center coordinates .................................. 101
automatic renumbering ..................... 10, 52 Center Justify button ......................... 37
auto-paste .................................................. 36 Center on cross button ...................... 32
autoscale mode ...................................... 118 Center on origin button ..................... 32
avoid display ............................................. 72 change of sign ........................................... 33
avoid generation of duplicates ............. 197 change windows ....................................... 26
axes .......................................................... 129 Character mode ................................ 66, 246
axes labels ............................................... 103 character string ....................................... 188
axes titles ................................................ 107 circle ................................................... 68, 199
CIRCUMCIRCLE ........................................... 199
B circumscribed circle ............................... 196
back accent operator ` ........................... 164 clipart ....................................................... 243
background color ................................... 130 clipboard .................................... 54, 191, 201
backspace ........................................... 14, 15 Close button ....................................... 68
base of natural logarithm e ..................... 21 close window ............................................ 35
Basic File ................................................ 201 coefficient ................................................ 111
Binary ...................................................... 252 COL ............................................................ 166
Bold button ......................................... 37 Collect ...................................................... 144
books about DERIVE ............................... 261 colon-epsilon ........................................... 138
Kutzler & Kokol-Voljc: Introduction to DERIVE 5 271

colon-equals ........................................ 66, 96 decimal numbers .................................... 249

color ........................................................... 98 Declare>Function Definition ................ 193
Color by .................................................. 125 Declare>Input Settings .................... 66, 245
Command Toolbar ..................................... 3 Declare>Output Settings ......... 47, 246, 249
commands ................................................. 12 Declare>Simplification Set ..... 84, 144, 232
common denominator ............................. 60 Declare>Variable Domain ............. 136, 229
complex branch ...................................... 230 default ................................................ 68, 141
Complex factorization ............................. 60 default text font size ................................. 17
complex plotting mode .......................... 231 definite integral ....................................... 211
complex-valued function ....................... 229 DEG ............................................................ 147
Compressed ........................................... 247 degrees ............................................. 148, 155
computer clock ...................................... 254 Delete ....................................................... 122
computing time .......................................... 6 delete all plots ........................................... 98
Confucius ................................................ 244 delete expression ...................................... 60
conjecture ............................................... 229 Delete Object button .............. 10, 60, 98
conjunction ............................................... 77 delete text object ...................................... 16
connect points ................................ 155, 194 delete variable declaration expr. .......... 141
constants, famous .................................. 135 demo files ................................................ 261
constant-x grid curves ........................... 121 derivative ................................................. 206
constant-y grid curves ........................... 121 Derive Startup dialog ............................... 23
constrained optimization ........................ 77 determinant of matrix ............................ 164
contiguous objects ................................... 53 DfW file .................................................... 189
convenience ............................................ 203 dialog box .................................................. 13
convenient fast input ................................. 9 DIB File .................................................... 201
conversion constant ............................... 148 die ............................................................. 253
coordinate geometry .............................. 185 DIF ............................................................. 215
Copy button ........................................ 54 DIF_APPS.MTH ....................................... 207
correct input ............................................. 10 difference of sets .................................... 168
count number of digits .............................. 8 differential equation ............................... 216
crop rectangle ........................................... 33 differentiation ......................................... 205
Cross ......................................................... 26 Digits field ......................................... 84, 249
cross product .................................. 154, 158 digits of precision ..................................... 15
crosshair .................................................... 33 DIM ..................................................... 253, 259
cube ................................................. 118, 128 dimmed buttons ........................................ 14
cubic root ........................................ 229, 232 disguised subexpression .......................... 51
curve’s shape .......................................... 174 disjunction ................................... 75, 77, 236
Custom .................................................... 124 display large expressions ........................ 20
Cut button ............................................ 54 display of axes ......................................... 108
cylindrical coordinates .......................... 182 document mathematical work ................ 24
documentation ........................................ 146
D domain declaration ................................. 138
danger of approximate arithmetic ......... 90 dot operator ..................................... 154, 163
data matrix .............................................. 159 Double Click Feature ............................... 45
decide ........................................................ 87 double click on embedded plot ............... 30
decimal fractions ...................................... 83 drag line ..................................................... 51
272 Index

drag text field ......................................... 107 Expression Entry Toolbar ......................... 3

DSOLVE1_GEN ........................................... 216 expression font size .................................. 39
extent of expression ................................. 44
E extract element from list ......................... 72
e .................................................................. 21
edges of triangle ..................................... 194 F
Edit ........................................................... 122 factor polynomial ...................................... 59
edit DERIVE text ........................................ 15 factorial .................................................... 256
Edit>Copy ......................................... 54, 201 factory default ............... 1, 23, 245, 264, 265
Edit>Copy Plot Window ........................ 201 factory default box ................................. 117
Edit>Cut ............................................ 54, 201 factory default plot range ...................... 102
Edit>Delete ............................................... 60 factory default precision mode ............... 86
Edit>Delete All Annotations ................ 197 FALSE ........................................................... 65
Edit>Delete All Plots ....................... 98, 173 family member .......................................... 95
Edit>Derive Object ............................ 24, 78 family of curves ............................... 174, 217
Edit>Mark and Copy .............................. 201 family of lines .................................... 97, 112
Edit>Paste ................................................ 54 family of points ............................... 100, 102
Edit>Plot ......................................... 121, 123 family of tangents ................................... 210
Edit>Select All .......................................... 78 family of triangles ................................... 224
Edit>Undelete ........................................... 60 famous constants .................................... 135
Educator’s footnote .. 9, 11, 46, 64, 65, 93 File>Embed ............................................... 27
Educator’s footnote ........... 138, 143, 146 File>Exit ..................................................... 21
effect of using integer parameters ....... 174 File>Export .............................................. 201
Einstein ................................................... 135 File>Load>Data File ............................... 256
elapsed time .............................................. 90 File>Load>Demo File ............................. 261
ELEMENT ............................................. 72, 161 File>Load>Utility File ..................... 188, 193
ellipses ..................................................... 160 File>New .................................................... 54
embed plot window ................................. 27 File>Open .......................................... 55, 191
end of the document .............................. 191 File>Page Setup ..................................... 201
Ending Value .......................................... 109 File>Print ................................................. 201
enter and simplify ................................ 9, 11 File>Print Preview ............................ 38, 201
Enter key (¢) ........................................... 4 File>Save As ............................. 41, 189, 201
equation with infinitely many sol. .......... 65 File>Update ............................... 71, 108, 115
equation with no solution ....................... 65 File>Write ................................................ 201
equivalence transformations .................. 63 filter ............................................................ 92
equivalent .................................................. 87 Find Derivative button ...................... 205
exact precision mode .............................. 83 Find Integral button ........................... 211
exchange two windows ......................... 228 Find Limit button ...................... 104, 203
exit DERIVE ................................................ 21 finite sequence .......................................... 96
expand ............................................... 12, 145 FIT .............................................................. 159
expansion variables ................................. 47 fixpoint method ...................................... 257
explicit form ............................................. 70 flattened circle .......................................... 68
explicit solution ...................................... 217 floatable toolbars .................................... 244
exponentiation operator ........................... 7 floating point arithmetic ................ 139, 231
Expression display ................................ 247 focus ....................................................... 4, 11
Kutzler & Kokol-Voljc: Introduction to DERIVE 5 273

follow mode .............................................. 30 horizontal scroll bar ................................. 86

font ........................................................... 105 HOWOFTEN ................................................. 254
font color ................................................... 20 hyperbola ................................................... 70
Font Size ................................................... 16
Formatting Toolbar ....... 15, 37, 85, 113, 243 I
Fortran File ............................................. 201 i ................................................................... 21
four-function calculator ........................ 136 IF ....................................................... 200, 256
function as ordered pairs ...................... 169 imaginary component ..................... 139, 231
function definition ................................... 96 imaginary unit ........................................... 21
function invocations .............................. 187 implicit plot ................................. 70, 93, 235
function plots ............................................ 70 implicit solution ...................................... 217
functional programming ........................ 259 import numerical data ............................ 256
fundamental theorem of algebra .......... 232 inaccessible buttons ................................. 14
inactive window ........................................ 25
G increment button ...................................... 84
Gaussian elimination method ................. 73 incrementally rotated figures ................ 223
generic coefficient ................................. 112 indefinite integration .............................. 211
Gradient .................................................. 124 index variable ............................................ 96
graphical representation ......................... 24 inequalities ................................................ 73
graphics cross ................................... 27, 121 inequality in two variables ....................... 75
graphics square ........................................ 29 INF ..................................................... 104, 138
Greek letters ........................................... 145 infinity ...................................... 104, 138, 204
Greek Symbol Toolbar .................. 3, 12, 51 influence of parameter ........................... 177
grid ..................................................... 70, 122 initialization file ................................ 23, 264
grid intervals ........................................... 101 inner product ........................................... 154
grid point ........................................... 98, 114 Input Mode ........................................ 66, 245
grid size ........................................... 123, 131 Insert Annotation button ................. 105
Groebner-bases method .......................... 73 insert expression .............................. 49, 191
Insert Text button ................................. 6
H Insert>Annotation .......................... 105, 195
Help>Contents ....................................... 261 Insert>OLE Object .................................. 244
Help>Index ...................................... 165, 206 Insert>Plot ......................... 26, 126, 180, 238
heritage .................................................... 110 Insert>Text Object .................................... 14
Hexadecimal ........................................... 252 inside the sphere ..................................... 240
highlight contents of entry line ............... 11 inspect a graph .......................................... 27
highlight entire expression ..................... 45 INT ..................................................... 211, 216
highlight expression with mouse ............. 6 integers .................................................... 142
highlight multiple objects ........................ 52 integration ....................................... 205, 211
highlight text ............................................. 15 integration constant ............................... 211
highlight text object ................................. 16 interactive plot .......................................... 27
highlighting subexpression ..................... 43 interchange window positions .............. 157
holes ........................................................ 139 Internet Mailing List ............................... 261
horizontal drag line .................................. 51 interrupt ................................................... 259
horizontal length .................................... 101 INTERSECT ................................................. 189
horizontal line ................................... 97, 105 intersection of sets ................................. 168
274 Index

inverse function .............................. 226, 233 models ........................................................ 63

isolated points ................................ 194, 228 move cross ................................................. 28
ITERATE ..................................................... 257 move highlighting ........................................ 6
ITERATES ................................................... 257 move objects ............................................. 51
move the annotation ............................... 196
J multi-character variable names ................. 9
jagged ...................................................... 131 multi-line display .................................... 201
JPEG File ................................................ 201 multiple angles ........................................ 144
Multiplication Operator ......................... 248
L
label number ............................................... 4 N
labeled box .............................................. 117 named constants ..................................... 109
labels ............................................ 4, 195, 224 naming convention ................................. 187
least squares fit ....................................... 159 New button ........................................... 54
length of vector ...................................... 154 Newsletter ............................................... 261
LIM .................................................... 203, 215 noncontiguous objects ............................. 53
limit .................................................. 104, 203 nonnegative ............................................. 136
limitations ........................... 83, 87, 107, 234 nonreal valued function ......................... 228
LINE_ORTH ................................................ 187 nonsquare matrices ................................ 165
list .............................................................. 72 notation .................................................... 249
ln(0) ......................................................... 149 NSOLVE ......................................................... 91
logarithmic expressions ........................ 148 Number of Panels .......................... 123, 126
logical statement .................................... 151 Numerically radio button ......................... 91

M O
magnify .............................................. 31, 119 observation point .................................... 122
Magnify plot button .......... 119, 131, 240 odd multiples ........................................... 142
Math file .................................................. 188 ODE1.MTH ............................................... 216
Math Symbol Toolbar ............................ 3, 5 OLE Objects ............................................ 243
mathematical document .......................... 23 one-digit odd integers ............................. 169
mathematical identities ......................... 233 one-letter variables ................................. 245
matrix ............................... 100, 110, 161, 256 one-row matrices .................................... 190
matrix extraction ................................... 167 online help ............................................... 206
matrix inverse ......................................... 164 Open button ...................................... 191
matrix multiplication ............................. 163 open menu ................................................. 13
Matrix Operations .................................. 166 open window to full size .......................... 35
maximum color ...................................... 124 optimization ............................................... 77
memory requested ................................. 263 Options>Approximate BeforePlotting 103
menu .......................................................... 12 Options>Autoscale New Plots ..... 118, 128
Menu Bar ..................................................... 3 Options>Change Plot Color ........... 99, 173
MIDPOINT ................................................... 187 Options>Display ..................................... 128
million ........................................................ 86 Options>Display>Alignment of New O . 17
minimal restriction ................................. 137 Options>Display>Axes .................. 108, 141
minimum color ....................................... 124 Options>Display>Cross .......................... 28
Mode field ................................................. 84 Options>Display>Font of All Express .. 19
Kutzler & Kokol-Voljc: Introduction to DERIVE 5 275

Options>Display>Font of New Text ...... 17 Plot Expression button ..................... 26

Options>Display>Grids ........................ 115 Plot Parameters tab ............................... 123
Options>Display>Plot Color .................. 99 Plot Properties dialog ............................ 123
Options>Display>Points ........ 99, 155, 194 plot unsimplified expressions ............... 102
Options>Follow Cross ............................ 29 PLOTINT ..................................................... 212
Options>Hide Labels ............................ 224 point ........................................................... 98
Options>Plot Real and Imaginary P ... 229 point of intersection ............................... 189
Options>Printing>Expression Layout . 39 polar .................................................. 235, 236
Options>Printing>Header and Footer 224 polynomial ......................................... 56, 111
Options>Renumber Expression ............ 52 postfix equals .............................. 21, 82, 135
Options>Simplify Before Plotting ....... 102 POWER_SET ................................................ 169
Options>Startup ............................ 259, 265 powers of trig functions ......................... 145
Options>Trace Plots ....................... 28, 122 precision mode ........................................ 248
OR ......................................................... 67, 75 Precision section ...................................... 84
ordered pairs .......................................... 169 prime numbers ........................................ 160
orient the plot ......................................... 117 Principal ................................................... 232
oscillations ....................... 127, 133, 234, 235 print ............................................................ 40
outermost function ................................ 145 print annotations ...................................... 39
outermost operator ............................ 43, 45 print bold ................................................... 39
print computation times .......................... 39
P print preview ............................................. 38
parametric form ..................................... 172 print regular ............................................... 39
Parametric Plot Parameters ................. 174 procedural programming ................ 256, 259
parenthesis .............................................. 137 program ............................................ 188, 256
part of a circle ........................................ 172 programming languages ......................... 201
Pascal File .............................................. 201 progress bar/dialog box ........................... 90
Paste button ....................................... 54 Prompt to use factory default ...... 259, 263
pathnames ............................................... 263 prove .................................................. 87, 151
pattern ............................................. 216, 223 pseudo-random number generator ....... 252
percentage of memory used .................... 90
Percentage of physical memory ......... 263 Q
PERP_BISECTOR ......................................... 187 quadrant ........................................... 139, 150
perpendicular ......................................... 158 quartic equation ........................................ 91
perpendicular bisector .......................... 185 quintic equation ........................................ 90
perpendicular vector form .................... 185
persistent parentheses ....................... 43, 47 R
phase angle ............................................. 232 radian mode ............................................. 147
photograph .............................................. 243 Radical factorization ................................ 59
physical screen length ............................. 69 radix bases ....................................... 246, 251
pi .................................................... 13, 20, 83 Rainbow ........................................... 124, 127
pixels ......................................................... 69 RANDOM ..................................................... 252
plot ....................................................... 24, 74 random numbers ..................................... 252
plot a vector .............................................. 97 Rational factorization ............................... 59
Plot button ................................. 117, 126 Real .......................................................... 137
Plot Color tab ......................................... 124 real branch ............................................... 230
276 Index

real numbers ........................................... 142 Sensitive radio button ............................. 66

Real radio button ..................................... 92 Set 2D Aspect Ratio dialog ..................... 69
rectangular part of the screen .............. 201 Set Eye Position button ................... 120
recursive functions ................................ 256 Set range with box button ................. 33
remove highlighting ................................. 10 Set>Aspect Ratio ....... 69, 80, 172, 198, 240
rendering program ................................. 139 Set>Coordinate System ........ 182, 236, 237
replace a subexpression .......................... 50 Set>Eye Position .................................... 120
replace expression’s variables ................ 49 Set>Plot Range ..................... 30, 33, 99, 130
replace old expression with new one .... 24 Set>Plot Region ....................... 30, 101, 130
reposition annotation ............................ 107 sets ............................................................ 168
representations ......................................... 24 shaded area ................................................ 75
reset plot window .................................. 231 shallowest operator .................................. 44
resize embedded plot ......................... 31, 70 shift the function ..................................... 175
restore original view .............................. 120 show the equation ................................... 199
restore plot range ..................................... 30 shrink ....................................................... 119
restore scale factors ................................ 31 Shrink plot button ............................. 119
Right Justify button ........................... 37 simplification ........................................... 233
root functions ......................................... 232 Simplification Settings dialog ................ 83
Rotate down button .......................... 118 simplification tools ................................... 83
Rotate left button ............................. 118 Simplified Expressions ........................... 19
Rotate plots button .......................... 119 simplify a subexpression ......................... 47
Rotate right button ........................... 118 Simplify button .............................. 5, 135
Rotate up button ............................... 118 Simplify>Approximate ....................... 14, 83
rotate, ROTATE ................................. 118, 222 Simplify>Basic .................................. 13, 135
ROTATE_FIG .............................................. 222 Simplify>Expand ...................................... 12
rotation around x or y axis ................... 179 Simplify>Factor .................................. 59, 91
rotation control ...................................... 131 Simplify>Subexpression Substitution .. 51
rotation matrix ....................................... 221 Simplify>Variable Substitution .............. 49
round-off errors ........................ 88, 139, 231 Simpson’s rule ......................................... 215
ROW ........................................................... 166 simulate .................................................... 253
singularities ............................................. 150
S size of points ............................................. 99
scaffolding method .................................. 65 slow down ............................................... 123
scalar product ......................................... 154 smallest subexpression ............................ 45
Scale .......................................................... 26 Solution Domain field .............................. 92
Scheme ................................................... 124 Solution Method field .............................. 92
scientific notation .................................. 249 Solution Variables field ..................... 67, 73
screen images ......................................... 201 SOLUTIONS ................................................. 190
scroll bar ............................................. 85, 86 SOLVE ..................................... 36, 91, 151, 190
segment ................................................... 155 solve equation numerically ...................... 91
SELECT .............................................. 160, 253 solve equation step by step ...................... 63
select embedded plot ............................... 31 Solve Expression button ............. 36, 63
select variable ........................................... 48 solve polynomial equation ....................... 35
selected plot ............................................ 122 solve system of equations ........................ 71
semi-colons ..................................... 162, 190 Solve>Expression .................................... 36
Kutzler & Kokol-Voljc: Introduction to DERIVE 5 277

Solve>System .......................... 71, 159, 190 too many windows ................................... 68

sphere ...................................................... 236 toolbars .................................................... 244
spherical plot .......................................... 236 Top Maximum ......................................... 125
spiral staircase ........................................ 177 Top Minimum .......................................... 125
square brackets ................................ 72, 137 touch ........................................................ 240
square root ............................................ 5, 11 trace curve ............................................... 121
Start menu .................................................. 3 trace mode ......................................... 28, 120
Starting Value ........................................ 109 trace mode does not work ....................... 70
Status Bar .................................................... 3 Trace Plots button .............. 28, 120, 122
steeper intersections ............................... 33 Tracing Toolbar ...................................... 121
step size ............................................. 96, 109 Transformation Direction ...................... 144
stepwise approximation .......................... 88 transformation rule ................................ 136
stepwise computations ............................ 47 translation ................................................ 175
stepwise simplification .......................... 146 transpose of matrix ................................ 164
stop rotation ........................................... 120 triangle, TRIANGLE .................... 193, 195, 221
stop tracing ............................................. 122 Trig Powers ..................................... 144, 145
structure of expressions .......................... 43 trigonometric collect mode ................... 145
SUB ............................................................ 161 trigonometric identities ......................... 142
subexpressions ......................................... 43 Trigonometry .......................................... 144
subscript .................................................... 96 trigonometry expansion mode .............. 145
substitution ............................................... 49 Trivial factorization .................................. 60
subtract 2x ................................................ 63 TRUE ............................................................ 65
suffix .......................................................... 41 turn axes off ............................................ 141
summation theorem ............................... 144 two-sided limit ........................................ 203
surfaces in three dimensions ................ 117
syntactical replace operation ................. 51 U
syntax error ................................................ 5 undo command ......................................... 60
system of equations ................................. 71 undo variable declaration ...................... 141
system of inequalities .............................. 78 union of sets ............................................ 168
unique ....................................................... 234
T unnamed worksheet ................................. 41
TABLE ........................................................ 109 unselect expression ................................ 191
tabs ............................................................ 55 unselect plot ............................................. 123
tangent ..................................................... 206 unselect variable ....................................... 48
tangent plane .......................................... 124 unsimplified expressions ................. 19, 102
TARGA File ............................................. 201 unwrap ....................................................... 86
template .................................................. 207 update plot object ..................................... 70
term ordering .............................................. 9 User Group .............................................. 261
term structure ........................................... 44 user-defined color scheme .................... 122
text editing mode ........................... 7, 14, 15 user-defined functions ........................... 187
text object ................................................... 7 utility files ................................ 207, 259, 263
THROWS ..................................................... 253
TIFF File .................................................. 201 V
tile windows .............................................. 25 variable domains ..................................... 136
Titlebar .................................... 8, 29, 41, 189 variable names ............................................ 9
278 Index

variable ordering ................................ 47, 67 Window>New 2D plot Window ............... 25

Variable Substitution button .... 49, 136 Window>New 3D-plot Window ..... 132, 179
VECT2D ...................................................... 156 Window>Tile Vertically ............................ 25
VECT3D ...................................................... 157 Window>View Toolbars .......................... 15
VECTOR ........................................ 95, 160, 210 Window>View Toolbars>Formatting T . 37
Vector dimension .................................. 153 word mode ......................................... 66, 246
vertical length ......................................... 101 worksheet .................................................... 4
vertical scroll bar ..................................... 85 Wrap button ........................................ 86
View ....................................................... 3, 11
visualize ..................................... 93, 117, 155 Z
Zoom in button ............................ 31, 127
W Zoom out button ................. 31, 133, 213
window type ............................................. 25 Zoom vertical in button ...................... 31
Window>Display Tabs ............................ 55 Zoom vertical out button ............ 31, 213
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