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Circular Functions PDF

This document defines and describes the key properties of circular functions including sine, cosine, and tangent. It discusses how their graphs can be transformed through vertical and horizontal shifts, as well as stretching and shrinking. It also covers the periodicity and domains of these functions, how to find their minimums, maximums, and stationary points, and provides examples of how to sketch their graphs.

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Shane Rajapaksha
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
13K views

Circular Functions PDF

This document defines and describes the key properties of circular functions including sine, cosine, and tangent. It discusses how their graphs can be transformed through vertical and horizontal shifts, as well as stretching and shrinking. It also covers the periodicity and domains of these functions, how to find their minimums, maximums, and stationary points, and provides examples of how to sketch their graphs.

Uploaded by

Shane Rajapaksha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Circular Functions

Sine Function
𝑓(𝑥) = sin(𝑥) 𝑎>0 𝑎<0

Transformed
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 sin 𝑛(𝑥 − 𝑏) + 𝑐

Cosine Function
𝑓(𝑥) = cos(𝑥) 𝑎>0 𝑎<0

Transformed
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 cos 𝑛(𝑥 − 𝑏) + 𝑐

Transforming the Graph of Sine to the Graph of Cosine


𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Since cos(𝑥) = sin ⎯⎯− 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥 − ⎯⎯ = sin 𝑥 + ⎯⎯ ,
2 2 2
The graph of cosine is a
• reflection in the 𝑦-axis and translation of 𝜋⁄2 units right of the graph of sine.
• reflection in the 𝑥-axis and translation of 𝜋⁄2 units right of the graph of sine.
• translation of 𝜋⁄2 units left of the graph of sine.

Periodicity of Sine and Cosine


The period of sin(𝑥) and cos(𝑥) is 2𝜋 as it takes a revolution of a circle to repeat the values of sine and cosine.
2𝜋
For sin(𝑛𝑥) and cos(𝑛𝑥) , 𝑛 × period = 2𝜋 ⇒ period = ⎯⎯⎯. That is, there is 𝑛 loops of sine or cosine in 2𝜋.
𝑛

Stationary Points Maximums Minimums


Sine and cosine have maximum values of +1 and minimum values of −1, 𝑐 + 𝑎 for 𝑎 > 0 𝑐 − 𝑎 for 𝑎 > 0
however, these will change under transformations. By substituting the 𝑐 − 𝑎 for 𝑎 < 0 𝑐 + 𝑎 for 𝑎 < 0
sine or cosine with ±1 the maximum and minimums can be determined.
The value of 𝑥 when the maximum and minimum occurred can then be found by solving the appropriate
equation where sine or cosine is equal to +1 or −1.

Example VCAA 2011 Exam 1 Question 3a


𝜋𝑥
The range and period of the function ℎ: 𝑅 → 𝑅, ℎ(𝑥) = 4 + 3 cos ⎯⎯⎯ .
2
𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥 2𝜋
−1 ≤ cos ⎯⎯⎯ ≤ 1 ⇒ −3 ≤ 3 cos ⎯⎯⎯ ≤ 3 ⇒ 1 ≤ 4 + 3 cos ⎯⎯⎯ ≤ 7 period = ⎯⎯⎯ = 4
2 2 2 𝜋/2
Therefore, the range is [1,7].

Sketching Sinusoidal Curves (Sine and Cosine Graphs)


𝜋 3𝜋 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑛(𝑥 − 𝑏) + 𝑐
1) Determine the values of 𝑥 such that 𝑛(𝑥 − 𝑏) = 0, ⎯⎯, 𝜋, ⎯⎯⎯, 2𝜋.
2 2
2𝜋
You can alternatively divide the period ⎯⎯⎯into 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 quarters.
𝑛
2) Determine the minimum, mean, and maximum values of the sine curve by
substituting sin 𝑛(𝑥 − 𝑏) or cos 𝑛(𝑥 − 𝑏) with −1, 0, 1 respectively.
You can add more points by using exact values where necessary.
3) Plot the appropriate points using the unit circle to help. 𝑦 = 𝑎 cos 𝑛(𝑥 − 𝑏) + 𝑐
4) Determine any 𝑥-intercepts by making 𝑦 = 0. Plot them.
5) Consider the domain you are sketching for and repeat the points using the period.
6) Join the points with a smooth sinusoidal curve.

Tangent Function 𝑎>0 𝑎<0


Tangent Function 𝑎>0 𝑎<0
𝑓(𝑥) = tan(𝑥)

Transformed
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 tan 𝑛(𝑥 − 𝑏) + 𝑘

Periodicity of Tangent
𝜋
The period of tan(𝑥) is 𝜋. For tan(𝑛𝑥) , 𝑛 × period = 𝜋 ⇒ period = ⎯⎯. That is, there is 𝑛 loops of tangent in 𝜋.
𝑛

Asymptotes and Domain of the Tangent Function


sin(𝑥) 𝜋 3𝜋
Since tan(𝑥) = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯, whenever cos(𝑥) = 0, tan(𝑥) is undefined. cos(𝑥) = 0 when 𝑥 = ⎯⎯, ⎯⎯⎯, using the
cos(𝑥) 2 2
periodicity of cosine we get more solutions by adding and subtracting 2𝜋.
𝜋 3𝜋
More simply, since ⎯⎯and ⎯⎯⎯are 𝜋 apart, using tangent's periodicty of 𝜋, more values of 𝑥 where tangent
2 2
is undefined can be obtained by adding and subtracting 2𝜋.

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
tan(𝑛𝑥) is undefined when 𝑥 = ⎯⎯⎯and also when adding and subtracting the period of ⎯⎯to ⎯⎯⎯.
2𝑛 𝑛 2𝑛

The domain can be written using unions of each period of tangent, or using a set rejection.
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
For 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋, the domain of tan(𝑥) is 0, ⎯⎯ ∪ ⎯⎯, ⎯⎯⎯ ∪ ⎯⎯⎯, 2𝜋 or [0,2𝜋] ∖ ⎯⎯, ⎯⎯⎯ .
2 2 2 2 2 2
Similar can be done for the domain of tan(𝑛𝑥).

Stationary Points
There are no stationary points for tangent. Be careful when sketching the tangent curve that you do not make
it horizontal at the mean value. There is a point of inflection but it is not stationary (horizontal).

Example VCAA Modified 2008 Exam 2 Question 18


𝜋
Let 𝑓: 0, ⎯⎯ → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = tan(4𝑥) + 1. The graph of 𝑓 is transformed by a reflection in the 𝑥-axis followed by a
2
dilation of factor 4 from the 𝑦-axis. The resulting graph is defined by 𝑔

𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 𝜋
(𝑥, 𝑦) → (𝑥, −𝑦) → (4𝑥, −𝑦), 𝑥 = 4𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = ⎯⎯, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ ⎯⎯⇒ 0 ≤ ⎯⎯ ≤ ⎯⎯⇒ 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋
4 2 4 2
𝑥
𝑔(𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) = −(tan(4𝑥) + 1) = − tan(4𝑥) − 1, 𝑔(𝑥 ) = − tan 4 ⎯⎯ − 1 = − tan(𝑥 ) − 1
4

∴ 𝑔: [0, 2𝜋] → 𝑅, 𝑔(𝑥) = −1 − tan(𝑥)

Sketching Tangent Graphs


𝜋 𝜋 𝑦 = 𝑎 tan 𝑛(𝑥 − 𝑏) + 𝑐
1) Sketch the asymptotes for 𝑛(𝑥 − 𝑏) = − ⎯⎯and 𝑛(𝑥 − 𝑏) = ⎯⎯
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
2) Determine the values of 𝑥 such that 𝑛(𝑥 − 𝑏) = ⎯⎯0, ⎯⎯.
4 4
𝜋
You can alternatively divide the period ⎯⎯into − 1, 0, 1 quarters then add 𝑏.
𝑛
3) Determine 𝑦-coordinates of the tangent curve by substituting tan(𝑛𝑥) with
− 1, 0, 1 respectively. Plot the points.
You can add more points by using exact values where necessary.
4) Determine any 𝑥-intercepts by making 𝑦 = 0. Plot them.
5) Consider the domain you are sketching for and repeat the points using the period.
6) Join the points between the asymptotes with a smooth curve.

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