Animal Kingdom

Body symmetry
 Assymetrical- an assymetrical body cannot be cut into two similar halves from any
plane. Ex- amoeba, sponges & snails.
 Symmetrical- a symmetrical body can be cut into similar halves by one or more
planes these are of the three types-
(A)spherical symmetry- a body can be cut into two similar halves by any plane that
passes through the center. Ex- volvox.
(B)Radial symmetry- the body can be divided into two equal halves in any plane
passing through the middle, from top to bottom (no left-right or front or back). Ex
hydra, starfish.
(C)Bilateral symmetry- the body can be divided into two similar halves only in one
plane that passes through the median axis (annelida).
Note: head and tail (anterior and posterior), front and back (dorsal & ventral)
 Cephalization- formation of head at the anterior end with the development of
sensory appendages is called cephalization it started from phylem annelida.
 Germ layers- germ layers are developed by the reorganization of cells of blastula
during gastrula stage. All tissue and organs of an adult animal develop from the
germ layers. They may be two or three in numbers.
(A) Diploblastic- animals with two germ layers ectoderm & endoderm, are called
diploblastic animals. Ex- coelentrata.
(B) Triploblastic-animals with three germs layers ectoderm, mesoderm & endoderm are
called triploblastic.
Embryo development begins
with a sperm fertility an egg to
become a zygote which
undergoes many cleavages to
develop into a ball of cells called
a morula it becomes blastula
which help in the form of
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gastrula (by the process of gastrulation) in which the germ layer of the embryo form.
Phylum porifera (pore bearing animals)

 Animals of this phylum are sessile, fixed, and plant like, known as sponges.
 Body is cylindrical, asymmetrical, having cellular level of organization.
 Sponges are diploblastic animals i.e. cells are loosely arrange into two layers.
 The body surface has many small pores called ostia. They open into chambers or
canals. Mostly sponges are marine.
 The central space of hollow cylindrical body is called spongocoel.it opens to the
exterior by a large osculum.
 Water current enters the spongocoel through ostia and passes out through osculum
 Ostia and osculum help in getting food and respiration and excretory waste from
the body.
 Choanocytes or collared cells are found only in porifera, they maintain the flow of
water current in and out by the movement of their flagella.
 Asexual reproduction takes place by budding and gemmule formation.
 Ex- sycon, hyalonema (glass sponges), euplectella (venus flower basket),
spongella(fresh water sponge), euspongia (bath sponge).
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Phylum coelenterate/cnidarian (blind sac
body plan)
 Cnidarians are radially symmetrical organism with
blind sac-like body plan.
 Tissue level of organization.
 Animals are diploblastic it is made up of two layers-
ectoderm and endoderm.
 The hollow space inside the body is known as gastrovascular cavity. Its opening acts
as mouth and anus.
 Food is taken in and undigested food is passed out through the same opening.
 Animals are called zooids these occur in two forms polyp and medusa.
 The polyps are cylindrical, fixed, asexual, and nutritive forms. These reproduce
asexually.
 The medusa in umbrella shaped, free swimming and sexual form.
 Cnidarians have tentacles with special stinging cells called nematoblast &
cnidoblasts. They are found only in cnidarian and are used for defence and for
capturing prey.
 Cnidarians are all marine except hydra, the only fresh water cnidarian.
 Ex- hydra, Aurelia (jelly fish), physalia (Portuguese man of war), corallium (red coral)
metridium (sea anemone).
Phylum Platyhelminthes
 Platyhelminthes (G.k: platy=flat+helminthes=worm) are triploblastic acoelomates.
 Body is bilaterally symmetrical, flattened and ribbon shaped or leaf like animals.
 Flatworms show organ system level of organization.
 These have suckers and hooks for attachement to the host.
 Body cavity is absent so they also called solid worms.
 They have excretory, nervous and highly complex reproductive system.
 Digestive system absent or incomplete.
 Circulatory or respiratory system are absent.
 Respiration is anaerobic becoz parasites do not get free oxygen.
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 Excretory system has special cells called flame cells.
 Flatworms are bisexual or hermaphrodite i.e. both male and female organs are
present in some animals.
 Ex- planaria- free living animal, fasciola- the liver fluke (found in bile passage of
sheep), schistosoma- blood fluke (lives in human blood), taenium solium- tape
worm (lives in the intestine): do not have alimentary canal because they live in
intestine and absorb predigested food by these body surface.
 Phylum nemathelminthes or nematode (round worms)

 Nemathelminthes (G.k- nema=thread + helminth=worm) includes round worm and
thread worm, there are more than 15000 known species of round worm.
 Except a few parasitic nematodes, these are minute or small organism.
 The body is cylindrical and tapering at the two ends. It is not differentiated into
head head and trunk.
 These are bilaterally symmetrical and psuedocoelomate animals.
 The body is covered by a tough cuticle, resistant to digestive juice.
 Mostly free living and some are parasitic, in plants or animals.
 They have digestive, reproductive, nervous and excretory system but they do not
have distinct circulatory and respiratory system
 Sexes are separates, male and female worms have different appearance.
 Ex- ascaris (round worm):- a parasite in human intestine (in children), wuchereria or
filaria (filarial worm) lives in lymphatic vessels and cause irritation near anal
aperture, trichinella and cause a disease called trichinosis i.e. disease caused by
eating meat that has not been cooked).
 Economic importance
o Nematodes are used as biological control agent to control the population of pest
insects like mosquitoes.
o Nematodes are also used as indicator of soil health i.e. biological properties of soil.
Phylum annelida (segmented worm)
 Annelids (G.k-annulus=ring+idos=form) are true segmented worm.
 They are soft and long cylindrical body, divided into ring like segment called annuli.
 Body is triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical & metamerically segmented.
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 They have true body cavity & coelom. Body wall is soft and moist. Cuticle is thin and
exoskeleton is absent.
 Each segment of the body has five chitinous bristles (a short stiff hair that feel
rough) called the setae. They help in locomotion. Nereis has parapodia for
locomotion. Respiration by gills or skin.
 Excretory organs are long and excretory organs are well developed.
 Ex- pheretima (earthworm), nereis (clam worm), hirudinaria (leech).
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Animal Kingdom

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Animal Kingdom

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Body symmetry

Phylum porifera (pore bearing animals)

 Phylum nemathelminthes or nematode (round worms)

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