18: 7752 (Part 1) - 1975 . ( Reaffirmed 2001 ) Indian Standard GUIDE FOR IMPROVEMENT OF POWER FACTOR IN CONSUMERS’ INSTALLATIONS PART | LOW AND MEDIUM SUPPLY VOLTAGES (Fifth Reprint APRIL 1997 ) UDC 621.316.727.027.2 © Copyright 1975 BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG NEW DELHI 110002 Gr4 December 197518; 7752 ( Part 1) - 1975 (ieaffrmed 1996) Indian Standard GUIDE FOR IMPROVEMENT OF POWER FACTOR IN CONSUMERS’ INSTALLATIONS PART | LOW AND MEDIUM SUPPLY VOLTAGES Code of Practice for Power Installation and Maintenance Sectional Committee, ETDC 20 Chairman Representing Sunt K, S, SusRAuMANvaM Central Electricity Authority, New Delhi Members Sut N. S. S, AROKIASWAMY Tamil Nadu Electricity Board, Madras Sunt N. TYAGARAAN (Alternate ) Sunt V. C. Baar Electrical Engineer to the Government of Maha- rashtra, Bombay Sumi B. L, Desupane ( Alternate ) Sunt V. S. Buatia Siemens India Ltd, Bombay ‘Susu M. A. Noorupis ( Alternate ) Sunt K. K. Bose, ‘The Cateutta Electric Supply Corporation Ltd, calcutta Suet A. Cuarrenyee ( Alternate) SuarN. N. CHAKRABORTY Government of West Bengal, Caleutta Sur K. V. Crtavn: Federation of Electricity Undertakings of India, jombay. gm B,G, Ain (Alternate) co co Ltd, Bombs junr Rags Ray Cuavpauat ingineering Construction Corporation Ltd, Bomba: SunrL E,D? Cnvz (Altenate) "Pe Y Cuuzr Exonvaen (Etecratcrry) “Mysore State Electricity Board, Bangalore yENERAL, . Carer | Elacraicat, | Enotenn, Railway Board ( Ministry of Railways), New Delhi Deputy Dinzcror Sranpanos (Eueararcat I, RDSO ) ( Alternate) Suer H, M. Desat ‘The Bombay Electric Supply and Transport Under- taking, Bombay Sunt D. M, Vatoua ( Alternate ) Dinecror (HED 1) Central Electricity Authority, New Delhi ‘Depury Dirzcror (HED 1) ( Altemate ) Suet K. K. Gurra ‘Jyoti Litnited, Baroda Sunt K, W. Duarwanunxant ( Alternate } ( Continued on poge 2) © Copyright 1975 BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS This publication it protested under the Ton Copright dct (XIV of 1957) and loctign ia whole or in part by any means except with written permission af the Dablahor shall be desooed tobe an ltcageoeat ef copseght under the said ActIS: 7752 (Part 1) - 1975 { Continued from page 1) Menbers Representing Mee HaMeEn Chief Electrical Inspector to the Government of “Tamil Nadu, Madras Swat Mon Suet RT, Hamsear, Maharashtra State Electricity Board, Bombay Suat RD, Jane Rural Electrification Corporation, New Delhi Sunt V. A. Krastwaworrit Central Public Works Department, New Delhi Suat A. Rajacorat, ( Altemate ) Suni V..G. Kouearst ‘Tata Consulting Engineers, Bombay Sun RC. Bayar ( Alternate) Suni J.D. Manor, Punjab State Fiectricity Board, Patiala Suat'S.V. Manvatra Tariff Advisory Committee (Insurance Association ‘of India ), Bombay ‘Suet M, L, Mrrrat. Bharat Heavy Electricals Ld, Bhopal ‘Sut K, C, Laser ( Alternate ) sant K, PLR. Piitat ‘The Fact Engineering and Design Oreanization, Udyogamandal Suni T. K. Maritew Varpyax (Alternate ) Sunt. 8. Racuawan Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch, Army Headquarters, New Delhi Suri K,N. Naperr ( Alternate) Sure], C, Saxceee Delhi Electric Supply Undertaking, Delhi Sunt B. 8. Savweney (Alternate) Sunt Sat Chief Electrical Inspector to the Government of Punjab, Patiala esto Assisraxt 10 Cier Eurcrnrcat, Ixsexctor ( Alierate) Suet K, G. SHawwukuarra NGEE Ltd, Bangalore Sma A. N.Srevarasa ( Alternate) De TG. Sioaas Chief Electrical Inspector to the Government of Kerala, Trivandrum Suni K. Sconagaran Nate Kerala State Electricity Board, Trivandrum ‘Suitr R. A. Supramonta Tver (Alternate ) Suet G, N. Tatapaxt Engineers India Lad, New Delhi Sunt S. K. Sieanna ( Altemate ) Sunt N. Stuxtvasa, Director General, IST (Ex-offcio Member) Director (Elee tech ) Secretary Sui R. C. Jans Deputy Director (Elec tech ), IST181 7752 ( Part 1) - 1975 Indian Standard GUIDE FOR IMPROVEMENT OF POWER FACTOR IN CONSUMERS’ INSTALLATIONS PART | LOW AND MEDIUM SUPPLY VOLTAGES 0. FOREWORD O41 This Indian Standard (Part 1) was adopted by the Indian Standards Institution on 14 August 1975, after the draft finalized by the Code of Practice for Power Installations and Maintenance Sectional Committee had been approved by the Electrotechnical Division Council. 0.2 This standard (Part I) has been prepared with a view to providing guidance to the consumers of electrical energy who take supply at low and medium voltage for improvement of power factor of the installations in their premises. The subsequent part of this standard will cover installa- tions of consumers of electrical energy who take supply at high voltage. 0.3 The various advantages of maintaining a high power factor of a system reflects on the national economy of a country. ‘The available resources are utilized to its fullest possible extent. More useful power is available for transmission and utilisation without any extra cost. Also the life of indivi- dual apparatus is considerably increased and the energy losses reduced. 1, SCOPE 1.1 This standard ( Part I) provides guidance to the consumers of electric energy who take supply at low and medium voltages for improvement of power factor of the installations in their premises. 2, TERMINOLOGY 2.1 For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in IS: 2834 1964* shall apply. 3. GENERAL 3.1 Conditions of supply of Electricity Boards or Licensees stipulate the lower limit of power factor which is generally 0-85 and consumer is obliged “*Specification for shunt capacitors for power systems, 3IS: 7752 (Part 1) ~1975 to improve and maintain the power factor of his installation to conform to this conditions. 3.1.1 When the tariffs of Electricity Boards and the Licensees are based on kVA demand or kW demand with suitable penalty /rebate for low/high power factor, improvement in the power factor would effect savings in the energy bills, 3.2 Power factor is dependant largely on consumers’ apparatus and partly on system components such as transformers, cables, transmission lines, etc. System components have fixed parameters of inductance, capacitance and resistance. The choice of these components to bring up the power fa depends on economics. tor 3.3 In case of ac supply, the total current taken by almost every item of lectrical equipment, except that of incendescent lighting and most forms of resistance heating, is made up of two parts, namely : a) the in-phase component of the current (active or usefull current ) which is utilized for doing work or producing heat, and b) the quadrature component of the current (also called ‘idle’ or ‘reactive? current) and used for creating magnetic field in the machinery or apparatus. ‘This component isnot convertible into useful output. 4, POWER FACTOR 4.1 The majority of ac electrical machines and equipment draw from the supply and apparent power (kVA) which exceeds the required useful power (KW). This is due to the reactive power (kVAR) necessary for alternating magnetic field. ‘The ratio of useful power (kW) to apparent power (kVA) is termed the power factor of the load. The reactive power is indispensable and constitutes an additional demand on the system. 4.2 The power factor indicates the portion of the current in the system performing useful work. A power factor of unity (100 percent ) denotes 100 percent utilisation of the total current for useful work whereas a power factor of 0°70 shows that only 70 percent of the current is performing useful work, 4.3 Economics of Power Factor Improvement 4.3.1 Static capacitors, also called static condensers, when installed at or near the point of consumption, provide necessary capacitive reactive power and relieve distribution system before the point of its installation from carrying the inductive reactive power to that extent. 4.3.2 The use of static capacitors is an economical way of improving power factor on account of their comparatively low cost, ease of installation, less maintenance, low losses and the advantage of extension by addition of 418 +7752 (Part I) - 1975 requisite units to meet the load growth, Installation of capacitors also improves the voltage regulation and reduces amperes loading and energy losses in the supply apparatus and lines. 4.3.3 When considering the economics connected with power factor correction, it is most important to remember that any power factor improving equipment will, in general, compensate for losses. and lower the loadings on supply equipment, that is, cables, transformers, switchgear, generating plant, etc. 4.34 The minimum permissible power factor prescribed in the condi- tions of supply of Electricity Boards or Licensees and the reduction in charges offered in supply tariffs for further improvement of power factor shall, along with other considerations such as reduction of losses, etc, deter- mine the EVAR capacity of the capacitors to be installed. 4.3.5 In case of two part tariff with kVA demand charged, the value of economic improved power factor (Cos ¢,) may be obtained as follows: Let the tariff be Rs 4 per kVA of maximum demand per annum plus Rs 2 per kWh Cos 1 is the initial power factor, Cos #2 is the improved power factor after installing the capacitors ‘The economic power factor Gos ¢, is obtained from the exp: Cos fy = / 1-= Bis the total cost per KVAR per year of capacitor installation inclusive of interest, depreciation and maintenance. Nore —The explanation for the derivation of the formula for economic power factor Gos dg is given in Appendix A. ion where 4.4 Principal Causes of Low Power Factor 4.4.1 The following electrical equipment and apparatus have a low power factor: a) Induction motors of all types particularly when they are underloaded; b) Power transformers and voltage regulators; ©) Are welders; 4) Induction furnaces and heating coils; ©) Choke coils and magnetic systems; £) Fluorescent and discharge lamps, neon signs, etc. 5181.7752 (Part 1) - 1975, 44.2 The principal cause of a low power factor is due to the reactive power flowing in the circuit. The reactive power depends on the inductance and capacitance of the apparatus. 4.4,3 The relationship between the voltage and current and the effect of use of capacitor is expressed graphically as below: y or gc or surpy | (Sa0. CAPACITORS OF = Load current 0G = Capacitor current OT =Total resultant line current OV = Mains voltage 1 = Angle of lag of current without capacitor a= Angle of lag of current with capacitor 4.44 In the diagram, OV represents the mains voltage, and OI the current flowing in an inductive ac circuit such as one supplying a motor or transformer. ‘The current vector OF is displaced from the voltage vector OY by the angle dy. This is designated as the angle of lag of the current. This angle increases as the inductance of the load circuit is increased. The larger this angle of lag becomes, the lower is the power factor of the circuit, the power factor being equal to the cosine of the angle of lag ( Gos ¢3). 4.4.5 If now a capacitor is connected across the same circuit, it will draw a current which leads the voltage in phase. This is represented by vector OC drawn at 90° to OF since the capacitors take a leading current of 90°. 4.4.6 The resultant line current is the vector sum of the two currents OF and OC which is the vector OT. Vector OT is smaller than vector OF which means that the total current drawn from the mains is reduced by connecting the capacitor across the circuit. And since the angle of lag 2 is smaller than ¢; the Cos ¢, is greater than Cos ¢,, the power factor has | been improved by adding the capacitor. 4.5 Effect of Power Factor to Consumer 4.5.1 The disadvantages of low power factor are as follows: a) Overloading of cables and transformers, 618: 7752 (Part 1) - 1975 b) Decresed line voltage at point of app c) Incfficient operation of plant, and d) Penal power rates sation, 4.5.2 The advantages of high power factor are as follows a) Reduction in the current; b) Reduction in power costs c) Reduced losses in the transformers and cables; 4) Lower loading of transformers, switchgears, cables, etc; e) Increased capability of the power system (additional load can be met without additionat equipment ); f) Improvement in voltage conditions and apparatus performance; and g) Reduction in voltage dips caused by welding and similar equip- ‘ment. 5. USE OF CAPACITORS 5.1 In order to improve the power factor, the consumer shall install capacitors where the natural power factor of his installation is lov 52 The average valucs of the power factor for different types of S-phase electrical installations as measured by one of the major utilities in the country is given in Table 1 for information. 5.2.1 The average values of power factors for electrical appliances and equipment used on single phase supply are also given in Table 2 for information. 5.3 Capacitors for power factor improvement may be arranged as described. in 6.4 to 6.7, The successful operation of power factor improvement depends very largely on the positioning of the capacitor on the system. Ideal conditions are achieved when the highest power factor is maintained under all load conditions. 5.4 Individual Compensation — Wherever possible the capacitor should be connected directly across the terminals of the low power factor appliance or equipment, This ensures the control to be automatic through the same switching devices of the apparatus or appliance. 5.5 Group Compensation — In industries where a large number of small motors or other appliances and machines are installed and whose operation is periodical it is economical to dispense with individual installa- tion of capacitors. A bank of capacitors may be installed to connect them to the distribution centre or main bus-bars of the group of machines. 718: 7752 ( Part 1) - 1975 se No. a SEESRF ERE Seen oesene 20. 21. 2, 23, 24, 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. al. 32. 33, 34, TABLE 1 POWER FACTOR FOR THREE PHASE ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS: ‘Tyee oF INSTALLATION @) Gold storage and fisheries Cinemas Metal pressing Confectionery Dyeing and printing ( Textile) Plastic moulding Film studios Newspapers Heavy engineering works Rubber extrusion and moulding Pharmaceuticals Oil and paint manufacturing Silk mills Biscuit factory Printing press Food products ‘Laundries Flour Mill Gas works ‘Tent mill Oil mit Woollen mills Potteries Cigarette manufacturing Cotton press Foundries ‘Tiles and Mosaic Structural engineering. Chemicals Municipal pumping stations Oil terminals ‘Telephone exchange Rolling mills Irrigation pumps (Clause 5.2 ) Narurat Power Factor 3) 0°76 to 0:80 0°78 to 0-80 0°57 © 072 077 0:60 to 0°87 0°57 to 073 0-65 t0 074 0-58 0-48 t0 0°75 ose. 0-75 10 0:86 051 to 0-69 0:58 to 068 0-60 0°65 £0 0°75 0-63 0-92 ost 087 0-86 051 t0 059 0-70 O61 0-80 0°63 to 068 059 ol 0°53 to 0°68 0-72 100-87 0°65 to. 075 0-64 to. 0°83 0°66 10 0-80 0-72 to 0°60 0°50 to 0-701817752 (Part 1) - 1975 TABLE 2 POWER FACTOR FOR SINGLE PHASE ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES AND EQUIPMENT (Clause 5.2.1) St Appuiance/Equipwent Power Ourrur Average NATURAL No. ~*~ “Power Factor ‘Minimum Maximum ay @ (3) (a) 8) ow) Ww) Neon sign, 0 5.000 05 00°55 . Window typeair conditioners 750 2.000% 0-75 10 0-85 0°68 t0 0-82 0°62 to 0°65, 3. Hair dryers 150 2000 07 08 4, Liguidiser 150 450 08 5. Mixer 150 350 08 6. Coffee grinder 200 400 7. Refrigerator 200 ‘800 0-65 8. Freezer 600 1000 07 9. Shaver 80 250 06 10, Table fan 25 120 05 1006 11. Ceiling fan 60 100 05 t007 12, Cabin fan 5 100 05 006 13, Exhaust fan 150 350 06 t007 14. Sewing machine 80 120 07 008 15, Washing machine 300 450 06 t07 16, Radio 25 100 08 17, Night lamp 10 15 os 18, Vacuum cleaner 200 450 o7 19, Tube light 40 100 05 20, Clock 5 10 09 * Start dropping when compressor motor not in circuit. 5.6 Central Compensation — Capacitors may also be installed at a central point, that is, at the incoming supply or service position. In order to overcome problems of drawing leading currents on light loads, these capacitors may be operated manually or automatically as required. The automatic control is preferred as it eliminates human errors. Automatic operation may be arranged by means of suitable relays in which a contac- tor controls the capacitor bank and maintains the correct amount of KVAR in the circuit. 5.7 The methods of connecting power factor capacitors to supply line and motors is given in Fig, I and 2.18: 7752 ( Part 1) « 1975 To {= } STARTER TO STAR DELTA STARTER Le a Fic. 1 Merons or Conyectine Caractrors ror IMPROVEMENT OF Power Factor to Motors T sovaron swircn \=\" fo Be oPenea at no coRcUT BREAKER, onoue orenarion) CONTACTOR,OR FUSE SWITCH, aS, RECOMMENDED. (SUITABLE FOR HRC FUSE ‘GROUP OPERATION! E I Lew] Fic. 2. Mreruons or Connectino Capacitors For IMPROVEMENT OF Power Factor To Surry Line 103S: 7752 ( Part 1) - 1975 5.8 The recommended capacitor rating for direct connection to ac ( 50 Hz) induction motors is given in Table 3, ‘TABLE 3. CAPACITOR RATINGS AT RATED VOLTAGE Rarep Ourrer Caracrron Ramina ist LVAR Wass Moros Spee 1 3000 15001000780, 600 300. revfain rev/min revmin rev/min rev/min revimin @ @ 8) @ @) ©) 0 caw) 2:25 1 1 15 2 25 05 37 2 2 25 a5 4 4 a7 25 3 35 45 5 os 75 3 4 +5 55 6 65 ne 4 5 6 1 B58 1 5 6 7 9 n 12 187 6 7 9 105 13 45 7 8 10 2 15 "7 n 125 16 18 28 25 16 0 2 23 29 a2 2 23 6 28 35 31 33 36 38 8 40 2 6 4 60 67 46 50 53 55 68 6 Nowe | — The reference to speed of motor haz boen made since the manufacturert provide information on that basis, Nore 2— The capacitive current supplied by condensers directly connected across induction motor terminals should not exceed the magnetising current of the induction ‘motors, ( guard against excess transient torques and over-voltages. Norz 3— Should a consumer desires to improve the power factor beyond a value which is limited by considerations of magnetising kVAR of the motor as stated in Note 2, then he may install the calculated capacitor kVAR as a separate circuit with ite independent controlgear. 6. POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT AND CAPACITOR RATING 6.1 For calculating the size of capacitor for power factor improvement, reference should be made to Table 4 and Fig. 3. ‘Nore — An example illustrating the reference to Table 4 is given below: “The value of capacitor LVAR required to improve the power factor of a 100 kW load from 0-7 10 0°95 is found from the table as follows? From the table the multiplying factor for improving the power factor from 0-7 t0 0°95 is 0691, ‘Therefore capacitor rating = 100 x 0°691 = 69-1 KVAR. ul181 7752 (Part 1) - 1975 ANAWAAOWAWI YOLOVA WAMOd UO SIZIS YOLIOVAVO + TTAVL 656-1 sore BurAqdh @ @ oO © 26-0 6.0 96-0 6606.0 33 8 BESESESSSS SSB PEE BS Be 35555555555 SSSSSSaSS S5550855 seset? ONLI, 24527792 ( Part 1) - 1975 SoH Yone 10) 914 2 amp Suunp aso asamp a1ayA SoBeyor Ayddns somo 105 aoueoy VAY oUt Apysys esooy> seus puw sImoY BuFGIOM sedoud oyour pe sf sounsdoo au] — BLON 3 Piittttde Hidtlidte Pilddiitt Pliddidae 13IS : 7752 (Part 1) = 1975 12 - ny + 19 0-9) 0-8 0-7] EXISTING POWER FACIOR 0-6] os Oty 025 050 0-75 1:00 1:25 1:50 1-75 200 2:25 250 SIZE OF CAPACITOR IN KVAR PER kW OF LOAD —» Fic. 3. Curves rox Osrarine Caraciror Size iv kVAR rer kW or Loap ror Power Factor IMPROVEMENT 6.2 For information to be supplied to manufacturers for supply of suitable capacitors reference should be made to Appendix G of IS : 2834-1964". 7. INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE 7.1 The following factors should be kept in mind for proper installation and operation of capacitors: a) Sclection of control switchgear which should be adequately rated and designed for capacitor switching duty; b) Proper ventilation of the capacitor bank; c) Arcing free joints and contacts; 4) Derating of switchgear, cables and fuses; and c) Overvoltages ( see Be5 of IS : 2834-1964" 7.1.1 For detailed information on these factors, reference shall be made to IS: 2834-1964*. **Specifcation for shunt capacitors for power systems. 4IS: 7752 (Part I)- 1975 7.2 For the maintenance of capacitors the following points shall be borne in mind: a) Capacitors, being static apparatus are not usually given the same care as rotating machinery but, nevertheless require regular maintenance. Normally, a power factor correction capacitor should be inspected at least every 12 months, proforably overy 6 months. The time interval between inspection is, however, governed’ mainly by the conditions on site. Where capacitors are installed in humid atmosphere or subjected to. chemical fumes or exposed to dirt and dust, more frequent attention should be given. b) Before examination, always ensure that the apparatus is switched off. After switching off, allow time for the capacitor to discharge completely as stated on the rating plate. The terminals shall be permanently connected to earth during inspection. 7.3 The following points are to be observed for maintenance of a power factor correction capacitor: a) Condition of exterior finish, protective paint should be maintained in good condition by repainting when necessary. Observe oil leakage through pin holes or cracks in the body. The leak should be repaired by soldering or plugging it by epoxy compound. b) Remove the terminal box cover and note any abnormality, special care being taken of the following points: 1) Condition of cables, 2) Condition of interior paint work, repaint if necessary, 3) Tightness of nuts and bolts especially earth connections, 4) Removal of dust and other foreign matter, 5) Clean any surface that needs attention, particularly insulators and terminals, 6) Check the soldering of terminals of cables. ‘These terminals should not cause sparking and heating, and 7) External discharge resistance shall be intact. ©) The following points shalll also be checked: 1) The surface temperature of the unit to be measured periodi- cally and remedial measures taken ( see IS : 2834-1964" ). 2) The controlgear to be inspected to detect any possibility of arcing or pitting of contacts, ete. 3) The capacitor current to be measured periodically so as to ascertain if any of the internal fuses have blown. ‘Specification for shunt capacitors for power systems. 1518 : 7752 ( Part 1) - 1975 It is recommended that a record should be kept of inspection made and details of maintenance catried out. Any correspondence concerning power factor correction capacitors or auxiliary gear or both should quote original order number, rating details, serial number and date supplied. Nort — Aslares insulators which are wed in the capacitor are health hazards and should be handled with special care. APPENDIX A (Clause 4.3.5) FORMULA FOR ECONOMIC POWER FACTOR Cos $2 AcL. The formula for cconomic power factor has been obtained as follows: Let the kW demand be OC kW Initial power factor Cos $y ° S c Improved power factor ¢, 6 Reduction in kVA = OA ~ OB kW, kw e = Cos $, Cos fy If A is the charge per kVA, kvAy svi kw, kW Saving = 4 ( Cos $: ~ Gos ‘ry KVAR for improvement of power factor = AC — BC =BA = kW tan ¢, — kW tan ¢2 If B is the annual charge per KVAR, Investment = B.kW( tan ¢, — tan gp) Net saving, $= A (ae - as ) — BAW( tan 4 — tan $4) 08 Py 2 in = — AKW Sec #2 tan ¢2 + B.KW Sect ¢ = 0 OR BAW Sec? gz = AKW Sec $a tan $2 OR BSec $y = A.tan $s Sind. Corde _ Gon gi $ = Sin $2 Cos $2 = 16BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS Headquarters: ‘Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI 110002 Telephones: 323 0131, 323 3375, 323 9402 Fax :91 11 3234062, 91 11 3239999, 91 11 3239382 Telegrams : Manaksanstha (Common to all Offices) Central Laboratory Plot No, 20/9, Site IV, Sahibabad Industrial Area, Sahibabad 201010 Regional Offices: Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI 1 #0002 “Eastern : 1/14 CIT Scheme Vil M, V.LP. Road, Maniltola, CALCUTTA 700054 Northern : SCO 335-396, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022 ‘Southern : C.1,T. Campus, IV Cross Road, CHENNAI 600113 ‘Westem : Manakalaya, £9, Behind Marol Telephone Exchange, Andheri (Eas!) MUMBA! 400093, Branch Offices:: ‘Pushpak’, Nurmohamed Shaikh Marg, Khanpur, AHMEDABAD 380001 +$Peenya Industrial Area, 1st Stage, Bangalore-Tumkur Road, BANGALORE 560058 Gangotri Complex, Sth Floor, Bhadbhada Road, T.T. 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