LuaTEX

Reference
beta 0.60.1
 LuaTEX
Reference
Manual

copyright: LuaTEX development team

more info: www.luatex.org
version: April 27, 2010
Contents
1 Introduction 11

2 Basic TEX enhancements 13

2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Version information 13
2.3 Unicode text support 14
2.4 Extended tables 14
2.5 Attribute registers 15
2.5.1 Box attributes 15
2.6 Lua related primitives 16
2.6.1 \directlua 16
2.6.2 \latelua 17
2.6.3 \luaescapestring 18
2.7 New ε-TEX primitives 18
2.7.1 \clearmarks 18
2.7.2 \noligs and \nokerns 18
2.7.3 \formatname 19
2.7.4 \scantextokens 19
2.7.5 Verbose versions of single-character aligments commands (0.45) 19
2.7.6 Catcode tables 19
2.7.6.1 \catcodetable 19
2.7.6.2 \initcatcodetable 20
2.7.6.3 \savecatcodetable 20
2.7.7 \suppressfontnotfounderror (0.11) 20
2.7.8 \suppresslongerror (0.36) 20
2.7.9 \suppressifcsnameerror (0.36) 21
2.7.10 \suppressoutererror (0.36) 21
2.7.11 \outputbox (0.37) 21
2.7.12 Font syntax 21
2.7.13 File syntax (0.45) 21
2.7.14 Images and Forms 22
2.8 Debugging 22
2.9 Global leaders 22

3 Lua general 23
3.1 Initialization 23
3.1.1 LuaTEX as a Lua interpreter 23
3.1.2 LuaTEX as a Lua byte compiler 23
3.1.3 Other commandline processing 23
3.2 Lua changes 25
3.3 Lua modules 29
4 LuaTEX Lua Libraries 31
4.1 The callback library 31
4.1.1 File discovery callbacks 32
4.1.1.1 find_read_file and find_write_file 32
4.1.1.2 find_font_file 32
4.1.1.3 find_output_file 32
4.1.1.4 find_format_file 33
4.1.1.5 find_vf_file 33
4.1.1.6 find_ocp_file 33
4.1.1.7 find_map_file 33
4.1.1.8 find_enc_file 33
4.1.1.9 find_sfd_file 33
4.1.1.10 find_pk_file 33
4.1.1.11 find_data_file 34
4.1.1.12 find_opentype_file 34
4.1.1.13 find_truetype_file and find_type1_file 34
4.1.1.14 find_image_file 34
4.1.2 File reading callbacks 34
4.1.2.1 open_read_file 34
4.1.2.1.1 reader 35
4.1.2.1.2 close 35
4.1.2.2 General file readers 35
4.1.3 Data processing callbacks 36
4.1.3.1 process_input_buffer 36
4.1.3.2 process_output_buffer (0.43) 37
4.1.3.3 token_filter 37
4.1.4 Node list processing callbacks 37
4.1.4.1 buildpage_filter 37
4.1.4.2 pre_linebreak_filter 38
4.1.4.3 linebreak_filter 39
4.1.4.4 post_linebreak_filter 39
4.1.4.5 hpack_filter 39
4.1.4.6 vpack_filter 40
4.1.4.7 pre_output_filter 40
4.1.4.8 hyphenate 40
4.1.4.9 ligaturing 41
4.1.4.10 kerning 41
4.1.4.11 mlist_to_hlist 41
4.1.5 Information reporting callbacks 42
4.1.5.1 start_run 42
4.1.5.2 stop_run 42
4.1.5.3 start_page_number 42
4.1.5.4 stop_page_number 42
4.1.5.5 show_error_hook 42
4.1.6 Font-related callbacks 43
4.1.6.1 define_font 43
4.2 The font library 43
4.2.1 Loading a tfm file 43
4.2.2 Loading a vf file 44
4.2.3 The fonts array 44
4.2.4 Checking a font's status 44
4.2.5 Defining a font directly 45
4.2.6 Projected next font id 45
4.2.7 Font id (0.47) 45
4.2.8 Currently active font 45
4.2.9 Maximum font id 45
4.2.10 Iterating over all fonts 45
4.3 The fontloader library (0.36) 46
4.3.1 Getting quick information on a font 46
4.3.2 Loading an OpenType or TrueType file 46
4.3.3 Applying a ‘feature file' 47
4.3.4 Applying an ‘afm file' 48
4.3.5 Fontloader font tables 48
4.3.5.1 Table types 48
4.3.5.1.1 Top-level 48
4.3.5.1.2 Glyph items 50
4.3.5.1.3 map table 52
4.3.5.1.4 private table 54
4.3.5.1.5 cidinfo table 54
4.3.5.1.6 pfminfo table 54
4.3.5.1.7 names table 55
4.3.5.1.8 anchor_classes table 56
4.3.5.1.9 gpos table 56
4.3.5.1.10 gsub table 58
4.3.5.1.11 ttf_tables and ttf_tab_saved tables 58
4.3.5.1.12 sm table 58
4.3.5.1.13 features table 58
4.3.5.1.14 mm table 59
4.3.5.1.15 mark_classes table (0.44) 60
4.3.5.1.16 math table 60
4.3.5.1.17 validation_state table 61
4.3.5.1.18 horiz_base and vert_base table 62
4.3.5.1.19 altuni table 62
4.3.5.1.20 vert_variants and horiz_variants table 62
4.3.5.1.21 mathkern table 63
4.3.5.1.22 kerns table 63
4.3.5.1.23 vkerns table 63
4.3.5.1.24 texdata table 63
4.3.5.1.25 lookups table 63
4.4 The img library 65
4.5 The kpse library 69
4.5.1 kpse.set_program_name and kpse.new 69
4.5.2 find_file 70
4.5.3 lookup 71
4.5.4 init_prog 72
4.5.5 readable_file 72
4.5.6 expand_path 72
4.5.7 expand_var 72
4.5.8 expand_braces 73
4.5.9 show_path 73
4.5.10 var_value 73
4.5.11 version 73
4.6 The lang library 73
4.7 The lua library 75
4.7.1 Lua bytecode registers 75
4.7.2 Lua chunk name registers 76
4.8 The mplib library 76
4.8.1 mplib.new 76
4.8.2 mp:statistics 77
4.8.3 mp:execute 77
4.8.4 mp:finish 78
4.8.5 Result table 78
4.8.5.1 fill 79
4.8.5.2 outline 80
4.8.5.3 text 80
4.8.5.4 special 81
4.8.5.5 start_bounds, start_clip 81
4.8.5.6 stop_bounds, stop_clip 81
4.8.6 Subsidiary table formats 81
4.8.6.1 Paths and pens 81
4.8.6.2 Colors 81
4.8.6.3 Transforms 82
4.8.6.4 Dashes 82
4.8.7 Character size information 82
4.8.7.1 mp.char_width 82
4.8.7.2 mp.char_height 82
4.8.7.3 mp.char_depth 82
4.9 The node library 83
4.9.1 Node handling functions 83
4.9.1.1 node.types 83
4.9.1.2 node.whatsits 84
4.9.1.3 node.id 84
4.9.1.4 node.subtype 84
4.9.1.5 node.type 84
4.9.1.6 node.fields 84
4.9.1.7 node.has_field 84
4.9.1.8 node.new 85
4.9.1.9 node.free 85
4.9.1.10 node.flush_list 85
4.9.1.11 node.copy 85
4.9.1.12 node.copy_list 85
4.9.1.13 node.hpack 86
4.9.1.14 node.vpack (since 0.36) 86
4.9.1.15 node.dimensions (0.43) 86
4.9.1.16 node.mlist_to_hlist 87
4.9.1.17 node.slide 87
4.9.1.18 node.tail 88
4.9.1.19 node.length 88
4.9.1.20 node.count 88
4.9.1.21 node.traverse 88
4.9.1.22 node.traverse_id 88
4.9.1.23 node.remove 88
4.9.1.24 node.insert_before 89
4.9.1.25 node.insert_after 89
4.9.1.26 node.first_character 89
4.9.1.27 node.ligaturing 89
4.9.1.28 node.kerning 89
4.9.1.29 node.unprotect_glyphs 90
4.9.1.30 node.protect_glyphs 90
4.9.1.31 node.last_node 90
4.9.1.32 node.write 90
4.9.1.33 node.protrusion_skippable (0.60.1) 90
4.9.1.34 node.protrusion_skipable (0.53) 91
4.9.2 Attribute handling 91
4.9.2.1 node.has_attribute 91
4.9.2.2 node.set_attribute 91
4.9.2.3 node.unset_attribute 91
4.10 The pdf library 92
4.11 The status library 95
4.12 The tex library 96
4.12.1 Internal parameter values 97
4.12.1.1 Integer parameters 97
4.12.1.2 Dimension parameters 98
4.12.1.3 Direction parameters 99
4.12.1.4 Glue parameters 99
4.12.1.5 Muglue parameters 99
4.12.1.6 Tokenlist parameters 99
4.12.2 Convert commands 100
4.12.3 Last item commands 100
4.12.4 Attribute, count, dimension, skip and token registers 101
4.12.5 Box registers 101
4.12.6 Math parameters 102
4.12.7 Special list heads 103
4.12.8 Semantic nest levels (0.51) 104
4.12.9 Print functions 105
4.12.9.1 tex.print 105
4.12.9.2 tex.sprint 105
4.12.9.3 tex.tprint 106
4.12.9.4 tex.write 106
4.12.10 Helper functions 106
4.12.10.1 tex.round 106
4.12.10.2 tex.scale 107
4.12.10.3 tex.sp (0.51) 107
4.12.10.4 tex.definefont 107
4.12.11 Functions for dealing with primitives 108
4.12.11.1 tex.enableprimitives 108
4.12.11.2 tex.extraprimitives 109
4.12.11.3 tex.primitives 112
4.12.12 Core functionality interfaces 112
4.12.12.1 tex.badness (0.53) 112
4.12.12.2 tex.linebreak (0.53) 112
4.12.12.3 tex.shipout (0.51) 114
4.13 The texconfig table 114
4.14 The texio library 115
4.14.1 Printing functions 115
4.14.1.1 texio.write 115
4.14.1.2 texio.write_nl 115
4.15 The token library 116
4.15.1 token.get_next 116
4.15.2 token.is_expandable 116
4.15.3 token.expand 116
4.15.4 token.is_activechar 116
4.15.5 token.create 117
4.15.6 token.command_name 117
4.15.7 token.command_id 117
4.15.8 token.csname_name 117
4.15.9 token.csname_id 118
5 Math 119
5.1 The current math style 119
5.1.1 \mathstyle 119
5.1.2 \Ustack 119
5.2 Unicode math characters 120
5.3 Cramped math styles 122
5.4 Math parameter settings 122
5.5 Font-based Math Parameters 123
5.6 Math spacing setting 126
5.7 Math accent handling 127
5.8 Math root extension 127
5.9 Math kerning in super- and subscripts 128
5.10 Scripts on horizontally extensible items like arrows 128
5.11 Extensible delimiters 129
5.12 Other Math changes 129
5.12.1 Verbose versions of single-character math commands 129
5.12.2 Allowed math commands in non-math modes 129
5.13 Math todo 129

6 Languages and characters, fonts and glyphs 131

6.1 Characters and glyphs 131
6.2 The main control loop 132
6.3 Loading patterns and exceptions 133
6.4 Applying hyphenation 134
6.5 Applying ligatures and kerning 135
6.6 Breaking paragraphs into lines 137

7 Font structure 139

7.1 Real fonts 145
7.2 Virtual fonts 146
7.2.1 Artificial fonts 148
7.2.2 Example virtual font 148

8 Nodes 151
8.1 Lua node representation 151
8.1.1 Auxiliary items 151
8.1.1.1 glue_spec items 151
8.1.1.2 attribute_list and attribute items 152
8.1.1.3 action item 152
8.1.2 Main text nodes 153
8.1.2.1 hlist nodes 153
8.1.2.2 vlist nodes 154
8.1.2.3 rule nodes 154
8.1.2.4 ins nodes 154
8.1.2.5 mark nodes 154
8.1.2.6 adjust nodes 155
8.1.2.7 disc nodes 155
8.1.2.8 math nodes 155
8.1.2.9 glue nodes 156
8.1.2.10 kern nodes 156
8.1.2.11 penalty nodes 157
8.1.2.12 glyph nodes 157
8.1.2.13 margin_kern nodes 158
8.1.3 Math nodes 158
8.1.3.1 Math kernel subnodes 158
8.1.3.1.1 math_char and math_text_char subnodes 158
8.1.3.1.2 sub_box and sub_mlist subnodes 158
8.1.3.2 Math delimiter subnode 159
8.1.3.2.1 delim subnodes 159
8.1.3.3 Math core nodes 159
8.1.3.3.1 simple nodes 159
8.1.3.3.2 accent nodes 160
8.1.3.3.3 style nodes 160
8.1.3.3.4 choice nodes 160
8.1.3.3.5 radical nodes 161
8.1.3.3.6 fraction nodes 161
8.1.3.3.7 fence nodes 161
8.1.4 whatsit nodes 162
8.1.4.1 open nodes 162
8.1.4.2 write nodes 162
8.1.4.3 close nodes 162
8.1.4.4 special nodes 163
8.1.4.5 language nodes 163
8.1.4.6 local_par nodes 163
8.1.4.7 dir nodes 163
8.1.4.8 pdf_literal nodes 164
8.1.4.9 pdf_refobj nodes 164
8.1.4.10 pdf_refxform nodes 164
8.1.4.11 pdf_refximage nodes 164
8.1.4.12 pdf_annot nodes 165
8.1.4.13 pdf_start_link nodes 165
8.1.4.14 pdf_end_link nodes 165
8.1.4.15 pdf_dest nodes 166
8.1.4.16 pdf_thread nodes 166
8.1.4.17 pdf_start_thread nodes 166
8.1.4.18 pdf_end_thread nodes 166
8.1.4.19 pdf_save_pos nodes 167
8.1.4.20 late_lua nodes 167
8.1.4.21 pdf_colorstack nodes 167
8.1.4.22 pdf_setmatrix nodes 167
8.1.4.23 pdf_save nodes 167
8.1.4.24 pdf_restore nodes 168
8.1.4.25 user_defined nodes 168

9 Modifications 169
9.1 Changes from TEX 3.1415926 169
9.2 Changes from ε-TEX 2.2 169
9.3 Changes from pdfTEX 1.40 169
9.4 Changes from Aleph RC4 170
9.5 Changes from standard web2c 171

10 Implementation notes 173

10.1 Primitives overlap 173
10.2 Memory allocation 173
10.3 Sparse arrays 173
10.4 Simple single-character csnames 174
10.5 Compressed format 174
10.6 Binary file reading 174

11 Known bugs and limitations, TODO 175

1 Introduction

This book will eventually become the reference manual of LuaTEX. At the moment,
it simply reports the behaviour of the executable matching the snapshot or beta
release date in the title page.
Features may come and go. The current version of LuaTEX is not meant for produc-
tion and users cannot depend on stability, nor on functionality staying the same.
Nothing is considered stable just yet. This manual therefore simply reflects the
current state of the executable. Absolutely nothing on the following pages is set
in stone. When the need arises, anything can (and will) be changed without prior
notice.
If you are not willing to deal with this situation, you should wait for the stable
version. Currently we expect the 1.0 release to happen in spring 2012. Full
stabilization will not happen soon, the TODO list is still large.

LuaTEX consists of a number of interrelated but (still) distinguishable parts:

• pdfTEX version 1.40.9, converted to C.

• Aleph RC4 converted to C.
• Lua 5.1.4 (+ coco 1.1.5 + portable bytecode)
• dedicated Lua libraries
• various TEX extensions
• parts of FontForge 2008.11.17
• the METAPOST library
• newly written compiled source code to glue it all together

Neither Aleph's I/O translation processes, nor tcx files, nor encTEX can be used, these encoding-related
functions are superseded by a Lua-based solution (reader callbacks). Also, some experimental pdfTEX
features are removed. These can be implemented in Lua instead.
2 Basic TEX enhancements

2.1 Introduction
From day one, LuaTEX has offered extra functionality when compared to the superset of pdfTEX and
Aleph. That has not been limited to the possibility to execute lua code via \directlua, but LuaTEX
also adds functionality via new TEX-side primitives.
However, starting with beta 0.39.0, most of that functionality is hidden by default. When LuaTEX
0.40.0 starts up in ‘iniluatex' mode (luatex -ini), it defines only the primitive commands known by
TEX82 and the one extra command \directlua.
As is fitting, a lua function has to be called to add the extra primitives to the user environment. The
simplest method to get access to all of the new primitive commands is by adding this line to the format
generation file:

\directlua { tex.enableprimitives('',tex.extraprimitives()) }

But be aware, that the curly braces may not have the proper \catcode assigned to them at this early
time (giving a 'Missing number' error), so it may be needed to put these assignments

\catcode `\{=1
\catcode `\}=2

before the above line. More fine-grained primitives control is possible, you can look the details in
section 4.12.11. For simplicity's sake, this manual assumes that you have executed the \directlua
command as given above.
The startup behavior documented above is considered stable in the sense that there will not be back-
ward-incompatible changes any more.

2.2 Version information

There are three new primitives to test the version of LuaTEX:

primitive explanation
\luatexversion a combination of major and minor number, as in pdfTEX; the current current value
is 60
\luatexrevision the revision number, as in pdfTEX; the current value is 1
\luatexdatestamp a combination of the local date and hour when the current executable was com-
piled, the syntax is identical to \luatexrevision; the value for the executable
that generated this document is 2010042610.

The official LuaTEX version is defined follows:

• The major version is the integer result of \luatexversion divided by 100. The primitive is an
‘internal variable', so you may need to prefix its use with \the depending on the context.
• The minor version is the two-digit result of \luatexversion modulo 100.
• The revision is the given by \luatexrevision. This primitive expands to a positive integer.
• The full version number consists of the major version, minor version and revision, separated by dots.

Note that the \luatexdatestamp depends on both the compilation time and compilation place of the
current executable; it is defined in terms of the local time. The purpose of this primitive is solely to be
an aid in the development process, do not use it for anything besides debugging.

2.3 Unicode text support

Text input and output is now considered to be Unicode text, so input characters can use the full range
of Unicode (220 + 216 − 1 = 0x10FFFF).
Later chapters will talk of characters and glyphs. Although these are not the interchangeable, they are
closely related. During typesetting, a character is always converted to a suitable graphic representation
of that character in a specific font. However, while processing a list of to-be-typeset nodes, its contents
may still be seen as a character. Inside LuaTEX there is not yet a clear separation between the two
concepts. Until this is implemented, please do not be too harsh on us if we make errors in the usage of
the terms.
A few primitives are affected by this, all in a similar fashion: each of them has to accommodate for a
larger range of acceptable numbers. For instance, \char now accepts values between 0 and 1,114,111.
This should not be a problem for well-behaved input files, but it could create incompatibilities for input
that would have generated an error when processed by older TEX-based engines. The affected commands
with an altered initial (left of the equals sign) or secondary (right of the equals sign) value are: \char,
\lccode,\uccode, \catcode, \sfcode, \efcode, \lpcode, \rpcode, \chardef
As far as the core engine is concerned, all input and output to text files is utf-8 encoded. Input files can
be pre-processed using the reader callback. This will be explained in a later chapter.
Output in byte-sized chunks can be achieved by using characters just outside of the valid Unicode range,
starting at the value 1,114,112 (0x110000). When the times comes to print a character c> = 1,114,112,
LuaTEX will actually print the single byte corresponding to c minus 1,114,112.
Output to the terminal uses ^^ notation for the lower control range (c < 32), with the exception of ^^I,
^^J and ^^M. These are considered ‘safe' and therefore printed as-is.
Normalization of the Unicode input can be handled by a macro package during callback processing (this
will be explained in section 4.1.2).

2.4 Extended tables

All traditional TEX and ε-TEX registers can be 16 bit numbers as in Aleph. The affected commands are:
\count \countdef \unhbox \ht
\dimen \dimendef \unvbox \dp
\skip \skipdef \copy \setbox
\muskip \muskipdef \unhcopy \vsplit
\marks \toksdef \unvcopy
\toks \box \wd
The glyph properties (like \efcode) introduced in pdfTEX that deal with font expansion (hz) and char-
acter protruding are also 16 bit. Because font memory management has been rewritten, these character
properties are no longer shared among fonts instances that originate from the same metric file.
The behavior documented in the above section is considered stable in the sense that there will not be
backward-incompatible changes any more.

2.5 Attribute registers

Attributes are a completely new concept in LuaTEX. Syntactically, they behave a lot like counters:
attributes obey TEX's nesting stack and can be used after \the etc. just like the normal \count
registers.
\attribute 16-bit number optional equals 31-bit number
\attributedef csname optional equals 16-bit number
Conceptually, an attribute is either ‘set' or ‘unset'. Unset attributes have a special negative value to
indicate that they are unset, that value is the lowest legal value: -"7FFFFFFF in hexadecimal, a.k.a.
−2147483647 in decimal. It follows that the value -"7FFFFFFF cannot be used as a legal attribute
value, but you can assign -"7FFFFFFF to ‘unset' an attribute. All attributes start out in this ‘unset'
state in iniTEX(prior to 0.37, there could not be valid negative attribute values, and the ‘unset' value was
−1).
Attributes can be used as extra counter values, but their usefulness comes mostly from the fact that the
numbers and values of all ‘set' attributes are attached to all nodes created in their scope. These can
then be queried from any Lua code that deals with node processing. Further information about how to
use attributes for node list processing from Lua is given in chapter 8.
The behavior documented in the above subsection is considered stable in the sense that there will not
be backward-incompatible changes any more.

2.5.1 Box attributes

Nodes typically receive the list of attributes that is in effect when they are created. This moment can
be quite asynchronous. For example: in paragraph building, the individual line boxes are created after
the \par command has been processed, so they will receive the list of attributes that is in effect then,
not the attributes that were in effect in, say, the first or third line of the paragraph.
Similar situations happen in LuaTEX regularly. A few of the more obvious problematic cases are dealt
with: the attributes for nodes that are created during hyphenation and ligaturing borrow their attributes
from their surrounding glyphs, and it is possible to influence box attributes directly.
When you assemble a box in a register, the attributes of the nodes contained in the box are unchanged
when such a box is placed, unboxed, or copied. In this respect attributes act the same as characters
that have been converted to references to glyphs in fonts. For instance, when you use attributes to
implement color support, each node carries information about its color. In that case, unless you implement
mechanisms that deal with it, applying a color to already boxed material will have no effect. Keep in
mind that this incompatibility is mostly due to the fact that specials and literals are a more unnatural
approach to colors than attributes.
Many other inserted nodes, like the nodes resulting from math mode and alignments, are processed ‘out
of order', and will have the attributes that are in effect at the precise moment of creation (which is often
later than expected). This area needs studying, and is in fact one of the reasons for a beta at this
moment.
It is possible to fine-tune the list of attributes that are applied to a hbox, vbox or vtop by the use of
the keyword attr. An example:

\attribute2=5
\setbox0=\hbox {Hello}
\setbox2=\hbox attr1=12 attr2=-1{Hello}

This will set the attribute list of box 2 to 1 = 12, and the attributes of box 0 will be 2 = 5. As you can
see, assigning a negative value causes an attribute to be ignored.
The attr keyword(s) should come before a to or spread, if that is also specified.

2.6 Lua related primitives

In order to merge Lua code with TEX input, a few new primitives are needed.

2.6.1 \directlua
The primitive \directlua is used to execute Lua code immediately. The syntax is
\directlua general text
\directlua name general text general text
\directlua 16-bit number general text
The last general text is expanded fully, and then fed into the Lua interpreter. After reading and expansion
has been applied to the general text, the resulting token list is converted to a string as if it was displayed
using \the\toks. On the Lua side, each \directlua block is treated as a separate chunk. In such
a chunk you can use the local directive to keep your variables from interfering with those used by the
macro package.
The conversion to and from a token list means that you normally can not use Lua line comments (starting
with --) within the argument. As there typically will be only one ‘line' the first line comment will run
on until the end of the input. You will either need to use TEX-style line comments (starting with %), or
change the TEX category codes locally. Another possibility is to say:

\begingroup
\endlinechar=10
\directlua ...
\endgroup
Then Lua line comments can be used, since TEX does not replace line endings with spaces.
The name general text specifies the name of the Lua chunk, mainly shown in the stack backtrace of
error messages created by Lua code. The general text is expanded fully, thus macros can be used to
generate the chunk name, i.e.

\directlua name{\jobname:\the\inputlineno} ...

to include the name of the input file as well as the input line into the chunk name.
Likewise, the 16-bit number designates a name of a Lua chunk, but in this case the name will be taken
from the lua.name array (see the documentation of the lua table further in this manual). This syntax
is new in version 0.36.0.
The chunk name should not start with a @, or it will be displayed as a file name (this is a quirk in the
current Lua implementation).
The \directlua command is expandable: the results of the Lua code become effective immediately.
As an example, the following input:

$\pi = \directlua{tex.print(math.pi)}$
will result in
π = 3.1415926535898
Because the general text is a chunk, the normal Lua error handling is triggered if there is a problem in
the included code. The Lua error messages should be clear enough, but the contextual information is
still pretty bad. Often, you will only see the line number of the right brace at the end of the code.
While on the subject of errors: some of the things you can do inside Lua code can break up LuaTEX
pretty bad. If you are not careful while working with the node list interface, you may even end up with
assertion errors from within the TEX portion of the executable.
The behavior documented in the above subsection is considered stable in the sense that there will not
be backward-incompatible changes any more.

2.6.2 \latelua
\latelua stores Lua code in a whatsit that will be processed inside the output routine. Its intended
use is a cross between \pdfliteral and \write. Within the Lua code you can print pdf statements
directly to the pdf file via pdf.print, or you can write to other output streams via texio.write or
simply using lua's I/O routines.
\latelua general text
\latelua name general text general text
\latelua 16-bit number general text
Expansion of macros etcetera in the final <general text> is delayed until just before the what-
sit is executed (like in \write). With regard to PDF output stream \latelua behaves as
\pdfliteral page.
The name general text and 16-bit number behave in the same way as they do for \directlua

2.6.3 \luaescapestring
This primitive converts a TEX token sequence so that it can be safely used as the contents of a Lua string:
embedded backslashes, double and single quotes, and newlines and carriage returns are escaped. This
is done by prepending an extra token consisting of a backslash with category code 12, and for the line
endings, converting them to n and r respectively. The token sequence is fully expanded.
\luaescapestring general text
Most often, this command is not actually the best way to deal with the differences between the TEX and
Lua. In very short bits of Lua code it is often not needed, and for longer stretches of Lua code it is easier
to keep the code in a separate file and load it using Lua's dofile:

\directlua { dofile('mysetups.lua')}

2.7 New ε-TEX primitives

2.7.1 \clearmarks
This primitive clears a marks class completely, resetting all three connected mark texts to empty.
\clearmarks 16-bit number

2.7.2 \noligs and \nokerns

These primitives prohibit ligature and kerning insertion at the time when the initial node list is built by
LuaTEX's main control loop. They are part of a temporary trick and will be removed in the near future.
For now, you need to enable these primitives when you want to do node list processing of ‘characters',
where TEX's normal processing would get in the way.
\noligs integer
\nokerns integer
These primitives can now be implemented by overloading the ligature building and kerning functions,
i.e. by assigning dummy functions to their associated callbacks.

2.7.3 \formatname
\formatname's syntax is identical to \jobname.
In iniTEX, the expansion is empty. Otherwise, the expansion is the value that \jobname had during the
iniTEX run that dumped the currently loaded format.

2.7.4 \scantextokens
The syntax of \scantextokens is identical to \scantokens. This primitive is a slightly adapted
version of ε-TEX's \scantokens. The differences are:

• The last (and usually only) line does not have a \endlinechar appended
• \scantextokens never raises an EOF error, and it does not execute \everyeof tokens.
• The ‘ . . . while end of file . . . ' error tests are not executed, allowing the expansion to end on a
different grouping level or while a conditional is still incomplete.

2.7.5 Verbose versions of single-character aligments commands (0.45)

LuaTEX defines two new primitives that have the same function as # and & in aligments:

primitive explanation
\alignmark Duplicates the functionality of # inside alignment preambles
\aligntab Duplicates the functionality of & inside alignments (and preambles)

2.7.6 Catcode tables

Catcode tables are a new feature that allows you to switch to a predefined catcode regime in a single
statement. You can have a practically unlimited number of different tables.
The subsystem is backward compatible: if you never use the following commands, your document will
not notice any difference in behavior compared to traditional TEX.
The contents of each catcode table is independent from any other catcode tables, and their contents is
stored and retrieved from the format file.

2.7.6.1 \catcodetable
\catcodetable 16-bit number
The \catcodetable switches to a different catcode table. Such a table has to be previously created
using one of the two primitives below, or it has to be zero. Table zero is initialized by iniTEX.

2.7.6.2 \initcatcodetable
\initcatcodetable 16-bit number
The \initcatcodetable creates a new table with catcodes identical to those defined by iniTEX:

0 _ escape
5 ^^M car_ret
return (this name may change)
9 ^^@ null ignore
10 <space> spacespacer
11 a -- z letter
11 A -- Z letter
12 everything else other
14 % comment
15 ^^? delete invalid_char

The new catcode table is allocated globally: it will not go away after the current group has ended. If
the supplied number is identical to the currently active table, an error is raised.

2.7.6.3 \savecatcodetable
\savecatcodetable 16-bit number
\savecatcodetable copies the current set of catcodes to a new table with the requested number.
The definitions in this new table are all treated as if they were made in the outermost level.
The new table is allocated globally: it will not go away after the current group has ended. If the supplied
number is the currently active table, an error is raised.

2.7.7 \suppressfontnotfounderror (0.11)

\suppressfontnotfounderror = 1
If this new integer parameter is non-zero, then LuaTEX will not complain about font metrics that are not
found. Instead it will silently skip the font assignment, making the requested csname for the font \ifx
equal to \nullfont, so that it can be tested against that without bothering the user.

2.7.8 \suppresslongerror (0.36)

\suppresslongerror = 1
If this new integer parameter is non-zero, then LuaTEX will not complain about \par commands en-
countered in contexts where that is normally prohibited (most prominently in the arguments of non-long
macros).

2.7.9 \suppressifcsnameerror (0.36)

\suppressifcsnameerror = 1
If this new integer parameter is non-zero, then LuaTEX will not complain about non-expandable commands
appearing in the middle of a \ifcsname expansion. Instead, it will keep getting expanded tokens from
the input until it encounters an \endcsname command. Use with care! This command is experimental:
if the input expansion is unbalanced wrt. \csname …\endcsname pairs, the LuaTEX process may hang
indefinitely.

2.7.10 \suppressoutererror (0.36)

\suppressoutererror = 1
If this new integer parameter is non-zero, then LuaTEX will not complain about \outer commands
encountered in contexts where that is normally prohibited.
The addition of this command coincides with a change in the LuaTEX engine: ever since the snapshot of
20060915, \outer was simply ignored. That behaviour has now reverted back to be TEX82-compatible
by default.

2.7.11 \outputbox (0.37)

\outputbox = 65535
This new integer parameter allows you to alter the number of the box that will be used to store the page
to be shipped out in. Its default value is 255, and the acceptable range is from 0 to 65535.

2.7.12 Font syntax

LuaTEX will accept a braced argument as a font name:

\font\myfont = {cmr10}

This allows for embedded spaces, without the need for double quotes. Macro expansion takes place
inside the argument.

2.7.13 File syntax (0.45)

LuaTEX will accept a braced argument as a file name:
\input {plain}
\openin 0 {plain}

This allows for embedded spaces, without the need for double quotes. Macro expansion takes place
inside the argument.

2.7.14 Images and Forms

LuaTEX accepts optional dimension parameters for \pdfrefximage and \pdfrefxform in the same
format as for \pdfximage. With images, these dimensions are then used instead of the ones given
to \pdfximage; but the original dimensions are not overwritten, so that a \pdfrefximage without
dimensions still provides the image with dimensions defined by \pdfximage. These optional parameters
are not implemented for \pdfxform.

\pdfrefximage width 20mm height 10mm depth 5mm \pdflastximage

\pdfrefxform width 20mm height 10mm depth 5mm \pdflastxform

2.8 Debugging
If \tracingonline is larger than 2, the node list display will also print the node number of the nodes.

2.9 Global leaders

There is a new experimental primitive: \gleaders (a LuaTEX extension, added in 0.43). This type of
leaders is anchored to the origin of the box to be shipped out. So they are like normal \leaders in
that they align nicely, except that the alignment is based on the largest enclosing box instead of the
smallest.
3 Lua general

3.1 Initialization

3.1.1 LuaTEX as a Lua interpreter

There are some situations that make LuaTEX behave like a standalone Lua interpreter:

• if a --luaonly option is given on the commandline, or

• if the executable is named texlua (or luatexlua), or
• if the only non-option argument (file) on the commandline has the extension lua or luc.

In this mode, it will set Lua's arg[0] to the found script name, pushing preceding options in negative
values and the rest of the commandline in the positive values, just like the Lua interpreter.
LuaTEX will exit immediately after executing the specified Lua script and is, in effect, a somewhat bulky
standalone Lua interpreter with a bunch of extra preloaded libraries.

3.1.2 LuaTEX as a Lua byte compiler

There are two situations that make LuaTEX behave like the Lua byte compiler:

• if a --luaconly option is given on the commandline, or

• if the executable is named texluac

In this mode, LuaTEX is exactly like luac from the standalone Lua distribution, except that it does not
have the -l switch, and that it accepts (but ignores) the --luaconly switch.

3.1.3 Other commandline processing

When the LuaTEX executable starts, it looks for the --lua commandline option. If there is no --lua
option, the commandline is interpreted in a similar fashion as in traditional pdfTEX and Aleph.
The following command-line switches are understood.

--fmt=FORMAT load the format file FORMAT

--lua=s load and execute a Lua initialization script
--safer disable easily exploitable Lua commands
--nosocket disable the Lua socket library
--help display help and exit
--ini be iniluatex, for dumping formats
--interaction=STRING set interaction mode (STRING=batchmode/nonstopmode/
scrollmode/errorstopmode)
--halt-on-error stop processing at the first error
--kpathsea-debug=NUMBER set path searching debugging flags according to the bits of
NUMBER
--progname=STRING set the program name to STRING
--version display version and exit
--credits display credits and exit
--recorder enable filename recorder
--etex ignored
--output-comment=STRING use STRING for DVI file comment instead of date (no effect for
PDF)
--output-directory=DIR use DIR as the directory to write files to
--draftmode switch on draft mode (generates no output PDF)
--output-format=FORMAT use FORMAT for job output; FORMAT is 'dvi' or 'pdf'
--[no-]shell-escape disable/enable \write 18{SHELL COMMAND}
--enable-write18 enable \write 18{SHELL COMMAND}
--disable-write18 disable \write 18{SHELL COMMAND}
--shell-restricted restrict \write 18 to a list of commands given in texmf.cnf
--debug-format enable format debugging
--[no-]file-line-error disable/enable file:line:error style messages
--[no-]file-line-error-style aliases of --[no-]file-line-error
--jobname=STRING set the job name to STRING
--[no-]parse-first-line disable/enable parsing of the first line of the input file
--translate-file= ignored
--default-translate-file= ignored
--8bit ignored
--[no-]mktex=FMT disable/enable mktexFMT generation (FMT=tex/tfm)
--synctex=NUMBER enable synctex

But if the option is present, LuaTEX will enter an alternative mode of commandline processing in com-
parison to the standard web2c programs.
In this mode, a small series of actions is taken in order. First, it will parse the commandline as
usual, but it will only interpret a small subset of the options immediately: --safer, --nosocket,
--[no-]shell-escape, --enable-write18, --disable-write18, --shell-restricted,
--help, --version, and --credits.
Now it searches for the requested Lua initialization script. If it can not be found using the actual name
given on the commandline, a second attempt is made by prepending the value of the environment variable
LUATEXDIR, if that variable is defined.
Then it checks the various safety switches. You can use those to disable some Lua commands that can
easily be abused by a malicious document. At the moment, --safer nils the following functions:

library functions
os execute exec setenv rename remove tmpdir
io popen output tmpfile
lfs rmdir mkdir chdir lock touch

Furthermore, it disables loading of compiled Lua libraries (support for these was added in 0.46.0), and
it makes io.open() fail on files that are opened for anything besides reading.
--nosocket makes the socket library unavailable, so that Lua cannot use networking.
The switches --[no-]shell-escape, --[enable|disable]-write18, and --shell-restricted
have the same effects as in pdfTEX, and additionally make io.popen(), os.execute, os.exec and
os.spawn adhere to the requested option.
Next the initialization script is loaded and executed. From within the script, the entire commandline is
available in the Lua table arg, beginning with arg[0], containing the name of the executable.
Commandline processing happens very early on. So early, in fact, that none of TEX's initializations have
taken place yet. For that reason, the tables that deal with typesetting, like tex, token, node and
pdf, are off-limits during the execution of the startup file (they are nilled). Special care is taken that
texio.write and texio.write_nl function properly, so that you can at least report your actions to
the log file when (and if) it eventually becomes opened (note that TEX does not even know its \jobname
yet at this point). See chapter 4 for more information about the LuaTEX-specific Lua extension tables.
Everything you do in the Lua initialization script will remain visible during the rest of the run, with the
exception of the aforementioned tex, token, node and pdf tables: those will be initialized to their
documented state after the execution of the script. You should not store anything in variables or within
tables with these four global names, as they will be overwritten completely.
We recommend you use the startup file only for your own TEX-independent initializations (if you need
any), to parse the commandline, set values in the texconfig table, and register the callbacks you need.
LuaTEX allows some of the commandline opiotns to be overridden by reading values from the texconfig
table at the end of script execution (see the description of the texconfig table later on in this document
for more details on which ones exactly).
Unless the texconfig table tells LuaTEX not to initialize kpathsea at all (set texconfig.kpse_init
to false for that), LuaTEX acts on three more commandline options after the initialization script is
finished:
in order to initialize the built-in kpathsea library properly, LuaTEX needs to know the correct program
name to use, and for that it needs to check --progname, or --ini and --fmt, if --progname is
missing.

3.2 Lua changes

The C coroutine (coco) patches from luajit are applied to the Lua core, the used version is 1.1.5. See
http://luajit.org/coco.html for details. This functionality currently (0.45) does not work on non-intel
OpenBSD platforms nor on powerpc Linux-es. Additional note: coroutines.wrap() under Windows
does not inherit the state of the random generator, it always has an implicit math.randomseed(1)
that is added by the Windows kernel.
Starting from version 0.45, LuaTEX is able to use the kpathsea library to find require()d modules.
For this purpose, package.loaders[2] is replaced by a different loader function, that decides at
runtime whether to use kpathsea or the build-in core lua function. It uses kpathsea when that is already
initialized at that point in time, otherwise it reverts to using the normal package.path loader.
Initialization of kpathsea can happen either implicitly (when LuaTEX starts up and the startup
script has not set texconfig.kpse_init to false), or explicitly by calling the Lua function
kpse.set_program_name().
Starting from version 0.46.0 (as an experimental feature!) LuaTEX is also able to use dynamically
loadable Lua libraries, unless --safer was given as an option on the command line.
For this purpose, package.loaders[3] is replaced by a different loader function, that decides at
runtime whether to use kpathsea or the build-in core lua function. As in the previous paragraph, it uses
kpathsea when that is already initialized at that point in time, otherwise it reverts to using the normal
package.cpath loader.
This functionality required an extension to kpathsea:
There is a new kpathsea file format: kpse_clua_format that searches for files with extension
.dll and .so. The texmf.cnf setting for this variable is CLUAINPUTS, and by default it has
this value:

CLUAINPUTS=.:$SELFAUTOLOC/lib/{$progname,$engine,}/lua//

This path is imperfect (it requires a TDS subtree below the binaries directory), but the architecture
has to be in the path somewhere, and the currently simplest way to do that is to search below
the binary directory only.
One level up (a lib directory parallel to bin) would have been nicer, but that is not doable
because texlive uses a bin/<arch> structure.
In keeping with the other TEX-like programs in TEXLive, the two Lua functions os.execute and
io.popen (as well as the two new functions os.exec and os.spawn that are explained below) take
the value of shell_escape and/or shell_escape_commands in account. Whenever LuaTEX is run
with the assumed intention to typeset a document (and by that I mean that it is called as luatex,
as opposed to texlua, and that the commandline option --luaonly was not given), it will only run
the four functions above if the matching texmf.cnf variable(s) or their texconfig (see section 4.13)
counterparts allow execution of the requested system command. In ‘script interpreter' runs of LuaTEX,
these settings have no effect, and all four functions function as normal. This change is new in 0.37.0.
The read("*line") function from the io library has been adjusted so that it is line-ending neutral:
any of LF, CR or CR+LF are acceptable line endings.
The tostring() printer for numbers has been changed so that it returns 0.00000000000001 instead
of 1e-14 (which confused TEX enormously). Even values with an even smaller exponent print simply
as 0.
luafilesystem has been extended: there are two extra boolean functions (lfs.isdir(filename)
and lfs.isfile(filename)) and one extra string field in its attributes table (permissions). There
is an additional function (added in 0.51) lfs.shortname() which takes a file name and returns its short
name on WIN32 platforms. On other platforms, it just returns the given argument. The file name is not
tested for existence. Finally, for non-WIN32 platforms only, there is the new function lfs.readlink()
(added in 0.51) that takes an existing symbolic link as argument and returns its content. It returns an
error on WIN32.
The string library has an extra function: string.explode(s[,m]). This function returns an array
containing the string argument s split into sub-strings based on the value of the string argument m. The
second argument is a string that is either empty (this splits the string into characters), a single character
(this splits on each occurrence of that character, possibly introducing empty strings), or a single character
followed by the plus sign + (this special version does not create empty sub-strings). The default value
for m is + (multiple spaces).
Note: m is not hidden by surrounding braces (as it would be if this function was written in TEX macros).
The string library also has six extra iterators that return strings piecemeal:

• string.utfvalues(s) (returns an integer value in the Unicode range)

• string.utfcharacters(s) (returns a string with a single utf-8 token in it)
• string.characters(s) (a string containing one byte)
• string.characterpairs(s) (two strings each containing one byte) will produce an empty second
string in the string length was odd.
• string.bytes(s) (a single byte value)
• string.bytepairs(s) (two byte values) Will produce nil instead of a number as its second return
value if the string length was odd.

The string.characterpairs() and string.bytepairs() are useful especially in the conversion

of UTF-16 encoded data into UTF-8.
Note: The string library functions len, lower, sub etc. are not Unicode-aware. For strings in
the UTF-8 encoding, i.e., strings containing characters above code point 127, the corresponding func-
tions from the slnunicode library can be used, e.g., unicode.utf8.len, unicode.utf8.lower
etc. The exceptions are unicode.utf8.find, that always returns byte positions in a string, and
unicode.utf8.match and unicode.utf8.gmatch. While the latter two functions in general are
Unicode-aware, they fall-back to non-Unicode-aware behaviour when using the empty capture () (other
captures work as expected). For the interpretation of character classes in unicode.utf8 functions
refer to the library sources at http://luaforge.net/projects/sln. The slnunicode library will be replaced
by an internal Unicode library in a future LuaTEX version.

The os library has a few extra functions and variables:

• os.selfdir is a variable that holds the directory path of argv[0]. For example:
/opt/tex/texmf-linux-64/bin (present since 0.27.0).
• os.exec(commandline) is a variation on os.execute.
The commandline can be either a single string or a single table.
If the argument is a table: LuaTEX first checks if there is a value at integer index zero. If there is,
this is the command to be executed. Otherwise, it will use the value at integer index one. (if neither
are present, nothing at all happens).
 The set of consecutive values starting at integer 1 in the table are the arguments that are passed
on to the command (the value at index 1 becomes argv[0]). The command is searched for in the
execution path, so there is normally no need to pass on a fully qualified pathname.
If the argument is a string, then it is automatically converted into a table by splitting on whitespace.
In this case, it is impossible for the command and first argument to differ from each other.
In the string argument format, whitespace can be protected by putting (part of) an argument inside
single or double quotes. One layer of quotes is interpreted by LuaTEX, and all occurrences of \", \'
or \\ within the quoted text are un-escaped. In the table format, there is no string handling taking
place.
This function normally does not return control back to the Lua script: the command will replace the
current process. However, it will return the two values nil and 'error' if there was a problem
while attempting to execute the command.
On windows, the current process is actually kept in memory until after the execution of the command
has finished. This prevents crashes in situations where TEXLua scripts are run inside integrated TEX
environments.
The original reason for this command is that it cleans out the current process before starting the new
one, making it especially useful for use in TEXLua.
• os.spawn(commandline) is a returning version of os.exec, with otherwise identical calling
conventions.
If the command ran ok, then the return value is the exit status of the command. Otherwise, it will
return the two values nil and 'error'.
• os.setenv('key','value') This sets a variable in the environment. Passing nil instead of a
value string will remove the variable.
• os.env This is a hash table containing a dump of the variables and values in the process environment
at the start of the run. It is writeable, but the actual environment is not updated automatically.
• os.gettimeofday() Returns the current ‘Unix time', but as a float. This function is not available
on the SunOS platforms, so do not use this function for portable documents.
• os.times() Returns the current process times cf. the Unix C library ‘times' call in seconds. This
function is not available on the MS Windows and SunOS platforms, so do not use this function for
portable documents.
• os.tmpdir() This will create a directory in the ‘current directory' with the name luatex.XXXXXX
where the X-es are replaced by a unique string. The function also returns this string, so you can
lfs.chdir() into it, or nil if it failed to create the directory. The user is responsible for cleaning
up at the end of the run, it does not happen automatically.
• os.type This is a string that gives a global indication of the class of operating system. The possible
values are currently windows, unix, and msdos (you are unlikely to find this value ‘in the wild').
• os.name This is a string that gives a more precise indication of the operating system. These possible
values are not yet fixed, and for os.type values windows and msdos, the os.name values are
simply windows and msdos
The list for the type unix is more precise: linux, freebsd, kfreebsd (since 0.51), cygwin (since
0.53), openbsd, solaris, sunos (pre-solaris), hpux, irix, macosx, gnu (hurd), bsd (unknown,
but bsd-like), sysv (unknown, but sysv-like), generic (unknown).
 (os.version is planned as a future extension)
• os.uname() This function returns a table with specific operating system information acquired at
runtime. The keys in the returned table are all string valued, and their names are: sysname,
machine, release, version, and nodename.

In stock Lua, many things depend on the current locale. In LuaTEX, we can't do that, because it makes
documents unportable. While LuaTEX is running if forces the following locale settings:

LC_CTYPE=C
LC_COLLATE=C
LC_NUMERIC=C

3.3 Lua modules

Some modules that are normally external to Lua are statically linked in with LuaTEX, because they offer
useful functionality:

• slnunicode, from the Selene libraries, http://luaforge.net/projects/sln. (version 1.1)

This library has been slightly extended so that the unicode.utf8.* functions also accept the first
256 values of plane 18. This is the range LuaTEX uses for raw binary output, as explained above,
• luazip, from the kepler project, http://www.keplerproject.org/luazip/. (version 1.2.1, but patched for
compilation with Lua 5.1)
• luafilesystem, also from the kepler project, http://www.keplerproject.org/luafilesystem/. (version
1.4.1)
• lpeg, by Roberto Ierusalimschy, http://www.inf.puc-rio.br/~roberto/lpeg.html. (version 0.9.0)
Note: lpeg is not Unicode-aware, but interprets strings on a byte-per-byte basis. This mainly
means that lpeg.S cannot be used with characters above code point 127, since those characters are
encoded using two bytes, and thus lpeg.S will look for one of those two bytes when matching, not
the combination of the two.
The same is true for lpeg.R, although the latter will display an error message if used with characters
above code point 127: I. e. lpeg.R('aä') results in the message bad argument #1 to 'R'
(range must have two characters), since to lpeg, ä is two 'characters' (bytes), so aä totals
three.
• lzlib, by Tiago Dionizio, http://mega.ist.utl.pt/~tngd/lua/. (version 0.2)
• md5, by Roberto Ierusalimschy http://www.inf.puc-rio.br/~roberto/md5/md5-5/md5.html.
• luasocket, by Diego Nehab http://www.tecgraf.puc-rio.br/~diego/professional/luasocket/ (version
2.0.2).
Note: the .lua support modules from luasocket are also preloaded inside the executable, there
are no external file dependencies.
4 LuaTEX Lua Libraries
The interfacing between TEX and Lua is facilitated by a set of library modules. The Lua libraries in this
chapter are all defined and initialized by the LuaTEX executable. Together, they allow Lua scripts to
query and change a number of TEX's internal variables, run various internal functions TEX, and set up
LuaTEX's hooks to execute Lua code.
The following sections are in alphabetical order.

4.1 The callback library

This library has functions that register, find and list callbacks.

id, error = callback.register(<string> callback_name,function callback_func)

id, error = callback.register(<string> callback_name,nil)
id, error = callback.register(<string> callback_name,false)

where the callback_name is a predefined callback name, see below. The function returns the internal
id of the callback or nil, if the callback could not be registered. In the latter case, error contains an
error message, otherwise it is nil.
LuaTEX internalizes the callback function in such a way that it does not matter if you redefine a function
accidentally.
Callback assignments are always global. You can use the special value nil instead of a function for
clearing the callback.
For some minor speed gain, you can assign the boolean false to the non-file related callbacks, doing
so will prevent LuaTEX from executing whatever it would execute by default (when no callback function
is registered at all). Be warned: this may cause all sorts of grief unless you know exactly what you are
doing! This functionality is present since version 0.38.
Currently, callbacks are not dumped into the format file.

table info = callback.list()

The keys in the table are the known callback names, the value is a boolean where true means that the
callback is currently set (active).

function f = callback.find(callback_name)
If the callback is not set, callback.find returns nil.

4.1.1 File discovery callbacks

The behavior documented in this subsection is considered stable in the sense that there will not be
backward-incompatible changes any more.

4.1.1.1 find_read_file and find_write_file

Your callback function should have the following conventions:

<string> actual_name = function (number id_number, <string> asked_name)

Arguments:

id_number
This number is zero for the log or \input files. For TEX's \read or \write the number is incre-
mented by one, so \read0 becomes 1.
asked_name
This is the user-supplied filename, as found by \input, \openin or \openout.

Return value:

actual_name
This is the filename used. For the very first file that is read in by TEX, you have to make sure you
return an actual_name that has an extension and that is suitable for use as jobname. If you don't,
you will have to manually fix the name of the log file and output file after LuaTEX is finished, and
an eventual format filename will become mangled. That is because these file names depend on the
jobname.
You have to return nil if the file cannot be found.

4.1.1.2 find_font_file
Your callback function should have the following conventions:

<string> actual_name = function (<string> asked_name)

The asked_name is an otf or tfm font metrics file.

Return nil if the file cannot be found.

4.1.1.3 find_output_file
Your callback function should have the following conventions:
<string> actual_name = function (<string> asked_name)

The asked_name is the pdf or dvi file for writing.

4.1.1.4 find_format_file
Your callback function should have the following conventions:

<string> actual_name = function (<string> asked_name)

The asked_name is a format file for reading (the format file for writing is always opened in the current
directory).

4.1.1.5 find_vf_file
Like find_font_file, but for virtual fonts. This applies to both Aleph's ovf files and traditional
Knuthian vf files.

4.1.1.6 find_ocp_file
Like find_font_file, but for ocp files.

4.1.1.7 find_map_file
Like find_font_file, but for map files.

4.1.1.8 find_enc_file
Like find_font_file, but for enc files.

4.1.1.9 find_sfd_file
Like find_font_file, but for subfont definition files.

4.1.1.10 find_pk_file
Like find_font_file, but for pk bitmap files. The argument name is a bit special in this case. Its
form is

<base res>dpi/<fontname>.<actual res>pk

So you may be asked for 600dpi/manfnt.720pk. It is up to you to find a ‘reasonable' bitmap file to
go with that specification.

4.1.1.11 find_data_file
Like find_font_file, but for embedded files (\pdfobj file '...').

4.1.1.12 find_opentype_file
Like find_font_file, but for OpenType font files.

4.1.1.13 find_truetype_file and find_type1_file

Your callback function should have the following conventions:

<string> actual_name = function (<string> asked_name)

The asked_name is a font file. This callback is called while LuaTEX is building its internal list of
needed font files, so the actual timing may surprise you. Your return value is later fed back into the
matching read_file callback.
Strangely enough, find_type1_file is also used for OpenType (otf) fonts.

4.1.1.14 find_image_file
Your callback function should have the following conventions:

<string> actual_name = function (<string> asked_name)

The asked_name is an image file. Your return value is used to open a file from the harddisk, so make
sure you return something that is considered the name of a valid file by your operating system.

4.1.2 File reading callbacks

The behavior documented in this subsection is considered stable in the sense that there will not be
backward-incompatible changes any more.

4.1.2.1 open_read_file
Your callback function should have the following conventions:

<table> env = function (<string> file_name)

Argument:

file_name
The filename returned by a previous find_read_file or the return value of kpse.find_file()
if there was no such callback defined.

Return value:

env
This is a table containing at least one required and one optional callback function for this file. The
required field is reader and the associated function will be called once for each new line to be read,
the optional one is close that will be called once when LuaTEX is done with the file.
LuaTEX never looks at the rest of the table, so you can use it to store your private per-file data. Both
the callback functions will receive the table as their only argument.

4.1.2.1.1 reader
LuaTEX will run this function whenever it needs a new input line from the file.

function(<table> env)
return <string> line
end

Your function should return either a string or nil. The value nil signals that the end of file has
occurred, and will make TEX call the optional close function next.

4.1.2.1.2 close
LuaTEX will run this optional function when it decides to close the file.

function(<table> env)
return
end

Your function should not return any value.

4.1.2.2 General file readers

There is a set of callbacks for the loading of binary data files. These all use the same interface:

function(<string> name)
return <boolean> success, <string> data, <number> data_size
end
The name will normally be a full path name as it is returned by either one of the file discovery callbacks
or the internal version of kpse.find_file().

success
Return false when a fatal error occurred (e. g. when the file cannot be found, after all).
data
The bytes comprising the file.
data_size
The length of the data, in bytes.

Return an empty string and zero if the file was found but there was a reading problem.
The list of functions is as follows:

read_font_file ofm or tfm files

read_vf_file virtual fonts
read_ocp_file ocp files
read_map_file map files
read_enc_file encoding files
read_sfd_file subfont definition files
read_pk_file pk bitmap files
read_data_file embedded files (\pdfobj file ...)
read_truetype_file TrueType font files
read_type1_file Type1 font files
read_opentype_file OpenType font files

4.1.3 Data processing callbacks

4.1.3.1 process_input_buffer
This callback allows you to change the contents of the line input buffer just before LuaTEX actually starts
looking at it.

function(<string> buffer)
return <string> adjusted_buffer
end

If you return nil, LuaTEX will pretend like your callback never happened. You can gain a small amount
of processing time from that.
This callback does not replace any internal code.

4.1.3.2 process_output_buffer (0.43)

This callback allows you to change the contents of the line output buffer just before LuaTEX actually
starts writing it to a file as the result of a \write command. It is only called for output to an actual
file (that is, excluding the log, the terminal, and \write18 calls).

function(<string> buffer)
return <string> adjusted_buffer
end
If you return nil, LuaTEX will pretend like your callback never happened. You can gain a small amount
of processing time from that.
This callback does not replace any internal code.

4.1.3.3 token_filter
This callback allows you to replace the way LuaTEX fetches lexical tokens.

function()
return <table> token
end
The calling convention for this callback is a bit more complicated than for most other callbacks. The
function should either return a Lua table representing a valid to-be-processed token or tokenlist, or
something else like nil or an empty table.
If your Lua function does not return a table representing a valid token, it will be immediately called
again, until it eventually does return a useful token or tokenlist (or until you reset the callback value to
nil). See the description of token for some handy functions to be used in conjunction with this callback.
If your function returns a single usable token, then that token will be processed by LuaTEX immediately.
If the function returns a token list (a table consisting of a list of consecutive token tables), then that
list will be pushed to the input stack at a completely new token list level, with its token type set to
‘inserted'. In either case, the returned token(s) will not be fed back into the callback function.
Setting this callback to false has no effect (because otherwise nothing would happen, forever).

4.1.4 Node list processing callbacks

The description of nodes and node lists is in chapter 8.

4.1.4.1 buildpage_filter
This callback is called whenever LuaTEX is ready to move stuff to the main vertical list. You can use this
callback to do specialized manipulation of the page building stage like imposition or column balancing.
function(<string> extrainfo)
end

The string extrainfo gives some additional information about what TEX's state is with respect to the
‘current page'. The possible values are:

value explanation
alignment a (partial) alignment is being added
after_output an output routine has just finished
box a typeset box is being added
new_graf the beginning of a new paragraph
vmode_par \par was found in vertical mode
hmode_par \par was found in horizontal mode
insert an insert is added
penalty a penalty (in vertical mode)
before_display immediately before a display starts
after_display a display is finished
end LuaTEX is terminating (it's all over)

This callback does not replace any internal code.

4.1.4.2 pre_linebreak_filter
This callback is called just before LuaTEX starts converting a list of nodes into a stack of \hboxes. The
removal of a possible final skip and the subsequent insertion of \parfillskip has not happened yet
at that moment.

function(<node> head, <string> groupcode)

return true | false | <node> newhead
end

The string called groupcode identifies the nodelist's context within TEX's processing. The
range of possibilities is given in the table below, but not all of those can actually appear in
pre_linebreak_filter, some are for the hpack_filter and vpack_filter callbacks that will
be explained in the next two paragraphs.

value explanation
<empty> main vertical list
hbox \hbox in horizontal mode
adjusted_hbox \hbox in vertical mode
vbox \vbox
vtop \vtop
align \halign or \valign
disc discretionaries
insert packaging an insert
vcenter \vcenter
local_box \localleftbox or \localrightbox
split_off top of a \vsplit
split_keep remainder of a \vsplit
align_set alignment cell
fin_row alignment row

This callback does not replace any internal code.

4.1.4.3 linebreak_filter
This callback replaces LuaTEX's line breaking algorithm.

function(<node> head, <boolean> is_display)

return <node> newhead
end

The returned node is the head of the list that will be added to the main vertical list, the boolean argument
is true if this paragraph is interrupted by a following math display.
If you return something that is not a <node>, LuaTEX will apply the internal linebreak algorithm on the
list that starts at <head>. Otherwise, the <node> you return is supposed to be the head of a list of
nodes that are all allowed in vertical mode, and the last of those has to represent a hbox. Failure to do
so will result in a fatal error.
Setting this callback to false is possible, but dangerous, because it is possible you will end up in an
unfixable ‘deadcycles loop'.

4.1.4.4 post_linebreak_filter
This callback is called just after LuaTEX has converted a list of nodes into a stack of \hboxes.

function(<node> head, <string> groupcode)

return true | false | <node> newhead
end

This callback does not replace any internal code.

4.1.4.5 hpack_filter
This callback is called when TEX is ready to start boxing some horizontal mode material. Math items
and line boxes are ignored at the moment.
function(<node> head, <string> groupcode, <number> size,
<string> packtype [, <string> direction])
return true | false | <node> newhead
end

The packtype is either additional or exactly. If additional, then the size is a

\hbox spread ... argument. If exactly, then the size is a \hbox to .... In both cases,
the number is in scaled points.
The direction is either one of the three-letter direction specifier strings, or nil (added in 0.45).
This callback does not replace any internal code.

4.1.4.6 vpack_filter
This callback is called when TEX is ready to start boxing some vertical mode material. Math displays
are ignored at the moment.
This function is very similar to the hpack_filter. Besides the fact that it is called at different moments,
there is an extra variable that matches TEX's \maxdepth setting.

function(<node> head, <string> groupcode, <number> size, <string>

packtype, <number> maxdepth [, <string> direction])
return true | false | <node> newhead
end

This callback does not replace any internal code.

4.1.4.7 pre_output_filter
This callback is called when TEX is ready to start boxing the box 255 for \output.

function(<node> head, <string> groupcode, <number> size, <string> packtype,

<number> maxdepth [, <string> direction])
return true | false | <node> newhead
end

This callback does not replace any internal code.

4.1.4.8 hyphenate

function(<node> head, <node> tail)

end

No return values. This callback has to insert discretionary nodes in the node list it receives.
Setting this callback to false will prevent the internal discretionary insertion pass.

4.1.4.9 ligaturing

function(<node> head, <node> tail)

end

No return values. This callback has to apply ligaturing to the node list it receives.
You don't have to worry about return values because the head node that is passed on to the callback is
guaranteed not to be a glyph_node (if need be, a temporary node will be prepended), and therefore it
cannot be affected by the mutations that take place. After the callback, the internal value of the ‘tail of
the list' will be recalculated.
The next of head is guaranteed to be non-nil.
The next of tail is guaranteed be nil, and therefore the second callback argument can often be ignored.
It is provided for orthogonality, and because it can sometimes be handy when special processing has to
take place.
Setting this callback to false will prevent the internal ligature creation pass.

4.1.4.10 kerning

function(<node> head, <node> tail) end

No return values. This callback has to apply kerning between the nodes in the node list it receives. See
ligaturing for calling conventions.
Setting this callback to false will prevent the internal kern insertion pass.

4.1.4.11 mlist_to_hlist
This callback replaces LuaTEX's math list to node list conversion algorithm.

function(<node> head, <string> displaytype, <boolean> need_penalties)

return <node> newhead
end

The returned node is the head of the list that will be added to the vertical or horizontal list, the string
argument is either ‘text' or ‘display' depending on the current math mode, the boolean argument is true
if penalties have to be inserted in this list, false otherwise.
Setting this callback to false is bad, it will almost certainly result in an endless loop.

4.1.5 Information reporting callbacks

4.1.5.1 start_run

function()

This callback replaces the code that prints LuaTEX's banner. Note that for successful use, this callback
has to be set in the lua initialization file, otherwise it will be seen only after the run has already started.

4.1.5.2 stop_run

function()

This callback replaces the code that prints LuaTEX's statistics and ‘output written to' messages.

4.1.5.3 start_page_number

function()

Replaces the code that prints the [ and the page number at the begin of \shipout. This callback
will also override the printing of box information that normally takes place when \tracingoutput is
positive.

4.1.5.4 stop_page_number

function()

Replaces the code that prints the ] at the end of \shipout.

4.1.5.5 show_error_hook

function()
return
end

This callback is run from inside the TEX error function, and the idea is to allow you to do some extra
reporting on top of what TEX already does (none of the normal actions are removed). You may find some
of the values in the status table useful.
This callback does not replace any internal code.

message
is the formal error message TEX has given to the user. (the line after the '!').
indicator
is either a filename (when it is a string) or a location indicator (a number) that can mean lots of
different things like a token list id or a \read number.
lineno
is the current line number.

This is an investigative item for 'testing the water' only. The final goal is the total replacement of TEX's
error handling routines, but that needs lots of adjustments in the web source because TEX deals with
errors in a somewhat haphazard fashion. This is why the exact definition of indicator is not given
here.

4.1.6 Font-related callbacks

4.1.6.1 define_font
function(<string> name, <number> size, <number> id) return <table> font end

The string name is the filename part of the font specification, as given by the user.
The number size is a bit special:

• if it is positive, it specifies an ‘at size' in scaled points.

• if it is negative, its absolute value represents a ‘scaled' setting relative to the designsize of the font.

The internal structure of the font table that is to be returned is explained in chapter 7. That table is
saved internally, so you can put extra fields in the table for your later Lua code to use.
Setting this callback to false is pointless as it will prevent font loading completely but will nevertheless
generate errors.

4.2 The font library

The font library provides the interface into the internals of the font system, and also it contains helper
functions to load traditional TEX font metrics formats. Other font loading functionality is provided by the
fontloader library that will be discussed in the next section.

4.2.1 Loading a tfm file

The behavior documented in this subsection is considered stable in the sense that there will not be
backward-incompatible changes any more.
<table> fnt = font.read_tfm(<string> name, <number> s)

The number is a bit special:

• if it is positive, it specifies an ‘at size' in scaled points.

• if it is negative, its absolute value represents a ‘scaled' setting relative to the designsize of the font.

The internal structure of the metrics font table that is returned is explained in chapter 7.

4.2.2 Loading a vf file

The behavior documented in this subsection is considered stable in the sense that there will not be
backward-incompatible changes any more.

<table> vf_fnt = font.read_vf(<string> name, <number> s)

The meaning of the number s, and the format of the returned table is similar to the one returned by the
read_tfm() function.

4.2.3 The fonts array

The whole table of TEX fonts is accessible from Lua using a virtual array.

font.fonts[n] = { ... }
<table> f = font.fonts[n]

See chapter 7 for the structure of the tables. Because this is a virtual array, you cannot call pairs on
it, but see below for the font.each iterator.
The two metatable functions implementing the virtual array are:

<table> f = font.getfont(<number> n)
font.setfont(<number> n, <table> f)

Also note the following: assignments can only be made to fonts that have already been defined in TEX,
but have not been accessed at all since that definition. This limits the usability of the write access to
font.fonts quite a lot, a less stringent ruleset will likely be implemented later.

4.2.4 Checking a font's status

You can test for the status of a font by calling this function:

<boolean> f = font.frozen(<number> n)
The return value is one of true (unassignable), false (can be changed) or nil (not a valid font at all).

4.2.5 Defining a font directly

You can define your own font into font.fonts by calling this function:

<number> i = font.define(<table> f)

The return value is the internal id number of the defined font (the index into font.fonts). If the font
creation fails, an error is raised. The table is a font structure, as explained in chapter 7.

4.2.6 Projected next font id

<number> i = font.nextid();

This returns the font id number that would be returned by a font.define call if it was executed at
this spot in the code flow. This is useful for virtual fonts that need to reference themselves.

4.2.7 Font id (0.47)

<number> i = font.id(<string> csname);

This returns the font id associated with csname string, or −1 if csname is not defined, new in 0.47.

4.2.8 Currently active font

<number> i = font.current();
font.current(<number> i);

This gets or sets the currently used font number.

4.2.9 Maximum font id

<number> i = font.max();

This is the largest used index in font.fonts.

4.2.10 Iterating over all fonts

for i,v in font.each() do
...
end

This is an iterator over each of the defined TEX fonts. The first returned value is the index in font.fonts,
the second the font itself, as a Lua table. The indices are listed incrementally, but they do not always
form an array of consecutive numbers: in some cases there can be holes in the sequence.

4.3 The fontloader library (0.36)

This library used to be called ‘fontforge’. The library is still available under that name for now, but
that alias will be removed starting with beta 0.41.0

4.3.1 Getting quick information on a font

local info = fontloader.info('filename')

This function returns either nil, or a table, or an array of small tables (in the case of a TrueType
collection). The returned table(s) will contain six fairly interesting information items from the font(s)
defined by the file:

key type explanation

fontname string the PostScript name of the font
fullname string the formal name of the font
familyname string the family name this font belongs to
weight string a string indicating the color value of the font
version string the internal font version
italicangle float the slant angle

Getting information through this function is (sometimes much) more efficient than loading the font prop-
erly, and is therefore handy when you want to create a dictionary of available fonts based on a directory
contents.

4.3.2 Loading an OpenType or TrueType file

If you want to use an OpenType font, you have to get the metric information from somewhere. Using the
fontloader library, the basic way to get that information is thus:

function load_font (filename)

local metrics = nil
local font = fontloader.open(filename)
if font then
 metrics = fontloader.to_table(font)
fontloader.close(font)
end
return metrics
end

myfont = load_font('/opt/tex/texmf/fonts/data/arial.ttf')

The main function call is

f, w = fontloader.open('filename')

The first return value is a table representation of the font. The second return value is a table containing
any warnings and errors reported by fontloader while opening the font. In normal typesetting, you would
probably ignore the second argument, but it can be useful for debugging purposes.
For TrueType collections (when filename ends in 'ttc') and dfont collections, you have to use a second
string argument to specify which font you want from the collection. Use the fontname strings that are
returned by fontloader.info for that.

f, w = fontloader.open('filename','fontname')

Do not forget to store the fontname value in the psname field of the metrics table to be returned to
LuaTEX, otherwise the font inclusion backend will not be able to find the correct font in the collection.
The font file is parsed and partially interpreted by the font loading routines from FontForge. The file
format can be OpenType, TrueType, TrueType Collection, cff, or Type1.
There are a few advantages to this approach compared to reading the actual font file ourselves:

• The font is automatically re-encoded, so that the metrics table for TrueType and OpenType fonts
is using Unicode for the character indices.
• Many features are pre-processed into a format that is easier to handle than just the bare tables
would be.
• PostScript-based OpenType fonts do not store the character height and depth in the font file, so the
character boundingbox has to be calculated in some way.
• In the future, it may be interesting to allow Lua scripts access to the font program itself, perhaps
even creating or changing the font.

4.3.3 Applying a ‘feature file'

You can apply a ‘feature file' to a loaded font:

fontloader.apply_featurefile(f,'filename')
A ‘feature file' is a textual representation of the features in an OpenType font. See http:
//www.adobe.com/devnet/opentype/afdko/topic_feature_file_syntax.html and http://fontforge.sourceforge
.net/featurefile.html for a more detailed description of feature files.

4.3.4 Applying an ‘afm file'

You can apply an ‘afm file' to a loaded font:

fontloader.apply_afmfile(f,'filename')

An afm file is a textual representation of (some of) the meta information in a Type1 font. See http://www
.adobe.com/devnet/font/pdfs/5004.AFM_Spec.pdf for more information about afm files.
Note: If you fontloader.open() a Type1 file named font.pfb, the library will automatically search
for and apply font.afm if it exists in the same directory as the file font.pfb. In that case, there is
no need for an explicit call to apply_afmfile().

4.3.5 Fontloader font tables

4.3.5.1 Table types

4.3.5.1.1 Top-level
The top-level keys in the returned table are (the explanations in this part of the documentation are not
yet finished):

key type explanation

table_version number indicates the metrics version (currently 0.3)
fontname string PostScript font name
fullname string official (human-oriented) font name
familyname string family name
weight string weight indicator
copyright string copyright information
filename string the file name
version string font version
italicangle float slant angle
units_per_em number 1000 for PostScript-based fonts, usually 2048 for
TrueType
ascent number height of ascender in units_per_em
descent number depth of descender in units_per_em
upos float
uwidth float
uniqueid number
glyphcnt number number of included glyphs
glyphs array
glyphmax number maximum used index the glyphs array
hasvmetrics number
onlybitmaps number
serifcheck number
isserif number
issans number
encodingchanged number
strokedfont number
use_typo_metrics number
weight_width_slope_only number
head_optimized_for_cleartype number
uni_interp enum unset, none, adobe, greek, japanese, trad_chinese,
simp_chinese, korean, ams
origname string the file name, as supplied by the user
map table
private table
xuid string
pfminfo table
names table
cidinfo table
subfonts array
commments string
fontlog string
cvt_names string
anchor_classes table
ttf_tables table
ttf_tab_saved table
kerns table
vkerns table
texdata table
lookups table
gpos table
gsub table
sm table
features table
mm table
chosenname string
macstyle number
fondname string
design_size number
fontstyle_id number
fontstyle_name table
design_range_bottom number
design_range_top number
strokewidth float
mark_classes table
creationtime number
modificationtime number
os2_version number
sfd_version number
math table
validation_state table
horiz_base table
vert_base table
extrema_bound number

4.3.5.1.2 Glyph items

The glyphs is an array containing the per-character information (quite a few of these are only present
if nonzero).

key type explanation

name string the glyph name
unicode number unicode code point, or -1
boundingbox array array of four numbers, see note below
width number only for horizontal fonts
vwidth number only for vertical fonts
lsidebearing number only if nonzero and not equal to boundingbox[1]
class string one of "automatic", "none", "base", "ligature", "mark", "component"
kerns array only for horizontal fonts, if set
vkerns array only for vertical fonts, if set
dependents array linear array of glyph name strings, only if nonempty
lookups table only if nonempty
ligatures table only if nonempty
anchors table only if set
comment string only if set
tex_height number only if set
tex_depth number only if set
italic_correction number only if set
top_accent number only if set
is_extended_shape number only if this character is part of a math extension list
altuni table alternate Unicode items
vert_variants table
horiz_variants table
mathkern table
On boundingbox: The boundingbox information for TrueType fonts and TrueType-based otf fonts is
read directly from the font file. PostScript-based fonts do not have this information, so the boundingbox
of traditional PostScript fonts is generated by interpreting the actual bezier curves to find the exact
boundingbox. This can be a slow process, so starting from LuaTEX 0.45, the boundingboxes of Post-
Script-based otf fonts (and raw cff fonts) are calculated using an approximation of the glyph shape based
on the actual glyph points only, instead of taking the whole curve into account. This means that glyphs
that have missing points at extrema will have a too-tight boundingbox, but the processing is so much
faster that in our opinion the tradeoff is worth it.
The kerns and vkerns are linear arrays of small hashes:

key type explanation

char string
off number
lookup string

The lookups is a hash, based on lookup subtable names, with the value of each key inside that a linear
array of small hashes:

key type explanation

type enum position, pair, substitution, alternate, multiple, ligature,
lcaret, kerning, vkerning, anchors, contextpos, contextsub,
chainpos, chainsub, reversesub, max, kernback, vkernback
specification table extra data

For the first seven values of type, there can be additional sub-information, stored in the sub-table
specification:

value type explanation

position table a table of the offset_specs type
pair table one string: paired, and an array of one or two offset_specs tables:
offsets
substitution table one string: variant
alternate table one string: components
multiple table one string: components
ligature table two strings: components, char
lcaret array linear array of numbers

Tables for offset_specs contain up to four number-valued fields: x (a horizontal offset), y (a vertical
offset), h (an advance width correction) and v (an advance height correction).
The ligatures is a linear array of small hashes:

key type explanation

lig table uses the same substructure as a single possub item
char string
components array linear array of named components
ccnt number

The anchor table is indexed by a string signifying the anchor type, which is one of

key type explanation

mark table placement mark
basechar table mark for attaching combining items to a base char
baselig table mark for attaching combining items to a ligature
basemark table generic mark for attaching combining items to connect to
centry table cursive entry point
cexit table cursive exit point

The content of these is an short array of defined anchors, with the entry keys being the anchor names.
For all except baselig, the value is a single table with this definition:

key type explanation

x number x location
y number y location
ttf_pt_index number truetype point index, only if given

For baselig, the value is a small array of such anchor sets sets, one for each constituent item of the
ligature.
For clarification, an anchor table could for example look like this :

['anchor'] = {
['basemark'] = {
['Anchor-7'] = { ['x']=170, ['y']=1080 }
},
['mark'] ={
['Anchor-1'] = { ['x']=160, ['y']=810 },
['Anchor-4'] = { ['x']=160, ['y']=800 }
},
['baselig'] = {
[1] = { ['Anchor-2'] = { ['x']=160, ['y']=650 } },
[2] = { ['Anchor-2'] = { ['x']=460, ['y']=640 } }
}
}

4.3.5.1.3 map table

The top-level map is a list of encoding mappings. Each of those is a table itself.

key type explanation

enccount number
encmax number
backmax number
remap table
map array non-linear array of mappings
backmap array non-linear array of backward mappings
enc table

The remap table is very small:

key type explanation

firstenc number
lastenc number
infont number

The enc table is a bit more verbose:

key type explanation

enc_name string
char_cnt number
char_max number
unicode array of Unicode position numbers
psnames array of PostScript glyph names
builtin number
hidden number
only_1byte number
has_1byte number
has_2byte number
is_unicodebmp number only if nonzero
is_unicodefull number only if nonzero
is_custom number only if nonzero
is_original number only if nonzero
is_compact number only if nonzero
is_japanese number only if nonzero
is_korean number only if nonzero
is_tradchinese number only if nonzero [name?]
is_simplechinese number only if nonzero
low_page number
high_page number
iconv_name string
iso_2022_escape string
4.3.5.1.4 private table
This is the font's private PostScript dictionary, if any. Keys and values are both strings.

4.3.5.1.5 cidinfo table

key type explanation

registry string
ordering string
supplement number
version number

4.3.5.1.6 pfminfo table

The pfminfo table contains most of the OS/2 information:

key type explanation

pfmset number
winascent_add number
windescent_add number
hheadascent_add number
hheaddescent_add number
typoascent_add number
typodescent_add number
subsuper_set number
panose_set number
hheadset number
vheadset number
pfmfamily number
weight number
width number
avgwidth number
firstchar number
lastchar number
fstype number
linegap number
vlinegap number
hhead_ascent number
hhead_descent number
hhead_descent number
os2_typoascent number
os2_typodescent number
os2_typolinegap number
os2_winascent number
os2_windescent number
os2_subxsize number
os2_subysize number
os2_subxoff number
os2_subyoff number
os2_supxsize number
os2_supysize number
os2_supxoff number
os2_supyoff number
os2_strikeysize number
os2_strikeypos number
os2_family_class number
os2_xheight number
os2_capheight number
os2_defaultchar number
os2_breakchar number
os2_vendor string
codepages table A two-number array of encoded code pages
unicoderages table A four-number array of encoded unicode ranges
panose table

The panose subtable has exactly 10 string keys:

key type explanation

familytype string Values as in the OpenType font specification: Any, No Fit, Text and
Display, Script, Decorative, Pictorial
serifstyle string See the OpenType font specification for values
weight string id.
proportion string id.
contrast string id.
strokevariation string id.
armstyle string id.
letterform string id.
midline string id.
xheight string id.

4.3.5.1.7 names table

Each item has two top-level keys:

key type explanation

lang string language for this entry
names table
The names keys are the actual TrueType name strings. The possible keys are:

key explanation
copyright
family
subfamily
uniqueid
fullname
version
postscriptname
trademark
manufacturer
designer
descriptor
venderurl
designerurl
license
licenseurl
idontknow
preffamilyname
prefmodifiers
compatfull
sampletext
cidfindfontname
wwsfamily
wwssubfamily

4.3.5.1.8 anchor_classes table

The anchor_classes classes:

key type explanation

name string a descriptive id of this anchor class
lookup string
type string one of mark, mkmk, curs, mklg

4.3.5.1.9 gpos table

Th gpos table has one array entry for each lookup. (The gpos_ prefix is somewhat redundant.)

key type explanation

type string one of gpos_single, gpos_pair, gpos_cursive, gpos_mark2base,
gpos_mark2ligature, gpos_mark2mark, gpos_context,
gpos_contextchain
flags table
name string
features array
subtables array

The flags table has a true value for each of the lookup flags that is actually set:

key type explanation

r2l boolean
ignorebaseglyphs boolean
ignoreligatures boolean
ignorecombiningmarks boolean
mark_class string (new in 0.44)

The features subtable of gpos has:

key type explanation

tag string
scripts table
ismac number (only if true)

The scripts table within features has:

key type explanation

script string
langs array of strings

The subtables table has:

key type explanation

name string
suffix string (only if used)
anchor_classes number (only if used)
vertical_kerning number (only if used)
kernclass table (only if used)

The kernclass with subtables table has:

key type explanation

firsts array of strings
seconds array of strings
lookup string associated lookup
offsets array of numbers
4.3.5.1.10 gsub table
This has identical layout to the gpos table, except for the type:

key type explanation

type string one of gsub_single, gsub_multiple, gsub_alternate, gsub_ligature,
gsub_context, gsub_contextchain, gsub_reversecontextchain

4.3.5.1.11 ttf_tables and ttf_tab_saved tables

key type explanation

tag string
len number
maxlen number
data number

4.3.5.1.12 sm table

key type explanation

type string one of "indic", "context", "lig", "simple", "insert", "kern"
lookup string
flags table a set of boolean values with the keys : "vert", "descending", "always"
classes table an array of named classes
state table

The state table has:

key type explanation

next number
flags number
context table A small table that has 'mark' and 'cur' as possible keys, with the values being
lookup names. Only applies if the sm.type = context.
insert table A small table that has 'mark' and 'cur' as possible keys, with the values strings.
Only applies if the sm.type = insert.
kern table A small array with kern data. Only applies if the sm.type = kern.

4.3.5.1.13 features table

key type explanation

feature number
ismutex number
default_setting number
strid number
featname table A set of mac names. macnames are like otfnames except that they also
have an 'enc' field
settings table

The settings are:

key type explanation

setting number
strid number
initially_enabled number
setname table A set of mac names. macnames are like otfnames except that they
also have an 'enc' field

4.3.5.1.14 mm table

key type explanation

axes table array of axis names
instance_count number
positions table array of instance positions (#axes * instances )
defweights table array of default weights for instances
cdv string
ndv string
axismaps table
named_instance_count number
named_instances table
apple number

The axismaps:

key type explanation

blends table an array of blend points
designs table an array of design values
min number
def number
max number
axisnames table a set of mac names

The named_instances is an array of instances:

key type explanation

names table a set of mac names
coords table an array of coordinates
4.3.5.1.15 mark_classes table (0.44)
The keys in this table are mark class names, and the values are a space-separated string of glyph names
in this class.
Note: This table is indeed new in 0.44. The manual said it existed before then, but in practise it was
missing due to a bug.

4.3.5.1.16 math table

ScriptPercentScaleDown
ScriptScriptPercentScaleDown
DelimitedSubFormulaMinHeight
DisplayOperatorMinHeight
MathLeading
AxisHeight
AccentBaseHeight
FlattenedAccentBaseHeight
SubscriptShiftDown
SubscriptTopMax
SubscriptBaselineDropMin
SuperscriptShiftUp
SuperscriptShiftUpCramped
SuperscriptBottomMin
SuperscriptBaselineDropMax
SubSuperscriptGapMin
SuperscriptBottomMaxWithSubscript
SpaceAfterScript
UpperLimitGapMin
UpperLimitBaselineRiseMin
LowerLimitGapMin
LowerLimitBaselineDropMin
StackTopShiftUp
StackTopDisplayStyleShiftUp
StackBottomShiftDown
StackBottomDisplayStyleShiftDown
StackGapMin
StackDisplayStyleGapMin
StretchStackTopShiftUp
StretchStackBottomShiftDown
StretchStackGapAboveMin
StretchStackGapBelowMin
FractionNumeratorShiftUp
FractionNumeratorDisplayStyleShiftUp
FractionDenominatorShiftDown
FractionDenominatorDisplayStyleShiftDown
FractionNumeratorGapMin
FractionNumeratorDisplayStyleGapMin
FractionRuleThickness
FractionDenominatorGapMin
FractionDenominatorDisplayStyleGapMin
SkewedFractionHorizontalGap
SkewedFractionVerticalGap
OverbarVerticalGap
OverbarRuleThickness
OverbarExtraAscender
UnderbarVerticalGap
UnderbarRuleThickness
UnderbarExtraDescender
RadicalVerticalGap
RadicalDisplayStyleVerticalGap
RadicalRuleThickness
RadicalExtraAscender
RadicalKernBeforeDegree
RadicalKernAfterDegree
RadicalDegreeBottomRaisePercent
MinConnectorOverlap
FractionDelimiterSize (new in 0.47.0)
FractionDelimiterDisplayStyleSize (new in 0.47.0)

4.3.5.1.17 validation_state table

key explanation
bad_ps_fontname
bad_glyph_table
bad_cff_table
bad_metrics_table
bad_cmap_table
bad_bitmaps_table
bad_gx_table
bad_ot_table
bad_os2_version
bad_sfnt_header
4.3.5.1.18 horiz_base and vert_base table

key type explanation

tags table an array of script list tags
scripts table

The scripts subtable:

key type explanation

baseline table
default_baseline number
lang table

The lang subtable:

key type explanation

tag string a script tag
ascent number
descent number
features table

The features points to an array of tables with the same layout except that in those nested tables, the
tag represents a language.

4.3.5.1.19 altuni table

An array of alternate Unicode values. Inside that array are hashes with:

key type explanation

unicode number
variant number

4.3.5.1.20 vert_variants and horiz_variants table

key type explanation

variants string
italic_correction number
parts table

The parts table is an array of smaller tables:

key type explanation

component string
extender number
start number
end number
advance number

4.3.5.1.21 mathkern table

key type explanation

top_right table
bottom_right table
top_left table
bottom_left table

Each of the subtables is an array of small hashes with two keys:

key type explanation

height number
kern number

4.3.5.1.22 kerns table

Substructure is identical to the per-glyph subtable.

4.3.5.1.23 vkerns table

Substructure is identical to the per-glyph subtable.

4.3.5.1.24 texdata table

key type explanation

type string unset, text, math, mathext
params array 22 font numeric parameters

4.3.5.1.25 lookups table

Top-level lookups is quite different from the ones at character level. The keys in this hash are strings,
the values the actual lookups, represented as dictionary tables.

key type explanation

type number
format enum one of glyphs, class, coverage, reversecoverage
tag string
current_class array
before_class array
after_class array
rules array an array of rule items

Rule items have one common item and one specialized item:

key type explanation

lookups array a linear array of lookup names
glyph array only if the parent's format is glyph
class array only if the parent's format is glyph
coverage array only if the parent's format is glyph
reversecoverage array only if the parent's format is glyph

A glyph table is:

key type explanation

names string
back string
fore string

A class table is:

key type explanation

current array of numbers
before array of numbers
after array of numbers

coverage:

key type explanation

current array of strings
before array of strings
after array of strings

reversecoverage:

key type explanation

current array of strings
before array of strings
after array of strings
replacements string
4.4 The img library
The img library can be used as an alternative to \pdfximage and \pdfrefximage, and the associated
‘satellite' commands like \pdfximagebbox. Image objects can also be used within virtual fonts via the
image command listed in section 7.2.

img.new
<image> var = img.new()
<image> var = img.new(image_spec)

This function creates a userdata object of type ‘image'. The image_spec argument is optional. If it is
given, it must be a table, and that table must contain a filename key. A number of other keys can also
be useful, these are explained below.
You can either say

a=img.new()

followed by

a.filename="foo.png"

or you can put the file name (and some or all of the other keys) into a table directly, like so:

a=img.new{filename='foo.pdf',page=1}

The generated <image> userdata object allows access to a set of user-specified values as well as a
set of values that are normally filled in and updated automatically by LuaTEX itself. Some of those are
derived from the actual image file, others are updated to reflect the pdf output status of the object.
There is one required user-specified field: the file name (filename). It can optionally be augmented
by the requested image dimensions (width, depth, height), user-specified image attributes (attr),
the requested pdf page identifier (page), the requested boundingbox (pagebox) for pdf inclusion, the
requested color space object (colorspace).
The function img.new does not access the actual image file, it just creates the <image> userdata object
and initializes some memory structures. The <image> object and its internal structures are automatically
garbage collected.
Once the image is scanned, all the values in the <image> become frozen, and you cannot change them
any more.

img.keys
<table> keys = img.keys()
This function returns a list of all the possible image_spec keys, both user-supplied and automatic ones.

field name type description

depth number the image depth for LuaTEX (in scaled points)
height number the image height for LuaTEX (in scaled points)
width number the image width for LuaTEX (in scaled points)
transform number the image transform, integer number 0..7
attr string the image attributes for LuaTEX
filename string the image file name
stream string the raw stream data for an /Xobject /Form object
page ?? the identifier for the requested image page (type is number or string, default is
the number 1)
pagebox string the requested bounding box, one of none, media, crop, bleed, trim, art
bbox table table with 4 boundingbox dimensions llx, lly, urx, and ury overruling the
pagebox entry
filepath string the full (expanded) file name of the image
colordepth number the number of bits used by the color space
colorspace number the color space object number
imagetype string one of pdf, png, jpg, jbig2, or nil
objnum number the pdf image object number
index number the pdf image name suffix
pages number the total number of available pages
xsize number the natural image width
ysize number the natural image height
xres number the horizontal natural image resolution (in dpi)
yres number the vertical natural image resolution (in dpi)

A running (undefined) dimension in width, height, or depth is represented as nil in Lua, so if you
want to load an image at its ‘natural' size, you do not have to specify any of those three fields.
The stream parameter allows to fabricate an /XObject /Form object from a string giving the stream
contents, e. g., for a filled rectangle:

a.stream = "0 0 20 10 re f"

When writing the image, an /Xobject /Form object is created, like with embedded pdf file writing.
The object is written out only once. The stream key requires that also the bbox table is given. The
stream key conflicts with the filename key. The transform key works as usual also with stream.
The bbox key needs a table with four boundingbox values, e. g.:

a.bbox = {"30bp", 0, "225bp", "200bp"}

This replaces and overrules any given pagebox value; with given bbox the box dimensions coming with
an embedded pdf file are ignored. The xsize and ysize dimensions are set accordingly, when the
image is scaled. The bbox parameter is ignored for non-pdf images.
The transform allows to mirror and rotate the image in steps of 90 deg. The default value 0 gives
an unmirrored, unrotated image. Values 1--3 give counterclockwise rotation by 90, 180, or 270 degrees,
whereas with values 4--7 the image is first mirrored and then rotated counterclockwise by 90, 180,
or 270 degrees. The transform operation gives the same visual result as if you would externally
preprocess the image by a graphics tool and then use it by LuaTEX. If a pdf file to be embedded already
contains a /Rotate specification, the rotation result is the combination of the /Rotate rotation followed
by the transform operation.

img.scan
<image> var = img.scan(<image> var)
<image> var = img.scan(image_spec)

When you say img.scan(a) for a new image, the file is scanned, and variables such as xsize, ysize,
image type, number of pages, and the resolution are extracted. Each of the width, height, depth
fields are set up according to the image dimensions, if they were not given an explicit value already.
An image file will never be scanned more than once for a given image variable. With all subsequent
img.scan(a) calls only the dimensions are again set up (if they have been changed by the user in the
meantime).
For ease of use, you can do right-away a

<image> a = img.scan { filename = "foo.png" }

without a prior img.new.

Nothing is written yet at this point, so you can do a=img.scan, retrieve the available info like image
width and height, and then throw away a again by saying a=nil. In that case no image object will be
reserved in the PDF, and the used memory will be cleaned up automatically.

img.copy
<image> var = img.copy(<image> var)
<image> var = img.copy(image_spec)

If you say a = b, then both variables point to the same <image> object. if you want to write out an
image with different sizes, you can do a b=img.copy(a).
Afterwards, a and b still reference the same actual image dictionary, but the dimensions for b can now
be changed from their initial values that were just copies from a.

img.write
<image> var = img.write(<image> var)
<image> var = img.write(image_spec)
By img.write(a) a pdf object number is allocated, and a whatsit node of subtype pdf_refximage
is generated and put into the output list. By this the image a is placed into the page stream, and the
image file is written out into an image stream object after the shipping of the current page is finished.
Again you can do a terse call like

img.write { filename = "foo.png" }

The <image> variable is returned in case you want it for later processing.

img.immediatewrite
<image> var = img.immediatewrite(<image> var)
<image> var = img.immediatewrite(image_spec)

By img.immediatewrite(a) a pdf object number is allocated, and the image file for image a is written
out immediately into the pdf file as an image stream object (like with \immediate\pdfximage). The
object number of the image stream dictionary is then available by the objnum key. No pdf_refximage
whatsit node is generated. You will need an img.write(a) or img.node(a) call to let the image
appear on the page, or reference it by another trick; else you will have a dangling image object in the
pdf file.
Also here you can do a terse call like

a = img.immediatewrite { filename = "foo.png" }

The <image> variable is returned and you will most likely need it.

img.node
<node> n = img.node(<image> var)
<node> n = img.node(image_spec)

This function allocates a pdf object number and returns a whatsit node of subtype pdf_refximage,
filled with the image parameters width, height, depth, and objnum. Also here you can do a terse
call like:

n = img.node { filename = "foo.png" }

This example outputs an image:

node.write(img.node{filename="foo.png"})

img.types
<table> types = img.types()
This function returns a list with the supported image file type names, currently these are pdf, png, jpg,
and jbig2.

img.boxes
<table> boxes = img.boxes()

This function returns a list with the supported pdf page box names, currently these are media, crop,
bleed, trim, and art (all in lowercase letters).

4.5 The kpse library

This library provides two separate, but nearly identical interfaces to the kpathsea file search functionality:
there is a ‘normal' procedural interface that shares its kpathsea instance with LuaTEX itself, and an object
oriented interface that is completely on its own. The object oriented interface and kpse.new have been
added in LuaTEX 0.37.

4.5.1 kpse.set_program_name and kpse.new

Before the search library can be used at all, its database has to be initialized. There are three possi-
bilities, two of which belong to the procedural interface.
First, when LuaTEX is used to typeset documents, this initialization happens automatically and the
kpathsea executable and program names are set to luatex (that is, unless explicitly prohibited by the
user's startup script. See section 3.1 for more details).
Second, in TEXLua mode, the initialization has to be done explicitly via the kpse.set_program_name
function, which sets the kpathsea executable (and optionally program) name.

kpse.set_program_name(<string> name)
kpse.set_program_name(<string> name, <string> progname)

The second argument controls the use of the ‘dotted' values in the texmf.cnf configuration file, and
defaults to the first argument.
Third, if you prefer the object oriented interface, you have to call a different function. It has the same
arguments, but it returns a userdata variable.

local kpathsea = kpse.new(<string> name)

local kpathsea = kpse.new(<string> name, <string> progname)
Apart from these two functions, the calling conventions of the interfaces are identical. Depending on
the chosen interface, you either call kpse.find_file() or kpathsea:find_file(), with identical
arguments and return vales.

4.5.2 find_file
The most often used function in the library is find_file:

<string> f = kpse.find_file(<string> filename)

<string> f = kpse.find_file(<string> filename, <string> ftype)
<string> f = kpse.find_file(<string> filename, <boolean> mustexist)
<string> f = kpse.find_file(<string> filename, <string> ftype, <boolean>
mustexist)
<string> f = kpse.find_file(<string> filename, <string> ftype, <number> dpi)

Arguments:

filename
the name of the file you want to find, with or without extension.
ftype
maps to the -format argument of kpsewhich. The supported ftype values are the same as the
ones supported by the standalone kpsewhich program:
'gf' 'TeX system sources'
'pk' 'PostScript header'
'bitmap font' 'Troff fonts'
'tfm' 'type1 fonts'
'afm' 'vf'
'base' 'dvips config'
'bib' 'ist'
'bst' 'truetype fonts'
'cnf' 'type42 fonts'
'ls-R' 'web2c files'
'fmt' 'other text files'
'map' 'other binary files'
'mem' 'misc fonts'
'mf' 'web'
'mfpool' 'cweb'
'mft' 'enc files'
'mp' 'cmap files'
'mppool' 'subfont definition files'
'MetaPost support' 'opentype fonts'
'ocp' 'pdftex config'
'ofm' 'lig files'
'opl' 'texmfscripts'
'otp' 'lua',
'ovf' 'font feature files',
'ovp' 'cid maps',
'graphic/figure' 'mlbib',
'tex' 'mlbst',
'TeX system documentation' 'clua',
'texpool'
The default type is tex. Note: this is different from kpsewhich, which tries to deduce the file type
itself from looking at the supplied extension. The last four types: 'font feature files', 'cid maps',
'mlbib', 'mlbst' were new additions in LuaTEX 0.40.2.
mustexist
is similar to kpsewhich's -must-exist, and the default is false. If you specify true (or a non-
zero integer), then the kpse library will search the disk as well as the ls-R databases.
dpi
This is used for the size argument of the formats pk, gf, and bitmap font.

4.5.3 lookup
A more powerful (but slower) generic method for finding files is also available (since 0.51).

<string> f, ... = kpse.lookup(<string> filename, <table> options)

The options match commandline arguments from kpsewhich:

key type description

debug number set debugging flags for this lookup
format string use specific file type (see list above)
dpi number use this resolution for this lookup; default 600
path string search in the given path
all boolean output all matches, not just the first
must-exist boolean search the disk as well as ls-R if necessary
mktexpk boolean disable/enable mktexpk generation for this lookup
mktextex boolean disable/enable mktextex generation for this lookup
mktexmf boolean disable/enable mktexmf generation for this lookup
mktextfm boolean disable/enable mktextfm generation for this lookup
subdir string or table only output matches whose directory part ends with the given string(s)

4.5.4 init_prog
Extra initialization for programs that need to generate bitmap fonts.

kpse.init_prog(<string> prefix, <number> base_dpi, <string> mfmode)

kpse.init_prog(<string> prefix, <number> base_dpi, <string> mfmode, <string>
fallback)

4.5.5 readable_file
Test if an (absolute) file name is a readable file

<string> f = kpse.readable_file(<string> name)

The return value is the actual absolute filename you should use, because the disk name is not always
the same as the requested name, due to aliases and system-specific handling under e. g. msdos.
Returns nil if the file does not exist or is not readable.

4.5.6 expand_path
Like kpsewhich's -expand-path:

<string> r = kpse.expand_path(<string> s)

4.5.7 expand_var
Like kpsewhich's -expand-var:
<string> r = kpse.expand_var(<string> s)

4.5.8 expand_braces
Like kpsewhich's -expand-braces:

<string> r = kpse.expand_braces(<string> s)

4.5.9 show_path
Like kpsewhich's -show-path:

<string> r = kpse.show_path(<string> ftype)

4.5.10 var_value
Like kpsewhich's -var-value:

<string> r = kpse.var_value(<string> s)

4.5.11 version
Returns the kpathsea version string (new in 0.51)

<string> r = kpse.version()

4.6 The lang library

This library provides the interface to LuaTEX's structure representing a language, and the associated
functions.

<language> l = lang.new()
<language> l = lang.new(<number> id)

This function creates a new userdata object. An object of type <language> is the first argument to
most of the other functions in the lang library. These functions can also be used as if they were object
methods, using the colon syntax.
Without an argument, the next available internal id number will be assigned to this object. With argument,
an object will be created that links to the internal language with that id number.
<number> n = lang.id(<language> l)

returns the internal \language id number this object refers to.

<string> n = lang.hyphenation(<language> l)
lang.hyphenation(<language> l, <string> n)

Either returns the current hyphenation exceptions for this language, or adds new ones. The syntax of
the string is explained in the next chapter, section 6.3.

lang.clear_hyphenation(<language> l)

Clears the exception dictionary for this language.

<string> n = lang.clean(<string> o)

Creates a hyphenation key from the supplied hyphenation value. The syntax of the argument string is
explained section 6.3. This function is useful if you want to do something else based on the words in a
dictionary file, like spell-checking.

<string> n = lang.patterns(<language> l)
lang.patterns(<language> l, <string> n)

Adds additional patterns for this language object, or returns the current set. The syntax of this string is
explained in section 6.3.

lang.clear_patterns(<language> l)

Clears the pattern dictionary for this language.

<number> n = lang.prehyphenchar(<language> l)
lang.prehyphenchar(<language> l, <number> n)

Gets or sets the ‘pre-break' hyphen character for implicit hyphenation in this language (initially the
hyphen, decimal 45).

<number> n = lang.posthyphenchar(<language> l)
lang.posthyphenchar(<language> l, <number> n)

Gets or sets the ‘post-break' hyphen character for implicit hyphenation in this language (initially null,
decimal 0, indicating emptiness).

<number> n = lang.preexhyphenchar(<language> l)
lang.preexhyphenchar(<language> l, <number> n)

Gets or sets the ‘pre-break' hyphen character for explicit hyphenation in this language (initially null,
decimal 0, indicating emptiness).
<number> n = lang.postexhyphenchar(<language> l)
lang.postexhyphenchar(<language> l, <number> n)

Gets or sets the ‘post-break' hyphen character for explicit hyphenation in this language (initially null,
decimal 0, indicating emptiness).

<boolean> success = lang.hyphenate(<node> head)

<boolean> success = lang.hyphenate(<node> head, <node> tail)

Inserts hyphenation points (discretionary nodes) in a node list. If tail is given as argument, processing
stops on that node. Currently, success is always true if head (and tail, if specified) are proper nodes,
regardless of possible other errors.
Hyphenation works only on ‘characters', a special subtype of all the glyph nodes with the node subtype
having the value 1. Glyph modes with different subtypes are not processed. See section 6.1 for more
details.

4.7 The lua library

This library contains one read-only item:

<string> s = lua.version

This returns the Lua version identifier string. The value is currently lua.version.

4.7.1 Lua bytecode registers

Lua registers can be used to communicate Lua functions across Lua chunks. The accepted values for
assignments are functions and nil. Likewise, the retrieved value is either a function or nil.

lua.bytecode[n] = function () .. end

lua.bytecode[n]()

The contents of the lua.bytecode array is stored inside the format file as actual Lua bytecode, so it
can also be used to preload Lua code.
Note: The function must not contain any upvalues. Currently, functions containing upvalues can be
stored (and their upvalues are set to nil), but this is an artifact of the current Lua implementation and
thus subject to change.
The associated function calls are

function f = lua.getbytecode(<number> n)
lua.setbytecode(<number> n, <function> f)
Note: Since a Lua file loaded using loadfile(filename) is essentially an anonymous function, a
complete file can be stored in a bytecode register like this:

lua.bytecode[n] = loadfile(filename)

Now all definitions (functions, variables) contained in the file can be created by executing this bytecode
register:

lua.bytecode[n]()

Note that the path of the file is stored in the Lua bytecode to be used in stack backtraces and therefore
dumped into the format file if above code is used in iniTEX. If it contains private information, i.e. the user
name, this information is then contained in the format file as well. This should be kept in mind when
preloading files into a bytecode register in iniTEX.

4.7.2 Lua chunk name registers

There is an array of 65536 (0--65535) potential chunk names for use with the \directlua and
\latelua primitives.

lua.name[<number> n] = <string> s
<string> s = lua.name[<number n>]

If you want to unset a lua name, you can assign nil to it.

4.8 The mplib library

The MetaPost library interface registers itself in the table mplib. It is based on MPlib version 1.211.

4.8.1 mplib.new
To create a new METAPOST instance, call

<mpinstance> mp = mplib.new({...})

This creates the mp instance object. The argument hash can have a number of different fields, as follows:

name type description default

error_line number error line width 79
print_line number line length in ps output 100
main_memory number total memory size 5000
hash_size number hash size 16384
param_size number max. active macro parameters 150
max_in_open number max. input file nestings 10
random_seed number the initial random seed variable
interaction string the interaction mode, one of batch, errorstop
nonstop, scroll, errorstop
ini_version boolean the --ini switch true
mem_name string --mem plain
job_name string --jobname mpout
find_file function a function to find files only local files

The find_file function should be of this form:

<string> found = finder (<string> name, <string> mode, <string> type)

with:

name the requested file

mode the file mode: r or w

type the kind of file, one of: mp, mem, tfm, map, pfb, enc

Return either the full pathname of the found file, or nil if the file cannot be found.

4.8.2 mp:statistics
You can request statistics with:

<table> stats = mp:statistics()

This function returns the vital statistics for an MPlib instance. There are four fields, giving the maximum
number of used items in each of the four statically allocated object classes:

main_memory number memory size

hash_size number hash size
param_size number simultaneous macro parameters
max_in_open number input file nesting levels

4.8.3 mp:execute
You can ask the METAPOST interpreter to run a chunk of code by calling

local rettable = mp:execute('metapost language chunk')

for various bits of METAPOST language input. Be sure to check the rettable.status (see below)
because when a fatal METAPOST error occurs the MPlib instance will become unusable thereafter.
Generally speaking, it is best to keep your chunks small, but beware that all chunks have to obey proper
syntax, like each of them is a small file. For instance, you cannot split a single statement over multiple
chunks.
In contrast with the normal standalone mpost command, there is no implied ‘input' at the start of the
first chunk.

4.8.4 mp:finish
local rettable = mp:finish()

If for some reason you want to stop using an MPlib instance while processing is not yet actually done,
you can call mp:finish. Eventually, used memory will be freed and open files will be closed by the
Lua garbage collector, but an explicit mp:finish is the only way to capture the final part of the output
streams.

4.8.5 Result table

The return value of mp:execute and mp:finish is a table with a few possible keys (only status is
always guaranteed to be present).

log string output to the ‘log' stream

term string output to the ‘term' stream
error string output to the ‘error' stream (only used for ‘out of memory')
status number the return value: 0=good, 1=warning, 2=errors, 3=fatal error
fig table an array of generated figures (if any)

When status equals 3, you should stop using this MPlib instance immediately, it is no longer capable
of processing input.
If it is present, each of the entries in the fig array is a userdata representing a figure object, and each
of those has a number of object methods you can call:

boundingbox function returns the bounding box, as an array of 4 values

postscript function return a string that is the ps output of the fig. this function accepts two
optional integer arguments for specifying the values of prologues (first argu-
ment) and procset (second argument)
svg function return a string that is the svg output of the fig. this function accepts an
optional integer arguments for specifying the value of prologues
objects function returns the actual array of graphic objects in this fig
copy_objects function returns a deep copy of the array of graphic objects in this fig
filename function the filename this fig's PostScript output would have written to in standalone
mode
width function the charwd value
height function the charht value
depth function the chardp value
italcorr function the charit value
charcode function the (rounded) charcode value

NOTE: you can call fig:objects() only once for any one fig object!
When the boundingbox represents a ‘negated rectangle', i.e. when the first set of coordinates is larger
than the second set, the picture is empty.
Graphical objects come in various types that each have a different list of accessible values. The types
are: fill, outline, text, start_clip, stop_clip, start_bounds, stop_bounds, special.
There is helper function (mplib.fields(obj)) to get the list of accessible values for a particular
object, but you can just as easily use the tables given below).
All graphical objects have a field type that gives the object type as a string value, that not explicit
mentioned in the tables. In the following, numbers are PostScript points represented as a floating point
number, unless stated otherwise. Field values that are of table are explained in the next section.

4.8.5.1 fill

path table the list of knots

htap table the list of knots for the reversed trajectory
pen table knots of the pen
color table the object's color
linejoin number line join style (bare number)
miterlimit number miterlimit
prescript string the prescript text
postscript string the postscript text

The entries htap and pen are optional.

There is helper function (mplib.pen_info(obj)) that returns a table containing a bunch of vital
characteristics of the used pen (all values are floats):

width number width of the pen

rx number x scale
sx number xy multiplier
sy number yx multiplier
ry number y scale
tx number x offset
ty number y offset
4.8.5.2 outline

path table the list of knots

pen table knots of the pen
color table the object's color
linejoin number line join style (bare number)
miterlimit number miterlimit
linecap number line cap style (bare number)
dash table representation of a dash list
prescript string the prescript text
postscript string the postscript text

The entry dash is optional.

4.8.5.3 text

text string the text

font string font tfm name
dsize number font size
color table the object's color
width number
height number
depth number
transform table a text transformation
prescript string the prescript text
postscript string the postscript text
4.8.5.4 special

prescript string special text

4.8.5.5 start_bounds, start_clip

path table the list of knots

4.8.5.6 stop_bounds, stop_clip

Here are no fields available.

4.8.6 Subsidiary table formats

4.8.6.1 Paths and pens

Paths and pens (that are really just a special type of paths as far as MPlib is concerned) are represented
by an array where each entry is a table that represents a knot.

left_type string when present: 'endpoint', but usually absent

right_type string like left_type
x_coord number X coordinate of this knot
y_coord number Y coordinate of this knot
left_x number X coordinate of the precontrol point of this knot
left_y number Y coordinate of the precontrol point of this knot
right_x number X coordinate of the postcontrol point of this knot
right_y number Y coordinate of the postcontrol point of this knot

There is one special case: pens that are (possibly transformed) ellipses have an extra string-valued key
type with value elliptical besides the array part containing the knot list.

4.8.6.2 Colors
A color is an integer array with 0, 1, 3 or 4 values:

0 marking only no values

1 greyscale one value in the range (0,1), ‘black' is 0
3 rgb three values in the range (0,1), ‘black' is 0,0,0
4 cmyk four values in the range (0,1), ‘black' is 0,0,0,1
If the color model of the internal object was uninitialized, then it was initialized to the values rep-
resenting ‘black' in the colorspace defaultcolormodel that was in effect at the time of the shipout.

4.8.6.3 Transforms
Each transform is a six-item array.

1 number represents x
2 number represents y
3 number represents xx
4 number represents yx
5 number represents xy
6 number represents yy

Note that the translation (index 1 and 2) comes first. This differs from the ordering in PostScript, where
the translation comes last.

4.8.6.4 Dashes
Each dash is two-item hash, using the same model as PostScript for the representation of the dashlist.
dashes is an array of ‘on' and ‘off', values, and offset is the phase of the pattern.

dashes hash an array of on-off numbers

offset number the starting offset value

4.8.7 Character size information

These functions find the size of a glyph in a defined font. The fontname is the same name as the
argument to infont; the char is a glyph id in the range 0 to 255; the returned w is in AFM units.

4.8.7.1 mp.char_width

<number> w = mp.char_width(<string> fontname, <number> char)

4.8.7.2 mp.char_height

<number> w = mp.char_height(<string> fontname, <number> char)

4.8.7.3 mp.char_depth
<number> w = mp.char_depth(<string> fontname, <number> char)

4.9 The node library

The node library contains functions that facilitate dealing with (lists of) nodes and their values. They
allow you to create, alter, copy, delete, and insert LuaTEX node objects, the core objects within the
typesetter.
LuaTEX nodes are represented in Lua as userdata with the metadata type luatex.node. The various
parts within a node can be accessed using named fields.
Each node has at least the three fields next, id, and subtype:

• The next field returns the userdata object for the next node in a linked list of nodes, or nil, if there
is no next node.
• The id indicates TEX's ‘node type'. The field id has a numeric value for efficiency reasons, but some
of the library functions also accept a string value instead of id.
• The subtype is another number. It often gives further information about a node of a particular id,
but it is most important when dealing with ‘whatsits', because they are differentiated solely based
on their subtype.

The other available fields depend on the id (and for ‘whatsits', the subtype) of the node. Further
details on the various fields and their meanings are given in chapter 8.
Support for unset (alignment) nodes is partial: they can be queried and modified from Lua code, but
not created.
Nodes can be compared to each other, but: you are actually comparing indices into the node memory.
This means that equality tests can only be trusted under very limited conditions. It will not work correctly
in any situation where one of the two nodes has been freed and/or reallocated: in that case, there will
be false positives.
At the moment, memory management of nodes should still be done explicitly by the user. Nodes are not
‘seen' by the Lua garbage collector, so you have to call the node freeing functions yourself when you
are no longer in need of a node (list). Nodes form linked lists without reference counting, so you have
to be careful that when control returns back to LuaTEX itself, you have not deleted nodes that are still
referenced from a next pointer elsewhere, and that you did not create nodes that are referenced more
than once.
There are statistics available with regards to the allocated node memory, which can be handy for tracing.

4.9.1 Node handling functions

4.9.1.1 node.types
table t = node.types()
This function returns an array that maps node id numbers to node type strings, providing an overview of
the possible top-level id types.

4.9.1.2 node.whatsits

table t = node.whatsits()

TEX's ‘whatsits' all have the same id. The various subtypes are defined by their subtype. The function
is much like node.types, except that it provides an array of subtype mappings.

4.9.1.3 node.id

<number> id = node.id(<string> type)

This converts a single type name to its internal numeric representation.

4.9.1.4 node.subtype

<number> subtype = node.subtype(<string> type)

This converts a single whatsit name to its internal numeric representation (subtype).

4.9.1.5 node.type

<string> type = node.type(<number> id)

This converts a internal numeric representation to an external string representation.

4.9.1.6 node.fields

table t = node.fields(<number> id)

table t = node.fields(<number> id, <number> subtype)

This function returns an array of valid field names for a particular type of node. If you want to get the
valid fields for a ‘whatsit', you have to supply the second argument also. In other cases, any given second
argument will be silently ignored.
This function accepts string id and subtype values as well.

4.9.1.7 node.has_field

<boolean> t = node.has_field(<node> n, <string> field)

This function returns a boolean that is only true if n is actually a node, and it has the field.

4.9.1.8 node.new

<node> n = node.new(<number> id)

<node> n = node.new(<number> id, <number> subtype)

Creates a new node. All of the new node's fields are initialized to either zero or nil except for id and
subtype (if supplied). If you want to create a new whatsit, then the second argument is required,
otherwise it need not be present. As with all node functions, this function creates a node on the TEX
level.
This function accepts string id and subtype values as well.

4.9.1.9 node.free

node.free(<node> n)

Removes the node n from TEX's memory. Be careful: no checks are done on whether this node is still
pointed to from a register or some next field: it is up to you to make sure that the internal data
structures remain correct.

4.9.1.10 node.flush_list

node.flush_list(<node> n)

Removes the node list n and the complete node list following n from TEX's memory. Be careful: no
checks are done on whether any of these nodes is still pointed to from a register or some next field: it
is up to you to make sure that the internal data structures remain correct.

4.9.1.11 node.copy

<node> m = node.copy(<node> n)

Creates a deep copy of node n, including all nested lists as in the case of a hlist or vlist node. Only the
next field is not copied.

4.9.1.12 node.copy_list

<node> m = node.copy_list(<node> n)
<node> m = node.copy_list(<node> n, <node> m)
Creates a deep copy of the node list that starts at n. If m is also given, the copy stops just before node
m.

4.9.1.13 node.hpack

<node> h, <number> b = node.hpack(<node> n)

<node> h, <number> b = node.hpack(<node> n, <number> w, <string> info)
<node> h, <number> b = node.hpack(<node> n, <number> w, <string> info, <string>
dir)

This function creates a new hlist by packaging the list that begins at node n into a horizontal box.
With only a single argument, this box is created using the natural width of its components. In the three
argument form, info must be either additional or exactly, and w is the additional (\hbox spread)
or exact (\hbox to) width to be used.
Direction support added in LuaTEX 0.45.
The second return value is the badness of the generated box, this extension was added in 0.51.
Caveat: at this moment, there can be unexpected side-effects to this function, like updating some of
the \marks and \inserts. Also note that the content of h is the original node list n: if you call
node.free(h) you will also free the node list itself, unless you explicitly set the list field to nil
beforehand. And in a similar way, calling node.free(n) will invalidate h as well!

4.9.1.14 node.vpack (since 0.36)

<node> h, <number> b = node.vpack(<node> n)

<node> h, <number> b = node.vpack(<node> n, <number> w, <string> info)
<node> h, <number> b = node.vpack(<node> n, <number> w, <string> info, <string>
dir)

This function creates a new vlist by packaging the list that begins at node n into a vertical box. With only
a single argument, this box is created using the natural width of its components. In the three argument
form, info must be either additional or exactly, and w is the additional (\vbox spread) or exact
(\vbox to) height to be used.
Direction support added in LuaTEX 0.45.
The second return value is the badness of the generated box, this extension was added in 0.51.
See the description of node.hpack() for a few memory allocation caveats.

4.9.1.15 node.dimensions (0.43)

<number> w, <number> h, <number> d = node.dimensions(<node> n)

<number> w, <number> h, <number> d = node.dimensions(<node> n, <node> t)
This function calculates the natural in-line dimensions of the node list starting at node n and terminating
just before node t (or nil, if there is no second argument). The return values are scaled points. An
alternative format that starts with glue parameters as the first three arguments is also possible:

<number> w, <number> h, <number> d =

node.dimensions(<number> glue_set, <number> glue_sign,
<number> glue_order, <node> n)
<number> w, <number> h, <number> d =
node.dimensions(<number> glue_set, <number> glue_sign,
<number> glue_order, <node> n, <string> dir)
<number> w, <number> h, <number> d =
node.dimensions(<number> glue_set, <number> glue_sign,
<number> glue_order, <node> n, <node> t)
<number> w, <number> h, <number> d =
node.dimensions(<number> glue_set, <number> glue_sign,
<number> glue_order, <node> n, <node> t, <string> dir)

This calling method takes glue settings into account and is especially useful for finding the actual width
of a sublist of nodes that are already boxed, for example in code like this, which prints the width of the
space inbetween the a and b as it would be if \box0 was used as-is:

\setbox0 = \hbox to 20pt {a b}

\directlua{print (node.dimensions(tex.box[0].glue_set,
tex.box[0].glue_sign,
tex.box[0].glue_order,
tex.box[0].list.next,
node.tail(tex.box[0].list))) }

Direction support added in LuaTEX 0.45.

4.9.1.16 node.mlist_to_hlist

<node> h = node.mlist_to_hlist(<node> n,
<string> displaytype, <boolean> penalties)

This runs the internal mlist to hlist conversion, converting the math list in n into the horizontal list h.
The interface is exactly the same as for the callback mlist_to_hlist.)

4.9.1.17 node.slide

<node> m = node.slide(<node> n)
Returns the last node of the node list that starts at n. As a side-effect, it also creates a reverse chain
of prev pointers between nodes.

4.9.1.18 node.tail

<node> m = node.tail(<node> n)

Returns the last node of the node list that starts at n.

4.9.1.19 node.length

<number> i = node.length(<node> n)
<number> i = node.length(<node> n, <node> m)

Returns the number of nodes contained in the node list that starts at n. If m is also supplied it stops at
m instead of at the end of the list. The node m is not counted.

4.9.1.20 node.count

<number> i = node.count(<number> id, <node> n)

<number> i = node.count(<number> id, <node> n, <node> m)

Returns the number of nodes contained in the node list that starts at n that have an matching id field.
If m is also supplied, counting stops at m instead of at the end of the list. The node m is not counted.
This function also accept string id's.

4.9.1.21 node.traverse

<node> t = node.traverse(<node> n)

This is an iterator that loops over the node list that starts at n.

4.9.1.22 node.traverse_id

<node> t = node.traverse_id(<number> id, <node> n)

This is an iterator that loops over all the nodes in the list that starts at n that have a matching id field.

4.9.1.23 node.remove

<node> head, current = node.remove(<node> head, <node> current)

This function removes the node current from the list following head. It is your responsibility to make
sure it is really part of that list. The return values are the new head and current nodes. The returned
current is the node in the calling argument, and is only passed back as a convenience (its next field
will be cleared). The returned head is more important, because if the function is called with current
equal to head, it will be changed.

4.9.1.24 node.insert_before

<node> head, new = node.insert_before(<node> head, <node> current, <node>

new)

This function inserts the node new before current into the list following head. It is your responsibility
to make sure that current is really part of that list. The return values are the (potentially mutated)
head and the new, set up to be part of the list (with correct next field). If head is initially nil, it will
become new.

4.9.1.25 node.insert_after

<node> head, new = node.insert_after(<node> head, <node> current, <node>

new)

This function inserts the node new after current into the list following head. It is your responsibility
to make sure that current is really part of that list. The return values are the head and the new, set
up to be part of the list (with correct next field). If head is initially nil, it will become new.

4.9.1.26 node.first_character

<node> n = node.first_character(<node> n)
<node> n = node.first_character(<node> n, <node> m)

Returns the first node that is a glyph node with a subtype indicating it is a character, or nil.

4.9.1.27 node.ligaturing

<node> h, <node> t, <boolean> success = node.ligaturing(<node> n)

<node> h, <node> t, <boolean> success = node.ligaturing(<node> n, <node> m)

Apply TEX-style ligaturing to the specified nodelist. The tail node m is optional. The two returned nodes
h and t are the new head and tail (both n and m can change into a new ligature).

4.9.1.28 node.kerning
<node> h, <node> t, <boolean> success = node.kerning(<node> n)
<node> h, <node> t, <boolean> success = node.kerning(<node> n, <node> m)

Apply TEX-style kerning to the specified nodelist. The tail node m is optional. The two returned nodes h
and t are the head and tail (either one of these can be an inserted kern node, because special kernings
with word boundaries are possible).

4.9.1.29 node.unprotect_glyphs

node.unprotect_glyphs(<node> n)

Subtracts 256 from all glyph node subtypes. This and the next function are helpers to convert from
characters to glyphs during node processing.

4.9.1.30 node.protect_glyphs

node.protect_glyphs(<node> n)

Adds 256 to all glyph node subtypes in the node list starting at n, except that if the value is 1, it adds
only 255. The special handling of 1 means that characters will become glyphs after subtraction of
256.

4.9.1.31 node.last_node

<node> n = node.last_node()

This function pops the last node from TEX's ‘current list'. It returns that node, or nil if the current list
is empty.

4.9.1.32 node.write

node.write(<node> n)

This is an experimental function that will append a node list to TEX's ‘current list' (the node list is not
deep-copied any more since version 0.38). There is no error checking yet!

4.9.1.33 node.protrusion_skippable (0.60.1)

boolean <yes> = node.protrusion_skippable(<node> n)

Returns true if this node can be skipped for glyph protrusion line boundary discovery.

4.9.1.34 node.protrusion_skipable (0.53)

Older version of node.protrusion_skippable, with typing error. This alias will go away soon,
please use the version with two p's.

4.9.2 Attribute handling

Attributes appear as linked list of userdata objects in the attr field of individual nodes. They can be
handled individually, but it is much safer and more efficient to use the dedicated functions associated
with them.

4.9.2.1 node.has_attribute

<number> v = node.has_attribute(<node> n, <number> id)

<number> v = node.has_attribute(<node> n, <number> id, <number> val)

Tests if a node has the attribute with number id set. If val is also supplied, also tests if the value
matches val. It returns the value, or, if no match is found, nil.

4.9.2.2 node.set_attribute

node.set_attribute(<node> n, <number> id, <number> val)

Sets the attribute with number id to the value val. Duplicate assignments are ignored. [needs expla-
nation]

4.9.2.3 node.unset_attribute

<number> v = node.unset_attribute(<node> n, <number> id, <number> val)

<number> v = node.unset_attribute(<node> n, <number> id)

Unsets the attribute with number id. If val is also supplied, it will only perform this operation if the
value matches val. Missing attributes or attribute-value pairs are ignored.
If the attribute was actually deleted, returns its old value. Otherwise, returns nil.

4.10 The pdf library

This contains variables and functions that are related to the pdf backend.

pdf.mapfile(), pdf.mapline() (new in 0.53.0)

These two functions can be used to replace primitives \pdfmapfile and \pdfmapline from pdfTEX.
They expect a string as only parameter and have no return value.
The functions replace also the former variables pdf.pdfmapfile and pdf.pdfmapline.

pdf.catalog, pdf.info, pdf.names, pdf.trailer (new in 0.53.0)

These variables offer a read-write interface to the corresponding pdfTEX token lists. The value types are
strings.
The corresponding ‘pdf' parameter names pdf.pdfcatalog, pdf.pdfinfo, pdf.pdfnames, and
pdf.pdftrailer (all new in 0.47.0) still work, but are obsolescent (since 0.53.0).
Note: this interface will almost certainly change in the future.

pdf.pageattributes, pdf.pageresources, pdf.pagesattributes (new in

0.53.0)
These variables offer a read-write interface to related token lists. The value types are strings.
The variables have no interaction with the corresponding pdfTEX token registers \pageattrib,
\pageresources, and \pagesattrib, but they are written out to the pdf file directly after the
pdfTEX token registers.

pdf.h, pdf.v
These are the h and v values that define the current location on the output page, measured from its
lower left corner. The values can be queried using scaled points as units.

pdf.h
pdf.v
Note: this interface will almost certainly change in the future.

pdf.print()
A print function to write stuff to the pdf document that can be used from within a \latelua argument.
This function is not to be used inside \directlua unless you know exactly what you are doing.

pdf.print(<string> s)
pdf.print(<string> type, <string> s)

The optional parameter can be used to mimic the behavior of \pdfliteral: the type is direct or
page.

pdf.immediateobj()
This function creates a pdf object and immediately write it to the pdf file. It is modelled after pdfTEX's
\immediate\pdfobj primitives. All function variants return the object number of the newly generated
object.

n = pdf.immediateobj(<string> objtext)
n = pdf.immediateobj("file", <string> filename)
n = pdf.immediateobj("stream", <string> streamtext {, <string> attrtext})
n = pdf.immediateobj("streamfile", <string> filename, {, <string> attrtext})

The 1st version puts the objtext raw into an object. Only the object wrapper is automatically generated,
but any internal structure (like << >> dictionary markers) needs to provided by the user. The 2nd version
with keyword "file" as 1st argument puts the contents of the file with name filename raw into the
object. The 3rd version with keyword "stream" creates a stream object and puts the streamtext raw
into the stream. The stream length is automatically calculated. The optional attrtext goes into the
dictionary of that object. The 4th version with keyword "streamfile" does the same as the 3rd one,
it just reads the stream data raw from a file.
An optional first argument can be given to make the function use a previously reserved pdf object.

n = pdf.immediateobj(<integer n>, <string> objtext)

n = pdf.immediateobj(<integer n>, "file", <string> filename)
n = pdf.immediateobj(<integer n>, "stream", <string> streamtext {, <string>
attrtext})
n = pdf.immediateobj(<integer n>, "streamfile", <string> filename, {, <string>
attrtext})

pdf.obj()
This function creates a pdf object, which is written to the pdf file only when referenced.
All function variants return the object number of the newly generated object, and there are two separate
calling modes.
The first mode is modelled after pdfTEX's \pdfobj primitive.

n = pdf.obj(<string> objtext)
n = pdf.obj("file", <string> filename)
n = pdf.obj("stream", <string> streamtext {, <string> attrtext})
n = pdf.obj("streamfile", <string> filename, {, <string> attrtext})

An optional first argument can be given to make the function use a previously reserved pdf object.

n = pdf.obj(<integer> n, <string> objtext)

n = pdf.obj(<integer> n, "file", <string> filename)
n = pdf.obj(<integer> n, "stream", <string> streamtext {, <string> attrtext})
n = pdf.obj(<integer> n, "streamfile", <string> filename, {, <string> attrtext})

The second mode accepts a single argument table with key--value pairs.

n = pdf.obj{ type = <string>,

immmediate = <boolean>,
objnum = <number>,
attr = <string>,
compresslevel = <number>,
objcompression = <boolean>,
file = <string>,
string = <string>}

The string field can have the values raw and stream, this field is required, the others are optional
(within constraints).
Note: this mode makes pdf.obj look more flexible than it actually is: the constraints from the separate
parameter version still apply, so for example you can't have both string and file at the same time.

pdf.reserveobj()
This function creates an empty pdf object and returns its number.

n = pdf.reserveobj()
n = pdf.reserveobj("annot")

pdf.registerannot() (new in 0.47.0)

This function adds an object number to the /Annots array for the current page without doing anything
else. This function can only be used from within \latelua.
pdf.registerannot (<number> objnum)

4.11 The status library

This contains a number of run-time configuration items that you may find useful in message reporting,
as well as an iterator function that gets all of the names and values as a table.

<table> info = status.list()

The keys in the table are the known items, the value is the current value. Almost all of the values in
status are fetched through a metatable at run-time whenever they are accessed, so you cannot use
pairs on status, but you can use pairs on info, of course. If you do not need the full list, you can
also ask for a single item by using its name as an index into status.
The current list is:

key explanation
pdf_gone written pdf bytes
pdf_ptr not yet written pdf bytes
dvi_gone written dvi bytes
dvi_ptr not yet written dvi bytes
total_pages number of written pages
output_file_name name of the pdf or dvi file
log_name name of the log file
banner terminal display banner
var_used variable (one-word) memory in use
dyn_used token (multi-word) memory in use
str_ptr number of strings
init_str_ptr number of iniTEX strings
max_strings maximum allowed strings
pool_ptr string pool index
init_pool_ptr iniTEX string pool index
pool_size current size allocated for string characters
node_mem_usage a string giving insight into currently used nodes
var_mem_max number of allocated words for nodes
fix_mem_max number of allocated words for tokens
fix_mem_end maximum number of used tokens
cs_count number of control sequences
hash_size size of hash
hash_extra extra allowed hash
font_ptr number of active fonts
max_in_stack max used input stack entries
max_nest_stack max used nesting stack entries
max_param_stack max used parameter stack entries
max_buf_stack max used buffer position
max_save_stack max used save stack entries
stack_size input stack size
nest_size nesting stack size
param_size parameter stack size
buf_size current allocated size of the line buffer
save_size save stack size
obj_ptr max pdf object pointer
obj_tab_size pdf object table size
pdf_os_cntr max pdf object stream pointer
pdf_os_objidx pdf object stream index
pdf_dest_names_ptr max pdf destination pointer
dest_names_size pdf destination table size
pdf_mem_ptr max pdf memory used
pdf_mem_size pdf memory size
largest_used_mark max referenced marks class
filename name of the current input file
inputid numeric id of the current input
linenumber location in the current input file
lasterrorstring last error string
luabytecodes number of active Lua bytecode registers
luabytecode_bytes number of bytes in Lua bytecode registers
luastate_bytes number of bytes in use by Lua interpreters
output_active true if the \output routine is active
callbacks total number of executed callbacks so far
indirect_callbacks number of those that were themselves a result of other callbacks (e.g. file
readers)
luatex_svn the luatex repository id (added in 0.51)
luatex_version the luatex version number (added in 0.38)
luatex_revision the luatex revision string (added in 0.38)
ini_version true if this is an iniTEX run (added in 0.38)

4.12 The tex library

The tex table contains a large list of virtual internal TEX parameters that are partially writable.
The designation ‘virtual' means that these items are not properly defined in Lua, but are only frontends
that are handled by a metatable that operates on the actual TEX values. As a result, most of the Lua
table operators (like pairs and #) do not work on such items.
At the moment, it is possible to access almost every parameter that has these characteristics:

• You can use it after \the

• It is a single token.
• Some special others, see the list below
This excludes parameters that need extra arguments, like \the\scriptfont.
The subset comprising simple integer and dimension registers are writable as well as readable (stuff like
\tracingcommands and \parindent).

4.12.1 Internal parameter values

For all the parameters in this section, it is possible to access them directly using their names as index
in the tex table, or by using one of the functions tex.get() and tex.set().
The exact parameters and return values differ depending on the actual parameter, and so does whether
tex.set has any effect. For the parameters that can be set, it is possible to use 'global' as the first
argument to tex.set; this makes the assignment global instead of local.

tex.set (<string> n, ...)

tex.set ('global', <string> n, ...)
... = tex.get (<string> n)

4.12.1.1 Integer parameters

The integer parameters accept and return Lua numbers.
Read-write:
tex.adjdemerits tex.holdinginserts
tex.binoppenalty tex.hyphenpenalty
tex.brokenpenalty tex.interlinepenalty
tex.catcodetable tex.language
tex.clubpenalty tex.lastlinefit
tex.day tex.lefthyphenmin
tex.defaulthyphenchar tex.linepenalty
tex.defaultskewchar tex.localbrokenpenalty
tex.delimiterfactor tex.localinterlinepenalty
tex.displaywidowpenalty tex.looseness
tex.doublehyphendemerits tex.mag
tex.endlinechar tex.maxdeadcycles
tex.errorcontextlines tex.month
tex.escapechar tex.newlinechar
tex.exhyphenpenalty tex.outputpenalty
tex.fam tex.pausing
tex.finalhyphendemerits tex.pdfadjustspacing
tex.floatingpenalty tex.pdfcompresslevel
tex.globaldefs tex.pdfdecimaldigits
tex.hangafter tex.pdfgamma
tex.hbadness tex.pdfgentounicode
tex.pdfimageapplygamma tex.showboxdepth
tex.pdfimagegamma tex.time
tex.pdfimagehicolor tex.tolerance
tex.pdfimageresolution tex.tracingassigns
tex.pdfinclusionerrorlevel tex.tracingcommands
tex.pdfminorversion tex.tracinggroups
tex.pdfobjcompresslevel tex.tracingifs
tex.pdfoutput tex.tracinglostchars
tex.pdfpagebox tex.tracingmacros
tex.pdfpkresolution tex.tracingnesting
tex.pdfprotrudechars tex.tracingonline
tex.pdftracingfonts tex.tracingoutput
tex.pdfuniqueresname tex.tracingpages
tex.postdisplaypenalty tex.tracingparagraphs
tex.predisplaydirection tex.tracingrestores
tex.predisplaypenalty tex.tracingscantokens
tex.pretolerance tex.tracingstats
tex.relpenalty tex.uchyph
tex.righthyphenmin tex.vbadness
tex.savinghyphcodes tex.widowpenalty
tex.savingvdiscards tex.year
tex.showboxbreadth
Read-only:
tex.deadcycles tex.parshape tex.spacefactor
tex.insertpenalties tex.prevgraf

4.12.1.2 Dimension parameters

The dimension parameters accept Lua numbers (signifying scaled points) or strings (with included di-
mension). The result is always a number in scaled points.
Read-write:
tex.boxmaxdepth tex.maxdepth tex.pdfeachlinedepth
tex.delimitershortfall tex.nulldelimiterspace tex.pdfeachlineheight
tex.displayindent tex.overfullrule tex.pdffirstlineheight
tex.displaywidth tex.pagebottomoffset tex.pdfhorigin
tex.emergencystretch tex.pageheight tex.pdflastlinedepth
tex.hangindent tex.pageleftoffset tex.pdflinkmargin
tex.hfuzz tex.pagerightoffset tex.pdfpageheight
tex.hoffset tex.pagetopoffset tex.pdfpagewidth
tex.hsize tex.pagewidth tex.pdfpxdimen
tex.lineskiplimit tex.parindent tex.pdfthreadmargin
tex.mathsurround tex.pdfdestmargin tex.pdfvorigin
tex.predisplaysize tex.splitmaxdepth tex.voffset
tex.scriptspace tex.vfuzz tex.vsize

Read-only:
tex.pagedepth tex.pagefilstretch tex.pagestretch
tex.pagefilllstretch tex.pagegoal tex.pagetotal
tex.pagefillstretch tex.pageshrink tex.prevdepth

4.12.1.3 Direction parameters

The direction parameters are read-only and return a Lua string.
tex.bodydir tex.pagedir tex.textdir
tex.mathdir tex.pardir

4.12.1.4 Glue parameters

All glue parameters are to be used read-only and return a userdata object that represents a glue_spec
node.
tex.abovedisplayshortskip tex.leftskip tex.spaceskip
tex.abovedisplayskip tex.lineskip tex.splittopskip
tex.baselineskip tex.parfillskip tex.tabskip
tex.belowdisplayshortskip tex.parskip tex.topskip
tex.belowdisplayskip tex.rightskip tex.xspaceskip

4.12.1.5 Muglue parameters

All muglue parameters are to be used read-only and return a Lua string.
tex.medmuskip tex.thickmuskip tex.thinmuskip

4.12.1.6 Tokenlist parameters

The tokenlist parameters accept and return Lua strings. Lua strings are converted to and from token
lists using \the\toks style expansion: all category codes are either space (10) or other (12). It follows
that assigning to some of these, like ‘tex.output', is actually useless, but it feels bad to make exceptions
in view of a coming extension that will accept full-blown token strings.
tex.errhelp tex.everycr tex.everydisplay
tex.everyeof tex.everypar tex.pdfpageresources
tex.everyhbox tex.everyvbox tex.pdfpagesattr
tex.everyjob tex.output tex.pdfpkmode
tex.everymath tex.pdfpageattr

4.12.2 Convert commands

All ‘convert' commands are read-only and return a Lua string. The supported commands at this moment
are:
tex.AlephVersion tex.pdftexrevision
tex.Alephrevision tex.fontname(number)
tex.OmegaVersion tex.pdffontname(number)
tex.Omegarevision tex.pdffontobjnum(number)
tex.eTeXVersion tex.pdffontsize(number)
tex.eTeXrevision tex.uniformdeviate(number)
tex.formatname tex.number(number)
tex.jobname tex.romannumeral(number)
tex.luatexrevision tex.pdfpageref(number)
tex.luatexdatestamp tex.pdfxformname(number)
tex.pdfnormaldeviate tex.fontidentifier(number)
tex.pdftexbanner
If you are wondering why this list looks haphazard; these are all the cases of the ‘convert' internal
command that do not require an argument, as well as the ones that require only a simple numeric value.
The special (lua-only) case of tex.fontidentifier returns the csname string that matches a font
id number (if there is one).

4.12.3 Last item commands

All ‘last item' commands are read-only and return a number.
The supported commands at this moment are:
tex.lastpenalty tex.pdflastannot tex.eTeXminorversion
tex.lastkern tex.pdflastxpos tex.eTeXversion
tex.lastskip tex.pdflastypos tex.currentgrouplevel
tex.lastnodetype tex.pdfrandomseed tex.currentgrouptype
tex.inputlineno tex.pdflastlink tex.currentiflevel
tex.pdftexversion tex.luatexversion tex.currentiftype
tex.pdflastobj tex.Alephversion tex.currentifbranch
tex.pdflastxform tex.Omegaversion tex.pdflastximagecolordepth
tex.pdflastximage tex.Alephminorversion
tex.pdflastximagepages tex.Omegaminorversion
4.12.4 Attribute, count, dimension, skip and token registers
TEX's attributes (\attribute), counters (\count), dimensions (\dimen), skips (\skip) and token
(\toks) registers can be accessed and written to using two times five virtual sub-tables of the tex
table:
tex.attribute tex.dimen tex.toks
tex.count tex.skip
It is possible to use the names of relevant \attributedef, \countdef, \dimendef, \skipdef, or
\toksdef control sequences as indices to these tables:

tex.count.scratchcounter = 0
enormous = tex.dimen['maxdimen']

In this case, LuaTEX looks up the value for you on the fly. You have to use a valid \countdef (or
\attributedef, or \dimendef, or \skipdef, or \toksdef), anything else will generate an error
(the intent is to eventually also allow <chardef tokens> and even macros that expand into a number).
The attribute and count registers accept and return Lua numbers.
The dimension registers accept Lua numbers (in scaled points) or strings (with an included absolute
dimension; em and ex and px are forbidden). The result is always a number in scaled points.
The token registers accept and return Lua strings. Lua strings are converted to and from token lists
using \the\toks style expansion: all category codes are either space (10) or other (12).
The skip registers accept and return glue_spec userdata node objects (see the description of the node
interface elsewhere in this manual).
As an alternative to array addressing, there are also accessor functions defined for all cases, for example,
here is the set of possibilities for \skip registers:

tex.setskip (<number> n, <node> s)

tex.setskip (<string> s, <node> s)
tex.setskip ('global',<number> n, <node> s)
tex.setskip ('global',<string> s, <node> s)
<node> s = tex.getskip (<number> n)
<node> s = tex.getskip (<string> s)

In the function-based interface, it is possible to define values globally by using the string 'global' as
the first function argument.

4.12.5 Box registers

The current dimensions of \box registers can be read and altered using three other virtual sub-tables :
tex.wd
tex.ht
tex.dp

note: these three virtual tables are deprecated and will be removed in luatex 0.70. You should switch
to using tex.box[].width etc. instead, see below.

It is also possible to set and query actual boxes, using the node interface as defined in the node library:

tex.box

for array access, or

tex.setbox(<number> n, <node> s)
tex.setbox('global', <number> n, <node> s)
<node> n = tex.getbox(<number> n)

for function-based access. In the function-based interface, it is possible to define values globally by
using the string 'global' as the first function argument.
Be warned that an assignment like

tex.box[0] = tex.box[2]

does not copy the node list, it just duplicates a node pointer. If \box2 will be cleared by TEX commands
later on, the contents of \box0 becomes invalid as well. To prevent this from happening, always use
node.copy_list() unless you are assigning to a temporary variable:

tex.box[0] = node.copy_list(tex.box[2])

4.12.6 Math parameters

It is possible to set and query the internal math parameters using:

tex.setmath(<string> n, <string> t, <number> n)

tex.setmath('global', <string> n, <string> t, <number> n)
<number> n = tex.getmath(<string> n, <string> t)

As before an optional first parameter of 'global' indicates a global assignment.

The first string is the parameter name minus the leading ‘Umath', and the second string is the style
name minus the trailing ‘style'.
Just to be complete, the values for the math parameter name are:
quad axis operatorsize
overbarkern overbarrule overbarvgap
underbarkern underbarrule underbarvgap
radicalkern radicalrule radicalvgap
radicaldegreebefore radicaldegreeafter radicaldegreeraise
stackvgap stacknumup stackdenomdown
fractionrule fractionnumvgap fractionnumup
fractiondenomvgap fractiondenomdown fractiondelsize
limitabovevgap limitabovebgap limitabovekern
limitbelowvgap limitbelowbgap limitbelowkern
underdelimitervgap underdelimiterbgap
overdelimitervgap overdelimiterbgap
subshiftdrop supshiftdrop subshiftdown
subsupshiftdown subtopmax supshiftup
supbottommin supsubbottommax subsupvgap
spaceafterscript connectoroverlapmin
ordordspacing ordopspacing ordbinspacing ordrelspacing
ordopenspacing ordclosespacing ordpunctspacing ordinnerspacing
opordspacing opopspacing opbinspacing oprelspacing
opopenspacing opclosespacing oppunctspacing opinnerspacing
binordspacing binopspacing binbinspacing binrelspacing
binopenspacing binclosespacing binpunctspacing bininnerspacing
relordspacing relopspacing relbinspacing relrelspacing
relopenspacing relclosespacing relpunctspacing relinnerspacing
openordspacing openopspacing openbinspacing openrelspacing
openopenspacing openclosespacing openpunctspacing openinnerspacing
closeordspacing closeopspacing closebinspacing closerelspacing
closeopenspacing closeclosespacing closepunctspacing closeinnerspacing
punctordspacing punctopspacing punctbinspacing punctrelspacing
punctopenspacing punctclosespacing punctpunctspacing punctinnerspacing
innerordspacing inneropspacing innerbinspacing innerrelspacing
inneropenspacing innerclosespacing innerpunctspacing innerinnerspacing

The values for the style parameter name are:

display crampeddisplay
text crampedtext
script crampedscript
scriptscript crampedscriptscript

4.12.7 Special list heads

The virtual table tex.lists contains the set of internal registers that keep track of building page lists.
field description
page_ins_head circular list of pending insertions
contrib_head the recent contributions
page_head the page-so-far
hold_head used for held-over items for next page
adjust_head head of the current \adjust list
pre_adjust_head head of the current \adjust pre list

4.12.8 Semantic nest levels (0.51)

The virtual table tex.nest contains the currently active semantic nesting state. It has two main parts:
an zero-based array of userdata for the semantic nest itself, and the numerical value tex.nest.ptr,
which gives the highest available index. Neither the array items in tex.nest[] nor tex.nest.ptr
can be assigned to (as this would confuse the typesetting engine beyond repair), but you can assing to
the individual values inside the array items, e.g. tex.nest[tex.nest.ptr].prevdepth.
tex.nest[tex.nest.ptr] is the current nest state, tex.nest[0] the outermost (main vertical list)
level.
The known fields are:

key type modes explanation

mode number all The current mode. This is a number representing the main mode at
this level:
0 == no mode (this happens during \write )
1 == vertical,
127 = horizontal,
253 = display math.
−1 == internal vertical,
−127 = restricted horizontal,
−253 = inline math.
modeline number all source input line where this mode was entered in, negative inside
the output routine.
head node all the head of the current list
tail node all the tail of the current list
prevgraf number vmode number of lines in the previous paragraph
prevdepth number vmode depth of the previous paragraph (equal to \pdfignoreddimen
when it is to be ignored)
spacefactor number hmode the current space factor
dirs node hmode used for temporary storage by the line break algorithm
noad node mmode used for temporary storage of a pending fraction numerator, for
\over etc.
delimptr node mmode used for temporary storage of the previous math delimiter, for
\middle .
mathdir boolean mmode true when during math processing the \mathdir is not the same
as the surrounding \textdir
mathstyle number mmode the current \mathstyle

4.12.9 Print functions

The tex table also contains the three print functions that are the major interface from Lua scripting to
TEX.
The arguments to these three functions are all stored in an in-memory virtual file that is fed to the TEX
scanner as the result of the expansion of \directlua.
The total amount of returnable text from a \directlua command is only limited by available system
ram. However, each separate printed string has to fit completely in TEX's input buffer.
The result of using these functions from inside callbacks is undefined at the moment.

4.12.9.1 tex.print

tex.print(<string> s, ...)
tex.print(<number> n, <string> s, ...)
tex.print(<table> t)
tex.print(<number> n, <table> t)

Each string argument is treated by TEX as a separate input line. If there is a table argument instead of
a list of strings, this has to be a consecutive array of strings to print (the first non-string value will stop
the printing process). This syntax was added in 0.36.
The optional parameter can be used to print the strings using the catcode regime defined by
\catcodetable n. If n is −1, the currently active catcode regime is used. If n is −2, the result-
ing catcodes are in the result of \the: all category codes are 12 (other) except for the space character,
that has category code 10 (space). Otherwise, if n is not a valid catcode table, then it is ignored, and
the currently active catcode regime is used instead.
The very last string of the very last tex.print() command in a \directlua will not have the
\endlinechar appended, all others do.

4.12.9.2 tex.sprint

tex.sprint(<string> s, ...)
tex.sprint(<number> n, <string> s, ...)
tex.sprint(<table> t)
tex.sprint(<number> n, <table> t)

Each string argument is treated by TEX as a special kind of input line that makes it suitable for use as
a partial line input mechanism:
• TEX does not switch to the ‘new line' state, so that leading spaces are not ignored.
• No \endlinechar is inserted.
• Trailing spaces are not removed.
Note that this does not prevent TEX itself from eating spaces as result of interpreting the line. For
example, in

before\directlua{tex.sprint("\\relax")tex.sprint(" inbetween")}after

the space before inbetween will be gobbled as a result of the ‘normal' scanning of \relax.

If there is a table argument instead of a list of strings, this has to be a consecutive array of strings to
print (the first non-string value will stop the printing process). This syntax was added in 0.36.

4.12.9.3 tex.tprint

tex.tprint({<number> n, <string> s, ...}, {...})

This function is basically a shortcut for repeated calls to tex.sprint(<number> n, <string> s,

...), once for each of the supplied argument tables.

4.12.9.4 tex.write

tex.write(<string> s, ...)
tex.write(<table> t)

Each string argument is treated by TEX as a special kind of input line that makes is suitable for use as
a quick way to dump information:

• All catcodes on that line are either ‘space' (for ' ') or ‘character' (for all others).
• There is no \endlinechar appended.

If there is a table argument instead of a list of strings, this has to be a consecutive array of strings to
print (the first non-string value will stop the printing process). This syntax was added in 0.36.

4.12.10 Helper functions

4.12.10.1 tex.round

<number> n = tex.round(<number> o)
Rounds Lua number o, and returns a number that is in the range of a valid TEX register value. If the
number starts out of range, it generates a ‘number to big' error as well.

4.12.10.2 tex.scale

<number> n = tex.scale(<number> o, <number> delta)

<table> n = tex.scale(table o, <number> delta)

Multiplies the Lua numbers o and delta, and returns a rounded number that is in the range of a valid
TEX register value. In the table version, it creates a copy of the table with all numeric top--level values
scaled in that manner. If the multiplied number(s) are of range, it generates ‘number to big' error(s) as
well.
Note: the precision of the output of this function will depend on your computer's architecture and
operating system, so use with care! An interface to LuaTEX's internal, 100% portable scale function will
be added at a later date.

4.12.10.3 tex.sp (0.51)

<number> n = tex.sp(<number> o)
<number> n = tex.sp(<string> s)

Converts the number o or a string s that represents an explicit dimension into an integer number of
scaled points.
For parsing the string, the same scanning and conversion rules are used that LuaTEX would use if it was
scanning a dimension specifier in its TEX-like input language (this includes generating errors for bad
values), expect for the following:

1. only explicit values are allowed, control sequences are not handled
2. infinite dimension units (fil...) are forbidden
3. mu units do not generate an error (but may not be useful either)

4.12.10.4 tex.definefont

tex.definefont(<string> csname, <number> fontid)

tex.definefont(<boolean> global, <string> csname, <number> fontid)
Associates csname with the internal font number fontid. The definition is global if (and only if)
global is specified and true (the setting of globaldefs is not taken into account).

4.12.11 Functions for dealing with primitives

4.12.11.1 tex.enableprimitives

tex.enableprimitives(<string> prefix, <table> primitive names)

This function accepts a prefix string and an array of primitive names.

For each combination of ‘prefix' and ‘name', the tex.enableprimitives first verifies that ‘name'
is and actual primitive (it must be returned by one of the tex.extraprimitives() calls explained
above, or part of TEX82, or \directlua). If it is not, tex.enableprimitives does nothing and skips
to the next pair.
But if it is, then it will construct a csname variable by concatenating the ‘prefix' and ‘name', unless the
‘prefix' is already the actual prefix of ‘name'. In the latter case, it will discard the ‘prefix', and just use
‘name'.
Then it will check for the existence of the constructed csname. If the csname is currently undefined
(note: that is not the same as \relax), it will globally define the csname to have the meaning: run code
belonging to the primitive ‘name'. If for some reason the csname is already defined, it does nothing and
tries the next pair.
An example:

tex.enableprimitives('LuaTeX', {'formatname'})

will define \LuaTeXformatname with the same intrinsic meaning as the documented primitive
\formatname, provided that the control sequences \LuaTeXformatname is currently undefined.
Second example:

tex.enableprimitives('Omega',tex.extraprimitives ('omega'))

will define a whole series of csnames like \Omegatextdir, \Omegapardir, etc., but it will stick with
\OmegaVersion instead of creating the doubly-prefixed \OmegaOmegaVersion.
Starting with version 0.39.0 (and this is why the above two functions are needed), LuaTEX in --ini
mode contains only the TEX82 primitives and \directlua, no extra primitives at all.
So, if you want to have all the new functionality available using their default names, as it is now, you
will have to add

\expandafter\ifx\csname directlua\endcsname \relax \else

\directlua {tex.enableprimitives('',tex.extraprimitives ())}
\fi
near the beginning of your format generation file. Or you can choose different prefixes for different
subsets, as you see fit.
Calling some form of tex.enableprimitives() is highly important though, because if you do not,
you will end up with a TEX82-lookalike that can run lua code but not do much else. The defined csnames
are (of course) saved in the format and will be available runtime.

4.12.11.2 tex.extraprimitives

<table> t = tex.extraprimitives(<string> s, ...)

This function returns a list of the primitives that originate from the engine(s) given by the requested
string value(s). The possible values and their (current) return values are:

name values
tex vskip write vsize unhcopy output - / unskip unvbox boxmaxdepth muskipdef
string toksdef floatingpenalty righthyphenmin voffset escapechar topmark splitfirstmark
vsplit everydisplay badness xleaders textfont showlists language mathchoice topskip
abovedisplayshortskip underline tracinglostchars pagefillstretch unvcopy splitbotmark
finalhyphendemerits atopwithdelims pretolerance fi dp setlanguage ht nulldelimiterspace or
wd pagegoal advance chardef catcode mathchar scriptscriptfont mathcode leftskip
pagefilstretch delcode fontname lastkern belowdisplayshortskip tolerance mathopen
exhyphenpenalty maxdepth futurelet abovewithdelims hangindent lastskip linepenalty
everyjob xspaceskip globaldefs everypar scriptfont delimiter afterassignment firstmark
lineskiplimit lineskip def fam day iffalse textstyle end mag box belowdisplayskip ifx
errmessage exhyphenchar hss expandafter hfilneg the displaywidth mathsurround
pagedepth looseness leaders vss ifhmode botmark ifinner displaystyle accent immediate
ifmmode parshape meaning abovedisplayskip medmuskip emergencystretch rightskip
mathclose hangafter hoffset aftergroup cleaders romannumeral hbadness mathbin
showboxbreadth jobname vbadness patterns nonstopmode errhelp predisplaypenalty
endlinechar mathinner lastbox showboxdepth postdisplaypenalty mathrel holdinginserts
radical mathord pagetotal everycr adjdemerits halign defaultskewchar errorcontextlines
splitmaxdepth ifcase tracingmacros moveright predisplaysize tracingrestores message ifhbox
deadcycles interlinepenalty mathpunct lccode noboundary displayindent nonscript everyhbox
global penalty tracingcommands everymath nolimits noalign inputlineno pagestretch parskip
indent dimendef widowpenalty ifvbox above spaceskip middle displaylimits pausing everyvbox
iftrue moveleft mathop endcsname dimen ifcat clubpenalty splittopskip doublehyphendemerits
ifdim limits ifeof insert delimitershortfall ifodd insertpenalties tracingpages vadjust
tracingonline count ifnum edef char begingroup tracingparagraphs hyphenation uccode hfuzz
openout leqno hyphenpenalty vcenter hfil thickmuskip maxdeadcycles mkern hbox overfullrule
else hsize raise thinmuskip spacefactor input hrule left eqno parfillskip font valign dump
relax prevdepth read shipout batchmode right skipdef setbox baselineskip special mskip
endgroup uchyph binoppenalty endinput omit pagefilllstretch overwithdelims newlinechar
vfilneg time vfill span prevgraf over show vbox tracingstats year defaulthyphenchar nullfont
 muskip closeout toks outer multiply tracingoutput parindent displaywidowpenalty unhbox
lefthyphenmin vtop mathaccent discretionary vfuzz overline unkern showthe showbox
uppercase lowercase closein openin errorstopmode scrollmode skewchar hyphenchar sfcode
countdef mathchardef let xdef gdef long atop scriptscriptstyle scriptstyle unpenalty noindent
copy lower kern vfil hfill hskip pageshrink crcr cr ifvoid ifvmode if number lastpenalty skip
par vrule noexpand mark ignorespaces fontdimen divide csname scriptspace outputpenalty
month delimiterfactor relpenalty brokenpenalty tabskip
core directlua
etex unless botmarks currentiftype pagediscards mutoglue displaywidowpenalties fontcharic
fontchardp fontcharwd iffontchar eTeXVersion protected topmarks showgroups glueexpr
splitfirstmarks predisplaydirection gluetomu everyeof eTeXversion scantokens clubpenalties
savingvdiscards splitbotmarks showtokens tracingassigns dimexpr parshapedimen readline
eTeXminorversion glueshrinkorder ifdefined currentifbranch firstmarks lastnodetype marks
currentgrouplevel interlinepenalties muexpr unexpanded ifcsname parshapeindent
showifs parshapelength currentgrouptype widowpenalties splitdiscards glueshrink
gluestretch gluestretchorder numexpr interactionmode detokenize fontcharht currentiflevel
savinghyphcodes lastlinefit tracingnesting tracingscantokens tracingifs tracinggroups
eTeXrevision
pdftex pdfximage pdfpxdimen pdftrailer pdfuniqueresname pdfoutput pdfgentounicode pdfoutline
pdfsetrandomseed pdfprimitive pdfoptionpdfminorversion pdfendthread pdfimagehicolor
pdflastximagecolordepth pdfpkresolution pdfthreadmargin pdfimageapplygamma
pdfobjcompresslevel pdfpageheight pdfreplacefont pdfxformresources pdffirstlineheight
pdfcopyfont pdfvorigin ifincsname pdfnormaldeviate letterspacefont pdflastximagepages
ifpdfprimitive pdfcatalog pdfignoreddimen pdfpageattr pdfgamma pdffontname pdfannot
pdfnoligatures rightmarginkern pdflastlink pdfuniformdeviate pdfstartthread pdffontsize
expanded pdflastxpos pdflastypos pdfrandomseed pdfimagegamma ifpdfabsdim
pdfglyphtounicode pdffontobjnum pdftexrevision pdfcolorstack pdfxform pdfprotrudechars
ifpdfabsnum pdfcompresslevel pdfinsertht pdfstartlink quitvmode pdfmapfile pdftracingfonts
pdfpagebox pdfcreationdate pdfcolorstackinit pdfdest pdflastlinedepth pdfinclusionerrorlevel
pdfinfo pdfxformattr pdfxformname pdfpagesattr pdflastannot pdfsave pdfhorigin pdfpagewidth
pdfrefxform tagcode pdfeachlineheight pdfliteral pdflastximage pdfimageresolution
pdfdestmargin pdfobj pdfminorversion pdfeachlinedepth pdftexversion pdflastxform
pdfximagebbox pdfincludechars pdfsavepos pdfpkmode rpcode pdfretval pdfdecimaldigits
pdfadjustspacing pdftexbanner pdflinkmargin pdfdraftmode pdffontexpand pdfmapline
pdffontattr pdfnames pdfthread pdfendlink pdfrefximage pdfrefobj pdfrestore pdfsetmatrix
efcode lpcode leftmarginkern pdfpageref pdflastobj pdfinclusioncopyfonts pdfpageresources
omega textdir popocplist rightghost omathchardef nullocplist localrightbox addbeforeocplist
omathchar omathcode localleftbox addafterocplist bodydir localinterlinepenalty pagedir
chardp mathdir charht charit charwd pagewidth oradical externalocp OmegaVersion ocplist
clearocplists pardir localbrokenpenalty nullocp pageheight ocptracelevel removeafterocplist
removebeforeocplist pushocplist ocp odelcode omathaccent leftghost odelimiter
aleph pagebottomoffset Omegaminorversion Omegarevision Alephrevision boxdir AlephVersion
Alephminorversion Omegaversion Alephversion pagerightoffset
luatex Umathcloseopspacing Umathordpunctspacing Udelimiterunder luastartup
Umathopenpunctspacing Umathordinnerspacing Umathbinclosespacing Umathlimitbelowbgap
Umathopeninnerspacing Uoverdelimiter Umathpunctpunctspacing Umathclosepunctspacing
Umathrelordspacing Umathsupbottommin Umathlimitbelowkern Umathstackdenomdown
Umathfractionrule Umathpunctinnerspacing Umathcloseinnerspacing Umathopenrelspacing
Umathsupsubbottommax Umathcloserelspacing Umathcharnum Umathinnerordspacing
synctex formatname Umathrelinnerspacing Umathsubtopmax suppressoutererror
Umathsubsupshiftdown Umathopbinspacing Umathordbinspacing Umathrelopspacing
Umathopenbinspacing Umathoverdelimiterbgap alignmark Uunderdelimiter
Umathclosebinspacing Umathcodenum Umathpunctopenspacing Umathconnectoroverlapmin
crampedscriptscriptstyle Umathradicaldegreeafter luatexversion Umathfractionnumup
Umathopclosespacing Umathordclosespacing Umathoverdelimitervgap Udelcode
Umathopenclosespacing attribute Umathsubshiftdrop Umathsubshiftdown
Umathpunctrelspacing Umathradicaldegreeraise Umathsupshiftdrop Umathpunctclosespacing
Umathcloseclosespacing luatexrevision Umathchar Udelimiterover Ustack Umathcode
Udelcodenum suppresslongerror Umathbotaccent Umathaxis Umathfractionnumvgap
Umathrelclosespacing Umathpunctbinspacing luatexdatestamp Ustopdisplaymath
crampedscriptstyle latelua crampedtextstyle Umathbinrelspacing Umathopordspacing
attributedef Umathordordspacing Umathopenordspacing outputbox Ustopmath aligntab
Umathpunctopspacing Umathsubsupvgap luaescapestring Umathfractiondenomvgap
Umathradicalrule Umathunderbarrule postexhyphenchar Umathradicaldegreebefore
Umathstacknumup Umathbinopspacing Ustartdisplaymath savecatcodetable
Umathbinpunctspacing Uroot Umathoverbarkern Umathoperatorsize Uradical mathstyle
Umathopopenspacing Umathordopenspacing Umathbininnerspacing Umathinnerrelspacing
clearmarks Umathoverbarvgap Umathopenopenspacing Umathunderdelimiterbgap
Umathoverbarrule crampeddisplaystyle ifabsdim Umathlimitabovebgap Umathstackvgap
Umathinneropspacing Umathrelbinspacing Umathcloseopenspacing initcatcodetable nokerns
Umathlimitabovekern Udelimiter Umathfractiondelsize gleaders Umathunderdelimitervgap
Umathinnerbinspacing noligs Ustartmath Usubscript Umathaccent pagetopoffset
catcodetable Umathspaceafterscript primitive Umathinneropenspacing Umathaccents
Umathordopspacing Umathopenopspacing ifabsnum scantextokens suppressifcsnameerror
suppressfontnotfounderror pageleftoffset preexhyphenchar posthyphenchar
prehyphenchar Umathinnerinnerspacing Umathinnerpunctspacing Umathinnerclosespacing
Umathpunctordspacing Umathcloseordspacing Umathrelpunctspacing Umathrelopenspacing
Umathrelrelspacing Umathbinopenspacing Umathbinbinspacing Umathbinordspacing
Umathopinnerspacing Umathoppunctspacing Umathoprelspacing Umathopopspacing
Umathordrelspacing Umathsupshiftup Umathlimitbelowvgap Umathlimitabovevgap
Umathfractiondenomdown Umathradicalvgap Umathradicalkern Umathunderbarvgap
Umathunderbarkern Umathquad Umathchardef Usuperscript ifprimitive

Note that 'luatex' does not contain directlua, as that is considered to be a core primitive, along
with all the TEX82 primitives, so it is part of the list that is returned from 'core'.
Running tex.extraprimitives() will give you the complete list of primitives that are not de-
fined at LuaTEX 0.39.0 -ini startup. It is exactly equivalent to tex.extraprimitives('etex',
'pdftex', 'omega', 'aleph', 'luatex')

4.12.11.3 tex.primitives

<table> t = tex.primitives()

This function returns a hash table listing all primitives that LuaTEX knows about. The keys in the hash
are primitives names, the values are tables representing tokens (see section 4.15). The third value is
always zero.

4.12.12 Core functionality interfaces

4.12.12.1 tex.badness (0.53)

<number> b = tex.badness(<number> f, <number> s)

This helper function is useful during linebreak calculations. f and s are scaled values; the function
returns the badness for when total f is supposed to be made from amounts that sum to s. The returned
number is a reasonable approximation of 100(t/s)3 ;

4.12.12.2 tex.linebreak (0.53)

local <node> nodelist, <table> info =

tex.linebreak(<node> listhead, <table> parameters)

The understood parameters are as follows:

name type description

pardir string
pretolerance number
tracingparagraphs number
tolerance number
looseness number
hyphenpenalty number
exhyphenpenalty number
pdfadjustspacing number
adjdemerits number
pdfprotrudechars number
linepenalty number
lastlinefit number
doublehyphendemerits number
finalhyphendemerits number
hangafter number
interlinepenalty number or table if a table, then it is an array like \interlinepenalties
clubpenalty number or table if a table, then it is an array like \clubpenalties
widowpenalty number or table if a table, then it is an array like \widowpenalties
brokenpenalty number
emergencystretch number in scaled points
hangindent number in scaled points
hsize number in scaled points
leftskip glue_spec node
rightskip glue_spec node
pdfeachlineheight number in scaled points
pdfeachlinedepth number in scaled points
pdffirstlineheight number in scaled points
pdflastlinedepth number in scaled points
pdfignoreddimen number in scaled points
parshape table

Note that there is no interface for \displaywidowpenalties, you have to pass the right choice for
widowpenalties yourself.
The meaning of the various keys should be fairly obvious from the table (the names match the TEX and
pdfTEX primitives) except for the last 5 entries. The four pdf...line... keys are ignored if their
value equals pdfignoreddimen.
It is your own job to make sure that listhead is a proper paragraph list: this function does not add
any nodes to it. To be exact, if you want to replace the core line breaking, you may have to do the
following (when you are not actually working in the pre_line_break or line_break callback, or
when the original list starting at listhead was generated in horizontal mode):

• add an ‘indent box' and perhaps a local_par node at the start (only if you need them)
• replace any found final glue by an infinite penalty (or add such a penalty, if the last node is not a
glue)
• add a glue node for the \parfillskip after that penalty node
• make sure all the prev pointers are OK

The result is a node list, it still needs to be vpacked if you want to assign it to a box.
The returned info table contains four values that are all numbers:

prevdepth depth of the last line in the broken paragraph

prevgraf number of lines in the broken paragraph
looseness the actual looseness value in the broken paragraph
demerits the total demerits of the chosen solution
Note there are a few things you cannot interface using this function: You cannot influence font expansion
other than via pdfadjustspacing, because the settings for that take place elsewhere. The same is
true for hbadness and hfuzz etc. All these are in the hpack() routine, and that fetches its own variables
via globals.

4.12.12.3 tex.shipout (0.51)

tex.shipout(<number> n)

Ships out box number n to the output file, and clears the box register.

4.13 The texconfig table

This is a table that is created empty. A startup Lua script could fill this table with a number of settings
that are read out by the executable after loading and executing the startup file.

key type default explanation

kpse_init boolean true false totally disables kpathsea initialisation, and
enables interpretation of the following numeric key--value
pairs. (only ever unset this if you implement all file
find callbacks!)
shell_escape string 'f' Use 'y' or 't' or '1' to enable \write 18 un-
conditionally, 'p' to enable the commands that are
listed in shell_escape_commands (new in 0.37)
shell_escape_commands string Comma-separated list of command names that may
be executed by \write 18 even if shell_escape
is set to 'p'. Do not use spaces around commas,
separate any required command arguments by using
a space, and use the ASCII double quote (") for any
needed argument or path quoting (new in 0.37)
string_vacancies number 75000 cf. web2c docs
pool_free number 5000 cf. web2c docs
max_strings number 15000 cf. web2c docs
strings_free number 100 cf. web2c docs
nest_size number 50 cf. web2c docs
max_in_open number 15 cf. web2c docs
param_size number 60 cf. web2c docs
save_size number 4000 cf. web2c docs
stack_size number 300 cf. web2c docs
dvi_buf_size number 16384 cf. web2c docs
error_line number 79 cf. web2c docs
half_error_line number 50 cf. web2c docs
max_print_line number 79 cf. web2c docs
ocp_list_size number 1000 cf. web2c docs
ocp_buf_size number 1000 cf. web2c docs
ocp_stack_size number 1000 cf. web2c docs
hash_extra number 0 cf. web2c docs
pk_dpi number 72 cf. web2c docs
trace_file_names boolean true false disables TEX's normal file open-close feedback
(the assumption is that callbacks will take care of that)
file_line_error boolean false do file:line style error messages
halt_on_error boolean false abort run on the first encountered error
formatname string if no format name was given on the commandline, this
key will be tested first instead of simply quitting
jobname string if no input file name was given on the commandline,
this key will be tested first instead of simply giving
up

Note: the numeric values that match web2c parameters are only used if kpse_init is explicitly set to
false. In all other cases, the normal values from texmf.cnf are used.

4.14 The texio library

This library takes care of the low-level I/O interface.

4.14.1 Printing functions

4.14.1.1 texio.write

texio.write(<string> target, <string> s, ...)

texio.write(<string> s, ...)

Without the target argument, writes all given strings to the same location(s) TEX writes messages to
at this moment. If \batchmode is in effect, it writes only to the log, otherwise it writes to the log and
the terminal. The optional target can be one of three possibilities: term, log or term and log.
Note: If several strings are given, and if the first of these strings is or might be one of the targets above,
the target must be specified explicitly to prevent Lua from interpreting the first string as the target.

4.14.1.2 texio.write_nl

texio.write_nl(<string> target, <string> s, ...)

texio.write_nl(<string> s, ...)
This function behaves like texio.write, but make sure that the given strings will appear at the
beginning of a new line. You can pass a single empty string if you only want to move to the next line.

4.15 The token library

The token table contains interface functions to TEX's handling of tokens. These functions are most
useful when combined with the token_filter callback, but they could be used standalone as well.
A token is represented in Lua as a small table. For the moment, this table consists of three numeric
entries:

index meaning description

1 command code this is a value between 0 and 130 (approximately)
2 command modifier this is a value between 0 and 221
3 control sequence id for commands that are not the result of control sequences, like letters and
characters, it is zero, otherwise, it is a number pointing into the ‘equivalence
table'

4.15.1 token.get_next
token t = token.get_next()

This fetches the next input token from the current input source, without expansion.

4.15.2 token.is_expandable
<boolean> b = token.is_expandable(token t)

This tests if the token t could be expanded.

4.15.3 token.expand
token.expand()

If a token is expandable, this will expand one level of it, so that the first token of the expansion will now
be the next token to be read by token.get_next().

4.15.4 token.is_activechar
<boolean> b = token.is_activechar(token t)
This is a special test that is sometimes handy. Discovering whether some control sequence is the result
of an active character turned out to be very hard otherwise.

4.15.5 token.create
token t = token.create(<string> csname)
token t = token.create(<number> charcode)
token t = token.create(<number> charcode, <number> catcode)

This is the token factory. If you feed it a string, then it is the name of a control sequence (without
leading backslash), and it will be looked up in the equivalence table.
If you feed it number, then this is assumed to be an input character, and an optional second number
gives its category code. This means it is possible to overrule a character's category code, with a few
exceptions: the category codes 0 (escape), 9 (ignored), 13 (active), 14 (comment), and 15 (invalid) cannot
occur inside a token. The values 0, 9, 14 and 15 are therefore illegal as input to token.create(), and
active characters will be resolved immediately.
Note: unknown string sequences and never defined active characters will result in a token representing
an ‘undefined control sequence' with a near-random name. It is not possible to define brand new control
sequences using token.create!

4.15.6 token.command_name
<string> commandname = token.command_name(<token> t)

This returns the name associated with the ‘command' value of the token in LuaTEX. There is not always
a direct connection between these names and primitives. For instance, all \ifxxx tests are grouped
under if_fest, and the ‘command modifier' defines which test is to be run.

4.15.7 token.command_id
<number> i = token.command_id(<string> commandname)

This returns a number that is the inverse operation of the previous command, to be used as the first item
in a token table.

4.15.8 token.csname_name
<string> csname = token.csname_name(<token> t)
This returns the name associated with the ‘equivalence table' value of the token in LuaTEX. It returns the
string value of the command used to create the current token, or an empty string if there is no associated
control sequence.
Keep in mind that there are potentially two control sequences that return the same csname string: single
character control sequences and active characters have the same ‘name'.

4.15.9 token.csname_id
<number> i = token.csname_id(<string> csname)

This returns a number that is the inverse operation of the previous command, to be used as the third
item in a token table.
5 Math
The handling of mathematics in LuaTEX differs quite a bit from how TEX82 (and therefore pdfTEX)
handles math. First, LuaTEX adds primitives and extends some others so that Unicode input can be used
easily. Second, all of TEX82's internal special values (for example for operator spacing) have been made
accessible and changeable via control sequences. Third, there are extensions that make it easier to use
OpenType math fonts. And finally, there are some extensions that have been proposed in the past that
are now added to the engine.

5.1 The current math style

Starting with LuaTEX 0.39.0, it is possible to discover the math style that will be used for a formula in
an expandable fashion (while the math list is still being read). To make this possible, LuaTEX adds the
new primitive: \mathstyle. This is a ‘convert command' like e.g. \romannumeral: its value can only
be read, not set.

5.1.1 \mathstyle
The returned value is between 0 and 7 (in math mode), or −1 (all other modes). For easy testing, the
eight math style commands have been altered so that the can be used as numeric values, so you can
write code like this:

\ifnum\mathstyle=\textstyle
\message{normal text style}
\else \ifnum\mathstyle=\crampedtextstyle
\message{cramped text style}
\fi \fi

5.1.2 \Ustack
There are a few math commands in TEX where the style that will be used is not known straight from
the start. These commands (\over, \atop, \overwithdelims, \atopwithdelims) would therefore
normally return wrong values for \mathstyle. To fix this, LuaTEX introduces a special prefix command:
\Ustack:

$\Ustack {a \over b}$

The \Ustack command will scan the next brace and start a new math group with the correct (numerator)
math style.

5.2 Unicode math characters

Character handling is now extended up to the full Unicode range. The extension from 8-bit to 16-bit was
already present in Aleph by means of a set of extra primitives starting with the \o prefix, the extension
to full Unicode (the \U prefix) is compatible with XETEX.
The math primitives from TEX and Aleph are kept as they are, except for the ones that convert from input
to math commands: mathcode, omathcode, delcode, and odelcode. These four now allow for a
21-bit character argument on the left hand side of the equals sign.
Some of the Aleph math primitives and the new LuaTEX primitives read more than one separate value.
This is shown in the tables below by a plus sign in the second column.
The input for such primitives would look like this:

\def\overbrace {\Umathaccent 0 1 "23DE }

Altered TEX82 primitives:

primitive value range (in hex)

\mathcode 0--10FFFF = 0--8000
\delcode 0--10FFFF = 0--FFFFFF

Unaltered:

primitive value range (in hex)

\mathchardef 0--8000
\mathchar 0--7FFF
\mathaccent 0--7FFF
\delimiter 0--7FFFFFF
\radical 0--7FFFFFF

Altered Aleph primitives:

primitive value range (in hex)

\omathcode 0--10FFFF = 0--8000000
\odelcode 0--10FFFF = 0+0--FFFFFF+FFFFFF

Unaltered:

primitive value range (in hex)

\omathchardef 0--8000000
\omathchar 0--7FFFFFF
\omathaccent 0--7FFFFFF
\odelimiter 0+0--7FFFFFF + FFFFFF
\oradical 0+0--7FFFFFF + FFFFFF

New primitives that are compatible with XETEX:

primitive value range (in hex)

\Umathchardef 0+0+0--7+FF+10FFFF1
\Umathcode 0--10FFFF = 0+0+0--7+FF+10FFFF1
\Udelcode 0--10FFFF = 0+0--FF+10FFFF2
\Umathchar 0+0+0--7+FF+10FFFF
\Umathaccent 0+0+0--7+FF+10FFFF2
\Udelimiter 0+0+0--7+FF+10FFFF2
\Uradical 0+0--FF+10FFFF2
\Umathcharnum -80000000--7FFFFFFF3
\Umathcodenum 0--10FFFF = -80000000--7FFFFFFF3
\Udelcodenum 0--10FFFF = -80000000--7FFFFFFF3

Note 1: \Umathchardef<csname>="8"0"0 and \Umathchardef<number>="8"0"0 are also ac-

cepted.
Note 2: The new primitives that deal with delimiter-style objects do not set up a ‘large family'.
Selecting a suitable size for display purposes is expected to be dealt with by the font via the
\Umathoperatorsize parameter (more information a following section).
Note 3: For these three primitives, all information is packed into a single signed integer. For the first
two (\Umathcharnum and \Umathcodenum), the lowest 21 bits are the character code, the 3 bits
above that represent the math class, and the family data is kept in the topmost bits (This means that the
values for math families 128--255 are actually negative). For \Udelcodenum there is no math class;
the math family information is stored in the bits directly on top of the character code. Using these three
commands is not as natural as using the two- and three-value commands, so unless you know exactly
what you are doing and absolutely require the speedup resulting from the faster input scanning, it is
better to use the verbose commands instead.
New primitives that exist in LuaTEX only (all of these will be explained in following sections):

primitive value range (in hex)

\Umathbotaccent 0+0+0--7+FF+10FFFF
\Umathaccents 0+0+0+0+0+0--7+FF+10FFFF+7+FF+10FFFF
\Uroot 0+0--FF+10FFFF2
\Uoverdelimiter 0+0--FF+10FFFF2
\Uunderdelimiter 0+0--FF+10FFFF2
\Udelimiterover 0+0--FF+10FFFF2
\Udelimiterunder 0+0--FF+10FFFF2
5.3 Cramped math styles
LuaTEX has four new primitives to set the cramped math styles directly:

\crampeddisplaystyle
\crampedtextstyle
\crampedscriptstyle
\crampedscriptscriptstyle

These additional commands are not all that valuable on their own, but they come in handy as arguments
to the math parameter settings that will be added shortly.

5.4 Math parameter settings

In LuaTEX, the font dimension parameters that TEX used in math typesetting are now accessible via
primitive commands. In fact, refactoring of the math engine has resulted in many more parameters than
were accessible before.

primitive name description

\Umathquad the width of 18mu's
\Umathaxis height of the vertical center axis of the math formula above the
baseline
\Umathoperatorsize minimum size of large operators in display mode
\Umathoverbarkern vertical clearance above the rule
\Umathoverbarrule the width of the rule
\Umathoverbarvgap vertical clearance below the rule
\Umathunderbarkern vertical clearance below the rule
\Umathunderbarrule the width of the rule
\Umathunderbarvgap vertical clearance above the rule
\Umathradicalkern vertical clearance above the rule
\Umathradicalrule the width of the rule
\Umathradicalvgap vertical clearance below the rule
\Umathradicaldegreebefore the forward kern that takes place before placement of the radical
degree
\Umathradicaldegreeafter the backward kern that takes place after placement of the radical
degree
\Umathradicaldegreeraise this is the percentage of the total height and depth of the radical
sign that the degree is raised by. It is expressed in percents, so
60% is expressed as the integer 60.
\Umathstackvgap vertical clearance between the two elements in a \atop stack
\Umathstacknumup numerator shift upward in \atop stack
\Umathstackdenomdown denominator shift downward in \atop stack
\Umathfractionrule the width of the rule in a \over
\Umathfractionnumvgap vertical clearance between the numerator and the rule
\Umathfractionnumup numerator shift upward in \over
\Umathfractiondenomvgap vertical clearance between the denominator and the rule
\Umathfractiondenomdown denominator shift downward in \over
\Umathfractiondelsize minimum delimiter size for \...withdelims
\Umathlimitabovevgap vertical clearance for limits above operators
\Umathlimitabovebgap vertical baseline clearance for limits above operators
\Umathlimitabovekern space reserved at the top of the limit
\Umathlimitbelowvgap vertical clearance for limits below operators
\Umathlimitbelowbgap vertical baseline clearance for limits below operators
\Umathlimitbelowkern space reserved at the bottom of the limit
\Umathoverdelimitervgap vertical clearance for limits above delimiters
\Umathoverdelimiterbgap vertical baseline clearance for limits above delimiters
\Umathunderdelimitervgap vertical clearance for limits below delimiters
\Umathunderdelimiterbgap vertical baseline clearance for limits below delimiters
\Umathsubshiftdrop subscript drop for boxes and subformulas
\Umathsubshiftdown subscript drop for characters
\Umathsupshiftdrop superscript drop (raise, actually) for boxes and subformulas
\Umathsupshiftup superscript raise for characters
\Umathsubsupshiftdown subscript drop in the presence of a superscript
\Umathsubtopmax the top of standalone subscripts cannot be higher than this above
the baseline
\Umathsupbottommin the bottom of standalone superscripts cannot be less than this above
the baseline
\Umathsupsubbottommax the bottom of the superscript of a combined super- and subscript be
at least as high as this above the baseline
\Umathsubsupvgap vertical clearance between super- and subscript
\Umathspaceafterscript additional space added after a super- or subscript
\Umathconnectoroverlapmin minimum overlap between parts in an extensible recipe

Each of the parameters in this section can be set by a command like this:

\Umathquad\displaystyle=1em

they obey grouping, and you can use \the\Umathquad\displaystyle if needed.

5.5 Font-based Math Parameters

While it is nice to have these math parameters available for tweaking, it would be tedious to have to
set each of them by hand. For this reason, LuaTEX initializes a bunch of these parameters whenever
you assign a font identifier to a math family based on either the traditional math font dimensions in
the font (for assignments to math family 2 and 3 using tfm-based fonts like cmsy and cmex), or based
on the named values in a potential MathConstants table when the font is loaded via Lua. If there is
a MathConstants table, this takes precedence over font dimensions, and in that case no attention is
paid to which family is being assigned to: the MathConstants tables in the last assigned family sets
all parameters.
In the table below, the one-letter style abbreviations and symbolic tfm font dimension names match those
using in the TEXbook. Assignments to \textfont set the values for the cramped and uncramped display
and text styles. Use \scriptfont for the script styles, and \scriptscriptfont for the scriptscript
styles (totalling eight parameters for three font sizes). In the tfm case, assignments only happen in
family 2 and family 3 (and of course only for the parameters for which there are font dimensions).
Besides the parameters below, LuaTEX also looks at the ‘space' font dimension parameter. For math
fonts, this should be set to zero.
variable style default value opentype default value tfm
\Umathaxis -- AxisHeight axis_height
6
\Umathoperatorsize D, D' DisplayOperatorMinHeight
9
\Umathfractiondelsize D, D' FractionDelimiterDisplaySize delim1
9
" T, T', S, S', SS, SS' FractionDelimiterSize delim2
\Umathfractiondenomdown D, D' FractionDenominatorDisplayStyleShiftDown denom1
" T, T', S, S', SS, SS' FractionDenominatorShiftDown denom2
\Umathfractiondenomvgap D, D' FractionDenominatorDisplayStyleGapMin 3*default_rule_thickness
" T, T', S, S', SS, SS' FractionDenominatorGapMin default_rule_thickness
\Umathfractionnumup D, D' FractionNumeratorDisplayStyleShiftUp num1
" T, T', S, S', SS, SS' FractionNumeratorShiftUp num2
\Umathfractionnumvgap D, D' FractionNumeratorDisplayStyleGapMin 3*default_rule_thickness
" T, T', S, S', SS, SS' FractionNumeratorGapMin default_rule_thickness
\Umathfractionrule -- FractionRuleThickness default_rule_thickness
\Umathlimitabovebgap -- UpperLimitBaselineRiseMin big_op_spacing3
1
\Umathlimitabovekern -- 0 big_op_spacing5
\Umathlimitabovevgap -- UpperLimitGapMin big_op_spacing1
\Umathlimitbelowbgap -- LowerLimitBaselineDropMin big_op_spacing4
1
\Umathlimitbelowkern -- 0 big_op_spacing5
\Umathlimitbelowvgap -- LowerLimitGapMin big_op_spacing2
\Umathoverdelimitervgap -- StretchStackGapBelowMin big_op_spacing1
\Umathoverdelimiterbgap -- StretchStackTopShiftUp big_op_spacing3
\Umathunderdelimitervgap -- StretchStackGapAboveMin big_op_spacing2
\Umathunderdelimiterbgap -- StretchStackBottomShiftDown big_op_spacing4
\Umathoverbarkern -- OverbarExtraAscender default_rule_thickness
\Umathoverbarrule -- OverbarRuleThickness default_rule_thickness
\Umathoverbarvgap -- OverbarVerticalGap 3*default_rule_thickness
1
\Umathquad -- <font_size(f)> math_quad
\Umathradicalkern -- RadicalExtraAscender default_rule_thickness
2
\Umathradicalrule -- RadicalRuleThickness <not set>
\Umathradicalvgap D, D' RadicalDisplayStyleVerticalGap (default_rule_thickness+
3
(abs(math_x_height)/4))
" T, T', S, S', SS, SS' RadicalVerticalGap (default_rule_thickness+
3
(abs(default_rule_thickness)/4))
2
\Umathradicaldegreebefore -- RadicalKernBeforeDegree <not set>
2
\Umathradicaldegreeafter -- RadicalKernAfterDegree <not set>
2,7
\Umathradicaldegreeraise -- RadicalDegreeBottomRaisePercent <not set>
4
\Umathspaceafterscript -- SpaceAfterScript script_space
\Umathstackdenomdown D, D' StackBottomDisplayStyleShiftDown denom1
" T, T', S, S', SS, SS' StackBottomShiftDown denom2
\Umathstacknumup D, D' StackTopDisplayStyleShiftUp num1
" T, T', S, S', SS, SS' StackTopShiftUp num3
\Umathstackvgap D, D' StackDisplayStyleGapMin 7*default_rule_thickness
" T, T', S, S', SS, SS' StackGapMin 3*default_rule_thickness
\Umathsubshiftdown -- SubscriptShiftDown sub1
\Umathsubshiftdrop -- SubscriptBaselineDropMin sub_drop
8
\Umathsubsupshiftdown -- SubscriptShiftDownWithSuperscript
or SubscriptShiftDown sub2
\Umathsubtopmax -- SubscriptTopMax (abs(math_x_height * 4) / 5)
\Umathsubsupvgap -- SubSuperscriptGapMin 4*default_rule_thickness
\Umathsupbottommin -- SuperscriptBottomMin (abs(math_x_height) / 4)
\Umathsupshiftdrop -- SuperscriptBaselineDropMax sup_drop
\Umathsupshiftup D SuperscriptShiftUp sup1
" T, S, SS, SuperscriptShiftUp sup2
" D', T', S', SS' SuperscriptShiftUpCramped sup3
\Umathsupsubbottommax -- SuperscriptBottomMaxWithSubscript (abs(math_x_height * 4) / 5)
\Umathunderbarkern -- UnderbarExtraDescender default_rule_thickness
\Umathunderbarrule -- UnderbarRuleThickness default_rule_thickness
\Umathunderbarvgap -- UnderbarVerticalGap 3*default_rule_thickness
5
\Umathconnectoroverlapmin -- MinConnectorOverlap 0

Note 1: OpenType fonts set \Umathlimitabovekern and \Umathlimitbelowkern to zero and set
\Umathquad to the font size of the used font, because these are not supported in the MATH table,
Note 2: tfm fonts do not set \Umathradicalrule because TEX82 uses the height of the rad-
ical instead. When this parameter is indeed not set when LuaTEX has to typeset a rad-
ical, a backward compatibility mode will kick in that assumes that an oldstyle TEX font is
used. Also, they do not set \Umathradicaldegreebefore, \Umathradicaldegreeafter, and
\Umathradicaldegreeraise. These are then automatically initialized to 5/18quad, −10/18quad,
and 60.
Note 3: If tfm fonts are used, then the \Umathradicalvgap is not set until the first time LuaTEX
has to typeset a formula because this needs parameters from both family2 and family3. This pro-
vides a partial backward compatibility with TEX82, but that compatibility is only partial: once the
\Umathradicalvgap is set, it will not be recalculated any more.
Note 4: (also if tfm fonts are used) A similar situation arises wrt. \Umathspaceafterscript: it is
not set until the first time LuaTEX has to typeset a formula. This provides some backward compatibility
with TEX82. But once the \Umathspaceafterscript is set, \scriptspace will never be looked at
again.
Note 5: Tfm fonts set \Umathconnectoroverlapmin to zero because TEX82 always stacks extensibles
without any overlap.
Note 6: The \Umathoperatorsize is only used in \displaystyle, and is only set in OpenType
fonts. In tfm font mode, it is artificially set to one scaled point more than the initial attempt's size, so
that always the ‘first next' will be tried, just like in TEX82.
Note 7: The \Umathradicaldegreeraise is a special case because it is the only parameter that is
expressed in a percentage instead of as a number of scaled points.
Note 8: SubscriptShiftDownWithSuperscript does not actually exist in the ‘standard' Opentype
Math font Cambria, but it is useful enough to be added. New in version 0.38.
Note 9: FractionDelimiterDisplaySize and FractionDelimiterSize do not actually exist in
the ‘standard' Opentype Math font Cambria, but were useful enough to be added. New in version 0.47.

5.6 Math spacing setting

Besides the parameters mentioned in the previous sections, there are also 64 new primitives to control
the math spacing table (as explained in Chapter 18 of the TEXbook). The primitive names are a simple
matter of combining two math atom types, but for completeness' sake, here is the whole list:
\Umathbinordspacing \Umathcloseordspacing
\Umathbinopspacing \Umathcloseopspacing
\Umathbinbinspacing \Umathclosebinspacing
\Umathbinrelspacing \Umathcloserelspacing
\Umathbinopenspacing \Umathcloseopenspacing
\Umathbinclosespacing \Umathcloseclosespacing
\Umathbinpunctspacing \Umathclosepunctspacing
\Umathbininnerspacing \Umathcloseinnerspacing
\Umathrelordspacing \Umathpunctordspacing
\Umathrelopspacing \Umathpunctopspacing
\Umathrelbinspacing \Umathpunctbinspacing
\Umathrelrelspacing \Umathpunctrelspacing
\Umathrelopenspacing \Umathpunctopenspacing
\Umathrelclosespacing \Umathpunctclosespacing
\Umathrelpunctspacing \Umathpunctpunctspacing
\Umathrelinnerspacing \Umathpunctinnerspacing
\Umathopenordspacing \Umathinnerordspacing
\Umathopenopspacing \Umathinneropspacing
\Umathopenbinspacing \Umathinnerbinspacing
\Umathopenrelspacing \Umathinnerrelspacing
\Umathopenopenspacing \Umathinneropenspacing
\Umathopenclosespacing \Umathinnerclosespacing
\Umathopenpunctspacing \Umathinnerpunctspacing
\Umathopeninnerspacing \Umathinnerinnerspacing
These parameters are of type \muskip, so setting a parameter can be done like this:

\Umathopordspacing\displaystyle=4mu plus 2mu

They are all initialized by initex to the values mentioned in the table in Chapter 18 of the TEXbook.
Note 1: for ease of use as well as for backward compatibility, \thinmuskip, \medmuskip and
\thickmuskip are treated especially. In their case a pointer to the corresponding internal para-
meter is saved, not the actual \muskip value. This means that any later changes to one of these three
parameters will be taken into account.
Note 2: Careful readers will realise that there are also primitives for the items marked * in the TEXbook.
These will not actually be used as those combinations of atoms cannot actually happen, but it seemed
better not to break orthogonality. They are initialized to zero.

5.7 Math accent handling

LuaTEX supports both top accents and bottom accents in math mode. For bottom accents, there is the
new primitive \Umathbotaccent. If you want to set both top and bottom accents on a single item,
there is \Umathaccents.
If a math top accent has to be placed and the accentee is a character and has a non-zero top_accent
value, then this value will be used to place the accent instead of the \skewchar kern used by TEX82.
The top_accent value represents a vertical line somewhere in the accentee. The accent will be
shifted horizontally such that its own top_accent line coincides with the one from the accentee. If
the top_accent value of the accent is zero, then half the width of the accent followed by its italic
correction is used instead.
The vertical placement of a top accent depends on the x_height of the font of the accentee (as explained
in the TEXbook), but if value that turns out to be zero and the font had a MathConstants table, then
AccentBaseHeight is used instead.
If a math bottom accent has to be placed, the bot_accent value is checked instead of top_accent.
Because bottom accents do not exist in TEX82, the \skewchar kern is ignored.
The vertical placement of a bottom accent is straight below the accentee, no correction takes place.
LuaTEX has horizontal extensibles, and when present, these will be used by the accent commands.

5.8 Math root extension

The new primitive \Uroot allows the construction of a radical noad including a degree field. Its syntax
is an extension of \Uradical:

\Uradical <fam integer> <char integer> <radicand>

\Uroot <fam integer> <char integer> <degree> <radicand>
The placement of the degree is controlled by the math parameters \Umathradicaldegreebefore,
\Umathradicaldegreeafter, and \Umathradicaldegreeraise. The degree will be typeset in
\scriptscriptstyle.

5.9 Math kerning in super- and subscripts

The character fields in a lua-loaded OpenType math font can have a ‘mathkern' table. The format of this
table is the same as the ‘mathkern' table that is returned by the fontloader library, except that all
height and kern values have to be specified in actual scaled points.
When a super- or subscript has to be placed next to a math item, LuaTEX checks whether the super- or
subscript and the nucleus are both simple character items. If they are, and if the fonts of both character
imtes are OpenType fonts (as opposed to legacy TEX fonts), then LuaTEX will use the OpenType MATH
algorithm for deciding on the horizontal placement of the super- or subscript.
This works as follows:

• The vertical position of the script is calculated.

• The default horizontal position is flat next to the base character.
• For superscripts, the italic correction of the base character is added.
• For a superscript, two vertical values are calculated: the bottom of the script (after shifting up), and
the top of the base. For a subscript, the two values are the top of the (shifted down) script, and the
bottom of the base.
• For each of these two locations:
− find the mathkern value at this height for the base (for a subscript placement, this is the bot-
tom_right corner, for a superscript placement the top_right corner)
− find the mathkern value at this height for the script (for a subscript placement, this is the top_left
corner, for a superscript placement the bottom_left corner)
− add the found values together to get a preliminary result.
• The horizontal kern to be applied is the smallest of the two results from previous step.

The mathkern value at a specific height is the kern value that is specified by the next higher height
and kern pair, or the highest one in the character (if there is no value high enough in the character), or
simply zero (if the character has no mathkern pairs at all).

5.10 Scripts on horizontally extensible items like arrows

The new primitives \Uunderdelimiter and \Uoverdelimiter (both from 0.35) allow the place-
ment of a subscript or superscript on an automatically extensible item and \Udelimiterunder and
\Udelimiterover (both from 0.37) allow the placement of an automatically extensible item as a sub-
script or superscript on a nucleus.
The vertical placements are controlled by \Umathunderdelimiterbgap, \Umathunderdelimitervgap,
\Umathoverdelimiterbgap, and \Umathoverdelimitervgap in a similar way as limit placements
on large operators. The superscript in \Uoverdelimiter is typeset in a suitable scripted style, the
subscript in \Uunderdelimiter is cramped as well.

5.11 Extensible delimiters

LuaTEX internally uses a structure that supports OpenType ‘MathVariants' as well as tfm ‘extensible
recipes'.

5.12 Other Math changes

5.12.1 Verbose versions of single-character math commands

LuaTEX defines six new primitives that have the same function as ^, _, $, and $$.

primitive explanation
\Usuperscript Duplicates the functionality of ^
\Usubscript Duplicates the functionality of _
\Ustartmath Duplicates the functionality of $, when used in non-math mode.
\Ustopmath Duplicates the functionality of $, when used in inline math mode.
\Ustartdisplaymath Duplicates the functionality of $$, when used in non-math mode.
\Ustopdisplaymath Duplicates the functionality of $$, when used in display math mode.
All are new in version 0.38. The \Ustopmath and \Ustopdisplaymath primitives check if the current
math mode is the correct one (inline vs. displayed), but you can freely intermix the four mathon/mathoff
commands with explicit dollar sign(s).

5.12.2 Allowed math commands in non-math modes

The commands \mathchar, \omathchar, and \Umathchar and control sequences that are the result
of \mathchardef, \omathchardef, or \Umathchardef are also acceptable in the horizontal and
vertical modes. In those cases, the \textfont from the requested math family is used.

5.13 Math todo

The following items are still todo.

• Pre-scripts.
• Multi-story stacks.
• Flattened accents for high characters (?).
• Better control over the spacing around displays and handling of equation numbers.
• Support for multi-line displays using MathML style alignment points.
6 Languages and characters, fonts and glyphs
LuaTEX's internal handling of the characters and glyphs that eventually become typeset is quite different
from the way TEX82 handles those same objects. The easiest way to explain the difference is to focus
on unrestricted horizontal mode (i. e. paragraphs) and hyphenation first. Later on, it will be easy to deal
with the differences that occur in horizontal and math modes.
In TEX82, the characters you type are converted into char_node records when they are encountered
by the main control loop. TEX attaches and processes the font information while creating those records,
so that the resulting ‘horizontal list' contains the final forms of ligatures and implicit kerning. This
packaging is needed because we may want to get the effective width of for instance a horizontal box.
When it becomes necessary to hyphenate words in a paragraph, TEX converts (one word at time) the
char_node records into a string array by replacing ligatures with their components and ignoring the
kerning. Then it runs the hyphenation algorithm on this string, and converts the hyphenated result back
into a ‘horizontal list' that is consecutively spliced back into the paragraph stream. Keep in mind that
the paragraph may contain unboxed horizontal material, which then already contains ligatures and kerns
and the words therein are part of the hyphenation process.
The char_node records are somewhat misnamed, as they are glyph positions in specific fonts, and
therefore not really ‘characters' in the linguistic sense. There is no language information inside the
char_node records. Instead, language information is passed along using language whatsit records
inside the horizontal list.
In LuaTEX, the situation is quite different. The characters you type are always converted into
glyph_node records with a special subtype to identify them as being intended as linguistic char-
acters. LuaTEX stores the needed language information in those records, but does not do any font-
related processing at the time of node creation. It only stores the index of the font.
When it becomes necessary to typeset a paragraph, LuaTEX first inserts all hyphenation points right
into the whole node list. Next, it processes all the font information in the whole list (creating ligatures
and adjusting kerning), and finally it adjusts all the subtype identifiers so that the records are ‘glyph
nodes' from now on.
That was the broad overview. The rest of this chapter will deal with the minutiae of the new process.

6.1 Characters and glyphs

TEX82 (including pdfTEX) differentiated between char_nodes and lig_nodes. The former are simple
items that contained nothing but a ‘character' and a ‘font' field, and they lived in the same memory as
tokens did. The latter also contained a list of components, and a subtype indicating whether this ligature
was the result of a word boundary, and it was stored in the same place as other nodes like boxes and
kerns and glues.
In LuaTEX, these two types are merged into one, somewhat larger structure called a glyph_node.
Besides having the old character, font, and component fields, and the new special fields like ‘attr'
(see section 8.1.2.12), these nodes also contain:

• A subtype, split into four main types:

− character, for characters to be hyphenated: the lowest bit (bit 0) is set to 1.
− glyph, for specific font glyphs: the lowest bit (bit 0) is not set.
− ligature, for ligatures (bit 1 is set)
− ghost, for ‘ghost objects' (bit 2 is set)
The latter two make further use of two extra fields (bits 3 and 4):
− left, for ligatures created from a left word boundary and for ghosts created from \leftghost
− right, for ligatures created from a right word boundary and for ghosts created from
\rightghost
For ligatures, both bits can be set at the same time (in case of a single-glyph word).
• glyph_nodes of type ‘character' also contain language data, split into four items that were
current when the node was created: the \setlanguage (15 bits), \lefthyphenmin (8 bits),
\righthyphenmin (8 bits), and \uchyph (1 bit).

Incidentally, LuaTEX allows 32768 separate languages, and words can be 256 characters long.
Because the \uchyph value is saved in the actual nodes, its handling is subtly different from TEX82:
changes to \uchyph become effective immediately, not at the end of the current partial paragraph.
Typeset boxes now always have their language information embedded in the nodes themselves, so there
is no longer a possible dependency on the surrounding language settings. In TEX82, a mid-paragraph
statement like \unhbox0 would process the box using the current paragraph language unless there was
a \setlanguage issued inside the box. In LuaTEX, all language variables are already frozen.

6.2 The main control loop

In LuaTEX's main loop, almost all input characters that are to be typeset are converted into glyph_node
records with subtype ‘character', but there are a few small exceptions.
First, the \accent primitives creates nodes with subtype ‘glyph' instead of ‘character': one for the actual
accent and one for the accentee. The primary reason for this is that \accent in TEX82 is explicitly
dependent on the current font encoding, so it would not make much sense to attach a new meaning to the
primitive's name, as that would invalidate many old documents and macro packages. A secondary reason
is that in TEX82, \accent prohibits hyphenation of the current word. Since in LuaTEX hyphenation
only takes place on ‘character' nodes, it is possible to achieve the same effect.
This change of meaning did happen with \char, that now generates ‘character' nodes, consistent with
its changed meaning in XETEX. The changed status of \char is not yet finalized, but if it stays as it is
now, a new primitive \glyph should be added to directly insert a font glyph id.
Second, all the results of processing in math mode eventually become nodes with ‘glyph' subtypes.
Third, the Aleph-derived commands \leftghost and \rightghost create nodes of a third subtype:
‘ghost'. These nodes are ignored completely by all further processing until the stage where inter-glyph
kerning is added.
Fourth, automatic discretionaries are handled differently. TEX82 inserts an empty discretionary after
sensing an input character that matches the \hyphenchar in the current font. This test is wrong, in our
opinion: whether or not hyphenation takes place should not depend on the current font, it is a language
property.
In LuaTEX, it works like this: if LuaTEX senses a string of input characters that matches the value of
the new integer parameter \exhyphenchar, it will insert an explicit discretionary after that series
of nodes. Initex sets the \exhyphenchar=`\-. Incidentally, this is a global parameter instead of a
language-specific one because it may be useful to change the value depending on the document structure
instead of the text language.
The only use LuaTEX has for \hyphenchar is at the check whether a word should be considered for
hyphenation at all. If the \hyphenchar of the font attached to the first character node in a word
is negative, then hyphenation of that word is abandoned immediately. This behaviour is added for
backward compatibility only, and the use of \hyphenchar=-1 as a means of preventing hyphenation
should not be used in new LuaTEX documents.
Fifth, \setlanguage no longer creates whatsits. The meaning of \setlanguage is changed so that
it is now an integer parameter like all others. That integer parameter is used in \glyph_node creation
to add language information to the glyph nodes. In conjunction, the \language primitive is extended
so that it always also updates the value of \setlanguage.
Sixth, the \noboundary command (this command prohibits word boundary processing where that would
normally take place) now does create whatsits. These whatsits are needed because the exact place of
the \noboundary command in the input stream has to be retained until after the ligature and font
processing stages.
Finally, there is no longer a main_loop label in the code. Remember that TEX82 did quite a lot
of processing while adding char_nodes to the horizontal list? For speed reasons, it handled that
processing code outside of the ‘main control' loop, and only the first character of any ‘word' was handled
by that ‘main control' loop. In LuaTEX, there is no longer a need for that (all hard work is done
later), and the (now very small) bits of character-handling code have been moved back inline. When
\tracingcommands is on, this is visible because the full word is reported, instead of just the initial
character.

6.3 Loading patterns and exceptions

The hyphenation algorithm in LuaTEX is quite different from the one in TEX82, although it uses essentially
the same user input.
After expansion, the argument for \patterns has to be proper UTF-8, no \char or \chardef-ed
commands are allowed. (The current implementation is even more strict, and will reject all non-Unicode
characters, but that will be changed in the future. For now, the generated errors are a valuable tool in
discovering font-encoding specific pattern files)
Likewise, the expanded argument for \hyphenation also has to be proper UTF-8, but here a tiny little
bit of extra syntax is provided:

1. three sets of arguments in curly braces ({}{}{}) indicates a desired complex discretionary, with
arguments as in \discretionary's command in normal document input.
2. - indicates a desired simple discretionary, cf. \- and \discretionary- in normal document input.
3. Internal command names are ignored. This rule is provided especially for \discretionary, but it
also helps to deal with \relax commands that may sneak in.
4. = indicates a hyphen in the document input (but that is only useful in documents where
\exhyphenchar is not equal to the hyphen).

The expanded argument is first converted back to a space-separated string while dropping the internal
command names. This string is then converted into a dictionary by a routine that creates key--value
pairs by converting the other listed items. It is important to note that the keys in an exception dictionary
can always be generated from the values. Here are a few examples:

value implied key (input) effect

ta-ble table ta\-ble (= ta\discretionary {-}{}{}ble)
ba{k-}{}{c}ken backen ba\discretionary {k-}{}{c}ken

The resultant patterns and exception dictionary will be stored under the language code that is the
present value of \language.
In the last line of the table, you see there is no \discretionary command in the value: the command
is optional in the TEX-based input syntax. The underlying reason for that is that it is conceivable that a
whole dictionary of words is stored as a plain text file and loaded into LuaTEX using one of the functions
in the Lua lang library. This loading method is quite a bit faster than going through the TEX language
primitives, but some (most?) of that speed gain would be lost if it had to interpret command sequences
while doing so.
The motivation behind the ε-TEX extension \savinghyphcodes was that hyphenation heavily depended
on font encodings. This is no longer true in LuaTEX, and the corresponding primitive is ignored pending
complete removal. The future semantics of \uppercase and \lowercase are still under consideration,
no changes have taken place yet.

6.4 Applying hyphenation

The internal structures LuaTEX uses for the insertion of discretionaries in words is very different from
the ones in TEX82, and that means there are some noticeable differences in handling as well.
First and foremost, there is no ‘compressed trie' involved in hyphenation. The algorithm still reads
patgen-generated pattern files, but LuaTEX uses a finite state hash to match the patterns against the
word to be hyphenated. This algorithm is based on the ‘libhnj' library used by OpenOffice, which in
turn is inspired by TEX. The memory allocation for this new implementation is completely dynamic, so
the web2c setting for trie_size is ignored.
Differences between LuaTEX and TEX82 that are a direct result of that:
• LuaTEX happily hyphenates the full Unicode character range.
• Pattern and exception dictionary size is limited by the available memory only, all allocations are
done dynamically. The trie-related settings in texmf.cnf are ignored.
• Because there is no ‘trie preparation' stage, language patterns never become frozen. This means that
the primitive \patterns (and its Lua counterpart lang.patterns) can be used at any time, not
only in initex.
• Only the string representation of \patterns and \hyphenation is stored in the format file. At
format load time, they are simply re-evaluated. It follows that there is no real reason to preload
languages in the format file. In fact, it is usually not a good idea to do so. It is much smarter to load
patterns no sooner than the first time they are actually needed.
• LuaTEX uses the language-specific variables \prehyphenchar and \posthyphenchar in the
creation of implicit discretionaries, instead of TEX82's \hyphenchar, and the values of the lan-
guage-specific variables \preexhyphenchar and \postexhyphenchar for explicit discretionaries
(instead of TEX82's empty discretionary).

Inserted characters and ligatures inherit their attributes from the nearest glyph node item (usually the
preceding one, but the following one for the items inserted at the left-hand side of a word).
Word boundaries are no longer implied by font switches, but by language switches. One word can have
two separate fonts and still be hyphenated correctly (but it can not have two different languages, the
\setlanguage command forces a word boundary).
All languages start out with \prehyphenchar=`\-, \posthyphenchar=0, \preexhyphenchar=0
and \postexhyphenchar=0. When you assign the values of one of these four parameters, you are
actually changing the settings for the current \language, this behavior is compatible with \patterns
and \hyphenation.
LuaTEX also hyphenates the first word in a paragraph.
Words can be up to 256 characters long (up from 64 in TEX82). Longer words generate an error right now,
but eventually either the limitation will be removed or perhaps it will become possible to silently ignore
the excess characters (this is what happens in TEX82, but there the behaviour cannot be controlled).
If you are using the Lua function lang.hyphenate, you should be aware that this function expects to
receive a list of ‘character' nodes. It will not operate properly in the presence of ‘glyph', ‘ligature', or
‘ghost' nodes, nor does it know how to deal with kerning. In the near future, it will be able to skip over
‘ghost' nodes, and we may add a less fuzzy function you can call as well.
The hyphenation exception dictionary is maintained as key-value hash, and that is also dynamic, so the
hyph_size setting is not used either.
A technical paper detailing the new algorithm will be released as a separate document.

6.5 Applying ligatures and kerning

After all possible hyphenation points have been inserted in the list, LuaTEX will process the list to
convert the ‘character' nodes into ‘glyph' and ‘ligature' nodes. This is actually done in two stages: first
all ligatures are processed, then all kerning information is applied to the result list. But those two
stages are somewhat dependent on each other: If the used font makes it possible to do so, the ligaturing
stage adds virtual ‘character' nodes to the word boundaries in the list. While doing so, it removes and
interprets noboundary nodes. The kerning stage deletes those word boundary items after it is done
with them, and it does the same for ‘ghost' nodes. Finally, at the end of the kerning stage, all remaining
‘character' nodes are converted to ‘glyph' nodes.
This work separation is worth mentioning because, if you overrule from Lua only one of the two callbacks
related to font handling, then you have to make sure you perform the tasks normally done by LuaTEX
itself in order to make sure that the other, non-overruled, routine continues to function properly.
Work in this area is not yet complete, but most of the possible cases are handled by our rewritten
ligaturing engine. We are working hard to make sure all of the possible inputs will become supported
soon.
For example, take the word office, hyphenated of-fice, using a ‘normal' font with all the f-i
ligatures:

Initial: {o}{f}{f}{i}{c}{e}
After hyphenation: {o}{f}{{-},{},{}}{f}{i}{c}{e}
First ligature stage: {o}{{f}{-},{f},{ff}}{i}{c}{e}
Final result: {o}{{f}{-},{fi},{ffi}}{c}{e}

That's bad enough, but if there was a hyphenation point between the f and the i: of-f-ice, the final
result should be:

{o}{{f}{-},
{{f}{-},
{i},
{fi}},
{{ff}{-},
{i},
{ffi}}}{c}{e}

with discretionaries in the post-break text as well as in the replacement text of the top-level discretionary
that resulted from the first hyphenation point. And this is only a simple case.
As of 0.39.0, the solution in LuaTEX is not as smart as all this. It essentially creates the following set of
items for of-f-ice:

{o}{{f}{-},
{fi},
{ffi}},
{{f}{-},
{i},
{fi}}{c}{e}
This is not perfect (because the off-ice hyphenation will never be chosen), but luckily three-item
ligatures with multiple embedded hyphenation points are extremely rare indeed: even this example was
artificially created. A full, perfect solution is possible, but is low on the agenda now that at least office
can be hyphenated properly again.

6.6 Breaking paragraphs into lines

This code is still almost unchanged, but because of the above-mentioned changes with respect to discre-
tionaries and ligatures, line breaking will potentially be different from traditional TEX. The actual line
breaking code is still based on the TEX82 algorithms, and it does not expect there to be discretionaries
inside of discretionaries.
But that situation is now fairly common in LuaTEX, due to the changes to the ligaturing mechanism.
And also, the LuaTEX discretionary nodes are implemented slightly different from the TEX82 nodes: the
no_break text is now embedded inside the disc node, where previously these nodes kept their place in
the horizontal list (the discretionary node contained a counter indicating how many nodes to skip).
The combined effect of these two differences is that LuaTEX does not always use all of the potential
breakpoints in a paragraph, especially when fonts with many ligatures are used.
7 Font structure
AllTEX fonts are represented to Lua code as tables, and internally as C structures. All keys in
thetable below are saved in the internal font structure if they are present in the table returned by
thedefine_font callback, or if they result from the normal tfm/vf reading routines if there is no
define_font callback defined.
The column ‘from vf' means that this key will be created by the font.read_vf() routine, ‘from tfm'
means that the key will be created by the font.read_tfm() routine, and ‘used' means whether or not
the LuaTEX engine itself will do something with the key.
The top-level keys in the table are as follows:

key from vf from tfm used value type description

name yes yes yes string metric (file) name
area no yes yes string (directory) location, typically empty
used no yes yes boolean used already? (initial: false)
characters yes yes yes table the defined glyphs of this font
checksum yes yes no number default: 0
designsize no yes yes number expected size (default: 655360 ==
10pt)
direction no yes yes number default: 0 (TLT)
encodingbytes no no yes number default: depends on format
encodingname no no yes string encoding name
fonts yes no yes table locally used fonts
psname no no yes string actual (PostScript) name (this is the PS
fontname in the incoming font source,
also used as fontname identifier in the
pdf output, new in 0.43)
fullname no no yes string output font name, used as a fallback in
the pdf output if the psname is not set
header yes no no string header comments, if any
hyphenchar no no yes number default: TeX's \hyphenchar
parameters no yes yes hash default: 7 parameters, all zero
size no yes yes number loaded (at) size. (default: same as de-
signsize)
skewchar no no yes number default: TeX's \skewchar
type yes no yes string basic type of this font
format no no yes string disk format type
embedding no no yes string pdf inclusion
filename no no yes string disk file name
tounicode no yes yes number if 1, LuaTEX assumes per-glyph touni-
code entries are present in the font
stretch no no yes number the ‘stretch' value from \pdffontexpand
shrink no no yes number the ‘shrink' value from \pdffontexpand
step no no yes number the ‘step' value from \pdffontexpand
auto_expand no no yes boolean the ‘autoexpand' keyword from
\pdffontexpand
expansion_factor no no no number the actual expansion factor of an ex-
panded font
attributes no no yes string the \pdffontattr
cache no no yes string this key controls caching of the lua table
on the tex end. yes: use a reference to
the table that is passed to LuaTEX (this
is the default). no: don't store the table
reference, don't cache any lua data for
this font. renew: don't store the table
reference, but save a reference to the
table that is created at the first access
to one of its fields in font.fonts. (new
in 0.40.0, before that caching was al-
ways yes). Note: the saved reference
is thread-local, so be careful when you
are using coroutines: an error will be
thrown if the table has been cached in
one thread, but you reference it from an-
other thread (≈ coroutine)
nomath no no yes boolean this key allows a minor speedup for text
fonts. if it is present and true, then
LuaTEX will not check the character en-
ties for math-specific keys. (0.42.0)
slant no no yes number This has the same semantics as the
SlantFont operator in font map files.
(0.47.0)
extent no no yes number This has the same semantics as the
ExtendFont operator in font map files.
(0.50.0)

The key name is always required. The keys stretch, shrink, step and optionally auto_expand
only have meaning when used together: they can be used to replace a post-loading \pdffontexpand
command. The expansion_factor is value that can be present inside a font in font.fonts. It is
the actual expansion factor (a value between -shrink and stretch, with step step) of a font that
was automatically generated by the font expansion algorithm. The key attributes can be used to
replace \pdffontattr. The key used is set by the engine when a font is actively in use, this makes
sure that the font's definition is written to the output file (dvi or pdf). The tfm reader sets it to false. The
direction is a number signalling the ‘normal' direction for this font. There are sixteen possibilities:
number meaning number meaning
0 LT 8 TT
 1 LL 9 TL
2 LB 10 TB
3 LR 11 TR
4 RT 12 BT
5 RL 13 BL
6 RB 14 BB
7 RR 15 BR

These are Omega-style direction abbreviations: the first character indicates the ‘first' edge of the char-
acter glyphs (the edge that is seen first in the writing direction), the second the ‘top' side.
The parameters is a hash with mixed key types. There are seven possible string keys, as well as a
number of integer indices (these start from 8 up). The seven strings are actually used instead of the
bottom seven indices, because that gives a nicer user interface.
The names and their internal remapping are:

name internal remapped number

slant 1
space 2
space_stretch 3
space_shrink 4
x_height 5
quad 6
extra_space 7

The keys type, format, embedding, fullname and filename are used to embed OpenType fonts
in the result pdf.
The characters table is a list of character hashes indexed by an integer number. The number is the
‘internal code' TEX knows this character by.
Two very special string indexes can be used also: left_boundary is a virtual character whose ligatures
and kerns are used to handle word boundary processing. right_boundary is similar but not actually
used for anything (yet!).
Other index keys are ignored.
Each character hash itself is a hash. For example, here is the character ‘f' (decimal 102) in the font
cmr10 at 10 points:

[102] = {
['width'] = 200250,
['height'] = 455111,
['depth'] = 0,
['italic'] = 50973,
['kerns'] = {
[63] = 50973,
 [93] = 50973,
[39] = 50973,
[33] = 50973,
[41] = 50973
},
['ligatures'] = {
[102] = {
['char'] = 11,
['type'] = 0
},
[108] = {
['char'] = 13,
['type'] = 0
},
[105] = {
['char'] = 12,
['type'] = 0
}
}
}

Of course a more compact is also possible, but keep in mind that reserved words cannot be used compact
and in LuaTEX we often have a type key.

[102] = {
...
ligatures = {
[102] = {
char = 11,
['type'] = 0
},
...
}
}

The following top-level keys can be present inside a character hash:

key from vf from tfm used value type description

width yes yes yes number character's width, in sp (default 0)
height no yes yes number character's height, in sp (default 0)
depth no yes yes number character's depth, in sp (default 0)
italic no yes yes number character's italic correction, in sp (de-
fault zero)
top_accent no no maybe number character's top accent alignment place,
in sp (default zero)
bot_accent no no maybe number character's bottom accent alignment
place, in sp (default zero)
left_protruding no no maybe number character's \lpcode
right_protruding no no maybe number character's \rpcode
expansion_factor no no maybe number character's \efcode
tounicode no no maybe string character's Unicode equivalent(s), in
UTF-16BE hexadecimal format
next no yes yes number the ‘next larger' character index
extensible no yes yes table the constituent parts of an extensible
recipe
vert_variants no no yes table constituent parts of a vertical variant
set
horiz_variants no no yes table constituent parts of a horizontal vari-
ant set
kerns no yes yes table kerning information
ligatures no yes yes table ligaturing information
commands yes no yes array virtual font commands
name no no no string the character (PostScript) name
index no no yes number the (OpenType or TrueType) font glyph
index
used no yes yes boolean typeset already (default: false)?
mathkern no no yes table math cut-in specifications

The values of top_accent, bot_accent and mathkern are used only for math accent and superscript
placement, see the 119math chapter in this manual for details.
The values of left_protruding and right_protruding are used only when \pdfprotrudechars
is non-zero.
Whether or not expansion_factor is used depends on the font's global expansion settings, as well
as on the value of \pdfadjustspacing.
The usage of tounicode is this: if this font specifies a tounicode=1 at the top level, then LuaTEX will
construct a /ToUnicode entry for the pdf font (or font subset) based on the character-level tounicode
strings, where they are available. If a character does not have a sensible Unicode equivalent, do not
provide a string either (no empty strings).
If the font-level tounicode is not set, then LuaTEX will build up /ToUnicode based on the TEX code
points you used, and any character-level tounicodes will be ignored. At the moment, the string format
is exactly the format that is expected by Adobe CMap files (utf-16BE in hexadecimal encoding), minus
the enclosing angle brackets. This may change in the future. Small example: the tounicode for a fi
ligature would be 00660069.
The presence of extensible will overrule next, if that is also present. It in in turn can be overruled
by vert_variants.
The extensible table is very simple:
key type description
top number ‘top' character index
mid number ‘middle' character index
bot number ‘bottom' character index
rep number ‘repeatable' character index

The horiz_variants and vert_variants are arrays of components. Each of those components is
itself a hash of up to five keys:

key type explanation

component number The character index (note that this is an encoding number, not a name).
extender number One (1) if this part is repeatable, zero (0) otherwise.
start number Maximum overlap at the starting side (in scaled points).
end number Maximum overlap at the ending side (in scaled points).
advance number Total advance width of this item (can be zero or missing, then the natural size
of the glyph for character component is used).

The kerns table is a hash indexed by character index (and ‘character index' is defined as either a non-
negative integer or the string value right_boundary), with the values the kerning to be applied, in
scaled points.
The ligatures table is a hash indexed by character index (and ‘character index' is defined as either
a non-negative integer or the string value right_boundary), with the values being yet another small
hash, with two fields:

key type description

type number the type of this ligature command, default 0
char number the character index of the resultant ligature

The char field in a ligature is required.

The type field inside a ligature is the numerical or string value of one of the eight possible ligature
types supported by TEX. When TEX inserts a new ligature, it puts the new glyph in the middle of the
left and right glyphs. The original left and right glyphs can optionally be retained, and when at least
one of them is kept, it is also possible to move the new ‘insertion point' forward one or two places. The
glyph that ends up to the right of the insertion point will become the next ‘left'.

textual (Knuth) number string result

l + r =: n 0 =: |n
l + r =:| n 1 =:| |nr
l + r |=: n 2 |=: |ln
l + r |=:| n 3 |=:| |lnr
l + r =:|> n 5 =:|> n|r
l + r |=:> n 6 |=:> l|n
l + r |=:|> n 7 |=:|> l|nr
l + r |=:|>> n 11 |=:|>> ln|r
The default value is 0, and can be left out. That signifies a ‘normal' ligature where the ligature replaces
both original glyphs. In this table the | indicates the final insertion point.
The commands array is explained below.

7.1 Real fonts

Whether or not a TEX font is a ‘real' font that should be written to the pdf document is decided by
the type value in the top-level font structure. If the value is real, then this is a proper font, and the
inclusion mechanism will attempt to add the needed font object definitions to the pdf.
Values for type:

value description
real this is a base font
virtual this is a virtual font

The actions to be taken depend on a number of different variables:

• Whether the used font fits in an 8-bit encoding scheme or not

• The type of the disk font file
• The level of embedding requested

A font that uses anything other than an 8-bit encoding vector has to be written to the pdf in a different
way.
The rule is: if the font table has encodingbytes set to 2, then this is a wide font, in all other cases it
isn't. The value 2 is the default for OpenType and TrueType fonts loaded via Lua. For Type1 fonts, you
have to set encodingbytes to 2 explicitly. For pk bitmap fonts, wide font encoding is not supported
at all.
If no special care is needed, LuaTEX currently falls back to the mapfile-based solution used by pdfTEX
and dvips. This behaviour will be removed in the future, when the existing code becomes integrated in
the new subsystem.
But if this is a ‘wide' font, then the new subsystem kicks in, and some extra fields have to be present in
the font structure. In this case, LuaTEX does not use a map file at all.
The extra fields are: format, embedding, fullname, cidinfo (as explained above), filename, and
the index key in the separate characters.
Values for format are:

value description
type1 this is a PostScript Type1 font
type3 this is a bitmapped (pk) font
truetype this is a TrueType or TrueType-based OpenType font
opentype this is a PostScript-based OpenType font
(type3 fonts are provided for backward compatibility only, and do not support the new wide encoding
options.)
Values for embedding are:

value description
no don't embed the font at all
subset include and atttempt to subset the font
full include this font in its entirety

It is not possible to artificially modify the transformation matrix for the font at the moment.
The other fields are used as follows: The fullname will be the PostScript/pdf font name. The cidinfo
will be used as the character set (the CID /Ordering and /Registry keys). The filename points
to the actual font file. If you include the full path in the filename or if the file is in the local directory,
LuaTEX will run a little bit more efficient because it will not have to re-run the find_xxx_file callback
in that case.
Be careful: when mixing old and new fonts in one document, it is possible to create PostScript name
clashes that can result in printing errors. When this happens, you have to change the fullname of the
font.
Typeset strings are written out in a wide format using 2 bytes per glyph, using the index key in the
character information as value. The overall effect is like having an encoding based on numbers instead of
traditional (PostScript) name-based reencoding. The way to get the correct index numbers for Type1
fonts is by loading the font via fontloader.open; use the table indices as index fields.
This type of reencoding means that there is no longer a clear connection between the text in your input
file and the strings in the output pdf file. Dealing with this is high on the agenda.

7.2 Virtual fonts

You have to take the following steps if you want LuaTEX to treat the returned table from define_font
as a virtual font:

• Set the top-level key type to virtual.

• Make sure there is at least one valid entry in fonts (see below).
• Give a commands array to every character (see below).

The presence of the toplevel type key with the specific value virtual will trigger handling of the rest
of the special virtual font fields in the table, but the mere existence of 'type' is enough to prevent LuaTEX
from looking for a virtual font on its own.
Therefore, this also works ‘in reverse': if you are absolutely certain that a font is not a virtual font,
assigning the value base or real to type will inhibit LuaTEX from looking for a virtual font file,
thereby saving you a disk search.
The fonts is another Lua array. The values are one- or two-key hashes themselves, each entry indi-
cating one of the base fonts in a virtual font. In case your font is referring to itself, you can use the
font.nextid() function which returns the index of the next to be defined font which is probably the
currently defined one.
An example makes this easy to understand

fonts = {
{ name = 'ptmr8a', size = 655360 },
{ name = 'psyr', size = 600000 },
{ id = 38 }
}

says that the first referenced font (index 1) in this virtual font is ptrmr8a loaded at 10pt, and the second
is psyr loaded at a little over 9pt. The third one is previously defined font that is known to LuaTEX as
fontid ‘38'.
The array index numbers are used by the character command definitions that are part of each character.
The commands array is a hash where each item is another small array, with the first entry representing
a command and the extra items being the parameters to that command. The allowed commands and their
arguments are:

command name arguments arg type description

font 1 number select a new font from the local fonts table
char 1 number typeset this character number from the current font, and move
right by the character's width
node 1 node output this node (list), and move right by the width of this
list
slot 2 number a shortcut for the combination of a font and char command
push 0 save current position
nop 0 do nothing
pop 0 pop position
rule 2 2 numbers output a rule ht * wd, and move right.
down 1 number move down on the page
right 1 number move right on the page
special 1 string output a \special command
image 1 image output an image (the argument can be either an <image>
variable or an image_spec table)
comment any any the arguments of this command are ignored

Here is a rather elaborate glyph commands example:

...
commands = {
{'push'}, -- remember where we are
{'right', 5000}, -- move right about 0.08pt
 {'font', 3}, -- select the fonts[3] entry
{'char', 97}, -- place character 97 (ASCII 'a')
{'pop'}, -- go all the way back
{'down', -200000}, -- move upwards by about 3pt
{'special', 'pdf: 1 0 0 rg'} -- switch to red color
{'rule', 500000, 20000} -- draw a bar
{'special','pdf: 0 g'} -- back to black
}
...

The default value for font is always 1 at the start of the commands array. Therefore, if the virtual font
is essentially only a re-encoding, then you do usually not have create an explicit ‘font' command in the
array.
Rules inside of commands arrays are built up using only two dimensions: they do not have depth. For
correct vertical placement, an extra down command may be needed.
Regardless of the amount of movement you create within the commands, the output pointer will always
move by exactly the width that was given in the width key of the character hash. Any movements that
take place inside the commands array are ignored on the upper level.

7.2.1 Artificial fonts

Even in a ‘real' font, there can be virtual characters. When LuaTEX encounters a commands field inside
a character when it becomes time to typeset the character, it will interpret the commands, just like for a
true virtual character. In this case, if you have created no ‘fonts' array, then the default (and only) ‘base'
font is taken to be the current font itself. In practice, this means that you can create virtual duplicates
of existing characters which is useful if you want to create composite characters.
Note: this feature does not work the other way around. There can not be ‘real' characters in a virtual
font! You cannot use this technique for font re-encoding either; you need a truly virtual font for that
(because characters that are already present cannot be altered).

7.2.2 Example virtual font

Finally, here is a plain TEX input file with a virtual font demonstration:

\directlua {
callback.register('define_font',
function (name,size)
if name == 'cmr10-red' then
f = font.read_tfm('cmr10',size)
f.name = 'cmr10-red'
f.type = 'virtual'
f.fonts = {{ name = 'cmr10', size = size }}
 for i,v in pairs(f.characters) do
if (string.char(i)):find('[tacohanshartmut]') then
v.commands = {
{'special','pdf: 1 0 0 rg'},
{'char',i},
{'special','pdf: 0 g'},
}
else
v.commands = {{'char',i}}
end
end
else
f = font.read_tfm(name,size)
end
return f
end
)
}

\font\myfont = cmr10-red at 10pt \myfont This is a line of text \par

\font\myfontx= cmr10 at 10pt \myfontx Here is another line of text \par
8 Nodes

8.1 Lua node representation

TEX's nodes are represented in Lua as userdata object with a variable set of fields. In the following
syntax tables, such the type of such a userdata object is represented as node.
The current return value of node.types() is: hlist (0), vlist (1), rule (2), ins (3), mark (4),
adjust (5), disc (7), whatsit (8), math (9), glue (10), kern (11), penalty (12), unset (13), style
(14), choice (15), noad (16), op (17), bin (18), rel (19), open (20), close (21), punct (22), inner
(23), radical (24), fraction (25), under (26), over (27), accent (28), vcenter (29), fence (30),
math_char (31), sub_box (32), sub_mlist (33), math_text_char (34), delim (35), margin_kern
(36), glyph (37), align_record (38), pseudo_file (39), pseudo_line (40), page_insert (41),
split_insert (42), expr_stack (43), nested_list (44), span (45), attribute (46), glue_spec
(47), attribute_list (48), action (49), temp (50), align_stack (51), movement_stack (52),
if_stack (53), unhyphenated (54), hyphenated (55), delta (56), passive (57), shape (58), fake
(100),.
NOTE: The \lastnodetype primitive is ε-TEX compliant. The valid range is still -1 .. 15 and glyph
nodes have number 0 (used to be char node) and ligature nodes are mapped to 7. That way macro
packages can use the same symbolic names as in traditional ε-TEX. Keep in mind that the internal node
numbers are different and that there are more node types that 15.

8.1.1 Auxiliary items

A few node-typed userdata objects do not occur in the ‘normal' list of nodes, but can be pointed to from
within that list. They are not quite the same as regular nodes, but it is easier for the library routines to
treat them as if they were.

8.1.1.1 glue_spec items

Skips are about the only type of data objects in traditional TEX that are not a simple value. The structure
that represents the glue components of a skip is called a glue_spec, and it has the following accessible
fields:

key type explanation

width number
stretch number
stretch_order number
shrink number
shrink_order number
writable boolean If this is true, you can't assign to this glue_spec because it is one of the
preallocated special cases. New in 0.52

These objects are reference counted, so there is actually an extra field named ref_count as well. This
item type will likely disappear in the future, and the glue fields themselves will become part of the nodes
referencing glue items.

8.1.1.2 attribute_list and attribute items

The newly introduced attribute registers are non-trivial, because the value that is attached to a node is
essentially a sparse array of key-value pairs.
It is generally easiest to deal with attribute lists and attributes by using the dedicated functions in the
node library, but for completeness, here is the low-level interface.
An attribute_list item is used as a head pointer for a list of attribute items. It has only one
user-visible field:

field type explanation

next <node> pointer to the first attribute

A normal node's attribute field will point to an item of type attribute_list, and the next field in
that item will point to the first defined ‘attribute' item, whose next will point to the second ‘attribute'
item, etc.
Valid fields in attribute items:

field type explanation

next <node> pointer to the next attribute
number number the attribute type id
value number the attribute value

8.1.1.3 action item

Valid fields: action_type, named_id, action_id, file, new_window, data, ref_count
These are a special kind of item that only appears inside pdf start link objects.

field type explanation

action_type number
action_id number or string
named_id number
file string
new_window number
data string
ref_count number

8.1.2 Main text nodes

These are the nodes that comprise actual typesetting commands.
A few fields are present in all nodes regardless of their type, these are:

field type explanation

next <node> The next node in a list, or nil
id number The node's type (id) number
subtype number The node subtype identifier

The subtype is sometimes just a stub entry. Not all nodes actually use the subtype, but this way you
can be sure that all nodes accept it as a valid field name, and that is often handy in node list traversal.
In the following tables next and id are not explicitly mentioned.
Besides these three fields, almost all nodes also have an attr field, and there is a also a field called
prev. That last field is always present, but only initialized on explicit request: when the function
node.slide() is called, it will set up the prev fields to be a backwards pointer in the argument node
list.

8.1.2.1 hlist nodes

Valid fields: attr, width, depth, height, dir, shift, glue_order, glue_sign, glue_set, list

field type explanation

subtype number 0 = unknown origin, 1 = created by linebreaking, 2 = explict box command.
(0.46.0)
attr <node> The head of the associated attribute list
width number
height number
depth number
shift number a displacement perpendicular to the character progression direction
glue_order number a number in the range 0--4, indicating the glue order
glue_set number the calculated glue ratio
glue_sign number
list <node> the body of this list
dir string the direction of this box. see 8.1.4.7
A warning: never assign a node list to the list field unless you are sure its internal link structure is
correct, otherwise an error may be result.

8.1.2.2 vlist nodes

Valid fields: As for hlist, except that ‘shift' is a displacement perpendicular to the line progression
direction.

8.1.2.3 rule nodes

Valid fields: attr, width, depth, height, dir

field type explanation

subtype number unused
attr <node>
width number the width of the rule; the special value −1073741824 is used for ‘running' glue
dimensions
height number the height of the rule (can be negative)
depth number the depth of the rule (can be negative)
dir string the direction of this rule. see 8.1.4.7

8.1.2.4 ins nodes

Valid fields: attr, cost, depth, height, spec, list

field type explanation

subtype number the insertion class
attr <node>
cost number the penalty associated with this insert
height number
depth number
list <node> the body of this insert
spec <node> a pointer to the \splittopskip glue spec

A warning: never assign a node list to the list field unless you are sure its internal link structure is
correct, otherwise an error may be result.

8.1.2.5 mark nodes

Valid fields: attr, class, mark

field type explanation

subtype number unused
attr <node>
class number the mark class
mark table a table representing a token list

8.1.2.6 adjust nodes

Valid fields: attr, list

field type explanation

subtype number 0 = normal, 1 = ‘pre'
attr <node>
list <node> adjusted material

A warning: never assign a node list to the list field unless you are sure its internal link structure is
correct, otherwise an error may be result.

8.1.2.7 disc nodes

Valid fields: attr, pre, post, replace

field type explanation

subtype number indicates the source of a discretionary. 0 = the \discretionary command, 1
= the \- command, 2 = added automatically following a -, 3 = added by the
hyphenation algorithm (simple), 4 = added by the hyphenation algorithm (hard,
first item), 5 = added by the hyphenation algorithm (hard, second item)
attr <node>
pre <node> pointer to the pre-break text
post <node> pointer to the post-break text
replace <node> pointer to the no-break text

The subtype numbers 4 and 5 belong to the ‘of-f-ice' explanation given elsewhere.
A warning: never assign a node list to the pre, post or replace field unless you are sure its internal link
structure is correct, otherwise an error may be result.

8.1.2.8 math nodes

Valid fields: attr, surround

field type explanation

subtype number 0 = ‘on', 1 = ‘off'
attr <node>
surround number width of the \mathsurround kern
8.1.2.9 glue nodes
Valid fields: attr, spec, leader

field type explanation

subtype number 0 = \skip, 1--18 = internal glue parameters, 100-103 = ‘leader' subtypes
attr <node>
spec <node> pointer to a glue_spec item
leader <node> pointer to a box or rule for leaders

The exact meanings of the subtypes are as follows:

1 \lineskip
2 \baselineskip
3 \parskip
4 \abovedisplayskip
5 \belowdisplayskip
6 \abovedisplayshortskip
7 \belowdisplayshortskip
8 \leftskip
9 \rightskip
10 \topskip
11 \splittopskip
12 \tabskip
13 \spaceskip
14 \xspaceskip
15 \parfillskip
16 \thinmuskip
17 \medmuskip
18 \thickmuskip
100 \leaders
101 \cleaders
102 \xleaders
103 \aleaders

8.1.2.10 kern nodes

Valid fields: attr, kern, expansion_factor

field type explanation

subtype number 0 = from font, 1 = from \kern or \/, 2 = from \accent
attr <node>
kern number
8.1.2.11 penalty nodes
Valid fields: attr, penalty

field type explanation

subtype number not used
attr <node>
penalty number

8.1.2.12 glyph nodes

Valid fields: attr, char, font, lang, left, right, uchyph, components, xoffset, yoffset,
width, height, depth, expansion_factor

field type explanation

subtype number bitfield
attr <node>
char number
font number
lang number
left number
right number
uchyph boolean
components <node> pointer to ligature components
xoffset number
yoffset number
width number (new in 0.53)
height number (new in 0.53)
depth number (new in 0.53)

A warning: never assign a node list to the components field unless you are sure its internal link structure
is correct, otherwise an error may be result.
Valid bits for the subtype field are:

bit meaning
0 character
1 glyph
2 ligature
3 ghost
4 left
5 right
See section 6.1 for a detailed description of the subtype field.

8.1.2.13 margin_kern nodes

Valid fields: attr, width, glyph

field type explanation

subtype number 0 = left side, 1 = right side
attr <node>
width number
glyph <node>

8.1.3 Math nodes

These are the so--called ‘noad's and the nodes that are specifically associated with math processing.
Most of these nodes contain sub-nodes so that the list of possible fields is actually quite small. First,
the subnodes:

8.1.3.1 Math kernel subnodes

Many object fields in math mode are either simple characters in a specific family or math lists or node
lists. There are four associated subnodes that represent these cases (in the following node descriptions
these are indicated by the word <kernel>).
The next and prev fields for these subnodes are unused.

8.1.3.1.1 math_char and math_text_char subnodes

Valid fields: attr, fam, char

field type explanation

attr <node>
char number
fam number

The math_char is the simplest subnode field, it contains the character and family for a single glyph ob-
ject. The math_text_char is a special case that you will not normally encounter, it arises temporarily
during math list conversion (its sole function is to suppress a following italic correction).

8.1.3.1.2 sub_box and sub_mlist subnodes

Valid fields: attr, list
field type explanation
attr <node>
list <node>

These two subnode types are used for subsidiary list items. For sub_box, the list points to a ‘normal'
vbox or hbox. For sub_mlist, the list points to a math list that is yet to be converted.
A warning: never assign a node list to the components field unless you are sure its internal link structure
is correct, otherwise an error may be result.

8.1.3.2 Math delimiter subnode

There is a fifth subnode type that is used exclusively for delimiter fields. As before, the next and prev
fields are unused.

8.1.3.2.1 delim subnodes

Valid fields: attr, small_fam, small_char, large_fam, large_char

field type explanation

attr <node>
small_char number
small_fam number
large_char number
large_fam number

The fields large_char and large_fam can be zero, in that case the font that is sed for the small_fam
is expected to provide the large version as an extension to the small_char.

8.1.3.3 Math core nodes

First, there are the objects (the TEXbook calls then ‘atoms') that are associated with the simple math
objects: Ord, Op, Bin, Rel, Open, Close, Punct, Inner, Over, Under, Vcent. These all have the same
fields, and they are combined into a single node type with separate subtypes for differentiation.

8.1.3.3.1 simple nodes

Valid fields: attr, nucleus, sub, sup

field type explanation

subtype number see below
attr <node>
nucleus <kernel>
sub <kernel>
sup <kernel>
Operators are a bit special because they occupy three subtypes. subtype.

number node sub type

0 Ord
1 Op, \displaylimits
2 Op, \limits
3 Op, \nolimits
4 Bin
5 Rel
6 Open
7 Close
8 Punct
9 Inner
10 Under
11 Over
12 Vcent

8.1.3.3.2 accent nodes

Valid fields: attr, nucleus, sub, sup, accent, bot_accent

field type explanation

attr <node>
nucleus <kernel>
sub <kernel>
sup <kernel>
accent <kernel>
bot_accent <kernel>

8.1.3.3.3 style nodes

Valid fields: attr, style

field type explanation

style string contains the style
There are eight possibilities for the string value: one of ‘display', ‘text', ‘script', or ‘scriptscript'. Each of
these can have a trailing ' to signify ‘cramped' styles.

8.1.3.3.4 choice nodes

Valid fields: attr, display, text, script, scriptscript
field type explanation
attr <node>
display <node>
text <node>
script <node>
scriptscript <node>

A warning: never assign a node list to the display, text, script, or scriptscript field unless you are sure
its internal link structure is correct, otherwise an error may be result.

8.1.3.3.5 radical nodes

Valid fields: attr, nucleus, sub, sup, left, degree

field type explanation

attr <node>
nucleus <kernel>
sub <kernel>
sup <kernel>
left <delim>
degree <kernel> Only set by \Uroot

A warning: never assign a node list to the nucleus, sub, sup, left, or degree field unless you are sure its
internal link structure is correct, otherwise an error may be result.

8.1.3.3.6 fraction nodes

Valid fields: attr, width, num, denom, left, right

field type explanation

attr <node>
width number
num <kernel>
denom <kernel>
left <delim>
right <delim>

A warning: never assign a node list to the num, or denom field unless you are sure its internal link
structure is correct, otherwise an error may be result.

8.1.3.3.7 fence nodes

Valid fields: attr, delim
field type explanation
subtype number 1 = \left , 2 = \middle , 3 = \right
attr <node>
delim <delim>

8.1.4 whatsit nodes

Whatsit nodes come in many subtypes that you can ask for by running node.whatsits(): open
(0), write (1), close (2), special (3), local_par (6), dir (7), pdf_literal (8), pdf_refobj
(10), pdf_refxform (12), pdf_refximage (14), pdf_annot (15), pdf_start_link (16),
pdf_end_link (17), pdf_dest (19), pdf_thread (20), pdf_start_thread (21), pdf_end_thread
(22), pdf_save_pos (23), pdf_thread_data (24), pdf_link_data (25), late_lua (35),
close_lua (36), pdf_colorstack (39), pdf_setmatrix (40), pdf_save (41), pdf_restore (42),
cancel_boundary (43), user_defined (44)

8.1.4.1 open nodes

Valid fields: attr, stream, name, area, ext

field type explanation

attr <node>
stream number TEX's stream id number
name string file name
ext string file extension
area string file area (this may become obsolete)

8.1.4.2 write nodes

Valid fields: attr, stream, data

field type explanation

attr <node>
stream number TEX's stream id number
data table a table representing the token list to be written

8.1.4.3 close nodes

Valid fields: attr, stream

field type explanation

attr <node>
stream number TEX's stream id number
8.1.4.4 special nodes
Valid fields: attr, data

field type explanation

attr <node>
data string the \special information

8.1.4.5 language nodes

LuaTEX does not have language whatsits any more. All language information is already present inside
the glyph nodes themselves. This whatsit subtype will be removed in the next release.

8.1.4.6 local_par nodes

Valid fields: attr, pen_inter, pen_broken, dir, box_left, box_left_width, box_right,
box_right_width

field type explanation

attr <node>
pen_inter number interline penalty
pen_broken number broken penalty
dir string the direction of this par. see 8.1.4.7
box_left <node> the \localleftbox
box_left_width number width of the \localleftbox
box_right <node> the \localrightbox
box_right_width number width of the \localrightbox

A warning: never assign a node list to the box_left or box_right field unless you are sure its internal
link structure is correct, otherwise an error may be result.

8.1.4.7 dir nodes

Valid fields: attr, dir, level, dvi_ptr, dvi_h

field type explanation

attr <node>
dir string the direction (but see below)
level number nesting level of this direction whatsit
dvi_ptr number a saved dvi buffer byte offset
dir_h number a saved dvi position

A note on dir strings. Direction specifiers are three-letter combinations of T, B, R, and L.

These are built up out of three separate items:

• the first is the direction of the ‘top' of paragraphs.

• the second is the direction of the ‘start' of lines.
• the third is the direction of the ‘top' of glyphs.

However, only four combinations are accepted: TLT, TRT, RTT, and LTL.
Inside actual dir whatsit nodes, the representation of dir is not a three-letter but a four-letter combi-
nation. The first character in this case is always either + or -, indicating whether the value is pushed
or popped from the direction stack.

8.1.4.8 pdf_literal nodes

Valid fields: attr, mode, data

field type explanation

attr <node>
mode number the ‘mode' setting of this literal
data string the \pdfliteral information

8.1.4.9 pdf_refobj nodes

Valid fields: attr, objnum

field type explanation

attr <node>
objnum number the referenced pdf object number

8.1.4.10 pdf_refxform nodes

Valid fields: attr, width, depth, height, objnum.

field type explanation

attr <node>
width number
height number
depth number
objnum number the referenced pdf object number

Be aware that pdf_refxform nodes have dimensions that are used by LuaTEX.

8.1.4.11 pdf_refximage nodes

Valid fields: attr, width, depth, height, transform, index
field type explanation
attr <node>
width number
height number
depth number
objnum number the referenced pdf object number

Be aware that pdf_refximage nodes have dimensions that are used by LuaTEX.

8.1.4.12 pdf_annot nodes

Valid fields: attr, width, depth, height, objnum, data

field type explanation

attr <node>
width number
height number
depth number
objnum number the referenced pdf object number
data string the annotation data

8.1.4.13 pdf_start_link nodes

Valid fields: attr, width, depth, height, objnum, link_attr, action

field type explanation

attr <node>
width number
height number
depth number
objnum number the referenced pdf object number
link_attr table the link attribute token list
action <node> the action to perform

8.1.4.14 pdf_end_link nodes

Valid fields: attr

field type explanation

attr <node>
8.1.4.15 pdf_dest nodes
Valid fields: attr, width, depth, height, named_id, dest_id, dest_type, xyz_zoom, objnum

field type explanation

attr <node>
width number
height number
depth number
named_id number is the dest_id a string value?
dest_id number or string the destination id
dest_type number type of destination
xyz_zoom number
objnum number the pdf object number

8.1.4.16 pdf_thread nodes

Valid fields: attr, width, depth, height, named_id, thread_id, thread_attr

field type explanation

attr <node>
width number
height number
depth number
named_id number is the tread_id a string value?
tread_id number or string the thread id
thread_attr number extra thread information

8.1.4.17 pdf_start_thread nodes

Valid fields: attr, width, depth, height, named_id, thread_id, thread_attr

field type explanation

attr <node>
width number
height number
depth number
named_id number is the tread_id a string value?
tread_id number or string the thread id
thread_attr number extra thread information

8.1.4.18 pdf_end_thread nodes

Valid fields: attr
field type explanation
attr <node>

8.1.4.19 pdf_save_pos nodes

Valid fields: attr

field type explanation

attr <node>

8.1.4.20 late_lua nodes

Valid fields: attr, reg, data, name

field type explanation

attr <node>
data string data to execute
name string the name to use for lua error reporting

8.1.4.21 pdf_colorstack nodes

Valid fields: attr, stack, cmd, data

field type explanation

attr <node>
stack number colorstack id number
cmd number command to execute
data string data

8.1.4.22 pdf_setmatrix nodes

Valid fields: attr, data

field type explanation

attr <node>
data string data

8.1.4.23 pdf_save nodes

Valid fields: attr
field type explanation
attr <node>

8.1.4.24 pdf_restore nodes

Valid fields: attr

field type explanation

attr <node>

8.1.4.25 user_defined nodes

User-defined whatsit nodes can only be created and handled from Lua code. In effect, they are an
extension to the extension mechanism. The LuaTEX engine will simply step over such whatsits without
ever looking at the contents.
Valid fields: attr, user_id, type, value

field type explanation

attr <node>
user_id number id number
type number type of the value
value number
string
<node>
table

The type can have one of five distinct values:

value explanation
97 the value is an attribute node list
100 the value is a number
110 the value is a node list
115 the value is a string
116 the value is a token list in Lua table form
9 Modifications
Besides the expected changes caused by new functionality, there are a number of not-so-expected
changes. These are sometimes a side-effect of a new (conflicting) feature, or, more often than not, a
change necessary to clean up the internal interfaces.

9.1 Changes from TEX 3.1415926

• The current code base is written in C, not Pascal web (as of LuaTEX 0.42.0).
• See chapter 6 for many small changes related to paragraph building, language handling, and hy-
phenation. Most important change: adding a brace group in the middle of a word (like in of{}fice)
does not prevent ligature creation.
• There is no pool file, all strings are embedded during compilation.
• plus 1 fillll does not generate an error. The extra ‘l' is simply typeset.
• The upper limit to \endlinechar and \newlinechar is 127.

9.2 Changes from ε-TEX 2.2

• The ε-TEX functionality is always present and enabled (but see below about TEXXeT), so the
prepended asterisk or -etex switch for iniTEX is not needed.
• TEXXeT is not present, so the primitives

\TeXXeTstate
\beginR
\beginL
\endR
\endL

are missing.
• Some of the tracing information that is output by ε-TEX's \tracingassigns and
\tracingrestores is not there.
• Register management in LuaTEX uses the Aleph model, so the maximum value is 65535 and the
implementation uses a flat array instead of the mixed flat&sparse model from ε-TEX.
• savinghyphcodes is a no-op. See chapter 6 for details.
• When kpathsea is used to find files, LuaTEX uses the ofm file format to search for font metrics. In
turn, this means that LuaTEX looks at the OFMFONTS configuration variable (like Omega and Aleph)
instead of TFMFONTS (like TEX and pdfTEX). Likewise for virtual fonts (LuaTEX uses the variable
OVFFONTS instead of VFFONTS).

9.3 Changes from pdfTEX 1.40

• The (experimental) support for snap nodes has been removed, because it is much more natural to
build this functionality on top of node processing and attributes. The associated primitives that are
now gone are: \pdfsnaprefpoint, \pdfsnapy, and \pdfsnapycomp.
• The (experimental) support for specialized spacing around nodes has also been removed. The asso-
ciated primitives that are now gone are: \pdfadjustinterwordglue, \pdfprependkern, and
\pdfappendkern, as well as the five supporting primitives \knbscode, \stbscode, \shbscode,
\knbccode, and \knaccode.
• A number of ‘utility functions' is removed:
\pdfelapsedtime \pdffilemoddate \pdfresettimer
\pdfescapehex \pdffilesize \pdfshellescape
\pdfescapename \pdflastmatch \pdfstrcmp
\pdfescapestring \pdfmatch \pdfunescapehex
\pdffiledump \pdfmdfivesum
• The four primitives that were already marked obsolete in pdfTEX 1.40 have been removed since
LuaTEX 0.42:
\pdfoptionalwaysusepdfpagebox \pdfforcepagebox
\pdfoptionpdfinclusionerrorlevel \pdfmovechars

• A few other experimental primitives are also provided without the extra pdf prefix, so they can also
be called like this:
\primitive \ifabsnum
\ifprimitive \ifabsdim
• The \pdftexversion is set to 200.
• The PNG transparency fix from 1.40.6 is not applied (high-level support is pending)
• LFS (pdf Files larger than 2GiB) support is not working yet.
• LuaTEX 0.45.0 introduces two extra token lists, \pdfxformresources and \pdfxformattr, as
an alternative to \pdfxform keywords.
• As of LuaTEX 0.50.0 is no longer possible for fonts from embedded pdf files to be replaced by /
merged with the document fonts of the enveloping pdf document. This regression may be temporary,
depending on how the rewritten font backend will look after beta 0.60.

9.4 Changes from Aleph RC4

• LuaTEX only understands 4 of the 16 direction specifiers of Aleph: TLT (latin), TRT (arabic), RTT
(cjk), LTL (mongolian). All other direction specifiers generate an error (LuaTEX 0.45).
• The input translations from Aleph are not implemented, the related primitives are not available:
\DefaultInputMode \OutputMode
\noDefaultInputMode \DefaultInputTranslation
\noInputMode \noDefaultInputTranslation
\InputMode \noInputTranslation
\DefaultOutputMode \InputTranslation
\noDefaultOutputMode \DefaultOutputTranslation
\noOutputMode \noDefaultOutputTranslation
 \noOutputTranslation
\OutputTranslation
• A small series of bounds checking fixes to \ocp and \ocplist has been added to prevent the system
from crashing due to array indexes running out of bounds.
• The \hoffset bug when \pagedir TRT is fixed, removing the need for an explicit fix to \hoffset
• A bug causing \fam to fail for family numbers above 15 is fixed.
• A fair amount of other minor bugs are fixed as well, most of these related to \tracingcommands
output.
• The number of possible fonts, ocps and ocplists is smaller than their maximum Aleph value (around
5000 fonts and 30000 ocps / ocplists).
• The internal function scan_dir() has been renamed to scan_direction() to prevent a naming
clash, and it now allows an optional space after the direction is completely parsed.
• The ^^ notation can come in five and six item repetitions also, to insert characters that do not fit in
the BMP.
• Glues immediately after direction change commands are not legal breakpoints.
• The \ocp and \ocplist statistics at the end of a run are only printed if OCP's are actually used.

9.5 Changes from standard web2c

• There is no mltex
• There is no enctex
• The following commandline switches are silently ignored, even in non-Lua mode:

-8bit
-translate-file=TCXNAME
-mltex
-enc
-etex

• \openout whatsits are not written to the log file.

• Some of the so-called web2c extensions are hard to set up in non-kpse mode because texmf.cnf is
not read: shell-escape is off (but that is not a problem because of Lua's os.execute), and the
paranoia checks on openin and openout do not happen (however, it is easy for a Lua script to do
this itself by overloading io.open).
• The `E' option does not do anything useful.
10 Implementation notes

10.1 Primitives overlap

The primitives

\pdfpagewidth \pagewidth
\pdfpageheight \pageheight
\fontcharwd \charwd
\fontcharht \charht
\fontchardp \chardp
\fontcharic \charit

are all aliases of each other.

10.2 Memory allocation

The single internal memory heap that traditional TEX used for tokens and nodes is split into two separate
arrays. Each of these will grow dynamically when needed.
The texmf.cnf settings related to main memory are no longer used (these are: main_memory,
mem_bot, extra_mem_top and extra_mem_bot). ‘Out of main memory' errors can still occur, but the
limiting factor is now the amount of RAM in your system, not a predefined limit.
Also, the memory (de)allocation routines for nodes are completely rewritten. The relevant code now
lives in the C file texnode.c, and basically uses a dozen or so ‘avail' lists instead of a doubly-linked
model. An extra function layer is added so that the code can ask for nodes by type instead of directly
requisitioning a certain amount of memory words.
Because of the split into two arrays and the resulting differences in the data structures, some of the
macros have been duplicated. For instance, there are now vlink and vinfo as well as token_link
and token_info. All access to the variable memory array is now hidden behind a macro called vmem.
The implementation of the growth of two arrays (via reallocation) introduces a potential pitfall: the
memory arrays should never be used as the left hand side of a statement that can modify the array in
question.
The input line buffer and pool size are now also reallocated when needed, and the texmf.cnf settings
buf_size and pool_size are silently ignored.

10.3 Sparse arrays

The \mathcode, \delcode, \catcode, \sfcode, \lccode and \uccode tables are now sparse
arrays that are implemented in C. They are no longer part of the TEX ‘equivalence table' and because
each had 1.1 million entries with a few memory words each, this makes a major difference in memory
usage.
The \catcode, \sfcode, \lccode and \uccode assignments do not yet show up when using the
etex tracing routines \tracingassigns and \tracingrestores (code simply not written yet).
A side-effect of the current implementation is that \global is now more expensive in terms of processing
than non-global assignments.
See mathcodes.c and textcodes.c if you are interested in the details.
Also, the glyph ids within a font are now managed by means of a sparse array and glyph ids can go up
to index 221 − 1.

10.4 Simple single-character csnames

Single-character commands are no longer treated specially in the internals, they are stored in the hash
just like the multiletter csnames.
The code that displays control sequences explicitly checks if the length is one when it has to decide
whether or not to add a trailing space.
Active characters are internally implemented as a special type of multi-letter control sequences that uses
a prefix that is otherwise impossible to obtain.

10.5 Compressed format

The format is passed through zlib, allowing it to shrink to roughly half of the size it would have had in
uncompressed form. This takes a bit more CPU cycles but much less disk I/O, so it should still be faster.

10.6 Binary file reading

All of the internal code is changed in such a way that if one of the read_xxx_file callbacks is not set,
then the file is read by a C function using basically the same convention as the callback: a single read
into a buffer big enough to hold the entire file contents. While this uses more memory than the previous
code (that mostly used getc calls), it can be quite a bit faster (depending on your I/O subsystem).
11 Known bugs and limitations, TODO
There used to be a lists of bugs and planned features below here, but that did not work out too well.
There are lists of open bugs and feature requests in the tracker at http://tracker.luatex.org.