PRE-HISTORIC ERA  Paintings during the classical era were most

commonly found in vases, panels, and tomb.

Pre-historic includes all human existence before the
emergence of writing.  They depict natural figures with dynamic
compositions.
Their art is of interest not only to the art historians
but also to archeologist and anthropologist, for  Most of the subjects were battle scenes,
whom the art is only one clue – along with fossils, mythological figures, and everyday scenes.
pollens, and other finds to an understanding of early
 They reveal a grasp of linear perspective and
human life and culture.
naturalist representation.
Paintings from the Pre-historic Era
Most common methods of Greek painting:
Their paintings were found inside the caves which
1. Fresco - method of painting water-based
may have been their way of communicating with
pigments on a freshly applied plaster usually on a
each other.
wall surfaces. Colors are made of ground powder
It may also be for religious or ceremonial purposes. pigments mixed in pure water, dried, and set with
plaster to become a permanent part of the wall. Ideal
These paintings may be more an artifact of the
for murals, durable, and has a matte style.
archeological evidence than a true picture of
humans’ first created art. 2. Encaustic - developed by Greek ship builders,
who used hot wax to fill the cracks of the ship.
The dominant features in the painting were large
Pigments (colors) were added and used to paint a
animals native in the region.
wax hull.
It was discovered on September 12, 1940 and given
Vase painting
statutory historic monument protection.
Kerch Style also referred to as Kerch Vases are red,
The painting has nearly 2,000 figures composed
figured pottery named after the place where it was
mainly of animals, human figures, and abstract
found.
design.
Shapes commonly found are:
Some sections have been identified inside the cave
such as: The Great Hall of the Bulls, The Lateral 1. pelike (wine container)
Passage, The Shaft of the Dead man, The Chamber
2. lekanis (a low bowl with two horizontal handles
of Engravings, The Painted Gallery, and the
and a low broad foot)
Chamber of Felines.
Paintings from Ancient Egypt 3. lebes gamikos (with high handles and lid use to
carry bridal bath)
The purpose of Egyptian paintings is to make the
4. krater (bowl use for mixing wine and water)
deceased afterlife place pleasant.
Panel Painting
With this in mind, themes include journey to the
underworld introducing the deceased to the gods of They are paintings on flat panels of wood. It can be
the underworld by their protective deities. either a small, single-pieced or several panels joined
together. Most of the panel paintings no longer exist
It emphasizes the importance of life after death and
because of their organic composition.
the preservation of the knowledge of the past.
The earliest known panel painting is the: Pitsa Panel
Most paintings were highly stylized, symbolic, and
shows profile view of an animal or a person. (Archaic Period between 540 and 530 B.C.E.)
The main colors used were red, black, blue, gold, Tomb / Wall Painting
and green derived from mineral pigments that can
withstand strong sunlight without fading. Tomb or wall painting was very popular during the
classical period. It uses the method frescos in either
Paintings from Sarcophagus of Tutankhamen tempera (water-based) or encaustic (wax). It has a
XVIII dynasty sharp, flatly outlined style of painting and because it
uses water-based materials, very few samples
1362 A.D. - 1253 BC
survived.
The paintings of the
The image was painted using a true fresco technique
walls on the tomb
with a limestone mortar. It depicts a symposium
show events of the life
scene on the wall.
of the king while he
was still on earth and In tomb paintings, artists rely on the shade and hues
the scenes he expects of paint to create depth and life-like feeling.
to encounter in the
underworld after his Paintings from the Roman Era
death. • Most of the paintings in this era were copied
Paintings from Classical Greek Era or imitated from Hellenic Greek paintings.
• Fresco technique was used in brightly
colored backgrounds; division of the wall into
 a multiple rectangular areas (tic-tac-toe cathedral built using the Christian themes and
design); multi-point perspective; and a symbolisms. In this activity create an example of a
tropme-l’-oeil effect. stained glass that has practical use.
• Roman paintings have a wide variety of The ancient Greeks were the first to
subjects, animals, everyday life, still life, manufacture mosaics. It was made of pebbles
mythological subjects, portraits, and usually black and white used in the floor and
landscapes. pathways. Typically, pebbles are triangular or
square applied with mortar or other adhesive to
• The development of landscape painting is
create floor and wall mosaics.
the main innovation of Roman painting from
Greek painting. Mosaic is the art of creating images with an
assemblage of small pieces of colored glass, stone,
Mosaic
or other materials. It is a technique of decorative art
It is an art process where an image is created using or interior decoration.
an assemblage of small pieces of colored glass, Paintings from the Gothic Era
stones, or other materials.
Paintings have been confined in the illumination of
This technique is used for decorative art or interior
manuscript pages and the painting of frescoes on
decorations.
the walls of churches in cosmopolitan style, elegant
The full image is a Roman mannered, and sophisticated.
floor mosaic in the House of
Subjects usually depict popular legends and love
Fun Pompei, dated 100 B.C. stories. Patterns like mille fleur or thousand
The whole mosaic depicts the flowers show influence which may have been due
battle between the armies of
to the Crusades.
Alexander the Great and
Darius III of Persia. Stained glass windows were created to transform
the vast stone interiors with warm and glowing color
Head of Alexander
and at the same time to instruct Christians in their
Image from Treasures of the World, 1961 CCP faith.
Library
The painting shows some realistic details and naïve
This fresco painting was naturalism.
believed to depict a The Shepherd David
ceremonial rite, either
13th century, Gothic
marriage or an initiation of manuscript
a woman in a mystery cult. illustration
Fresco from the Villa of
Mysteries Pompeii 80
BC Sculptures from the
Early Age
Byzantine Painting
The lively styles of paintings which had been
invented in Greek and Rome lived on in Byzantium Pre-Historic Sculptures
but this time for Christian subjects.
Materials used in sculptures vary according to region
By the 11th and locality. Archeologists believed that their
century, the sculpture is a result of natural erosion and not of
Greek and human artistry. Frequently carving may have
Oriental styles mythological or religious significance.
seem to blend
Venus of Willendorf
together in
magnificent, 28,000 B.C.E. – 25,000 B.C.E
imposing
images, which It is carved from limestone with
adorned the churches in large and small forms. excessively heavy breast and
abdomen used as charm to ensure
The court of Empress fertility.
Theodora, mosaic 6th century
AD San Vitale, Ravena
Theodora was an Asian Queen A sculpture of a lady with the
with dark eyes and hair with hood. It is a fragmentary ivory
fierce expression; figurine From the Upper
Paleolithic era that
realistically represents the
human face and hairstyle
The ancient Romans used stained glass in their
villas and palaces. During the medieval time it has Venus of Brassempouy
been one of the prominent features of every
Musee d’Archéologie Nationale at Saint-
Germain-enlaye
Myron; The Discobulus,
Sculptures from the Egyptian Era
450 BC Image from Treasures of
Symbolic elements such as forms, hieroglyphics, the World, 1961 CCP Library
relative size, location, materials, color, actions, and
gestures were widely used. Their tombs required the ➣ Shows an attitude of
most extensive use of sculpture. The most common maximum tension, full of
materials used for sculptures are wood, ivory, and compressed energy, and about
stones. to explode an action.

Characteristics of the sculptures:

1. Symbolisms were heavily used to represent the Roman Sculptures
gods. They were represented as composite creature Most Roman sculptures are made of monumental
with animal heads on human bodies. terra-cotta. They did not attempt to compete with the
2. Relief compositions were arranged in horizontal free standing Greek works of history or mythology
lines to record an event or to represent an action. but rather they produced reliefs in the Great Roman
triumphal columns with continuous narrative reliefs
3. Most of the time the gods were shown larger than around.
humans, the kings larger than their followers, the
dead larger than the living.
4. Empty spaces were filled with figures or
hieroglyphics.
5. All individual components were all brought to the
plane of representation and laid out like writing.

➣ Realistic,with heavy lided

eyes, slender neck,
determined chin, and pure The Portonacio Sarcophagus between 180 - 190
profile under her heavy BCE Museu Nationale Romano
crown. Image from Treasures of the World, 1961 CCP
Library
➣ Queen, refers to the Great
Royal wife of the Egyptian ➣ Used for the burial of Roman General involved in
pharoah. the campaign of Marcus Aurellius
Queen Nefertiti, painted ➣The best known and most elaborate of all
limestone
sarcophagus (It is a box-like funeral receptacle for a
18th Dynasty, 1375-1357 BC dead body. Comes from a

➣ An example of portraits Greek word sarx meaning "flesh" and phagein

presented in rigid postures, and meaning “to eat”)
were simple and powerful with ➣ It depicts battle scenes between Romans and
very little show of private
Germans
emotion.
➣ Carved in marble
The Pharoah Menkaure and
his Queen, stone
4th Dynasty, 2548 - 2530
B.C.E.

Sculptures from the Classical Period

Greek Sculptures
Sarcopagus, from cervetiri, c.
Early Greek sculptures were tensed and stiff,
their bodies were hidden within enfolding robes. 520 BCE, Museo Nazionale de Villa Giulia, Rome
After three centuries of experiments, Greek Image from Treasures of the World, 1961 CCP
sculptures had finally evolved and showed all the Library
points of human anatomy and proportion.
➣ Made of Terra Cotta
One of the most popular styles of the greek
sculptures was the Hellenistic style. Hellenistic ➣ length 6’7” (2.06 m)
denotes a preference in sculpture for more
elaborated patterns, mannered arrangement of ➣ a husband and wife are shown reclining
figures and groups, and an emphasis on the comfortably, as if they were on a couch
representation of movement for dramatic effects.
Byzantine Sculptures Duration of Drug Use: 6 years and more

The dominant themes in Byzantine sculptures are Residence: Urban areas

religious, everyday life scenes, and motifs from
Nature of Drug Use: Poly-drug use (multiple drug
nature. Animals were used as symbols (dove, deer,
use)
peafowl) while some had acrostic signs (form of
writing in which a message is formed by taking the Common Drugs of Abuse Used: Shabu (1st)
first letter, syllable, or word of different lines and Marijuana (2nd) Inhalants (3rd)
putting them together) that contained a great
Common Concepts in Drug Education
theological significance.
• Drugs are any substances or chemicals which when
The Barberini Diptych taken into the body either though nasal, oral, transdermal
or intravenous way have psychological, emotional and
➣ an early example of Byzantine Ivory work
behavioral effects on a person.
—————————HEALTH———————— • Drugs of abuse are drugs commonly abused by users.
In the Philippines the three drugs of abuse are shabu,
Prevention of Substance Use and Abuse
marijuana and inhalants.
Drug Scenario in the Philippines
• Drug dependence is a cluster of physiological,
In the year 2004, an estimate of 6.7 million drug users behavioral and cognitive phenomena of variable intensity
in the Philippines was recorded by the Dangerous Drugs in which the use of a drug takes on a high priority thereby
Board (DDB). creating a strong desire to take the substance.

The “2008 National Household Survey on the • Drug misuse is the use of a substance incoherent or
Nature and Extent of Drug Abuse in the inconsistent with the prescribed dosage or frequency of
Philippines” conducted by the same agency revealed use.
that there is a downward trend in the number of drug
• Drug Abuse is the use of a substance for non-medicinal
users down to 1.7 million users.
purposes. Abuse leads to organ damage like brain
The decline may be associated with the government’s damage and liver damage, addiction and troubled
intense efforts in combating drugs. behavioral patterns.

The following are the reasons for the successful decline • Drug tolerance is the condition of the body to adapt
of drug abuse in the country: to the effects of substances to the body thus requiring an
even larger amount of the substance to experience the
• Operations conducted by different law enforcing same physiological and mental effect experienced when
agencies like the Philippine National Police (PNP), taking the smaller dosage.
National Bureau of Investigation (NBI), Philippine
Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA), Bureau of The Risk and Protective Factors of Using Drugs
Customs and other law enforcers have helped arrest
• The use, misuse, and abuse of drugs are the result of
local and international drug syndicate members,
various factors surrounding a person.
traffickers, and destroy secret laboratories and
warehouses. • These factors either increase or decrease the
possibility of a person to use drugs.
• Strict implementation of policies under the “Dangerous
Drugs Act of 2002” like the compulsory drug test for • Risk factors are those influences which increase the
application of driver’s license, entrance to military service, chances of using, misusing, and abusing drugs.
application for firearms licensing, and others.
• Protective factors, on the other hand, are those
• Actualization of the Dangerous Drugs Board’s programs influences which decrease the chances of using,
and projects in partnership with other agencies like the misusing, and abusing drugs.
Department of Education (DepEd), Department of Social
Welfare and Development (DSWD) and other local • According to studies, protective factors
government units (LGU) and non-government counterbalance negative effects of risk factors.
organizations (NGO). These are positive efforts bearing • It is important to understand that it does not
fruits and achievements; however, the government does necessarily mean that several risk factors present
not rest on its laurels but rather creates more productive make a person highly susceptible to drug use, misuse,
programs and projects to make the country a drug- and abuse.
resistant society.
• Protective factors even if few in number may be
Profile of Filipino Drug Users enough to work against the risk factors, more so if
Profile Findings there are several of these protective influences.

Ratio of Users (male to female): 10:1 • These factors are composed of influences in different
domains of life.
Mean Age: 28 years old

Civil Status: Single (58.2%)

Employment Status: Unemployed

Educational Attainment: High School level

Average Monthly Household Income: Php

16,290.80
 • Preference to stay with peers and friends than with
family

Protective Factors

• Association with peers and friends who do not use

gateway drugs

• Formation of friendships

• Reliance on friends for emotional support

• Inviting friends at home to know the family

SCHOOL (Availability of Drugs vs. Strong Anti-Drug

Risk and protective factors in the use, misuse, and abuse Policies)
of drugs:
Risk Factors
PERSONAL (Early Aggressive Behavior vs . Self-control)
• Poor academic performance
Risk Factors
• Lack of commitment to studies
• Use of drugs at an early age
• Poor attendance in school
• Risk taking behavior
• Involvement in fights and conflicts
• Experimentation
Protective Factors
• Poor social skills and interaction
• Good to excellent academic performance
• Childhood problems
• Joins extra-curricular activities and school organizations
• Feelings of isolation
• Shows interest in attending classes
Protective Factors
COMMUNITY (Poverty vs. Strong Community
• Self-control behavior Relationship)
• Good reasoning skills Risk Factors
• Excellent social skills • Easy access to gateway drugs
• Positive interaction with people • Poor community organization and neighborhood
• Sense of belonging relationship

FAMILY (Weak Parental Guidance vs. Strong Parental • Poor implementation of community laws
Guidance) • Negative attitudes which favor drug use
Risk Factors Protective Factors
• History and patterns of drug use • Strong community relationships
• Attitudes toward drug use • Active and positive community programs, projects, and
• Poor parenting and child rearing activities for the youth

• Inconsistent family rules • Positive attitude which combat drug use

• Poor family values • Strong community advocacy against drugs

• Poor family ties Drugs of Abuse

Protective Factors Classification of Drugs of Abuse

• Good communication with people The Dangerous Drugs Board listed three major drugs of
abuse in the Philippines. These are methamphetamine
• Positive family relationship hydrochloride or “shabu”, cannabis sativa or
“marijuana” and inhalants better known as
• Clear and consistent family rules
“solvents”. These drugs of abuse are included in the six
• Strong family values classifications of drugs.

• Positive expectation to child’s success in family, school, The six classifications of drugs are the following:
and community
1. Gateway drugs
• Reliance on family for emotional support
Gateway drugs such as cigarettes and alcohol are legal
PEERS AND FRIENDS (Substance Abuse vs. Academic drugs that a nondrug user might try, which can lead
Excellence) him/her to more dangerous drugs such as marijuana and
shabu. Teenagers who engage in early smoking and early
Risk Factors drinking have a higher chance of using and experimenting
with dangerous drugs of abuse.
• Association with peers and friends known to use
gateway drugs (cigarettes and alcohol)
2. Depressant drugs (Downers) society and law, withdrawal symptoms, severe
health problems, poor of quality of life and
Depressant drugs slow down a person’s central nervous
eventually death.
system (CNS). The Central nervous system includes the
brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Doctors commonly • Effects are not always the same with drug users.
prescribe depressant drugs to help certain persons to be
less angry, less stressed, or tensed. Depressant drugs • A small amount of a substance may create a
feeling of pleasure to a person but the same
relax muscles and nerves. These drugs also make patients
amount may cause restlessness, stress or even
feel sleepy and light-headed. Depressant drugs include
immediate death to another person.
alcohol, barbiturates, and tranquilizers.
• It is important to remember that each individual’s
3. Stimulant drugs (Uppers)
brain capacity and function and total body
Stimulant drugs speed up a person's central nervous chemistry are different from other persons, thus
system. Stimulant drugs have the opposite effect of we have different reactions to drugs and
depressants. Stimulants make a person’s energy high. substances.
Negative effects of stimulants include depression and
tiredness. Stimulants include amphetamines which
include shabu, caffeine, nicotine, and cocaine.

4. Narcotics

Narcotics are drugs which relieve pain and induce

sleepiness. In medicine, these drugs are administered in
moderation to patients with mental disorders and those
in severe pain like cancer. Narcotic drugs include cocaine,
heroin and marijuana. These drugs are illicit and
dangerous if taken.

5. Hallucinogens

Hallucinogens are drugs which distorts reality and facts.

It affects all senses and makes a user see, hear and feel
things that don’t exist in the time being. The name
hallucinogen came from the word hallucination which is
to perceive illusions. Hallucinogens include lysergic acid
diethylamide, psilocybin obtained from mushrooms and
mescaline.

6. Inhalants

Inhalants are found in ordinary household chemical

products and anesthetics. It is readily available and
accessible to young children. Inhalant intoxication is
similar to the signs and symptoms of alcohol intoxication.
One difference is the foul smell of chemicals sniffed,
inhaled or huffed by the user. Continuous use and abuse Profile of a Drug Abuser
leads to delusions, brain damage, liver damage, coma and
The Dangerous Drugs Board listed the following signs and
death. Examples of household products used as inhalants
symptoms of drug abuse. It is important to note that
are acetone, rugby or solvent, ordinary and spray paint,
having a few of these signs doesn’t immediately make a
cleaning fluids and air conditioner fluid (Freon).
person a drug user. Therefore, observations of physical,
Myths, Misconceptions, Signs and Symptoms of Drug mental, emotional and social behaviors must be carefully
Abuse done to confirm if a person is a drug user.

• People give several reasons for taking drugs. Below are some of the signs and symptoms of drug use:

• Some believe that these drugs can make them • Declining interest in studies and work
feel and look good. • Identification with known drug users
• Certain drugs of abuse produce pleasure or • Negative outlook in life
euphoria.
• Uncontrolled irritation
• Euphoria is the high sensation of feeling good and
extremely relaxed. • Paranoia (fear that people always stalk and talk about
him/her)
• Euphoria is a sensation brought about by the
• Severe feeling of depression and loneliness
chemical reactions of the neurotransmitters in the
brain. Thus, drugs affect your brain process. • Complains of over fatigue (psychological or
physiological)
• Continuous and prolonged drug use has a very
bad effect in a person. • Frequent involvement in petty fights and crimes

• It can alter his behavior, and his mental, physical, • Frequent changes of mood and extreme mood swings
and psychological condition.
• Lousy physical appearance
• Most importantly, drug dependence results in
• Reddish eyes
drug abuse, drug tolerance, problems with
• Sudden loss in weight
- Difficulty in - Cardiovascular
• Frequent complaints of headache and stomach pains breathing diseases

• Convulsions - Halitosis or bad - Chronic Obstructive

breath Pulmonary Disease
• Frequent attacks of cough and runny nose
- Sinusitis and - Cancer of the
• Brown stains on fingertips
otitis media mouth, throat, skin,
• Foul body smell lungs, and other body
- Increased
parts
• Wearing of sunglasses even at night phlegm production
- Hypertension or
• Foul body smell - Stomach
increased blood
problems
• Wearing of sunglasses even at night pressure
- Weak physical
• Loss of balance - Heart attack and
performance
stroke which leads to
• Loss of interest in sports and hobbies
coma and death
• Poor judgment and loss of inhibition
B. DEPRESSANTS
• Loss of concentration
Short-Term Effects Long-Term Effects

C. Effects of Drug Use and Abuse on the - Slow brain function which - Agitation and aggressive
Community leads to temporary memory behaviors
loss
• High incidence of crime which includes stealing, - Depression leading to
robbery, and snatching - Slow pulse rate and heart rate mental disorders
• High incidence of accidents, e.g. road accident, - Below normal breathing - Hypertension or high
accidental falling, etc. pattern blood pressure
• Affected economy due to low manpower production - Low blood pressure - Cardiovascular diseases
• Loss of government funds due to drug-related - Inability to concentrate and - Paralysis of the muscles
operations, treatment and rehabilitation poor judgment and nerves
Short Term and Long Term Effects of Substance Use and - Confusion and irritability - Brain stroke
Abuse
- Dizziness and light - Chronic liver disease
A. GATEWAY DRUGS headedness
- Renal or kidney failure
Gateway Short-Term Long-Term Effects - Slurred speech
- Cancer of the colon and
Drug Effects
- Loss of body balance and other form of cancer
sluggishness
- Headache and - Damage of organs - Diabetes
light headedness like liver, heart, colon - Depression
- Coma and death
and brain
- Slurred speech
- Cancer C. STIMULANTS
- Slow body reflex,
senses and - Cardiovascular Short-Term Effects Long-Term Effects
coordination diseases

- Overconfident - Cirrhosis of the liver - Increased heart rate and - Paranoia

pulse rate
A. - Mood swings - Poor study and work - Heart attack
Alcohol - Increased respiration
(depression, high performance
(breathing) rate - Brain stroke
spirit,
- Paralysis and/ or
aggressiveness) - Increased digestive - Brain damage
loss of limb due to processes
- Nausea road accidents and - Kidney damage
(headache with other tragic events - Increased blood pressure
vomiting) - Liver damage
- Alcohol poisoning - Increased body temperature
- Experience of which leads to coma - Coma which leads to death
- Decreased appetite
blackout (loss of and eventual death
consciousness) - Alert body responses

- Inability to sleep
- Stress - Development of
- Euphoria
asthma
B. -Rapid heart rate
- Depression (the “down” that
Tobacco and pulse rate - Atherosclerosis follows the “up” sensation)
- Persistent cough - Thrombosis
 - Slurred speech - Loss of hearing
D. NARCOTICS - Poor coordination - Uncontrolled muscle
spasms
Short-Term Effects Long-Term - Euphoria
Effects - Brain damage
- Dizziness and nausea
- Nerve damage
- Drowsiness - Development of - Feeling of light
diseases like headedness - Bone marrow damage
- Euphoria
hepatitis, tetanus
- Foul breath
- Loss of appetite and HIV-AIDS
due to needle - Hallucinations
- Vomiting sharing
- Delusions
- Nausea - Overdose
leading to coma
- Muscle cramps and pain
and death
- Chills and shaking Effects of Drug Use

- Weight loss A. Effects of Drug Use and Abuse on the Family

- Difficulty in sleeping • Broken and unhappy family ties

- Difficulty in breathing • Ignored duties and responsibilities

- Inflammation of the veins • Financial constraint due to drug dependence and

addiction
- Panic attacks
• High cost of drug treatment and rehabilitation

• Family dishonor and embarrassment

E. HALLUCINOGENS • Separation of family members

Short-Term Effects Long-Term Effects B. Effects of Drug Use and Abuse on the School

• Poor academic performance

- Euphoria - Flashback (effects of
• Increased rate of absenteeism and tardiness
the drug comes back
- Hallucinations (seeing
after a long time of not • Increased incidence of school fights
things which are not really
using it)
there) • Low academic achievement rate
- Increased blood
- Poor judgment of time • Incidence of disrespect to school authorities
pressure
and distance
- Brain damage ————————Physical Ed.———————
- Inability to sleep
- Psychosis (a mental THE GAME PLAY
- Loss of appetite which
disorder in which reality
lasts up to 10 hours  A toss coin is made by the first referee to decide
is distorted or twisted)
the first serving team.
- Nausea
- Coma and death
 The team with ball possession and the one that
- Poor body coordination
attacks is the offensive team and the team that
- Feeling of super strength prevents the attacker is called the defensive team.
- Increased blood pressure  When the ball is in play, the team must return the
and heart rate ball over the net of their opponent’s courtside in no
more than three contacts.
- Aggressive behavior
 A player can only touch the ball once.
- Memory loss
 If the player commits two consecutive hits, a
- Slurred speech
violation is called by the referee and the point is
awarded to the opponent’s team.

F. INHALANTS  When a team wishes to have a time-out, it should

only last for 30 seconds and they are only allowed
Short-Term Effects Long-Term Effects to have two time-out per set.
 All the members should be in the free zone area
during time-outs.
 In case of a substitute, an authorization from the
referee is required and it should take place within
the substitution zone.
 Rally point is given to a team that wins a rally.
 A rally is the playing action from service until the  Permits interruptions and discards improper
ball is out of play. appeal.
 A match is won by the team that wins three or five  Controls the team time-outs and substitutions.
sets. The first team to score 25 points win a set.
 In case of a player injury, he/she can authorize
 The deciding set is played to 15 points. an exceptional substitution.
 In case of a ties, a two-point and advantage, is  Checks the condition of the floor and the ball
needed. during the match if it is still in good state.
OFFICIATING VOLLEYBALL C. Scorer
What is sports officiating?  Keeps the score sheet
 It is the supervision of sports competitions with  Reports irregularities using a buzzer to the
the application of an organized set of rules. referee.
 It requires profound understanding of the  Do the recording of the names and numbers of
nature and background of the sport. the players and takes the signatures of the
captain and coaches of every team.
 A sport official should possess characteristics
such as accuracy and unbiased judgment.  Registers the starting line-up of the teams.
 The quality of the sport depends on the  Records the score of the team during the
knowledge of the sports official. match.
 It is important to appreciate and acquire the  Monitors the order of the service.
rules and regulations of the sports for a
successful play  Gives notifications to any player requests such
as time-outs and substitution.
 Knowledge of the duties and functions of the
 Announces the scores to the referees at the
game officials is essential for an organized
game. end of each set.
 Records the sanction of the players
OFFICIALS AND THEIR ROLES
A. The First Referee  Signs the score sheet and attains the
signatures of the team captains and coaches.
 Leads the match from the start until the game
ends. `

 The decision of the first referee is final, in case

the team captain do not agree with the
decision, a record of protest is filed.
 Can replace any other officials if not performing
well
 Has the authority to resolve game matters even
not provided in the rules.
 Do the inspection prior to the match: playing
area, ball, net, and post.
 Does the coin toss with the team captains
 Controls the warm-ups of the teams.
 Has the authority to give warning to the teams
 Give sanctions such as misconduct and delays
 Checks and signs the score sheet at the end of
the match.
B. The Second Referee
 Helps the first referee.
 Can replace the first referee if he or she cannot
continue his or her duty.
 May also give signal faults but has no right to
insist it to the first referee.
 Directs the work of the scorer
 Supervises the conduct of the non-playing
members of the team on the bench