Edexcel past paper

questions

Core Mathematics 3
Exponentials and
Natural Logarithms
Edited by: K V kumaran
Email: [email protected]

Core Maths 3 Exponentials and natural Logarithms Page 1

 Ln and Exponentials C3

Content

By the end of this unit you should have knowledge of:

the function ex and its graph (including y = eax+b).

the function lnx and its graph; lnx as the inverse function of ex.

solutions to equations of the type n = eax+b and ln(ax+b) = r

Rules

1. ex=k, x=ln(k)
2.
ln(x)=k, x= ek

3. ln(x) + ln(y)= ln(xy)

4. ln(x) – ln(y) = ln(x/y)

5. nln(x) = ln(xn)

6. ln(ex) = x

7. eln(x)= x

Core Maths 3 Exponentials and natural Logarithms Page 2

 The exponential function ex
The graphs below display y = 2x and y = 3x and the tangents to the curves

at the point where x = 0.

6 6

4 y=2x 4 y=3x

2 2

0 0
-6 -4 -2 0 2-6 4-4 6-2 80 102 124 6

For the curve y = 2x, the gradient at the point where x = 0 is 0.693 and
-2 -2
for y = 3x, the gradient is 1.1. There must be a number whose exponential
x
y=2 y=3x
graph has a gradient of 1 at x = 0. That number is e.
Tangent at x = 0 Tangent at x = 0
-4 -4
e = 2.718…..

The function f(x) = ex has a domain x   and range f(x) > 0

The exponential function ex is the only function that differentiates to

itself (more later).

Core Maths 3 Exponentials and natural Logarithms Page 3

The logarithmic Function lnx.

Lnx is the inverse of ex and its graph is displayed below.

The function lnx has domain x > 0 and range f (x)  

What do you notice?

Recap of rules from C2

One of the most important rules you should have learnt in C2 was the

interchangeability of the following statement:

ac = b logab = c

This idea can be applied to ex where e is the base:

ex = y logey = x

logey is written as lny.

This reinforces the idea that ln is the inverse of e.

Core Maths 3 Exponentials and natural Logarithms Page 4

Rules of logarithms were introduced in C2 and obviously they all apply to

logs in base e.

ln7 + ln8 = ln56

ln8 - ln2 = ln4

n ln7 = ln7n

lne = 1

ln1 = 0

lna
logc a 
lnc

Most of the exam questions on the C3 papers will bring together other

areas of the specification but we will start with more simple ones.

Example 1

Given that e-x = 5, find the value of x to 4 decimal places.

Taking ln of both sides:

-x = ln 5

x = -1.6094

Core Maths 3 Exponentials and natural Logarithms Page 5

Example 2

Given that ln(y + 4) – lny = 1.2, find the value of y, correct to 3 decimal

places.

Using rules of logarithms

y + 4
ln   = 1.2
 y 

Therefore by using the interchangeable statement:

lna = b eb = a

y + 4
e1.2   
 y 

ye1.2  y  4

ye1.2  y  4

y(e1.2  1)  4

y  1.724

Core Maths 3 Exponentials and natural Logarithms Page 6

Example 3

Find the exact solution to the equation

ex + 25e-x = 10

Multiplying by ex gives:

e2x + 25 = 10ex

We now have an exponential quadratic

Replacing ex with y gives:

y2 – 10y + 25 = 0

(y – 5)(y – 5) = 0

Therefore

y=5 and hence ex = 5

So finally x = ln5

The fact that ex is the inverse of lnx is used time and again in C3

questions

Core Maths 3 Exponentials and natural Logarithms Page 7

The following question deals with exponential heat loss. Remember that

one of the first things we discussed in C1 and C2 was that rate of change

is the fundamental principle behind differentiation. Therefore if you are

asked to find a rate of change then you must differentiate.

Example 5

A heated metal ball is dropped into a liquid. As the ball cools, its

temperature, TºC, t minutes after it enters the liquid, is given by

T = 400e-0.04t + 25, t  0

a) Find the temperature of the ball as is enters the liquid.

b) Find the value of t for which T = 400, giving your answer to 3 sig

fig.

c) Find the rate at which the temperature of the ball is decreasing at

the instant when t = 50, giving your answer in ºC per minute to 3 sig fig.

d) Explain why the temperature of the ball can not fall below 10ºC.

a) Find the temperature when t = 0

T = 400e-0.04t + 25

T = 400e0 + 25 = 425

b) Find the value of t for which T = 400, giving your answer to 3 sig

fig.

400 = 400e-0.04t + 25

375
 e 0.04t
400

Core Maths 3 Exponentials and natural Logarithms Page 8

Taking ln of both sides

 375 
ln    0.04t
 400 

t  1.61

c) Find the rate at which the temperature of the ball is decreasing at

the instant when t = 50, giving your answer in ºC per minute to 3 sig fig.

dT
The question is asking for when t = 50.
dt

T = 400e -0.04t + 25

dT
 16e -0.04t
dt

t  50 rate = -2.165C/min

d) Explain why the temperature of the ball can not fall below 10ºC.

As t tends to infinity, e-0.04t tends to 0, therefore the temperature can

not fall below 25ºC.

The final question is one of the more tricky types of rates questions but

still give it a go!

Core Maths 3 Exponentials and natural Logarithms Page 9

Example 6

The amount of a certain type of drug in the bloodstream t hours after it

has been taken is given by the formula

1
 t
x  De 12

where x is the amount of the blood in the blood stream in milligrams and

D is the dose given in milligrams.

A dose of 7 milligrams is given.

a) Find the amount of the drug in the bloodstream 4 hours after the

dose is given. Give your answer in mg to 3 decimal places.

A second dose of 7mg of the drug is given after 4 hours.

b) Show that the amount of the drug in the bloodstream 1 hour after

the second dose is 11.055mg to 3 decimal places.

No more doses of the drug are given. At time T hours after the second

dose is given, the amount of the drug in the bloodstream is 5mg.

c) Find the value of T.

a) From the question D = 7 and t = 4

1
 t
x  De 12

4

x  7e 12

x  5.016mg

Core Maths 3 Exponentials and natural Logarithms Page 10

b) One hour after the second dose is given the first dose has been at

work for five hours. Therefore we have to do the question in two parts.

For dose one D = 7 and t = 5 For dose two D = 7 and t = 1

1 1
 t  t
x  De 12
x  De 12

5 1
 
x  7e 12
x  7e 12

x  4.61468mg x  6.4403mg

These two amounts add up to give 11.055mg to 3 decimal places as

required.

c) The thing to be careful with here is the variable T is the time

after the second dose therefore the formula to calculate the amount of

the first dose still present is given by:

1 1
 (T  4 )  T
x  7e 12
and for the second dose it is x  7e 12
these

two should add together to give 5mg. Therefore:

1 1
 (T  4 )  T
5  7e 12
 7e 12

By using rules of indices the first part becomes

1 4 1
 T  T
5  7e 12
 e 12  7e 12

Core Maths 3 Exponentials and natural Logarithms Page 11

Factorising gives:

1
 T  12
4

5  7e 12  e  1
 
 

Therefore
1
5  T
e 12
 12
4

7 e  1

 

Taking ln of both sides and multiplying by -12 gives:

T = 10.5hrs

This is a tough question and the algebraic manipulation is challenging but

you should be able to score some marks in part (c).

Core Maths 3 Exponentials and natural Logarithms Page 12

 C3 Exponentials and Logarithms past paper questions

1. A particular species of orchid is being studied. The population p at time t years after
the study started is assumed to be
2800ae 0.2t
p= , where a is a constant.
1  ae 0.2t
Given that there were 300 orchids when the study started,
(a) show that a = 0.12,
(3)
(b) use the equation with a = 0.12 to predict the number of years before the
population of orchids reaches 1850.
(4)
336
(c) Show that p = .
0.12  e 0.2t
(1)
(d) Hence show that the population cannot exceed 2800.
(2)
(Q7, June 2005)

2. A heated metal ball is dropped into a liquid. As the ball cools, its temperature, T C, t
minutes after it enters the liquid, is given by
T = 400e–0.05t + 25, t  0.
(a) Find the temperature of the ball as it enters the liquid.
(1)
(b) Find the value of t for which T = 300, giving your answer to 3 significant figures.
(4)
(c) Find the rate at which the temperature of the ball is decreasing at the instant
when t = 50. Give your answer in C per minute to 3 significant figures.
(3)
(d) From the equation for temperature T in terms of t, given above, explain why the
temperature of the ball can never fall to 20 C.
(1)
(Q4, June 2006)

3. Find the exact solutions to the equations

(a) ln x + ln 3 = ln 6,
(2)
(b) ex + 3e–x = 4.
(4)
(Q1, June 2007)

Core Maths 3 Exponentials and natural Logarithms Page 13

4. The amount of a certain type of drug in the bloodstream t hours after it has been taken
is given by the formula
-1t
x = De 8 ,
where x is the amount of the drug in the bloodstream in milligrams and D is the dose
given in milligrams.
A dose of 10 mg of the drug is given.
(a) Find the amount of the drug in the bloodstream 5 hours after the dose is given.
Give your answer in mg to 3 decimal places.
(2)
A second dose of 10 mg is given after 5 hours.
(b) Show that the amount of the drug in the bloodstream 1 hour after the second
dose is 13.549 mg to 3 decimal places.
(2)
No more doses of the drug are given. At time T hours after the second dose is given,
the amount of the drug in the bloodstream is 3 mg.
(c) Find the value of T.
(3)
(Q8, June 2007)
5. The radioactive decay of a substance is given by
R = 1000e−ct, t  0.
where R is the number of atoms at time t years and c is a positive constant.
(a) Find the number of atoms when the substance started to decay.
(1)
It takes 5730 years for half of the substance to decay.
(b) Find the value of c to 3 significant figures.
(4)
(c) Calculate the number of atoms that will be left when t = 22 920 .
(2)
(d) Sketch the graph of R against t .
(2)
(Q5, Jan 2008)

6. Rabbits were introduced onto an island. The number of rabbits, P, t years after they
were introduced is modelled by the equation
1
P = 80e 5 , t  ℝ, t  0.
t

(a) Write down the number of rabbits that were introduced to the island.
(1)
(b) Find the number of years it would take for the number of rabbits to first exceed
1000. (2)
dP
(c) Find .
dt
(2)
dP
(d) Find P when = 50.
dt
(3)
(Q3, June 2009)

Core Maths 3 Exponentials and natural Logarithms Page 14

7. (a) Simplify fully
2x 2  9x  5
.
x 2  2 x  15
(3)
Given that
ln (2x2 + 9x− 5) = 1 + ln (x2 + 2x −15), x ≠ −5,
(b) find x in terms of e.
(4)
(Q8, June 2010)

8. Joan brings a cup of hot tea into a room and places the cup on a table. At time t
minutes after Joan places the cup on the table, the temperature,  °C, of the tea is
modelled by the equation

 = 20 + Ae−kt,

where A and k are positive constants

Given that the initial temperature of the tea was 90 °C,
(a) find the value of A.
(2)
The tea takes 5 minutes to decrease in temperature from 90 °C to 55 °C.
1
(b) Show that k = ln 2. (3)
5

(c) Find the rate at which the temperature of the tea is decreasing at the instant
when t = 10. Give your answer, in °C per minute, to 3 decimal places.
(3)
(Q4, Jan 2011)

9. The mass, m grams, of a leaf t days after it has been picked from a tree is given by
m = pe−kt,
where k and p are positive constants.
When the leaf is picked from the tree, its mass is 7.5 grams and 4 days later its mass
is 2.5 grams.
(a) Write down the value of p.
(1)
1
(b) Show that k = ln 3.
4
(4)
dm
(c) Find the value of t when = −0 6 ln 3.
dt
(6)
(Q5, June 2011)

Core Maths 3 Exponentials and natural Logarithms Page 15

10. The area, A mm2, of a bacterial culture growing in milk, t hours after midday, is given
by
A = 20e1.5t, t  0.

(a) Write down the area of the culture at midday.

(1)
(b) Find the time at which the area of the culture is twice its area at midday. Give
your answer to the nearest minute.
(5)
(Q5, Jan 2012)

11. The value of Bob’s car can be calculated from the formula

V = 17000e−0.25t + 2000e−0.5t + 500.

where V is the value of the car in pounds (£) and t is the age in years.

(a) Find the value of the car when t = 0.

(1)
(b) Calculate the exact value of t when V = 9500.
(4)
(c) Find the rate at which the value of the car is decreasing at the instant when t = 8.
Give your answer in pounds per year to the nearest pound.
(4)
(Q8, Jan 2013)

12. Find algebraically the exact solutions to the equations

(a) ln(4 – 2x) + ln(9 – 3x) = 2ln(x + 1), –1 < x < 2

(5)
(b) 2x e3x+1 = 10

a  ln b
Give your answer to (b) in the form where a, b, c and d are integers.
c  ln d
(5)
(Q6, June 2013)

Core Maths 3 Exponentials and natural Logarithms Page 16

13.

Figure 3

The population of a town is being studied. The population P, at time t years from the
start of the study, is assumed to be
8000
P , t≥0
1  7e kt
where k is a positive constant.

The graph of P against t is shown in Figure 3.

Use the given equation to

(a) find the population at the start of the study,

(2)
(b) find a value for the expected upper limit of the population.
(1)

Given also that the population reaches 2500 at 3 years from the start of the study,

(c) calculate the value of k to 3 decimal places.

(5)

Using this value for k,

(d) find the population at 10 years from the start of the study, giving your answer to 3
significant figures.
(2)
dP
(e) Find, using , the rate at which the population is growing at 10 years from the
dt
start of the study.
(3)
(Q8, June 2013_R)

Core Maths 3 Exponentials and natural Logarithms Page 17

14. Find the exact solutions, in their simplest form, to the equations

(a) 2 ln (2x + 1) – 10 = 0
(2)
(b) 3xe4x = e7
(4)
(Q2, June 2014)
15. A rare species of primrose is being studied. The population, P, of primroses at time t
years after the study started is modelled by the equation

800e0.1t
P , t ≥ 0, t
1  3e0.1t

(a) Calculate the number of primroses at the start of the study.

(2)
(b) Find the exact value of t when P = 250, giving your answer in the form a ln(b)
where
a and b are integers.
(4)
dP
(c) Find the exact value of when t =10. Give your answer in its simplest form.
dt
(4)
(d) Explain why the population of primroses can never be 270.
(1)
(Q8, June 2014)
16. Water is being heated in an electric kettle. The temperature,  °C, of the water t seconds
after the kettle is switched on, is modelled by the equation

 = 120 – 100e–t, 0  t  T.

(a) State the value of  when t = 0.

(1)

Given that the temperature of the water in the kettle is 70 °C when t = 40,

ln a
(b) find the exact value of , giving your answer in the form , where a and b are
b
integers.
(4)

When t = T, the temperature of the water reaches 100 °C and the kettle switches off.

(c) Calculate the value of T to the nearest whole number.

(2)

(Q4, June 2015)

Core Maths 3 Exponentials and natural Logarithms Page 18