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Chemistry
The Molecular Nature of
Matter and Change
Fifth Edition

Martin S. Silberberg

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 Chapter 1

Stoichiometry of Formulas and

Electron Configuration and Chemical
Equations
Periodicity

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 Stoichiometry  the quantitative study of reactants
and products in a chemical reaction

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 • The concept of stoichiometry was introduced by Jeremias
Benjamin Richter.

• The word originated from Greek.

• Stoikheion (Greek for “element”) + Metron (Greek for
“measure”).
• Richter discovered that it is possible to quantify substances
produced or consumed by chemical reaction.

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 Chemical Equations
A chemical equation uses formulas to express the identities and
quantities of substances involved in a physical or chemical change.

Figure 3.6
The formation of HF gas on the macroscopic and molecular levels.

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Figure 3.7 A three-level view of the reaction between magnesium
and oxygen.

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 Features of Chemical Equations
A yield arrow points from
reactants to products.

Mg + O2 MgO

Reactants are written on the left.

Products are written on the right.

The equation must be balanced; the same number

and type of each atom must appear on both sides.

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 Atomic Mass Unit (amu)
• Defined as one-twelfth of the mass of the 12C isotope
of carbon.
1 amu = 1.66054 x 10-24 g
1 g = 6.02214 x 1023 amu

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 Average Atomic Mass
• Most elements occur in nature as mixture of
isotopes.
• We can determine the average atomic mass of an
element by using the masses of its various isotopes
and their relative abundances.
• Also known as atomic weight

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Atomic weight = ∑ [(isotope mass) x (fractional isotopes abundance)]

Example:
Naturally occurring chlorine is 75.53% 35Cl, which
has an atomic mass of 34.969 amu, and 24.47% 37Cl,
which has an atomic mass of 36.966 amu. Calculate
the average atomic mass (atomic weight) of chlorine.

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 Solution

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 Formula / molecular Weight
the sum of the atomic weights in amu of all atoms in
a compound’s formula
Example:
Compound Formula / molecular weight
Ionic compound 1(23.0 amu Na) + 1(35.5 amu Cl)
Sodium chloride (NaCl) = 58.5 amu
Molecular compound 9(12.0 amu C) + 8(1.0 amu H) +
Aspirin (C9H8O4) 4(16.0 amu O)
= 180.0 amu

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 The Mole
– a mole of the amount of substance that contains as
many atoms, molecules, or ions as are in exactly 12
g of carbon-12
– the number of particles in one mole is known as
Avogadro’s number (NA)
– Avogadro’s number has been measured
experimentally. Its value is 6.022 x 1023 formula
units per mole

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  1 mole of any element always contains Avogadro’s
number of atoms
 1 mole of a compound contains Avogadro’s number of
molecules (molecular compound) or formula units
(ionic compound)
substance No. & type of particles

1 mole Al 6.02 x 1023 Al atoms

1 mole H2O 6.02 x 1023 H2O molecules

1 mole NaCl 6.02 x 1023 NaCl formula units

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  We can use Avogadro’s number (NA) as a conversion factor
to convert between the moles of a substance and the no. of
particles it contains

Moles NA Particles

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 Example:
Calculate the number of molecules of ammonia, NH3 present in
1.75 moles ammonia

Solution:

Step 1: Given: 1.75 mole NH3 Need: molecules of NH3

Step 2: Conversion factor:

1 mole NH3 = 6.02 x 1023 molecules NH3

6.02 x 1023 molecules NH3 1 mole NH3

1 mole NH3 6.02 x 1023 molecules NH3

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 Step 3: Calculate the no. of NH3 molecules

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 Mole of Elements in a Formula
 The subscripts in a chemical formula of a compound indicate the number
of atoms of each type of elemant.
 The subscripts also indicate the number of moles of each element in 1
mole of the compound.
 E.g:
H2O

Hidrogen Oxygen

Atoms in 1 molecule 2 atoms H 1 atom O

Moles of atoms in 1 mole 2 moles H 1 moles O

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 Example:
Calculate the number of moles of carbon atoms in 1.50 moles
aspirin, C9H8O4

Solution:

Step 1: Given: 1.50 moles C9H8O4 Need: moles of C atoms

Step 2: Conversion factor:

1 mole C9H8O4 = 9 mole C atoms

9 moles C 1 mole C9H8O4

1 mole C9H8O4 9 moles C

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 Step 3:

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 Molar Mass
 Molar mass: the mass in grams of 1 mol of a substance.

 one 24Mg atom weights 24 amu

 1 mol 24Mg weights 24g
 one H2O molecule weights 18.0 amu
 1 mol H2O weights 18.0g
 one NO3- ion weights 62.0 amu
 1 mol NO3- weights 62.0g

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 Example:
Calculate the molar mass of Ba(OH)2.
(atomic mass: Ba = 137.3 , O = 16.00 , H = 1.008 )

Solution:
• The formula of this compound contains one atom Ba and 2
atoms each of O and H.
1 atom Ba = 1(137.3) = 137.3 g
2 atom H = 2(1.008) = 2.016 g
2 atom O = 2(16.00) = 32.00 g
171.3 g
 mass of 1 mol of Ba(OH)2 is 171.3 g
 Thus, the molar mass of Ba(OH)2 is 171.3 g/mol

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  We can use molar mass to convert from grams to moles,
and from moles to grams.
 We can use Avogadro’s number to convert from moles to
the number of molecules or atoms.

Grams Moles atom/

molecules

Use molar mass Use NA

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 Example:

Silver metal is used in the manufacture of tableware, mirror,

jewelry and dental alloys. If the design for a piece of jewelry
requires 0.750 mole silver, how many grams of silver are needed?

Solution:

Step 1: Given: 0.750 moles Ag

Need: grams of Ag

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 Step 2: Conversion factor:
1 mole Ag = 107.9 g atoms

107.9 g Ag 1 mole Ag
1 mole Ag 107.9 g Ag

Step 3:

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 Example 2:
Sulfur is a nonmetallic element that is present in coal. How many
atoms are in 16.3 g of S?
(atomic mass: S = 32.07 )

Solution:
1 mol S = 32.07 g and 1 mol S = NA atoms
 The conversion is: gram  mol  atom
 conversion factor
1 mol S and 6.022 x 1023 S atoms
32.07 g S 1 mol S

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 • Thus the calculation:

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 EXERCISES
1) Helium (He) is a valuable gas used in industry, low temperature research,
deep-sea diving tanks and balloons. How many moles of He are in 6.46 g
of He? (He = 4.003)

2) Calculate the number of moles of glucose, C6H12O6, in 5.380 g of

this substance. (C=12.0; H=1.0; O=16.0)

3) Calculate the mass, in gram, of 0.433 mol of calcium nitrate

(Ca=40.1; N=14.0; O=16.0)

4) Calculate the number of nitric acid molecules and the number of

O atoms in 4.20 g of HNO3?

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 EXERCISES
1) Helium (He) is a valuable gas used in industry, low
temperature research, deep-sea diving tanks and balloons.
How many moles of He are in 6.46 g of He? (He = 4.003)

Solution

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 2) Calculate the number of moles of glucose, C6H12O6, in 5.380 g
of this substance.
Solution

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 3) Calculate the mass, in gram, of 0.433 mol of calcium nitrate
(Ca=40.1; N=14.0; O=16.0)

Solution

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 4) How many nitric acid molecules are in 4.20 g of HNO3? How
many O atoms are in this sample?

Solution

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 Percent composition of compounds

• Percent composition of element:

Total molar mass of elements

x 100%
Molar mass of compound

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  Example: What is the mass percent of C element in glucose
(C6H12O6)?

Solution:

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 EXERCISES
Calculate the percentage composition of C12H22O11
Solution

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 Balancing a Chemical Equation

translate the statement magnesium and oxygen gas react to give

magnesium oxide:
Mg + O2 → MgO

balance the atoms using coefficients;

formulas cannot be changed

2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

adjust coefficients if necessary

check that all atoms balance specify states of matter

2Mg (s) + O2 (g) → 2MgO (s)

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 Sample Problem 3.12 Balancing Chemical Equations

PROBLEM: Within the cylinders of a car’s engine, the hydrocarbon

octane (C8H18), one of many components of gasoline, mixes
with oxygen from the air and burns to form carbon dioxide
and water vapor. Write a balanced equation for this
reaction.
PLAN: SOLUTION:
translate the statement C8H18 + O2 CO2 + H2 O

25
C8H18 + O2 8 CO2 + 9 H2O
balance the atoms 2

adjust the coefficients 2C8H18 + 25O2 16CO2 + 18H2O

check the atoms balance 2C8H18 + 25O2 16CO2 + 18H2O

specify states of matter 2C8H18(l) + 25O2 (g) 16CO2 (g) + 18H2O (g)

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 Exercise

Balance the following equations

a) Al + HCl  AlCl3 + H2
b) AgNO3 + K2SO4  Ag2SO4 + KNO3
c) C3H8 + O2  CO2 + H2O
d) Na3PO4 + Ba(NO3)2  Ba3(PO4)2 + NaNO3
e) Cr(OH)3 + HClO4  Cr(ClO4)3 + H2O

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 Answers:

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 Molecular Scene
Combustion of Octane

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 Sample Problem 3.13 Balancing an Equation from a Molecular
Scene

PROBLEM: The following molecular scenes depict an important reaction

in nitrogen chemistry. The blue spheres represent nitrogen
while the red spheres represent oxygen. Write a balanced
equation for this reaction.

PLAN: Determine the formulas of the reactants and products from their
composition. Arrange this information in the correct equation
format and balance correctly, including the states of matter.

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 Sample Problem 3.13

SOLUTION:
The reactant circle shows only one type of molecule, composed
of 2 N and 5 O atoms. The formula is thus N2O5. There are 4
N2O5 molecules depicted.

The product circle shows two types of molecule; one has 1 N

and 2 O atoms while the other has 2 O atoms. The products are
NO2 and O2. There are 8 NO2 molecules and 2 O2 molecules
shown.

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 Stoichiometric Calculations

• The coefficients in a balanced chemical equation

– represent the relative number of reactant and product particles
– and the relative number of moles of each.
• Since moles are related to mass
– the equation can be used to calculate masses of reactants
and/or products for a given reaction.
• The mole ratios from the balanced equation are used as
conversion factors.

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 Table 3.4 Information Contained in a Balanced Equation

Viewed in Reactants Products

Terms of C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g)

Molecules 1 molecule C3H8 + 5 molecules O2 3 molecules CO2 + 4 molecules H2O

Amount (mol) 1 mol C3H8 + 5 mol O2 3 mol CO2 + 4 mol H2O

Mass (amu) 44.09 amu C3H8 + 160.00 amu O2 132.03 amu CO2 + 72.06 amu H2O

Mass (g) 44.09 g C3H8 + 160.00 g O2 132.03 g CO2 + 72.06 g H2O

Total Mass (g) 204.09 g 204.09 g

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 Figure 3.8 Summary of amount-mass-number relationships
in a chemical equation.

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 Sample Problem 3.14 Calculating Quantities of Reactants and
Products: Amount (mol) to Amount (mol)

PROBLEM: Copper is obtained from copper(I) sulfide by roasting it in

the presence of oxygen gas) to form powdered copper(I)
oxide and gaseous sulfur dioxide.
How many moles of oxygen are required to roast 10.0 mol
of copper(I) sulfide?

PLAN: write and balance the equation

use the mole ratio as a conversion factor

moles of oxygen

SOLUTION:

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 Sample Problem 3.15 Calculating Quantities of Reactants and
Products: Amount (mol) to Mass (g)

PROBLEM: During the process of roasting copper(I) sulfide, how

many grams of sulfur dioxide form when 10.0 mol of
copper(I) sulfide reacts?

PLAN: Using the balanced equation from the previous problem,

we again use the mole ratio as a conversion factor.

mol of copper(I) sulfide

use the mole ratio as a conversion factor
mol of sulfur dioxide
multiply by M of sulfur dioxide

mass of sulfur dioxide

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 Sample Problem 3.15

SOLUTION:

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 Sample Problem 3.16 Calculating Quantities of Reactants and
Products: Mass to Mass

PROBLEM: During the roasting of copper(I) sulfide, how many

kilograms of oxygen are required to form 2.86 kg of
copper(I) oxide?
PLAN:
mass of oxygen
divide by M of oxygen

mol of oxygen
use mole ratio as conversion factor

mol of copper(I) oxide

multiply by M of copper(I) oxide

mass of copper(I) oxide

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 Sample Problem 3.16

SOLUTION:

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 Empirical and Molecular Formulas

The empirical formula is the simplest formula for a

compound that agrees with the elemental analysis. It
shows the lowest whole number of moles and gives the
relative number of atoms of each element present.
The empirical formula for hydrogen peroxide is HO.

The molecular formula shows the actual number of

atoms of each element in a molecule of the compound.
The molecular formula for hydrogen peroxide is H2O2.

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 Sample Problem 3.8 Determining an Empirical Formula from
Amounts of Elements

PROBLEM: A sample of an unknown compound contains 0.21

mol of zinc, 0.14 mol of phosphorus, and 0.56 mol of
oxygen. What is its empirical formula?

PLAN: Find the relative number of moles of each element. Divide

by the lowest mol amount to find the relative mol ratios
(empirical formula).

amount (mol) of each element

use # of moles as subscripts

preliminary formula
change to integer subscripts

empirical formula

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 Sample Problem 3.8

SOLUTION: Using the numbers of moles of each element given, we

write the preliminary formula Zn0.21P0.14O0.56

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 Sample Problem 3.9 Determining an Empirical Formula from
Masses of Elements

PROBLEM: Analysis of a sample of an ionic compound yields 2.82 g

of Na, 4.35 g of Cl, and 7.83 g of O. What is the empirical
formula and the name of the compound?
PLAN: Find the relative number of moles of each element. Divide by
the lowest mol amount to find the relative mol ratios (empirical
formula).
mass (g) of each element
divide by M (g/mol)

amount (mol) of each element

use # of moles as subscripts
preliminary formula
change to integer subscripts
empirical formula

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 Sample Problem 3.9

SOLUTION:

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 Determining the Molecular Formula

The molecular formula gives the actual numbers of

moles of each element present in 1 mol of compound.
The molecular formula is a whole-number multiple
of the empirical formula.

molar mass (g/mol)

= whole-number multiple
empirical formula mass (g/mol)

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 Sample Problem 3.10 Determining a Molecular Formula from
Elemental Analysis and Molar Mass
PROBLEM: Elemental analysis of lactic acid (M = 90.08 g/mol) shows it
contains 40.0 mass % C, 6.71 mass % H, and 53.3 mass %
O. Determine the empirical formula and the molecular formula
for lactic acid.

PLAN: assume 100 g lactic acid; then mass % = mass in grams

divide each mass by M

amount (mol) of each element

use # mols as subscripts; convert to integers
empirical formula
divide M by the molar mass for the empirical
formula; multiply empirical formula by this number

molecular formula

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 Sample Problem 3.10

SOLUTION: Assuming there are 100. g of lactic acid;

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 Figure 3.4 Combustion apparatus for determining formulas
of organic compounds.

m m
CnHm + (n+ ) O2 = n CO(g) + H O(g)
2 2 2

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 Sample Problem 3.11 Determining a Molecular Formula from
Combustion Analysis
PROBLEM:
When a 1.000 g sample of vitamin C (M = 176.12 g/mol) is placed
in a combustion chamber and burned, the following data are
obtained:
mass of CO2 absorber after combustion = 85.35 g
mass of CO2 absorber before combustion = 83.85 g
mass of H2O absorber after combustion = 37.96 g
mass of H2O absorber before combustion = 37.55 g

What is the molecular formula of vitamin C?

PLAN: The masses of CO2 and H2O produced will give us the
masses of C and H present in the original sample. From
this we can determine the mass of O.

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 Sample Problem 3.11

(mass after combustion – mass before) for each absorber

= mass of compound in each absorber
mass of each compound x mass % of oxidized element

mass of each oxidized element

mass of vitamin C – (mass of C + H)
mass of O
divide each mass by M

mol of C, H, and O
use # mols as subscripts; convert to integers

empirical molecular
formula formula

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 Sample Problem 3.11

SOLUTION:

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 Sample Problem 3.11

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 Table 3.2 Some Compounds with Empirical Formula CH2O
(Composition by Mass: 40.0% C, 6.71% H, 53.3% O)

Molecular Whole-Number M
Name Formula Multiple (g/mol) Use or Function

formaldehyde CH2O 1 30.03

2 60.05 disinfectant; biological preservative
acetic acid C2H4O2
3 90.09 acetate polymers; vinegar (5% soln)
lactic acid C3H6O3
4 120.10 sour milk; forms in exercising muscle
erythrose C4H8O4
5 150.13 part of sugar metabolism
ribose C5H10O5
6 180.16 component of nucleic acids and B2
glucose C6H12O6
major energy source of the cell

CH2O C2H4O2 C3H6O3 C4H8O4 C5H10O5 C6H12O6

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 Table 3.3 Two Pairs of Constitutional Isomers
C4H10 C2H6O

Property Butane 2-Methylpropane Ethanol Dimethyl Ether

M (g/mol) 58.12 58.12 46.07 46.07

Boiling Point -0.50C -11.060C 78.50C -250C

Density at 200C 0.579 g/mL 0.549 g/mL 0.789 g/mL 0.00195 g/mL
(gas) (gas) (liquid) (gas)
H H H H
Structural
H C C OH H C O C H
formula
H H H H

Space-filling
model

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 Activity:
Write the empirical formula for the following molecules
a) acetylene (C2H2)
b) glucose (C6H12O6)
c) nitrous oxide (N2O)

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 Answers:

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 Activity:
Dibutyl succinate is an insect repellent used against household
ants and roaches. Its composition is 62.58% C, 9.63% H and
27.79% O. The experimentally determined molecular weight of
this substance is 230 amu. What are the empirical and molecular
formulas of dibutyl succinate?
(C = 12.01; H = 1.01; O = 16.00)

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 Solution
Empirical formula
Step 1: Determine the mass of each element (assume 100g sample)
Step 2: Convert grams to moles
Step 3: Calculate mole ratio.
 Divide each number of moles by the smallest number of
moles
Step 4: Make all the subscripts integral (whole number)
 if the subscripts differ only slightly from whole numbers,
round them off to whole numbers
 if one or more subscripts is not a whole number, multiply
all subscripts by a small whole number that will make all
subscripts integral

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 C H O

1) Mass

2) Moles

3) Ratio of moles

4) Multiply by 2

Empirical formula :

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 Empirical formula :
Molecular formula:

Molecular formula:

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 Reactions in Sequence

• Reactions often occur in sequence.

• The product of one reaction becomes a reactant in the
next.
• An overall reaction is written by combining the reactions;
– any substance that forms in one reaction and reacts in the next
can be eliminated.

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 Sample Problem 3.17 Writing an Overall Equation for a Reaction
Sequence

PROBLEM: Roasting is the first step in extracting copper from

chalcocite, the ore used in the previous problem. In the
next step, copper(I) oxide reacts with powdered carbon to
yield copper metal and carbon monoxide gas. Write a
balanced overall equation for the two-step process.

PLAN: Write individual balanced equations for each step.

Adjust the coefficients so that any common substances can be
canceled.
Add the adjusted equations together to obtain the overall
equation.

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 Sample Problem 3.17

SOLUTION: Write individual balanced equations for each step:

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 Limiting Reactants

• So far we have assumed that reactants are present in

the correct amounts to react completely.
• In reality, one reactant may limit the amount of product
that can form.
• The limiting reactant will be completely used up in the
reaction.
• The reactant that is not limiting is in excess – some of
this reactant will be left over.

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 Figure 3.10 An ice cream sundae analogy for limiting reactions.

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 Sample Problem 3.18 Using Molecular Depictions in a Limiting-
Reactant Problem
PROBLEM: Chlorine trifluoride, an extremely reactive substance, is
formed as a gas by the reaction of elemental chlorine and
fluorine. The molecular scene shows a representative
portion of the reaction mixture before the reaction starts.
(Chlorine is green, and fluorine is yellow.)

(a) Find the limiting reactant.

(b) Write a reaction table for the process.
(c) Draw a representative portion of the mixture after the reaction
is complete. (Hint: The ClF3 molecule has 1 Cl atom bonded to
3 individual F atoms).

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 Sample Problem 3.18

PLAN: Write a balanced chemical equation. To determine the limiting

reactant, find the number of molecules of product that would
form from the given numbers of molecules of each reactant.
Use these numbers to write a reaction table and use the
reaction table to draw the final reaction scene.

SOLUTION:

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 Sample Problem 3.18

We use the amount of F2 to determine the “change” in the

reaction table, since F2 is the limiting reactant:

Molecules Cl2 (g) + 3F2 (g) → 2ClF3 (g)

Initial 3 6 0
Change -2 -6 +4
Final 1 0 4

The final reaction scene shows that all the F2 has reacted
and that there is Cl2 left over. 4 molecules of ClF2 have
formed:

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 Sample Problem 3.19 Calculating Quantities in a Limiting-
Reactant Problem: Amount to Amount
PROBLEM: In another preparation of ClF3, 0.750 mol of Cl2 reacts with
3.00 mol of F2.
(a) Find the limiting reactant.
(b) Write a reaction table.
PLAN: Find the limiting reactant by calculating the amount (mol) of
ClF3 that can be formed from each given amount of reactant.
Use this information to construct a reaction table.
SOLUTION: The balanced equation is

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 Sample Problem 3.19

All the Cl2 reacts since this is the limiting reactant. For every 1 Cl2 that
reacts, 3 F2 will react, so 3(0.750) or 2.25 moles of F2 reacts.

Moles Cl2 (g) + 3F2 (g) → 2ClF3 (g)

Initial 0.750 3.00 0
Change -0.750 - 2.25 +1.50
Final 0 0.75 1.50

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 Sample Problem 3.20 Calculating Quantities in a Limiting-
Reactant Problem: Mass to Mass

PROBLEM: A fuel mixture used in the early days of rocketry consisted of

two liquids, hydrazine (N2H4) and dinitrogen tetraoxide (N2O4),
which ignite on contact to form nitrogen gas and water vapor.
(a) How many grams of nitrogen gas form when 1.00 x 102 g of N2H4
and 2.00 x 102 g of N2O4 are mixed?
(b) Write a reaction table for this process.

PLAN: Find the limiting reactant by calculating the amount (mol) of

ClF3 that can be formed from each given mass of reactant.
Use this information to construct a reaction table.

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 Sample Problem 3.20

mass (g) of N2H4 mass (g) of N2O4

divide by M divide by M

mol of N2H4 mol of N2O4

mole ratio mole ratio

mol of N2 mol of N2

select lower number of moles of N2

multiply by M

mass of N2

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 Sample Problem 3.20

SOLUTION:

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 Sample Problem 3.20

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 Reaction Yields

The theoretical yield is the amount of product calculated

using the molar ratios from the balanced equation.

The actual yield is the amount of product actually

obtained.
The actual yield is usually less than the theoretical yield.

% yield = actual yield x 100

theoretical yield

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 Figure 3.11 The effect of side reactions on the
yield of the main product.

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 Sample Problem 3.21 Calculating Percent Yield

PROBLEM: Silicon carbide (SiC) is made by reacting sand(silicon

dioxide, SiO2) with powdered carbon at high temperature.
Carbon monoxide is also formed. What is the percent yield
if 51.4 kg of SiC is recovered from processing 100.0 kg of
sand?

PLAN: write balanced equation

find mol reactant

find mol product

find g product predicted percent yield

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 Sample Problem 3.21

SOLUTION:

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 Activity:
silver bromide can be formed when solutions containing 50.0 g MgBr2
and 100.0 g AgNO3 are mixed together.
MgBr2 (aq) + 2AgNO3 (aq) 2AgBr (s) + Mg(NO3)2 (aq)
(a) Calculate the moles of silver bromide formed from the reaction.
Which of the two reactants is the limiting reagent? Why?

(b)Calculate the mass of silver bromide formed.

(c) Calculate the moles of Mg(NO3)2 produced from reaction.

(d)How much excess reagent (in grams) is left at the end of the
reaction?

(e) Calculate the percent yield if 85 g of AgBr was obtained from

reaction.

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 a) Calculate the moles of AgBr formed from the reaction
Solution
MgBr2 (aq) + 2AgNO3 (aq) 2AgBr (s) + Mg(NO3)2 (aq)

Conversion needed:

g reactant mol reactant mol AgBr

Step 1: Determine which reactant is a limiting reactant

Step 2: Calculate moles of AgBr

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 How to determine the limiting reactant ?

Method 1: grams reactant  moles reactant

Moles MgBr2 :

Moles AgNO3 :

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 From balanced equation:

3-96
 Moles AgBr =

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 Method 2: grams/moles reactant  grams/moles product

From 50.0 g MgBr2 :

From 100.0 g AgNO3 :

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3-99
 (b) Calculate the mass of silver bromide formed.

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(c) Calculate the moles of Mg(NO3)2 produced from reaction.

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 d) How much excess reagent (in grams) is left at the end
of the reaction?

 Calculate first the grams of AgNO3 (excess reactant) that will react
with 50.0 g of MgBr2 (limiting reactant)

g MgBr2 Mol MgBr2 Mol AgNO3 g AgNO3

Use the coefficients in

the balanced equation

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3-
 e) Calculate the percent yield if 85 g of AgBr was obtained
from reaction.

First, get the theoretical yield of AgBr. How?

theoretical yield = the amount of product that

calculated from limiting reactant

102 g AgBr

3-