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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Problem Definition
The project will be used by the students to apply for bus pass and also to
get the bus pass renewal in online .If we consider the current system then the
students has to wait for long time standing in queue to apply for bus pass near the
counters. Even if they want to get their bus pass get renewal then they have follow
the same procedure of waiting for long hours near the counters. The current
procedure is a time consuming procedure.

The current system leads to the inconvenience and dissatisfactory of the

users. People have to travel to the nearby and respective Bus Stops and to apply for
bus pass and also for the bus pass renewal. It requires a lot of man power.

Hence to overcome the above problems a system is being developed. This

system reduced the time in issue/renew of bus-pass considerably, thus leading to
convenience & satisfaction to the commuters. It has reduced the time taken to
issue/renew bus-passes from 25 – 30 minutes to 3 – 5 minutes. Now, there are
almost no queues on bus-pass issue centers. With computerization, possibility of
fake/duplicate passes has reduced considerably. It has led to commuter satisfaction
by reduction in time and fatigue in getting the pass issued. This online bus pass
registration application will help students save their time and renewal bus passes
without standing in a line for hours near counters. Initially students need to register
with the application by submitting details of photo address proof, and required
details and submit through online. They will verify your details and if they are
satisfied they will approve bus pass. You can even renewal using credit card or
other wire transfer methods.

1.2 Project Analysis:

E-Bus pass System Project is a real time project which is useful for the students
who Are facing problems with the current manual work of bus pass Registration
and renewal. It also increases the validity period, frequently Warns to the student
before completion of his validity period by sending sms or mails. His / Her Renewal
or Registration can be done using a voucher or even by a credit card.

This online bus pass registration application will help students save
their time and renewal bus passes without standing in a line for hours near counters.
Initially students need to register with the application by submitting details of photo
address proof, and required details and submit through online. They will verify your

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details and if they are satisfied they will approve bus pass. You can even renewal
using credit card or other wire transfer methods.

This application consists of following phases

1. Online Bus-Pass Registration

2. Online Bus-Pass Renewal
3. Online Pass Schemes
4. Status for Registrations & Renewals
5. Search Routes & Fares
6. Reports

 Online Bus-Pass Registration:

Different types of bus pass registration for the people of the twin
cities. In this module initially students need to register with the application
by submitting details of photo, address proof and required details and
submit through online. They will verify your details and if they are
satisfied they will approve bus pass.

 Online Bus-Pass Renewal:

Different types of bus pass renewals for the people of the twin
cities. In this module students have to Login to the website and apply for
Renewal and they have to check their status which shows whether their
bus pass is renewal or not. You can even renewal using credit card or
other wire transfer methods. Once the bus pass gets renewal Amount is
deducted automatically.

 Online Pass Schemes:

Different types of bus pass schemes for the people of the twin
cities. In this module User can view different schemes which are available

 Status for Registrations & Renewals:

Checking the status of registrations and renewal of passes. This

module is very useful as students will get to know what is their status is. In
this module Admin will verify the details of user and generates status
either as Accepted or rejected. Based on this status information further
actions will be carried out such as deduction of bus pass amount from the
user account.

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 Search Routes & Fares:

To know the fares and routes for different bus pass Registrations.
In this module different routes and fares are provided for the user so that
he can easily come to know the routes and their fares.

 Reports:

The user can give suggestions regarding our website or can give
any complaints.

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2. LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Existing System:

In existing system the students has to wait for long time standing in queue to
apply for bus pass near the counters. Even if they want to get their bus pass get
renewal then they have follow the same procedure of waiting for long hours near the
counters. The current procedure is a time consuming procedure. The current system
leads to the inconvenience and dissatisfactory of the users. People have to travel to
the nearby and respective Bus Stops and to apply for bus pass and also for the bus
pass renewal. It requires a lot of man power.

2.2 Disadvantages Of Existing System:

 Takes lot of time in issue/renew of bus-pass considerably.
 Leads to the inconvenience and dissatisfactory of the users.
 The time taken in the issue/renew of bus-pass considerably is 25 – 30
minutes.
 Students have to wait for long time standing in queue near counters.

2.3 Proposed System:

The Proposed system will help students save their time and renewal bus passes
without standing in a line for hours near counters. Initially students need to register
with the application by submitting details of photo, address proof, and required
details and submit through online. They will verify your details and if they are
satisfied they will approve bus pass. You can even renewal using credit card or
other wire transfer methods.

2.4 Advantages Of Proposed System:

 Has reduced the time in issue/renew of bus-pass considerably.
 Leads to the convenience and satisfactory of the users.
 The time taken in the issue/renew of bus-pass considerably is 3-5 minutes.
 Now, there are almost no queues on bus-pass issue centers.
 With computerization, possibility of fake/duplicate passes has reduced
considerably.

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2.5 Feasibility Study

A feasibility study is an evaluation of the proposal is to determine the difficulty in
carry out a task. Generally a feasibility study precedes technical development and
project implementation in other words, a feasibility study is a evaluation (or)
analysis of the potential impact of the proposed project.

 Types Of Feasibility:

 Technology Feasibility:
The assessment is based the outline design of system required in terms of
input processes, output, fields, programs and procedures. This can be quantified in
terms of volumes of data trends, frequency of updating etc in order to estimate
whether the new system will perform adequately or not. Technology feasibility is
carried to determine whether the company has capability in terms of software,
hardware, personal and expertise the completion of project.

 ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY:
Economic feasibility analysis is the most frequently used method for
evaluating the effectiveness of new system, commonly cost of benefit analysis.
The procedure is to determine the benefits outweigh cost then the decision is
made to design and implemented the system entrepreneur must accurately weigh
the cost is a benefit before taking an action.

 LEGAL FEASIBILITY:
Determines whether the proposed system conflicts with legal requirements
eg-a data processing system comply with a local protection acts.

 OPERATING FEASIBILITY:
It is a measure how we are proposed system solves the problems and takes
advantages of the opportunity identify during scope definition and how it satisfies
the requirements identified the requirements analysis phase of system
development.

 SCHEDULE FEASIBILITY:
A project will fail if it takes too long to be completion before it is used.
Typically this means estimating how long the system will take to develop and if it
can be completed in a given time period using so many methods like payback
period. Schedule feasibility is a measure how the responsible the project timetable
is.

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3. SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

3.1 System Requirements Specifications

 Software Requirements:

Operating System : Windows 7

Technology : Java/J2EE (Servlets, JSP, JDBC)

Web Technologies : Html, JavaScript, CSS

Web Server : Tomcat 7.0

Database :Oracle 10g Express Edition

Software’s : JDK 1.6

 Hardware Requirements:

Hardware : Pentium based systems with a minimum of P4

RAM : 1GB (minimum)

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4. DESIGN

4.1 UML Diagrams

The unified modeling language allows the software engineer to express an

analysis model using the modeling notation that is governed by a set of
syntactic semantic and pragmatic rules.

A UML system is represented using five different views that describe the system
from distinctly different perspective. Each view is defined by a set of diagram, which
is as follows.

i. User model view

 This view represents the system from the users perspective.

 The analysis representation describes a usage scenario from the end-users perspective.

ii. Structural model view

 In this model the data and functionality are arrived from inside the system.
 This model view models the static structures.

iii. Behavioral Model View

It represents the dynamic of behavioral as parts of the system, depicting the

interactions of collection between various structural elements described in the
user model and structural model view.

iv. Implementation Model View

In this the structural and behavioral as parts of the system are represented as
they are to be built.

v. Environmental Model View

In this the structural and behavioral aspects of the environment in which the
system is to be implemented are represented.

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UML is specifically constructed through two different domains they are:

 UML Analysis modeling, this focuses on the user model and structural model
views of the system.
 UML design modeling, which focuses on the behavioral modeling,
implementation modeling and environmental model views.
 Use case Diagrams represent the functionality of the system from a user’s point of
view. Use cases are used during requirements elicitation and analysis to represent
the functionality of the system. Use cases focus on the behavior of the system
from external point of view.
 Actors are external entities that interact with the system. Examples of actors
include users like administrator, bank customer …etc., or another system like
central database.

The UML Is a Language for Documenting:

A healthy software organization produces all sorts of artifacts in addition to
raw executable code. These artifacts include (but are not limited to)

 Requirements
 Architecture
 Design
 Source code
 Project plans
 Tests
 Prototypes
 Releases

Depending on the development culture, some of these artifacts are treated

more or less formally than others. Such artifacts are not only the deliverables of a
project, they are also critical in controlling, measuring, and communicating about a
system during its development and after its deployment.

The UML addresses the documentation of a system's architecture and all of

its details. The UML also provides a language for expressing requirements and for

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tests. Finally, the UML provides a language for modeling the activities of project
planning and release management.

Applications:
The UML is intended primarily for software-intensive systems. It has been
used effectively for such domains as
 Enterprise information systems
 Banking and financial services
 Telecommunications
 Transportation
 Defense/aerospace
 Retail
 Medical electronics
 Scientific
 Distributed Web-based services
The UML is not limited to modeling software. In fact, it is expressive
enough to model no software systems, such as workflow in the legal system, the
structure and behavior of a patient healthcare system, and the design of hardware.

 A Conceptual Model of the UML:

To understand the UML, you need to form a conceptual model of the

language, and this requires learning three major elements: the UML's basic building
blocks, the rules that dictate how those building blocks may be put together, and
some common mechanisms that apply throughout the UML. Once you have grasped
these ideas, you will be able to read UML models and create some basic ones. As
you gain more experience in applying the UML, you can build on this conceptual
model, using more advanced features of the language.

 Building Blocks of the UML:

The vocabulary of the UML encompasses three kinds of building blocks:

 Things
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 Relationships
 Diagrams

Things are the abstractions that are first-class citizens in a model;

relationships tie these things together; diagrams group interesting collections of
things.

 Things in the UML:

There are three kinds of things in the UML:

 Structural things

 Behavioral things

 Grouping things

 Relationships in the UML:

There are four kinds of relationships in the UML:

 Dependency

 Association

 Generalization

 Realization

These relationships are the basic relational building blocks of the UML.

1. First, a dependency is a semantic relationship between two things in

which a change to one thing may affect the semantics of the other thing.
Graphically, a dependency is rendered as a dashed line, possibly directed, and
occasionally including a label.

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2. Second, an association is a structural relationship that describes a set of

links, a link being a connection among objects. Aggregation is a special kind of
association, representing a structural relationship between a whole and its parts.
Graphically, an association is rendered as a solid line, possibly directed,
occasionally including a label, and often containing other adornments.

3. Third, a generalization is a specialization/generalization relationship in

which objects of the specialized element (the child) are substitutable for objects of
the generalized element (the parent). Graphically, a generalization relationship is
rendered as a solid line with a hollow arrowhead pointing to the parent.

4. Fourth, a realization is a semantic relationship between classifiers,

wherein one classifier specifies a contract that another classifier guarantees to carry
out. Graphically, a realization relationship is rendered as a cross between a
generalization and a dependency relationship.

These four elements are the basic relational things you may include in a UML
model. There are also variations on these four, such as refinement, trace, include,
and extend (for dependencies).

 Diagrams in the UML

A diagram is the graphical presentation of a set of elements, most often

rendered as a connected graph of vertices (things) and arcs (relationships). You
draw diagrams to visualize a system from different perspectives, so a diagram is a
projection into a system. For all but the most trivial systems, a diagram represents
an elided view of the elements that make up a system. The same element may
appear in all diagrams, only a few diagrams (the most common case), or in no
diagrams at all (a very rare case). In theory, a diagram may contain any combination
of things and relationships. In practice, however, a small number of common
combinations arise, which are consistent with the five most useful views that
comprise the architecture of a software-intensive system. For this reason, the UML
includes nine such diagrams:

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 Class diagram
 Object diagram
 Use case diagram
 Sequence diagram
 Collaboration diagram
 State chart diagram
 Activity diagram
 Component diagram
 Deployment diagram

A class diagram shows a set of classes, interfaces, and collaborations and

their relationships. These diagrams are the most common diagram found in
modeling object-oriented systems. Class diagrams address the static design view of
a system.

An object diagram shows a set of objects and their relationships. Object

diagrams represent static snapshots of instances of the things found in class
diagrams. These diagrams address the static design view or static process view of a
system as do class diagrams, but from the perspective of real or prototypical cases.

A sequence diagram is an interaction diagram that emphasizes the time-

ordering of messages; a collaboration diagram is an interaction diagram that
emphasizes the structural organization of the objects that send and receive
messages. Sequence diagrams and collaboration diagrams are isomorphic, meaning
that you can take one and transform it into the other.

Both sequence diagrams and collaboration diagrams are kinds of interaction

diagrams. A collaboration diagram shows an interaction, consisting of a set of
objects and their relationships, including the messages that may be dispatched
among them. Interaction diagrams address the dynamic view of a system.

A use case diagram shows a set of use cases and actors (a special kind of
class) and their relationships. Use case diagrams address the static use case view of

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a system. These diagrams are especially important in organizing and modeling the
behaviors of a system

A statechart diagram shows a state machine, consisting of states, transitions,

events, and activities. Statechart diagrams address the dynamic view of a system.
They are especially important in modeling the behavior of an interface, class, or
collaboration and emphasize the event-ordered behavior of an object, which is
especially useful in modeling reactive systems.

An activity diagram is a special kind of a statechart diagram that shows the

flow from activity to activity within a system. Activity diagrams address the
dynamic view of a system. They are especially important in modeling the function
of a system and emphasize the flow of control among objects.

A component diagram shows the organizations and dependencies among a

set of components. Component diagrams address the static implementation view of
a system. They are related to class diagrams in that a component typically maps to
one or more classes, interfaces, or collaborations.

A deployment diagram shows the configuration of run-time processing

nodes and the components that live on them. Deployment diagrams address the
static deployment view of architecture. They are related to component diagrams in
that a node typically encloses one or more components

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4.1.1 Use Case Diagram

Login

W ebsite registration view

Admin Bus Registration View

Status Generation

Renewal Validity

Logout

W ebsite Registration

Login

Bus pass Registration

User(Student)

Payment

Status

Renewal

Logout

Fig 4.1.1 : Use case diagram for Admin and User

A use case diagram shows a set of use cases and actors (a special kind of class)
and their relationships. Use case diagrams address the static use case view of a

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system. These diagrams are especially important in organizing and modeling the
behaviors of a system

4.1.2 Sequence Diagram

User Admin Website Database

Registers

User registers into website

Details of user will be stored in database

User logins

Performs Validation

Bus pass Registration and payment/Renewal

Validation

Details stored in database

Views data & generate Status

User will Check his/her Status

If Status is Accepted then user will print bus pass

Logout

Thank You For Visiting Our Website

Fig 4.1.2 : Sequence Diagram

A sequence diagram is an interaction diagram that emphasizes the time-
ordering of messages; a collaboration diagram is an interaction diagram that
emphasizes the structural organization of the objects that send and receive
messages. Sequence diagrams and collaboration diagrams are isomorphic, meaning
that you can take one and transform it into the other.

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4.1.3 Collobaration Diagram

Admin
User

1: Registers
3: User logins
5: Bus pass Registration and payment/Renewal
9: User will Check his/her Status
10: If Status is Accepted then user will print bus pass
11: Logout
8: Views data & generate Status

12: Thank You For Visiting Our Website

4: Performs Validation
6: Validation

2: Details of user will be stored in database

7: Details stored in database
Databas
Website
e

Fig 4.1.3 : Collaboration Diagram

A collaboration diagram is an interaction diagram that emphasizes the

structural organization of the objects that send and receive messages. Sequence
diagrams and collaboration diagrams are isomorphic, meaning that you can take one
and transform it into the other.

Both sequence diagrams and collaboration diagrams are kinds of interaction

diagrams. A collaboration diagram shows an interaction, consisting of a set of
objects and their relationships, including the messages that may be dispatched
among them. Interaction diagrams address the dynamic view of a system.

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4.1.4 State Chart Diagram

Fig 4.1.4 : State chart diagram of Admin and User

A statechart diagram shows a state machine, consisting of states, transitions,

events, and activities. Statechart diagrams address the dynamic view of a system.
They are especially important in modeling the behavior of an interface, class, or
collaboration and emphasize the event-ordered behavior of an object, which is
especially useful in modeling reactive systems.

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4.1.5 Class Diagram :

Fig 4.1.5 : Class Diagram

A class diagram shows a set of classes, interfaces, and collaborations and

their relationships. These diagrams are the most common diagram found in
modeling object-oriented systems. Class diagrams address the static design view of
a system.

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4.1.6 Activity Diagram

Login

NO

if login details
are correct

Yes

Bus pass Bus pass Status

registration renewal

No

If Accepted

Yes

Print Pdf

Logout

An activity diagram is a special kind of a statechart diagram that shows the

flow from activity to activity within a system. Activity diagrams address the
dynamic view of a system. They are especially important in modeling the function
of a system and emphasize the flow of control among objects.

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Login

NO

if login details are correct

Yes

Bus pass Bus pass Generate Update

registration View renewal View Status

Logout

Fig 4.1.6 : Activity Diagrams Of Admin and User

4.1.7 Component Diagram:

Admin User

Database Bank

Fig 4.1.7 : Component Diagram

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4.1.8 Deployment Diagram:

Admin User Printer

Bank
Database

Fig 4.1.8 : Deployment Diagram

A deployment diagram shows the configuration of run-time processing

nodes and the components that live on them. Deployment diagrams address the
static deployment view of architecture. They are related to component diagrams in
that a node typically encloses one or more components

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4.2 Data Base Design

 Data Base Tables:

Fig 4.2.1 : Table For Website Registration

Fig 4.2.2 : Table For Bus Pass Registration

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Fig 4.2.3 : Table For Bus Pass Renewal

Fig 4.2.4 : Table For Bank

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5. IMPLEMENTATION
Implementation is the stage of the project when the theoretical design is turned out
into a working system. Thus it can be considered to be the most critical stage in achieving
a successful new system and in giving the user, confidence that the new system will work
and be effective.

The implementation stage involves careful planning, investigation of the existing

system and it’s constraints on implementation, designing of methods to achieve
changeover and evaluation of changeover methods.
Implementation is the process of converting a new system design into operation. It is the
phase that focuses on user training, site preparation and file conversion for installing a
candidate system. The important factor that should be considered here is that the
conversion should not disrupt the functioning of the organization.

5.1 Technology Used:

Java is a set of several computer software products and specifications from Oracle
Corporation that provides a system for developing application software and
deploying it in a cross-platform computing environment.

Java is used in a wide variety of computing platforms from embedded

devices andmobile phones on the low end, to enterprise servers and
supercomputers on the high end. While less common, Java applets are sometimes
used to provide improved and secure functions while browsing the World Wide
Web on desktop computers.

 History Of Java
Java history is interesting to know. Java team members (also known
as Green Team), initiated a revolutionary task to develop a language for digital
devices such as set-top boxes, televisions etc. For the green team members, it was
an advance concept at that time. But, it was suited for internet programming. Later,
Java technology as incorporated by Netscape. Currently, Java is used in internet
programming, mobile devices, games, e-business solutions etc. There are given the
major points that describe the history of java.

1) James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naught on initiated the Java language
project in June 1991. The small team of sun engineers called Green Team.

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2) originally designed for small, embedded systems in electronic appliances like set-
top boxes.
3) Firstly, it was called "Green talk" by James Gosling and file extension was .gt.
4) After that, it was called Oak and was developed as a part of the Green project.
5) Why Oak? Oak is a symbol of strength and chosen as a national tree of many
countries like U.S.A., France, Germany, Romania etc.
6) In 1995, Oak was renamed as "Java" because it was already a trademark by Oak
Technologies.
7) Why they choose java name for java language? The team gathered to choose a
new name. The suggested words were "dynamic", "revolutionary", "Silk", "jolt",
"DNA" etc. They wanted something that reflected the essence of the technology:
revolutionary, dynamic, lively, cool, unique, and easy to spell and fun to say.
According to James Gosling "Java was one of the top choices along with Silk".
Since java was so unique, most of the team members preferred java.
8) Java is an island of Indonesia where first coffee was produced (called java
coffee).
9) Notice that Java is just a name not an acronym.
10) Originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (which is now a
subsidiary of Oracle Corporation) and released in 1995.11) In 1995, Time magazine
called Java one of the Ten Best Products of 1995.12) JDK 1.0 released in(January
23, 1996).

 Features Of Java

There is given many features of java. They are also known as java buzzwords.

1. Simple
2. Object-Oriented
3. Platform independent
4. Secured
5. Robust
6. Architecture neutral
7. Portable
8. Dynamic
9. Interpreted
10. High Performance
11. Multithreaded
12. Distributed

Simple :

According to Sun, Java language is simple because, syntax is based on C++ (so
easier for programmers to learn it after C++). removed many confusing and/or

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rarely-used features e.g., explicit pointers, operator overloading etc. No need to

remove unreferenced objects because there is Automatic Garbage Collection in java.

Object-oriented:
Object-oriented means we organize our software as a combination of different
types of objects that incorporates both data and behaviour. Object-oriented
programming(OOPs) is a methodology that simplify software development and
maintenance by providing some rules. Basic concepts of OOPs are:

 Object
 Class
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
 Abstraction
 Encapsulation

Platform Independent:
A platform is the hardware or software environment in which a program runs.
There are twotypes of platforms software-based and hardware-based. Java provides
software-based platform. The Java platform differs from most other platforms in the
sense that it's a software-based platform that runs on top of other hardware-based
platforms.It has two components:RuntimeEnvironmentAPI(Application
Programming Interface)

Secured: Java is secured because:

 No explicit pointer
 Programs run inside virtual machine sandbox.
 Class loader- adds security by separating the package for the classes of the local file
system from those that are imported from network sources.
 Byte code Verifier- checks the code fragments for illegal code that can violate
access right to objects. Security Manager- determines what resources a class can
access such as reading and writing to the local disk.These security are provided by
java language. Some security can also be provided by application developer through
SSL,JAAS,cryptography etc.

Robust:
Robust simply means strong. Java uses strong memory management. There are
lack of pointers that avoids security problem. There is automatic garbage collection
in java. There is exception handling and type checking mechanism in java. All these
points make java robust.

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Architecture-neutral and portable:

There is no implementation dependent features e.g. size of primitive types is
set.We may carry the java byte code to any platform.

High-performance:
Java is faster than traditional interpretation since byte code is "close" to native
code still somewhat slower than a compiled language (e.g., C++)

Distributed:
We can create distributed applications in java. RMI and EJB are used for creating
distributed applications. We may access files by calling the methods from any
machine on the internet.

Multi-threaded:
A thread is like a separate program, executing concurrently. We can write Java
programs that deal with many tasks at once by defining multiple threads. The main
advantage of multi-threading is that it shares the same memory. Threads are
important for multi-media, Web applications etc.

 Java Class Library :

Java the platform contains around 4,000 classes/interfaces

 Data Structures
 Networking, Files
 Graphical User Interfaces
 Security and Encryption
 Image Processing
 Multimedia authoring/playback And more...

 Java Framework Architecture:

The following figure illustrates the architecture of the Silk Performer Java
Framework. The figure is divided into three main sections:
 The upper box illustrates supported technologies and test types.

 The middle box illustrates layers of Java Framework code.

 The lower box illustrates available tools.

Supported Technologies and Test Types (upper box in figure) In one dimension, the
upper box shows some of the supported technologies. The second dimension
illustrates the areas of testing in which Java Framework can be used.

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Layers of Java Framework Code (middle box in figure) The middle box shows the
layers of Java Framework code and its connection to various client APIs. The Java
Framework API is the “membrane” between BDL code and Java code, symbolized
by arrows in the figure. Some of the arrows point in one direction (see “Runtime-to-
Java Communication”). Some of the arrows show that communication is possible
from Java to the runtime (i.e., Java-to-Runtime communication ).
Available Tools (lower box in figure below) In one dimension, the lower box
shows Silk Performer tools for generating Java Framework code. The second
dimension indicates if code generation is done with the help of Silk Performer tools
or 3rd party tools.

 Web Services

Web Services provide data and services to other applications. Future

applications will access Web Services via standard Web Formats
(HTTP,HTML,XML and SOAP), with no need to know how the Web Service itself
is implemented. Web Services are main building blocks in the Microsoft .NET
programming model.

 Applications Of Java
 Since Java has inbuilt networking features so it is widely used for developing
network related programs and softwares.Socket programming using JAVA is
very simple and efficient and simple and efficient and simple as compared to c.
 It is widely used for creating web applications and it can also generate static
HTML content like php and JavaScript so it is used in website designing too.
 In application software development Java is widely used because it is a fully
Object Oriented Programming language
 Creating Graphical User Interface (GUI) in Java is very simple and efficient as
compared to c and c++.So it is also used in creating GUI for applications.
 That’s all..if you have any more idea or my points seems wrong..then you may
write a comment.

 Challenges Of Java

Java is unique - it's a mainstream programming language that works like no other.
Its rules aren't well understood yet by many application developers. Part of the
reason for this is that its capabilities and limitations haven't been fully explored.

As a result, while many of the problems may be similar, recognizing them and
knowing what to do when you find them remains challenging, even to experienced
Java developers. What follows are just a few of the development issues and what
they mean for Java.

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Performance
Performance is a concern of applications written in any language. Most
programmers are familiar with common performance issues using a conventional
language such as C with a stand-alone or even a client/server application. Such
issues often involve improper allocation, deallocation of memory and poor use of
system APIs.

These aren't even characteristics of the Java language. For example, relating Java
code to how the JVM manages memory is difficult and error-prone. However, it's
vital to improve Java performance because its execution model has additional
overhead that tends to degrade performance more than native applications do.

In addition to typical performance requirements and issues surrounding traditional

stand-alone applications, distributed Java applications must contend with problems
surrounding the interactions between components running on different systems.
Performance problems may manifest themselves in unexpected ways or appear to be
caused by different parts of the code other than the actual problem area. Identifying
and locating performance bottlenecks rapidly is a significant challenge in distributed
application development.

Reliability
Enterprise Java applications, especially distributed ones, are often mission-
critical in nature: all aspects of the application must work perfectly at all times.
Developers and development managers must be able to gauge the reliability of their
applications accurately. While the characteristics of the language tend to make Java
applications less error-prone, there are still plenty of ways to introduce runtime
errors.

With distributed Java applications the reliability equation is even more difficult. It
means assessing not only the individual applications but also the components as
they interact. Java also makes it possible to write highly threaded applications that
make sense in a distributed environment. But using threads means that problems
with resource contention and deadlock are much greater.

Testing
Java applications face the same testing problems as traditional ones. They
must be tested as thoroughly as possible before fielded, and developers should have
a good idea of the extent of the test coverage before certifying an application.
Distributed software systems written in Java, however, are extraordinarily difficult
to test and debug. Because components reside on different computers and must
work together perfectly for the application to work properly, all components must
be tested simultaneously.

Memory Management
Since JVMs perform all the memory management tasks for applications,
understanding the memory usage of the underlying platform and influencing

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memory allocation and use to affect performance is difficult to do and not intuitive.
That's especially true because developers have no easy way of determining the
relationship between code and the underlying memory use.

 Benefits

1.Simple
2.Platform independent
3.Secure
4.Reliable
5.Multi Tasking6.Dynamic
7.Economical

1) Simple:

This particular program is specially designed to be very user-friendly. If compared

with other programming languages, Java is easier to write, compile, debug and
learn. This is because it uses automatic memory management and garbage
collection. unique learners can apply it easily within a short period of time.

2) Platform-independent:

The best thing about Java is its ability to go easily from one computer system to
another without creating any predicament. “Write once, speed anywhere” best
describes Java. It can urge independently at both the source and binary levels. The
same program can be race smoothly on different systems. This special feature is
extremely well-known to World Wide Web software which needs a lot of flexibility.

3) Secure:

If security is your main exertion, Java will be your best choice. It places security as
its top priority. Its language, compiler, interpreter and runtime environment are
customized with security in mind. Its platform allows users to download unknown
code over a network and speed it in a find environment without causing hurt to the
systems. The host system will not be infected by virus at all. This capability alone
has made the Java platform recent.

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4) Reliable:

Honestly speaking, it is indeed hard to glimpse for programming languages which

are truly robust. However, Java has assign a lot of inconvenience on early checking
for possible errors. Java compilers are able to detect many problems at the initial
stage of execution. Hence, it is considered the most friendly programming by the
developers.

5) Multiple Tasking:

Java has the capability to make several tasks simultaneously. Multithreaded

programming has been smoothly integrated into it. It works best in visual and
network programming. At the same time, its stable standards serve the developers
to manufacture multilevel applications with a component based near.

6) Dynamic:

Java code is organized in modular object-oriented units. These units are known as
classes. They are stored in separate files and are loaded into the Java interpreter
only when required. In this state, a program is able to extend itself dynamically by
loading which classes it needs to expand its functionality.

7) Economical:

How noteworthy do you need to invest on Java programming? It is an launch

source. Hence, you don’t need to struggle with heavy license fees annually.

We also used the following in our project

JVM :

A Java virtual machine (JVM) is a process virtual machine that can execute Java
byte code. It is the code execution component of the Java platform.

JVM is:

1. A specification where working of Java Virtual Machine is specified. But

implementation provider is independent to choose the algorithm. Its implementation
has been provided by Sun and other companies.

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2. An implementation Its implementation is known as JRE (Java Runtime

Environment).

3. Runtime Instance Whenever you write java command on the command prompt to
run the java class, and instance of JVM is created.

HTML:

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the set of markup symbols or codes

inserted in a file intended for display on a World Wide Web browser page. The
markup tells the Web browser how to display a Web page's words and images for
the user.

Web documents contain three main sections: the head, title, and body. The head
includes the webpage’s identifying information, including the website’s title and
important keywords. The viewer sees the site’s title, but any other information is
hidden. The site’s title appears in the browser’s tab and is what appears when a user
tries to bookmark a site. The body section is the main portion of the webpage visible
to the viewer, including the text and graphics. HTML tags are also used in two
additional ways that are not visible to the viewer: as meta tags and comments. Meta
tags indicate keywords associated with the webpage to search engines. Comments
are intended as explanation or additional information for other writers or readers of
HTML code.

JSP:

Java Server Pages (JSP) is a technology that helps software

developers create pages based on HTML, XML, or other document types.

Java Server Page (JSP) is a technology for controlling the content or appearance
of Web pages through the use of servlets, small programs that are specified in the
Web page and run on the Web server to modify the Web page before it is sent to the
user who requested it.

JDBC:

JDBC is a Java-based data access technology (Java Standard Edition platform)

from Oracle Corporation. This technology is an API for the Java programming
language that defines how a client may access a database.

JDK:

The Java Development Kit (JDK) is a software development environment used

for developing Java applications and applets. It includes the Java Runtime
Environment (JRE), an interpreter/loader (java), a compiler (javac), an archiver
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(jar), a documentation generator (javadoc) and other tools needed in Java

development

Java Development Kit (JDK) The JDK is a superset of the JRE, and contains
everything that is in the JRE, plus tools such as the compilers and debuggers
necessary for developing applets and applications.

CSS:

CSS is the language for describing the presentation of Web pages, including
colors, layout, and fonts. It allows one to adapt the presentation to different types of
devices, such as large screens, small screens, or printers. CSS is independent of
HTML and can be used with any XML-based markup language. The separation of
HTML from CSS makes it easier to maintain sites, share style sheets across pages,
and tailor pages to different environments. This is referred to as the separation of
structure (or: content) from presentation.

Use CSS to define styles for your documents, including the design, layout and
variations in display for different devices and screen sizes. You can place your CSS
in the <head> of a document with an embedded style sheet, or attach a separate file
that defines your styles with an external style sheet. To link an external style sheet
to your document, you'll simply add a link to the style sheet in the <head> of the
document.

5.2 Introduction To Oracle 10G:

Oracle Database 10g was the first database designed for grid
computing, the most flexible and cost-effective way to manage enterprise
information. It cut costs of management while providing the highest possible quality
of service.

Oracle Database 10g Express Edition (Oracle Database XE) is an entry-level, small-
footprint database based on the Oracle Database 10g Release 2 code base that's free
to develop, deploy, and distribute; fast to download; and simple to administer.

An Oracle database is a collection of data treated as a unit. The purpose of a

database is to store and retrieve related information. A database server is the key to
solving the problems of information management. In general, a server reliably
manages a large amount of data in a multiuser environment so that many users can
concurrently access the same data. All this is accomplished while delivering high

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performance. A database server also prevents unauthorized access and provides

efficient solutions for failure recovery.

The database has logical structures and physical structures. Because the physical
and logical structures are separate, the physical storage of data can be managed
without affecting the access to logical storage structures.

Oracle Database 10g marks the latest release by a company that has experienced a
meteoric rise to success over the past 25-plus years. They have been grossing many
billions of dollars annually for many years, vending a suite of solutions powered by
their flagship product the Oracle database. It has gone through many changes in
names v6, Oracle7, Oracle8i, Oracle9i, and now Oracle 10g. Regardless of what it is
called, the Oracle server has been catapulted to the forefront of our Internet-savvy
society, playing a role as the primary data server on a web site in your
neighborhood. This book is your introduction to the Oracle Database 10g
technology. It is the start of your journey a quick start to a complex and popular
technology.

Oracle Database 10g is the culmination of thousands upon thousands of person

hours building an infrastructure to deliver data to a hungry, worldwide community,
just as electricity is delivered to a three-prong outlet near you. Larry Ellison, CEO
of Oracle Corporation, is a visionary steering Oracle's product set in directions
unheard of before. You cannot read any public relations or technical material from
Oracle Corporation without hearing that four letter word grid. With grid computing,
the industry envisions a computational grid where machines all the way from the
Intel-based server to the high-end servers from HP, IBM, and Sun are interlaced
with one another is a massively scalable and sharable environment.

5.2.1 Oracle Architecture

The Database:

The Oracle database has a logical layer and a physical layer. The physical layer
consists of the files that reside on the disk; the components of the logical layer map
the data to these physical components.

The Physical Layer:

The physical layer of the database consists of three types of files:

One or more data files--Data files store the information contained in the database.
You can have as few as one data file or as many as hundreds of data files. The

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information for a single table can span many data files or many tables can share a
set of data files. Spreading table spaces over many data files can have a significant
positive effect on performance. The number of data files that can be configured is
limited by the Oracle parameter MAXDATAFILES.

Two or more redo log files--Redo log files hold information used for recovery in
the event of a system failure. Redo log files, known as the redo log, store a log of all
changes made to the database. This information is used in the event of a system
failure to reapply changes that have been made and committed but that might not
have been made to the datafiles. The redo log files must perform well and be
protected against hardware failures (through software or hardware fault tolerance).
If redo log information is lost, you cannot recover the system.
One or more control files--Control files contain information used to start an
instance, such as the location of data files and redo log files; Oracle needs this
information to start the database instance. Control files must be protected. Oracle
provides a mechanism for storing multiple copies of control files.

The Logical Layer:

The logical layer of the database consists of the following elements:

One or more table spaces.
The database schema, which consists of items such as tables, clusters, indexes,
views, stored procedures, database triggers, sequences, and so on.

Fig 5.2.1: Oracle Architecture

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5.2.2 Loading Data

You have an sql file manager that contains all the necessary commands and insert
statements to load into the Oracle Database 10g Express Edition database. The
script that will be loaded is called http://software.ucv.ro/~aion/pbd.html. This data
contains information about each employee and about that employee's department.

Steps:

1. Log in with your account

2. Select SQL>SQL Scripts> Upload

3. Select the file you want to upload and click Upload

4. Select the file icon and click Run twice to execute the script

5. Review the results of the execution

6. Browse the database objects and data

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6. TESTING
6.1 Introduction:
Software testing is a critical element of software quality assurance and
represents the ultimate review of specification, design and coding. In fact, testing is
the one step in the software engineering process that could be viewed as destructive
rather than constructive.
A strategy for software testing integrates software test case design
methods into a well-planned series of steps that results in the successful construction
of software. Testing is the ser of activities that can be planned in advanced and
conducted simultaneously. The underlying motivation of program testing to affirm
software quality with methods that can economically and effectively is applied to
both strategic to both large and small-scale systems.
The following are the testing objectives:

 Testing is a process executing a program with the intent of finding an error.

 A good test has a high probability of finding an as yet undiscovered error.
 A successful test is one that uncovers an as yet undiscovered error.

6.2 Design Of Test Cases And Scenarios:

The objective is to learn tests that systematically uncover different classes of errors and
do so with a minimum amount of time and effort. Testing cannot show the absence of
defects, it can only show that software defects are present.

Unit Testing:

 Interface
 Number of input characters should be equal to number of arguments.
 Parameters and arguments attributes must match.
 Parameters passed should be in correct order.
 Global variable definitions consistent across module.
 If module does I/O.
 File attribute should be correct.
 Open/Close statements must be correct.
 Format specifications should match I/O statements.
 Buffer size should match record size.
 Files should be opened before use.
 End of file condition should be handled.
 I/O errors should be handled.
 Any textual errors in output information must be checked.
 Local Data Structures (common source of errors).
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 Improper or inconsistent typing.

 Erroneous initializing or default values.
 Incorrect variable names.
 Inconsistent data types.
 Overflow, underflow, address exception.
 Boundary conditions and independent paths.
 Error handling.
 Error description unintelligible.
 Error noted does not correspond to error encountered.
 Exception condition processing incorrect.

Integration Testing:

Module integrated by moving down the program design hierarchy. Can

use depth first or breadth first top down integration verifies major control and
decision points early in design process. Top-level structure tested most. Depth first
implementation allows a complete function to be implemented, tested and
demonstrated and does depth first implementation of critical function early. Top
down integration forced (to some extend) by some development tools in program
with graphical user interfaces. Begin construction and testing with atomic modules
(lowest level modules).

Bottom up integration testing as its name implies being construction and

testing with atomic modules. Because modules are integrated from the bottom up,
processing required for module subordinate to a given level is always available and
the need for stubs is eliminated.

Top-Down Integration:

Top-Down Integration testing is an incremental approach to construction of

program structure. Modules are integrated by moving download through the
computer hierarchy, beginning with the main control module.

The Top-Down integration process is performed in the following five

steps:

 The main control module is used as a test driver and subs are substituted for
all the components directly subordinate to the main control module.
 Depending on the integration approach selected, subordinate stubs are
replaced one at a time with actual components.
 Tests are conducted as each component is integrated.

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 On completion of each of test, another stub is replaced with the real

components.
 Regression testing may be conducted to ensure that new errors have not been
introduced.

Bottom-Up Integration:

Bottom-Up Integration testing as its name implies, being construction as testing

with atomic modules because components are integrated from the bottom up,
processing required for components subordinate to a given level is always available
and for stuns is eliminated.

 The Bottom-Up Integration is performed in the following four steps:

 Low-Level components are combined into clusters that perform a specific
software stub function.
 Driver is written to coordinate test case input and output.
 The cluster is tested.

Test Cases And Scenarios:

A TEST Plan is a systematic approach to test a system as a machine or
software. The plane typically contains a detailed understanding of what the eventual
work flow will be UINT LEVEL plan for JOB ad.

Test Report and Results:

TEST REPORT NO 1
PROJECT NAME E-BUS PASS SYSTEM
MODULE NAME STUDENT REGISTRATION
FORM NAME REGISTRATION
UNIT NAME USER NAME & DETAILS OF
STUDENTS
TEST RESULTS ON CLICKING SUBMIT
BUTTON AFTER PROVIDING
YOUR PARTICULAR
ACCOUNT WILL BE
CREATED AND YOU CAN
LOGIN TO THE SITE.

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Test Plan 1:
Project Name: E-BUS PASS SYSTEM
Module Name: STUDENT Module.
Unit Name: User Name.
Test Result: The User Name Textbox is tested and verified.
Test Plan (Unit Module/Test Integration)
Test plan E-BUS PASS SYSTEM.
Unit ID: LOGIN.
Test Case ID: Login Page.
Test Type: Unit Case.
Form Name: LOGIN.
Base Table: Registration.

Purpose:
Registration table is used for store the details of registered members details
and along with their Username and Password. By using these details the
administrator can perform the operations.

Test Case Description:

 Test Data
SNO INPUT EXPECTED
SPECIFICATION RESULT/OUTPUT
1. Column Name: Valid Output: If the
User Id User Name and
Valid Input: If the Password are
User id valid correct then form
along with navigation to home
password then the page.
form will be Invalid Output: If
navigated to the User Name is
allotted page. incorrect error
Invalid Input: If message is
the User Name displayed as “User
should be Invalid” and it will
reentered. ask for User ID &
Password.

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TEST COMPLETION CRITERIA:

When expected results match the actual results performing the test, the test is
considered to be completed.

Validation Testing:

Validation succeeds when system functions in a manner that can be reasonably by

the end-user. This is achieved through a series of black-test that demonstrate with
requirements.

There are two tests for system conduction for the system validation:

 Alpha Testing:
A customer conducts it at the developer’s site. The software is used in a nature
setting with the developer “looking over the shoulder” of the user and recording
errors and usage problems.
 Beta Testing:
This test is conducted at one or more users sited by the end user of the software.
Here the developer generally not presents. Therefore, the beta test in a “line”
application of the software in an environment that can’t be controlled by the
developer.

System Testing:

Once the software product is developed, it is thoroughly tested and it is

delivered to the users. Now, it has to be tested by developing it on the system i.e., to
what the given software is comfortable to the environment. The software engineer
should consider these issues during early stages of software development to release
himself from the problems which are encountered after completion of the software.
Hence, the tests conducted to ensure that the software is comfortable with the
system, where it is deployed is referred as “System Testing”.

 Recovery Testing
It is often a nature fact that certain errors may corrupt the system or may
make the system not to function properly to a stipulated period of time. Hence,
recovery testing is the process which given software id exposed to failures and it is
tested to see its recovery capabilities.

Usually the recovery can be of two types:

 Automatic through human intervention.

 Recovery through human intervention.
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During automatic recovery the software itself recovered. Sometimes requires certain
addition support like system restart, reutilization, data recovery, etc., for tis normal
execution when the system requires human intervention in order to recover from
such recovery is referred as recovery through human intervention. Here, mean-time-
to-repair is a value which is calculated to ensure that the software gets recovered
within acceptable span of time.

 Security testing:
Security plays a major role especially in that software. Which are made to
deal with highly confidence data. For these systems, often several hackers try their
to break the security of the system and acquire the confidential data for their foolish
requirements. Hence, for these systems, security measures should be given vital
importance. For this purpose, the testers themselves disguise into hackers and
perform series of attempts to breaks the security of the given software can be truly
judged.
 Stress Testing
Stress testing is usually performance to check the limits of the system i.e.,
to what extend the system can resists the abnormal conditions. Hence, the system is
tested by providing abnormal resources in different proportions. During stress
testing a system can be.
 Providing the excess values of data in different proportions to check its memory
management capabilities i.e., how efficiently the system manages the data which is
more than its capability.
 Exposed to certain programs demanding large memory and resources not available
with the current system.
 Providing too many interrupts during a specific period of time.
 Providing with too many inputs through it can survive only few input
 Performance testing
Performance testing is essential to ensure the given software performance
to the execution when it is implemented on the system. Hence, in this case it is only
the software considered but also the hardware in which it is deployed. Here, the
performance testing is combined with the stress testing cases to check the internal
aspects such as resources utilization and various other instances.

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Test Case Number Test Execution Steps Expected Result Test Result Type of Test
and Name

Check Username Run application If the User Name PASS Functional

And Password and click and Password are Testing
Login button correct then
navigate user
from home page.

Check Payment is Run application Your payment is PASS Functional testing

done or not and click submit done successfully
button in Bus
Pass Registration
Page
Check Renewal is Run application Your Status is PASS Functional testing
done or not And check status shown

Check Feedback Run application Your feedback is PASS Functional testing

is submitted or Click on Submit submitted
not button successfully

Check whether Admin will view Updated PASS Functional testing

the values are by logging into successfully
updated or not his/her website

Fig 6.2.1: Test Cases

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6.3 Screen Shots

Fig 6.3.1: Home Page

Fig 6.3.2 Login Page

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Fig 6.3.3: User Home Page

Fig 6.3.4: Bus Pass Registration Page

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Fig 6.3.5: Status Page

Fig 6.3.6: Renewal Page

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Fig 6.3.7: Renewal Payment Pages

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Fig 6.3.8: Bus Pass Printing Page

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Fig 6.3.9: Feedback Page

Fig 6.3.10: Contact Us Page

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Fig 6.3.11: Admin Home Page

Fig 6.3.12: Login Page

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Fig 6.3.13: Bus Pass View Page

Fig 6.3.14: Renewal View Page

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Fig 6.3.15: Feedback Page

Fig 6.3.16: Validation Page

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7. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

The package was designed in such a way that future modifications can be done
easily. The following conclusions can be deducted from the development of the
project.

 Automation of the entire system improves the efficiency.

 It provides a friendly graphical user interface which proves to be better when
compared to the existing system.
 It gives appropriate access to the authorized users depending on their permissions.
 It effectively overcomes the delay in communications.
 Updating of information becomes so easier.
 System security, data security and reliability are the striking features.
 The system has adequate scope for modifications in future if it is necessary.

This application avoids the manual work and the problems concern with it. It is an
easy and fast way to access the updates information.

Future Enhancement:

In future we will include various passes like Employees general passes, bus pass
for specially challenged people and so on. We will also include bus timing along with routes and
fares. We could be making an Android and iPhone application of this application so that the
users can download this application and use this easily.

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8. BIBLIOGRAPHY

 The Complete Reference Java

- Herbert Schildt

 www.java.com
 www.oracle10g.com
 www.google.com
 www.printfriendly.com/button

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