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    Historical Development of The Concept of Life

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    Shiene Marie
    The document summarizes the historical development of the concept of life from its earliest hypotheses to modern understandings. It traces the development of ideas from the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis in the 1920s that suggested life arose from organic molecules forming in a reducing primordial atmosphere, to the Miller-Urey experiment in the 1950s which provided evidence this was possible, to the identification of the three domains of life and fossil evidence that life began over 3.5 billion years ago.

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    Historical Development of The Concept of Life

    Uploaded by

    Shiene Marie
    77 views3 pages
    The document summarizes the historical development of the concept of life from its earliest hypotheses to modern understandings. It traces the development of ideas from the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis in the 1920s that suggested life arose from organic molecules forming in a reducing primordial atmosphere, to the Miller-Urey experiment in the 1950s which provided evidence this was possible, to the identification of the three domains of life and fossil evidence that life began over 3.5 billion years ago.

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    The document summarizes the historical development of the concept of life from its earliest hypotheses to modern understandings. It traces the development of ideas from the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis in the 1920s that suggested life arose from organic molecules forming in a reducing primordial atmosphere, to the Miller-Urey experiment in the 1950s which provided evidence this was possible, to the identification of the three domains of life and fossil evidence that life began over 3.5 billion years ago.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    77 views3 pages

    Historical Development of The Concept of Life

    Uploaded by

    Shiene Marie
    The document summarizes the historical development of the concept of life from its earliest hypotheses to modern understandings. It traces the development of ideas from the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis in the 1920s that suggested life arose from organic molecules forming in a reducing primordial atmosphere, to the Miller-Urey experiment in the 1950s which provided evidence this was possible, to the identification of the three domains of life and fossil evidence that life began over 3.5 billion years ago.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Historical Development of the Concept of life

    Historical- came from root word ‘history’ which means past events, or scenarios that happened before
    Development- came from the root word ‘develop’ which means there is growth and advancement
    Concept- which means ‘ideas’
    ; Life- which means ‘existence’ or the condition of an organism that includes the capacity to survive, grow, reproduce
    and precede to death.

    Oparin- add. info Oparin came up with the hypothesis in 1924 that Earth's atmosphere was extremely reducing in its
    early stages of development. This means that the atmosphere had an excess of negative charge (electrons) and could
    cause reducing reactions by adding electrons to compounds.

    Haldane- add. info John Haldane came up with a rudimentary gas mask to protect Allied troops during WWI.

    Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis- In 1920, The Oparin-Haldane hypothesis suggests that life arose gradually from inorganic
    molecules,( substances made from single elements and any other compounds that don't contain carbon bonded
    to hydrogen.) with “building blocks” like amino acids forming first and then combining to make complex polymers.(
    two or more components that can be ionic or uncharged. examples are diamonds such as quartz, feldspar and
    manmade materials such as paper, plastics and rubbers)

    -This Hypothesis also suggested that if the primitive atmosphere was reducing (primitive atmosphere- is the early
    atmosphere containing no oxygen and would have been toxic to human beings, as well as most other life on Earth
    today.) and if there was an appropriate supply of energy (such as lighting, or ultraviolet light) then a wide range of
    organic compounds may be synthesized ( or which means that there is a production of organic compounds by having
    those factors )

    Primordial soup theory- In short, this states that life began in a warm pond or ocean from a combination of chemicals
    that forms amino acids which then makes proteins.

    So it is said that it happened supposedly, at least 3.8 to 3.55 bya

    Harold Urey- add. Info He discovered deuterium (Heavy Hydrogen) = //hydrogen atom has a single proton and a single
    electron, Deuterium is also known as "heavy hydrogen" because of the extra neutron in the atomic nucleus.//

    Stanley Miller-He demonstrated that a wide range of vital organic compounds can be synthesized by fairly simple
    chemical processes from inorganic substance ( just like the oparin-haldane hypothesis in which if the primitive
    atmosphere is reducing and there is an appropriate supply of energy then there would be a wide range of organic
    compounds that would be synthesized)

    The Miller-Urey experiment provided the first evidence that organic molecules needed for life could be formed from
    inorganic components.

    ( in simple terms, organic compounds could have formed from simple inorganic compounds)

    add. Info he is known as the father of prebiotic chemistry

    Miller-Urey experiment FIG 1.1- (1) The experiment used water (H2O), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen
    (H2) - materials which were believed to represent the major components of the early Earth's atmosphere. (2) The
    chemicals were all sealed and circulated inside a sterile array of glass tubes and flasks connected together in a loop, (3)
    with one flask half-full of liquid water and another flask containing a pair of electrodes. The liquid water was heated to
    add water vapour to the chemical mixture and the resulting gases were circulated around the apparatus, simulating the
    Earth's atmosphere. (4) The flask with heated water represents water on the Earth's surface and the recycled water
    vapour, is just as water evaporates from lakes and seas, before going into the atmosphere and forming into rain. The
    vapours were cooled again so that the water could condense (simulating the oceans) and trickle back into the first water
    flask in a continuous cycle. (organic compound- one or more atoms of carbon that are covalently linked to atoms of
    other elements.)

    Hydrologic cycle becoz HC is an ecological function wherein its function is needed to support life The water cycle is
    important to weather and climate and, ultimately, to all life on Earth. The water cycle is driven primarily by the energy
    from the sun. This solar energy drives the cycle by evaporating water from the oceans, lakes, rivers, and even the soil.

    Sources of organic molecules ; - (chemical reactions in atmosphere) – It is shown mostly by lab experiments
    (cmbbi)- these are chemical analysis of comets and carbonaceous chondrites (simply as meteors) show that they have
    organic molecules. ( crndsv)- heat from undersea volcanoes can fuel chemical reactions between water and minerals.

    Where did life begin

    Fossils- Radiometric dating, radioactive dating or radioisotope dating is a technique which is used to date materials
    such as rocks or carbon, in which trace radioactive impurities were selectively incorporated when they were formed.

    (microfossils) – or Microfossils are the remains found from a rock consisting microscopic living cells.
    cyanobacteria- in short, it is the first oxygen producing organisms.
    (fig 4)- as these microorganisms continued generating oxygen, other photosynthetic organisms evolved
    and increased the level of oxygen in the atmosphere.

    78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon and other elements

    Formation of ozone layer- //(simpler terms) - Ozone is produced naturally in the stratosphere when highly energetic
    solar radiation strikes molecules of oxygen, O2, and cause the two oxygen atoms to split apart in a process called
    photolysis. If a freed atom collides with another O2, it joins up, forming ozone O3.

    Ozone- //a layer in the earth's stratosphere at an altitude of about 6.2 miles (10 km) containing a high concentration of
    ozone, which absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth from the sun.//

    3 domains of life –

    Lineage: lineage is a temporal series of organisms, populations, cells, or genes connected by a continuous line
    of descent from ancestor to descendant.

    Geological events such as tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, climate change, rising water levels.

    DOMAIN- add info, it Is higher than the animal kingdom classification.

    Archaea-known as ancient bacteria becoz they resemble the ancient prokaryotes.

    Morphological and genetic characterstics- morpho means describes structural features. Shape/size/colour
    genetic- the traits you inherit from your parents. They include your physical
    structure, your biochemistry and, to some extent, your behaviour

    Archaebacteria (also known as Archaea) are harmful but they have not been proven to carry diseases
    archaea don't carry viruses that can be harmful for us. Archaea use a technique called mutualism for
    surviving. In here, both the host and parasite are being benefited. "In the human body, archaebacteria are
    most commonly found in the gut, where they aid in the digestion of complex sugars."

    archaea can still harm a person without causing a disease

    Ecologically diverse- largest scale of biodiversity, and within each ecosystem, there is a great deal of both
    species and genetic diversity. includes the variation in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

    Aerobic- means involving oxygen, so anaerobic bacteria - can survive without oxygen.

    Eukarya- protist- algae or invertebrates


    Yeast- single-celled fungi

    Plants- plantae, animals- animalia, fungi

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