ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE

Abstract:
This paper aims at presenting the concept of
"Artificial Intelligence." It is the branch of
Computer Science concerned with making
computers behave like humans. It is the
Science and Engineering of making
intelligent machines, especially intelligent
computer programs. It is the hot topic on
many boards and software houses. The term
was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

This paper briefly describes how Artificial

Intelligence works and the various
techniques used in AI. It further describes,
the greatest advances that have occurred in
the field of Medicine, Military, Expert
Systems, Robotics and Natural Language • Epistemology
Processing. This paper deals with latest
advances that have occurred in the field of Who uses Artificial Intelligence?
games playing. The best computer chess
programs are now capable of beating • Medicine
humans. In May 1997, an IBM super- • Artificial Nose
computer called Deep Blue defeated world • Military
chess champion Gary Kasparov in a chess • Game AI
match. • Natural Language Processing
Today, the hottest area of Artificial • Expert Systems
Intelligence is neural networks, which are
proving successful in a number of Future of AI Technology
disciplines such as voice recognition and
natural language processing. Robotics • Telephone Translator
incorporating artificial intelligence • A Greater Use of Expert Systems
interaction with laser, ultrasound, MRI • Passing the Turing Test
scanning, are performing delicate brain • Research assistants
surgery more accurately than by traditional
surgical approaches. A.I. was used in the
investigation of Mars in July 1997. This Artificial Intelligence
paper reflects the potential impact of AI on
our lives. Artificial Intelligence is likely to Introduction:
continue to creep into our lives without us Artificial Intelligence is a branch of Science
really noticing. which deals with helping machines find
solutions to complex problems in a more
Contents human-like fashion. This generally involves
borrowing characteristics from human
Introduction intelligence, and applying them as algorithm
in human friendly way. It is basically the
Why Artificial Intelligence? ability of a machine to think for itself. It
aims at getting computers to do tasks which
• Motivation require human intelligence. In short it can be
described as:
How does Artificial Intelligence work? Simple things turn out to be the hardest to
automate:
• Planning *Recognizing a face.
• Pattern Recognition *Navigating a busy street.
• Ontology *Understanding what someone says.
• Robotics
• Artificial Life Why Artificial Intelligence?
 The two major divisions of pattern
Motivation... recognition are machine vision and sound.
Computers are fundamentally well suited to Pattern-Recognition-Vision:
performing mechanical computations, using It's goal is to get a computer to recognize
fixed programmed rules. This allows pictures so that it can recognize objects in its
artificial machines to perform monotonous surroundings that would be helpful in
tasks efficiently and reliably, which humans robotics.
are ill - suited to. For more complex Pattern-Recognition-Sound:
problems, things get more difficult. Unlike It wants to achieve a similar goal but is a
humans, computers have trouble primary concern with companies that want
understanding specific situations, and to produce a new means in which a person
adapting to new situations. Artificial interacts with a computer by talking.
Intelligence aims to improve machine
behaviour in tackling such complex tasks.
Ontology:Ontology is the study of what
How does Artificial Intelligence work? objects are and what are they made of. It is
the study of kinds of things that exist. In AI,
Technology... the programs and sentences deal with
various kinds of objects, and we study what
Over the past five decades, AI research has these kinds are and what their basic
mostly been focusing on solving specific properties are.
problems. Numerous solutions have been
devised and improved to do so efficiently
and reliably. This explains why the field of Robotics:
Artificial Intelligence is split into many Robotics is the study of how to design,
branches. Some of the branches have been build, use, and work with robots. Robots are
explained below: mechanical devices that can move and react
to sensory input giving them some degree of
Planning: autonomous control.
Planning programs start with general facts Robots are widely used in the industrial
about the world (especially facts about the sector performing high-precision jobs such
effects of actions), facts about the particular as painting and wielding. They are used in
situation and a statement of a goal. From laboratories for repetitive tasks in chemistry
these, they generate a strategy for achieving and biology, and in situations, which would
the goal. In the most common cases, the be dangerous for humans such as cleaning
strategy is just the sequence of actions. toxic waste or defusing bombs.
Three laws of robotics:
Pattern recognition: 1. A robot may not injure or harm a human
The main focus in AI today is getting a being or allow a human being to come to
computer to recognize, make senses and harm.
recreate in what it sees and hears. 2. 2. A robot must follow the instructions
given to it by a human being without more than just correctly perform some task.
violating Rule 1
3. 3. A robot must protect itself as long as -- Johan McDermott
such protection does not violate Rules 1 and
2. Artificial Intelligence is helping people in
every field to make better use of information
to work harder not smarter. The potential
Artificial life: applications of Artificial Intelligence are
Artificial life is a field of scientific study abundant. However, some of the
that attempts to model living biological applications of AI have been listed below:
systems through complex algorithms.
Scientists use these models to test and
experiment with a multitude of factors on Medicine:
the behaviour of the systems. NEW BLOOD TEST SPOTS CANCER:
In one of the biggest advances in cancer
Artificial life: From robot dreams to reality research in years, scientists have developed
It is a diverse field of research, but a a blood test that can detect cancer with a
common theme is testing out the greater than 90% accuracy. This artificial
fundamental principles of life by building intelligence --already tested for cancers of
detailed working models. One of the most the breast, ovary, and lung--could one day
ambitious goals of artificial-life research is be used to detect many types cancer. 'All
the construction of living systems out of that's needed is a single drop of blood’…
non-living parts. Artificial life is a blanket 'The computer does the rest.'...In tests on
term used to refer to human attempts at several hundred blood samples, some taken
setting up systems with lifelike properties all from women with ovarian cancer and others
biological organisms possess, such as self- from healthy women, the test proved 'an
reproduction, homeostasis, adaptability, astonishing' 100% accurate in detecting
mutational variation, optimization of cancer, even at the earliest stages.
external states, and so on.
Artificial nose:
Epistemology: Scientists have endowed computers with
Epistemology is a study of knowledge that eyes to see, thanks to digital cameras, and
are required for solving problems in the ears to hear, via microphones and
world. sophisticated recognition software. Now
they're taking computers further into the
realm of the senses with the development of
Who uses Artificial Intelligence? an artificial nose.
E-NOSE TO SNIFF OUT HOSPITAL
Applications... SUPERBUGS:
"E-nose analyses gas samples by passing the
To be useful, a system has to be able to do gas over an array of electrodes coated with
different conducting polymers. Each players. Its architects say it is the greatest
electrode reacts to particular substance by ever built, but don't expect it to rejoice in
changing its electrical resistance in a victory or get the post-match drinks in.
characteristic way. Combining the signals It is a behemoth of a machine that pits 32-
from all the electrodes gives a 'smell-print' linked processor against its flesh-and-blood
of the chemicals in the mixture that neural opponents. Hydra's backers claim it can
network software built into the e-nose can analyze 200 million chess moves in a second
learn to recognize. As a result, it can be and project the game up to 40 moves ahead.
detected from the smell alone that what the
bacterial infections are. Natural Language processing:
The goal of the Natural Language
Processing (NLP) group is to design and
Military: build software that will analyze, understand,
and generate languages that humans use
A NEW MODEL OF ARMY SOLDIER naturally, so that eventually you will be able
ROLLS CLOSER TO THE to address your computer as though you
BATTLEFIELD: were addressing another person.
The American military is working on a new This goal is not easy to reach.
generation of soldier, far different from the "Understanding" language means, among
army it has. 'They don't feel hungry,' said other things, knowing what concepts a word
Gordon Johnson of the Joint Forces or phrase stands for and knowing how to
Command at the Pentagon. 'They are not link those concepts together in a meaningful
afraid. They don't forget their orders. They way. It's ironic that natural language, the
don't care if the guy next to them has just symbol system that is easiest for humans to
been shot. Will they do a better job than learn and use, is hardest for a computer to
humans? Yes.' The robot soldier is coming. master. Long after machines have proven
The Pentagon predicts that robots will be a capable of inverting large matrices with
major fighting force in American military in speed and grace, they still fail to master the
less than a decade, hunting and killing basics of our spoken and written languages.
enemies in combat. Robots are a crucial part Expert Systems:
of the Army's effort to rebuild itself as a
21st-century fighting force, and a $127 The primary goal of expert systems research
billion project called Future Combat is to make expertise available to decision
Systems is the biggest military contract in makers and technicians who need answers
American history. quickly. There is never enough expertise to
go around--certainly it is not always
Game AI: available at the right place and the right
time. Portable with computers loaded with
ONLY A PAWN IN IT'S GAME: in-depth knowledge of specific subjects can
Hydra is the latest chess supercomputer to bring decades worth of knowledge to a
lay down the gauntlet to the world's top problem.
 dissolved such a hurdle. The combinations
of travel and communications has brought
whole nations together except now the last
barrier in international relationship is
EXPERT SYSTEMS - MAKE A language. This is where telephone
DIAGNOSIS: translators will change all that.
Essentially, a person from the United States
Intution may seem like a human trick, but says some things in English into his
machines can be pretty good at it too. telephone. Almost instantaneously, a
Underlying a hunch are dozens of tiny, computer intercepts the voice, translates
subconscious rules-truths we that have what was said, and synthetically generate
learned from experience. Add them up and the appropriate Japanese words to the person
you get instinct: a doctor's sense that a on the other line. Of Course, the translator
patient's stomach-ache might really be would need advanced voice recognition,
appendicitis, for example. Program those natural language processing and inferencing
rules into a computer and you get an expert to extract what was meant by the English-
system- one of many that can screen lab speaker, and then synthesize a human-
tests, diagnose blood infections, and identify sounding Japanese person's voice in
tumors on a mammogram. conversational Japanese.

A Greater Use of Expert Systems:

Future of AI Technology: With such success as a diagnostic in medic
Artificial Intelligence and robotics are likely and mechanics presently, expert systems
to creep into our lives without us really will be more prevalent in other applications
noticing. However, AI has spawned some that require an expert with whom people can
useful applications like expert systems and consult with. Need to identify the perfect pet
game AI, but the truly pervasive use of AI is for a friend? A pet expert system could ask
still to come as more research and improved some questions related to the person's
technology surfaces in the future. Here are a personality so that it can conclude the types
few applied innovations that AI promises in of animals that would be suited for them.
the future and the technologies behind them. What kinds of dishes can one make tonight
with the food in the refrigerator? Input the
Telephone Translators: foods into a cook expert system and find
One of the common cliches when one talks out. The possibilities for expert systems are
about the future is how the world is almost endless. If expert systems are
shrinking every day. Distance used to be a designed and built correctly, users should be
barrier in travel and the invention of the able to easily program their own expert and
airplane changed all that. Time used to be a should make better decisions in their lives.
factor in communication since the mail
system took months to deliver a letter across Passing the Turing Test:
the United States, but the telephone The idea behind the test is that if a machine
could make a person think he/she was
interacting with an intelligent person, why
not consider the machine intelligent in its
own right? The controversy over the Turing
Test will probably continue into the future,
but once a computer convincingly passes the
test and becomes more and more integrated
with society, this test would be at least the
best approximation of intelligence possible.

Research Assistants:
The world is moving from the Industrial
Age to the Information Age where the
phrase "knowledge is power" is becoming a
reality. With so much information out there,
it has become harder and harder to find what
is really relevant. This is where a research
assistant powered by AI can help. Not only
can the assistant understand what one is
looking for, which requires natural language
processing, it is smart enough to know
where to look and compare what it finds to
what it is looking for to see how relevant the
information is, so the person doesn't have to
do the 'dirty work.' Research assistants will
be an important tool in the future by keeping
the world of information from exploding
into an infinite chaos of unorganized facts
and figures.