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1. What is Automation Testing?

Automation testing is the process of testing the software using an automation

tool to find the defects. In this process, executing the test scripts and
generating the results are performed automatically by automation tools. Some
most popular tools to do automation testing are HP QTP/UFT, Selenium
WebDriver, etc.

2. What are the benefits of Automation Testing?

This is one of the common interview questions in any Automation testing job.

1. Saves time and money. Automation testing is faster in execution.

2. Reusability of code. Create one time and execute multiple times with less
or no maintenance.
3. Easy reporting. It generates automatic reports after test execution.
4. Easy for compatibility testing. It enables parallel execution in the
combination of different OS and browser environments.
5. Low-cost maintenance. It is cheaper compared to manual testing in a
long run.
6. Automated testing is more reliable.
7. Automated testing is more powerful and versatile.
8. It is mostly used for regression testing. Supports execution of repeated
test cases.
9. Minimal manual intervention. Test scripts can be run unattended.
10. Maximum coverage. It helps to increase the test coverage.

3. What are the challenges and limitations of Selenium WebDriver?

As we all know Selenium WebDriver is a tool which automates the browser to

mimic real user actions on the web. Selenium is a free open source testing
tool. Some of the challenges with selenium webdriver are as follows

1. We cannot test windows application

2. We cannot test mobile apps
3. Limited reporting
4. Handling dynamic Elements
5. Handling page load
6. Handling pop up windows
7. Handling captcha

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4. What type of tests have you automated?

Our main focus is to automate test cases to do Regression testing, Smoke

testing, and Sanity testing. Sometimes based on the project and the test time
estimation, we do focus on End to End testing.

5. How many test cases you have automated per day?

It depends on Test case scenario complexity and length. I did automate 2-5
test scenarios per day when the complexity is limited. Sometimes just 1 or
fewer test scenarios in a day when the complexity is high.

6. What is a Framework?

A framework defines a set of rules or best practices which we can follow in a

systematic way to achieve the desired results. There are different types of
automation frameworks and the most common ones are:

• Data Driven Testing Framework

• Keyword Driven Testing Framework
• Hybrid Testing Framework

7. Have you created any Framework?

If you are a beginner: No, I didn’t get a chance to create a framework. I have
used the framework which is already available.
If you are an experienced tester: Yes, I have created a framework. Or I have
involved in the creation of the framework.

8. Why do you prefer Selenium Automation Tool?

1. Free and open source

2. Have large user base and helping communities
3. Cross-browser compatibility
4. Platform compatibility
5. Multiple programming languages support

9. What is Selenium?

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Selenium is an open source (free) automated testing suite to test web

applications. It supports different platforms and browsers. It has gained a lot
of popularity in terms of web-based automated testing and giving a great
competition to the famous commercial tool HP QTP (Quick Test Professional)
AKA HP UFT (Unified Functional Testing).

Selenium is a set of different software tools. Each tool has a different

approach in supporting web based automation testing.

It has four components namely,

1. Selenium IDE (Selenium Integrated Development Environment)

2. Selenium RC (Selenium Remote Control)

3. Selenium WebDriver

4. Selenium Grid

10. What is Selenium IDE?

Selenium IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is a Firefox plugin. It is

the simplest framework in the Selenium Suite. It allows us to record and
playback the scripts. Even though we can create scripts using Selenium IDE,
we need to use Selenium RC or Selenium WebDriver to write more advanced
and robust test cases.

11. What is Selenese?

Selenese is the language which is used to write test scripts in Selenium IDE.

12. Which is the only browser that supports Selenium IDE to be used?

Firefox

13. What is Selenium RC?

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Selenium RC AKA Selenium Remote control / Selenium 1. Selenium Remote

Control was the main Selenium project for a long time before the WebDriver
merge brought up Selenium 2. Selenium 1 is still actively supported (in
maintenance mode). It relies on JavaScript for automation. It supports Java,
Javascript, Ruby, PHP, Python, Perl and C#. It supports almost every browser
out there.

14. What is Selenium WebDriver?

Selenium WebDriver AKA Selenium 2 is a browser automation framework that

accepts commands and sends them to a browser. It is implemented through a
browser-specific driver. It controls the browser by directly communicating
with it. Selenium WebDriver supports Java, C#, PHP, Python, Perl, Ruby.

15. What is Selenium Grid?

Selenium Grid is a tool used together with Selenium RC to run tests

on different machines against different browsers in parallel. That is, running
multiple tests at the same time against different machines running different
browsers and operating systems.

In simple words, it is used to distribute your test execution on multiple

platforms and environments concurrently.

16. When do you use Selenium Grid?

Selenium Grid can be used to execute same or different test scripts on

multiple platforms and browsers concurrently so as to achieve distributed test
execution

17. What are the advantages of Selenium Grid?

It allows running test cases in parallel thereby saving test execution time.
It allows multi-browser testing
It allows us to execute test cases on multi-platform

18. What is a hub in Selenium Grid?

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A hub is a server or a central point that controls the test executions on

different machines.

19. What is a node in Selenium Grid?

Node is the machine which is attached to the hub. There can be multiple
nodes in Selenium Grid.

20. What are the types of WebDriver APIs available in Selenium?

• Firefox Driver
• Gecko Driver
• InternetExplorer Driver
• Chrome Driver
• HTML Driver
• Opera Driver
• Safari Driver
• Android Driver
• iPhone Driver
• EventFiringWebDriver

21. Which WebDriver implementation claims to be the fastest?

The fastest implementation of WebDriver is the HTMLUnitDriver. It is because

the HTMLUnitDriver does not execute tests in the browser.

22. What are the Programming Languages supported by Selenium

WebDiver?

• Java
• C#
• Python
• Ruby
• Perl
• PHP

23. What are the Operating Systems supported by Selenium

WebDriver?

• Windows

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• Linux
• Apple

24. What are the Open-source Frameworks supported by Selenium

WebDriver?

• JUnit
• TestNG

25. What are the Locators available in Selenium?

Different types of locators are:

1. ID
2. ClassName
3. Name
4. TagName
5. LinkText
6. PartialLinkText
7. XPath
8. CSS Selector

26. What is an XPath?

XPath is used to locate the elements. Using XPath, we could navigate through
elements and attributes in an XML document to locate web elements such as
textbox, button, checkbox, Image etc., in a web page.

27. What is the difference between “/” and “//”

Single Slash “/” – Single slash is used to create XPath with absolute path
i.e. the XPath would be created to start selection from the document
node/start node.

Double Slash “//” – Double slash is used to create XPath with relative path
i.e. the XPath would be created to start selection from anywhere within the
document.

28. What is the difference between Absolute Path and Relative Path?

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Absolute XPath starts from the root node and ends with desired descendant
element’s node. It starts with top HTML node and ends with input node. It
starts with a single forward slash(/) as shown below.

/html/body/div[3]/div[1]/form/table/tbody/tr[1]/td/input

Relative XPath starts from any node in between the HTML page to the current
element’s node(last node of the element). It starts with a double
forward slash(//) as shown below.

//input[@id='email']

29. What is the difference between Assert and Verify in Selenium?

Assert: In simple words, if the assert condition is true then the program
control will execute the next test step but if the condition is false, the
execution will stop and further test step will not be executed.

Verify: In simple words, there won’t be any halt in the test execution even
though the verify condition is true or false.

30. What are Soft Assert and Hard Assert in Selenium?

Soft Assert: Soft Assert collects errors during @Test Soft Assert does not
throw an exception when an assert fails and would continue with the next step
after the assert statement.

Hard Assert: Hard Assert throws an AssertExceptionimmediately when an

assert statement fails and test suite continues with next @Test

31. What are the verification points available in Selenium?

In Selenium IDE, we use Selenese Verify and Assert Commands as Verification

points
In Selenium WebDriver, there is no built-in features for verification points. It
totally depends on our coding style. some of the Verification points are

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To check for page title

To check for certain text
To check for certain element (text box, button, drop down, etc.)

32. How to launch a browser using Selenium WebDriver?

WebDriver is an Interface. We create an Object of a required driver class such

as FirefoxDriver, ChromeDriver, InternetExplorerDriver etc.,

To launch Firefox Driver:

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

To launch Chrome Driver:

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

To launch Internet Explorer Driver:

WebDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver();

33. Is the FirefoxDriver a Class or an Interface?

FirefoxDriver is a Java class, and it implements the WebDriver interface.

34. What is the super interface of WebDriver?

SearchContext.

35. Explain the line of code Webdriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(); ?

Webdriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

‘WebDriver‘ is an interface and we are creating an object of type WebDriver
instantiating an object of FirefoxDriver class.

36. We do create a reference variable ‘driver’ of type WebDriver

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
instead of creating
FirefoxDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

What is the purpose of doing this way?

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If we create a reference variable driver of type WebDriver then we could use

the same driver variable to work with any browser of our choice such as
IEDriver, SafariDriver etc.,

38. What are the different exceptions you have faced in Selenium
WebDriver?

Some of the exceptions I have faced in my current project are

1. ElementNotVisibleException
2. StaleElementReferenceException

Element Not visible Exception:

This exception will be thrown when you are trying to locate a particular
element on webpage that is not currently visible eventhough it is present in
the DOM. Also sometimes, if you are trying to locate an element with the
xpath which associates with two or more element.

Stale Element Reference Exception:

A stale element reference exception is thrown in one of two cases, the first
being more common than the second.

The two reasons for Stale element reference are

1. The element has been deleted entirely.

2. The element is no longer attached to the DOM.

We face this stale element reference exception when the element we are
interacting is destroyed and then recreated again. When this happens the
reference of the element in the DOM becomes stale. Hence we are not able to
get the reference to the element.

Some other exceptions we usually face are as follows:

• WebDriverException
• TimeoutException
• NoAlertPresentException
• NoSuchWindowException

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• NoSuchElementException
• TimeoutException

39. How To Login Into Any Site If It Is Showing Any Authentication

Pop-Up For Username And Password?

To do this we pass username and password with the URL

http://username:password@url
e.g. http://myUserName:[email protected]

40. What are the types of waits available in Selenium WebDriver?

In Selenium we could see three types of waits such as Implicit Waits, Explicit
Waits and Fluent Waits.

• Implicit Waits
• Explicit Waits
• Fluent Waits

41. What is Implicit Wait In Selenium WebDriver?

Implicit waits tell to the WebDriver to wait for a certain amount of time before
it throws an exception. Once we set the time, WebDriver will wait for the
element based on the time we set before it throws an exception. The default
setting is 0 (zero). We need to set some wait time to make WebDriver to wait
for the required time.

42. What is WebDriver Wait In Selenium WebDriver?

WebDriverWait is applied on a certain element with defined expected

condition and time. This wait is only applied to the specified element. This wait
can also throw an exception when an element is not found.

43. What is Fluent Wait In Selenium WebDriver?

FluentWait can define the maximum amount of time to wait for a specific
condition and frequency with which to check the condition before throwing an
“ElementNotVisibleException” exception.

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44. How to input text in the text box using Selenium WebDriver?

By using sendKeys() method

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

driver.get("https://www.gmail.com");
driver.findElement(By.xpath("xpath")).sendKeys("Software Testing Material
Website");

45. How to input text in the text box without calling the sendKeys()?

// To initialize js object
JavascriptExecutor JS = (JavascriptExecutor)webdriver;

// To enter username
JS.executeScript("document.getElementById(User').value='SoftwareTestingMa
terial.com'");

// To enter password
JS.executeScript("document.getElementById('Pass').value='tester'");

46. How to clear the text in the text box using Selenium WebDriver?

By using clear() method

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

driver.get("https://www.gmail.com");

driver.findElement(By.xpath("xpath_of_element1")).sendKeys("Software
Testing Material Website");

driver.findElement(By.xpath("xpath_of_element1")).clear();

47. How to get a text of a web element?

By using getText() method

package softwareTestingMaterial;

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import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;

public class TestTestTest {

@Test
public void testmethod(){
System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "D:\\Selenium
Environment\\Drivers\\chromedriver.exe");

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

driver.get("https://www.google.com");

String availableText =
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='gbw']/div/div/div[1]/div[1]/a")).getTe
xt();

System.out.println("Text Available is :"+availableText);

}
}

48. How to click on a hyperlink using Selenium WebDriver?

We use click() method in Selenium to click on the hyperlink

driver.findElement(By.linkText(“Software Testing Material Website”)).click();

49. How to submit a form using Selenium WebDriver?

We use “submit” method on element to submit a form

driver.findElement(By.id("form_1")).submit();

Alternatively, you can use click method on the element which does form
submission

50. How to press ENTER key on text box In Selenium WebDriver?

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To press ENTER key using Selenium WebDriver, We need to use

Selenium Enum Keys with its constant ENTER.

driver.findElement(By.xpath("xpath")).sendKeys(Keys.ENTER);

51. How to pause a test execution for 5 seconds at a specific point?

By using java.lang.Thread.sleep(long milliseconds) method we could pause

the execution for a specific time. To pause 5 seconds, we need to pass
parameter as 5000 (5 seconds)

Thread.sleep(5000)

52. Is Selenium Server needed to run Selenium WebDriver Scripts?

When we are distributing our Selenium WebDriver scripts to execute using
Selenium Grid, we need to use Selenium Server.

53. What happens if I run this

command. driver.get(“www.softwaretestingmaterial.com”) ;

An exception is thrown. We need to pass HTTP protocol within driver.get()

method.

driver.get("https://www.softwaretestingmaterial.com");

54. What is the alternative to driver.get() method to open an URL

using Selenium WebDriver?

Alternative method to driver.get(“url”) method is driver.navigate.to(“url”)

55. What is the difference

between driver.get() anddriver.navigate.to(“url”)?

driver.get(): To open an URL and it will wait till the whole page gets loaded
driver.navigate.get(): To navigate to an URL and It will not wait till the whole
page gets loaded

56. Can I navigate back and forth in a browser in Selenium

WebDriver?

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We use Navigate interface to do navigate back and forth in a browser. It has

methods to move back, forward as well as to refresh a page.

driver.navigate().forward(); – to navigate to the next web page with

reference to the browser’s history
driver.navigate().back(); – takes back to the previous webpage with
reference to the browser’s history
driver.navigate().refresh(); – to refresh the current web page thereby
reloading all the web elements
driver.navigate().to(“url”); – to launch a new web browser window and
navigate to the specified URL

57. What are the different types of navigation commands?

Refer above question (Can I navigate back and forth in a browser)

58. How to fetch the current page URL in Selenium?

To fetch the current page URL, we use getCurrentURL()

driver.getCurrentUrl();

59. How can we maximize browser window in Selenium?

To maximize browser window in selenium we use maximize() method. This

method maximizes the current window if it is not already

driver.manage().window().maximize();

60. How to delete cookies in Selenium?

To delete cookies we use deleteAllCookies() method

driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();

61. What are the ways to refresh a browser using Selenium

WebDriver?

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There are multiple ways to refresh a page in selenium

• Using driver.navigate().refresh() command as mentioned in the question

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• Using driver.get(“URL”) on the current URL or
using driver.getCurrentUrl()
• Using driver.navigate().to(“URL”) on the current URL
or driver.navigate().to(driver.getCurrentUrl());
• Using sendKeys(Keys.F5) on any textbox on the webpage

62. What is the difference between driver.getWindowHandle() and

driver.getWindowHandles() in Selenium WebDriver?

driver.getWindowHandle() – It returns a handle of the current page (a unique

identifier)
driver.getWindowHandles() – It returns a set of handles of the all the pages
available.

63. What is the difference between driver.close() and driver.quit()

methods?

Purpose of these two methods (driver.close and driver.quit) is almost same.

Both allow us to close a browser but still, there is a difference.

driver.close(): To close current WebDriver instance

driver.quit(): To close all the opened WebDriver instances

64. What is the difference between driver.findElement() and

driver.findElements() commands?

The difference between driver.findElement() and driver.findElements()

commands is-

• findElement() returns a single WebElement (found first) based on the

locator passed as parameter. Whereas findElements() returns a list of
WebElements, all satisfying the locator value passed.
• Syntax of findElement()-
WebElement textbox = driver.findElement(By.id(“textBoxLocator”));
Syntax of findElements()-
List <WebElement> elements = element.findElements(By.id(“value”));

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• Another difference between the two is- if no element is found then

findElement() throws NoSuchElementException whereas findElements()
returns a list of 0 elements.

65. How to capture Screenshot in Selenium WebDriver?

Test cases may fail while executing the test scripts. While we are executing
the test cases manually we just take a screenshot and place in a result
repository. The same can be done by using Selenium WebDriver.

Some of the scenarios we may need to capture a screenshot using Selenium

WebDriver are

i. Application issues
ii. Assertion Failure
iii. Difficulty to find Webelements on the web page
iv. Timeout to find Webelements on the web page

Selenium provides an interface called TakesScreenshotwhich has a

method getScreenShotAs which can be used to take a screenshot of the
application under test.

In Selenium 3, we may face few issues while capturing Screenshots. To

overcome we use aShot utility. Click on below links to see posts related to the
normal way of capturing a screenshot and capturing a screenshot using aShot
utility.

66. How can we handle web based pop-up?

To handle alerts popups we need to do switch to the alert window and call
Selenium WebDriver Alert API methods.

67. How can we handle windows based pop up?

Selenium doesn’t support windows based applications. It is an automation

testing tool which supports only web application testing. We could handle
windows based popups in Selenium using some third party tools such
as AutoIT, Robot class etc.

68. How to handle hidden elements in Selenium WebDriver?

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It is one of the most important selenium interview questions.

We can handle hidden elements by using javaScript executor

(JavascriptExecutor(driver)).executeScript("document.getElementsByClassNa
me(ElementLocator).click();");

69. How do you read test data from excels?

Test data can efficiently be read from excel using JXL or POI API. POI API has
many advantages than JXL.
Click here to see a practical example of using Apache POI.

70. Is it possible to automate the captcha using Selenium?

No, It’s not possible to automate captcha and bar code reader.

71. How to handle Ajax calls in Selenium WebDriver?

Handling AJAX calls is one of the common issues when using Selenium
WebDriver. We wouldn’t know when the AJAX call would get completed and
the page has been updated. In this post, we see how to handle AJAX calls
using Selenium.

AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML. AJAX allows the web page
to retrieve small amounts of data from the server without reloading the entire
page. AJAX sends HTTP requests from the client to server and then process
the server’s response without reloading the entire page. To handle AJAX
controls, wait commands may not work. It’s just because the actual page is
not going to refresh.

When you click on a submit button, the required information may appear on
the web page without refreshing the browser. Sometimes it may load in a
second and sometimes it may take longer. We have no control over loading
time. The best approach to handle this kind of situations in selenium is to use
dynamic waits (i.e. WebDriverWait in combination with ExpectedCondition)

Some of the methods which are available are as follows:

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1. titleIs() – The expected condition waits for a page with a specific title.

2. elementToBeClickable() – The expected condition waits for an element to be

clickable i.e. it should be present/displayed/visible on the screen as well as
enabled.

3. alertIsPresent() – The expected condition waits for an alert box to appear.

4. textToBePresentInElement() – The expected condition waits for an element

having a certain string pattern.

72. List some scenarios which we cannot automate using Selenium

WebDriver?

1. Bitmap comparison Is not possible using Selenium WebDriver

2. Automating Captcha is not possible using Selenium WebDriver
3. We can not read bar code using Selenium WebDriver

73. What is Object Repository in Selenium WebDriver?

Object Repository is used to store element locator values in a centralized

location instead of hard coding them within the scripts. We do create a
property file (.properties) to store all the element locators and these property
files act as an object repository in Selenium WebDriver.

74. How you build Object Repository in your project?

In QTP, there is an Object Repository concept. When a user records a test, the
objects and its properties are captured by default in an Object Repository. QTP
uses this Object Repository to play back the scripts. Coming to Selenium,
there is no default Object Repository concept. It doesn’t mean that there is no
Object Repository in Selenium. Even though there is no default one still we
could create our own. In Selenium, we call objects as locators (such as ID,
Name, Class Name, Tag Name, Link Text, Partial Link Text, XPath, and CSS).
Object repository is a collection of objects. One of the ways to create Object
Repository is to place all the locators in a separate file (i.e., properties file).
But the best way is to use Page Object Model. In the Page Object Model
Design Pattern, each web page is represented as a class. All the objects
related to a particular page of a web application are stored in a class.

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75. What is page object model in Selenium?

Page Object Model is a Design Pattern which has become popular in Selenium
Test Automation. It is widely used design pattern in Selenium for enhancing
test maintenance and reducing code duplication. Page object model (POM) can
be used in any kind of framework such as modular, data-driven, keyword
driven, hybrid framework etc. A page object is an object-oriented class that
serves as an interface to a page of your Application Under Test(AUT). The
tests then use the methods of this page object class whenever they need to
interact with the User Interface (UI) of that page. The benefit is that if the UI
changes for the page, the tests themselves don’t need to change, only the
code within the page object needs to change. Subsequently, all changes to
support that new UI is located in one place.

76. What is page factory?

We have seen that ‘Page Object Model’ is a way of representing an application

in a test framework. For every ‘page’ in the application, we create a Page
Object to reference the ‘page’ whereas a ‘Page Factory’ is one way of
implementing the ‘Page Object Model’.

77. What is the difference between Page Object Model (POM) and
Page Factory?

Page Object is a class that represents a web page and hold the functionality
and members.
Page Factory is a way to initialize the web elements you want to interact with
within the page object when you create an instance of it.

78. What are the advantages of Page Object Model Framework?

Code reusability – We could achieve code reusability by writing the code

once and use it in different tests.

Code maintainability – There is a clean separation between test code and

page specific code such as locators and layout which becomes very easy to
maintain code. Code changes only on Page Object Classes when a UI change
occurs. It enhances test maintenance and reduces code duplication.

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Object Repository – Each page will be defined as a java class. All the fields
in the page will be defined in an interface as members. The class will then
implement the interface.

Readability – Improves readability due to clean separation between test code

and page specific code

79. How to Upload a file in Selenium WebDriver?

There are two cases which are majorly used to upload a file in Selenium
WebDriver such as using SendKeys Method and using AutoIT Script.

80. How to Download a file in Selenium WebDriver?

By using AutoIT script, we could download a file in Selenium WebDriver.

81. How to switch between frames in Selenium?

By using the following code, we could switch between frames.

driver.switchTo().frame();

82. How to connect a Database in selenium?

As we all know Selenium WebDriver is a tool to automate User Interface. We

could only interact with Browser using Selenium WebDriver.

We use JDBC Driver to connect the Database in Selenium (While using Java
Programming Language).

83. How To Resize Browser Window Using Selenium WebDriver?

To resize the browser window to particular dimensions, we use ‘Dimension’

class to resize the browser window.

84. How To Scroll Web Page Down Or UP Using Selenium WebDriver?

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JavaScript scrollBy() method scrolls the document by the specified number of

pixels.

85. How To Perform Right Click Action (Context Click) In

Selenium WebDriver?

We use Actions class in Selenium WebDriver to do Right-Click (Context Click)

action.

86. How To Perform Double Click Action In Selenium WebDriver?

We use Actions class to do Double click action in selenium.

87. How To Perform Drag And Drop Action in Selenium WebDriver?

In some applications, we may face a situation to automate drag and drop an

item from one location to another location. We could not achieve these using
basic elements. Selenium has provided an “Actions” class to handle this kind
of scenarios. We overcome this kind of scenarios such as drag and drop using
Actions Class.

To achieve this, we use Actions class in Selenium WebDriver.

88. How To Highlight Element Using Selenium WebDriver?

By using JavascriptExecutor interface, we could highlight the specified element

89. Have you used any crossbrowsertesting tool to run selenium

scripts on cloud?

I have used BrowserStack to run selenium tests on multiple browsers &

Multiple operating systems in parallel. Earlier we have made a video on how to
use BrowserStack to run selenium scripts on the cloud. Find the link in the
description below.

90. What is desired capabilities?

In Selenium we use desired capabilities to handle SSL certificates in chrome

browser

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We need to create an instance of DesiredCapabilities

DesiredCapabilities desiredCapability = DesiredCapabilities.chrome();

91. What is Continuous Integration?

Continuous Integration is abbreviated as CI. Continuous Integration is a

development practice which aims to make sure the correctness of a software.
After each commit, a suite of tests run automatically and test the software to
ensure whether the software is running without any breaks. If any test fails,
we will get immediate feedback say “build is broken”.

In simple words, continuous integration is a process of verifying the

correctness of a software.

Some of the continuous integration tools are Jenkins, TeamCity, Bamboo,

Travis, Circle Ci, Bitbucket.

We can schedule the test suite execution using these CI Tools.

92. How to achieve Database testing in Selenium?

As we all know Selenium WebDriver is a tool to automate User Interface. We

could only interact with Browser using Selenium WebDriver.

Sometimes, we may face a situation to get the data from the Database or to
modify (update/delete) the data from the Database. If we plan to automate
anything outside the vicinity of a browser, then we need to use other tools to
achieve our task. To achieve the Database connection and work on it, we need
to use JDBC API Driver.

The Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) API provides universal data access
from the Java programming language. Using the JDBC API, you can access
virtually any data source, from relational databases to spreadsheets and flat
files. It lets the user connect and interact with the Database and fetch the
data based on the queries we use in the automation script. JDBC is a SQL level
API that allows us to execute SQL statements. It creates a connectivity
between Java Programming Language and the database.

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Using JDBC Driver we could do the following

i. Establish a Database connection

ii. Send SQL Queries to the Database
iii. Process the results

93. How to delete Browser Cookies with Selenium Web Driver?

driver.Manage().Cookies.DeleteAllCookies();

TestNG – Interview Questions:

Here we have dealt with some important TestNG interview questions. If you
want to learn more interview questions related to TestNG then here you go.
We have a special post on TestNG Interview Questions. Also, you could
find TestNG Complete Tutorial here

94. What is TestNG?

TestNG is a testing framework designed to simplify a broad range of testing

needs, from unit testing to integration testing.

95. What are the annotations available in TestNG?

@BeforeTest
@AfterTest
@BeforeClass
@AfterClass
@BeforeMethod
@AfterMethod
@BeforeSuite
@AfterSuite
@BeforeGroups
@AfterGroups
@Test

96. What is TestNG Assert and list out some common Assertions
supported by TestNG?

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TestNG Asserts help us to verify the condition of the test in the middle of the
test run. Based on the TestNG Assertions, we will consider a successful test
only if it is completed the test run without throwing any exception.

Some of the common assertions supported by TestNG are

• assertEqual(String actual,String expected)

• assertEqual(String actual,String expected, String message)
• assertEquals(boolean actual,boolean expected)
• assertTrue(condition)
• assertTrue(condition, message)
• assertFalse(condition)
• assertFalse(condition, message)

97. How to create and run TestNG.xml?

In TestNG framework, we need to create TestNG XML file to create and

handle multiple test classes. We do configure our test run, set test
dependency, include or exclude any test, method, class or package and set
priority etc in the XML file.

98. What is Parameterized testing in TestNG?

Parameterized tests allow developers to run the same test over and over again
using different values.

There are two ways to set these parameters:

• with testng.xml
• with Data Providers

99. What is the use of @Listener annotation in TestNG?

Ans. TestNG listeners are used to configure reports and logging. One of the
most widely used listeners in TestNG is ITestListener interface. It has methods
like onTestStart, onTestSuccess, onTestFailure, onTestSkipped etc. We
should implement this interface creating a listener class of our own. Next, we
should add the listeners annotation (@Listeners) in the Class which was
created.

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