Surge protector

A surge protector (or surge suppressor or

surge diverter[1]) is an appliance or device
designed to protect electrical devices from
voltage spikes. A surge protector attempts
to limit the voltage supplied to an electric
device by either blocking or shorting to
ground any unwanted voltages above a
safe threshold. This article primarily
discusses specifications and components
relevant to the type of protector that
diverts (shorts) a voltage spike to ground;
however, there is some coverage of other
methods.

A power bar with built-in surge protector and multiple

outlets

The terms surge protection device (SPD)

and transient voltage surge suppressor
(TVSS) are used to describe electrical
devices typically installed in power
distribution panels, process control
systems, communications systems, and
other heavy-duty industrial systems, for
the purpose of protecting against
electrical surges and spikes, including
those caused by lightning. Scaled-down
versions of these devices are sometimes
installed in residential service entrance
electrical panels, to protect equipment in a
household from similar hazards.[2]

A surge protection device mounted on a residential

circuit breaker panel

Many power strips have basic surge

protection built in; these are typically
clearly labeled as such. However, power
strips that do not provide surge protection
are sometimes erroneously referred to as
"surge protectors".

Important specifications
These are some of the most prominently
featured specifications which define a
surge protector for AC mains, as well as
for some data communications protection
applications.
UK type G socket adapter with surge protector

Clamping voltage

Also known as the let-through voltage,

this specifies what spike voltage will
cause the protective components inside a
surge protector to divert unwanted energy
from the protected line.[3] A lower
clamping voltage indicates better
protection, but can sometimes result in a
shorter life expectancy for the overall
protective system. The lowest three levels
of protection defined in the UL rating are
330 V, 400 V and 500 V. The standard let-
through voltage for 120 V AC devices is
330 volts.[4]

Underwriters Laboratories (UL),[5] a global

independent safety science company,
defines how a protector may be used
safely. UL 1449 became compliance
mandatory with the 3rd edition in
September 2009 to increase safety
compared to products conforming to the
2nd edition. A measured limiting voltage
test, using six times higher current (and
energy), defines a voltage protection rating
(VPR). For a specific protector, this voltage
may be higher compared to a Suppressed
Voltage Ratings (SVR) in previous editions
that measured let-through voltage with
less current. Due to non-linear
characteristics of protectors, let-through
voltages defined by 2nd edition and 3rd
edition testing are not comparable.[4][6]

A protector may be larger to obtain a same

let-through voltage during 3rd edition
testing. Therefore, a 3rd edition or later
protector should provide superior safety
with increased life expectancy.
Joules rating

This number defines how much energy a

MOV-based surge protector can
theoretically absorb in a single event,
without failure. Counter-intuitively, a lower
number may indicate longer life
expectancy if the device can divert more
energy elsewhere and thus absorb less
energy. In other words, a protective device
offering a lower clamping voltage while
diverting the same surge current will
cause more of the surge energy to be
dissipated elsewhere in that current's path.
Better protectors exceed peak ratings of
1000 joules and 40,000 amperes.
A common misconception, easily made, is
that a lower joule rating equates to less
protection since the total energy in
harmful spikes can be significant.
However, if properly installed, for every
joule absorbed by a protector, another 4 to
30 joules may be dissipated harmlessly
into ground. An MOV-based protector
(described below) with a higher let-through
voltage can receive a higher joule rating,
even though it lets more surge energy
through to the device to be protected.

The joule rating is a commonly quoted but

very misleading parameter for comparing
MOV-based surge protectors. A surge of
any arbitrary ampere and voltage
combination can occur in time, but surges
commonly last only for nanoseconds to
microseconds, and experimentally
modeled surge energy can be less than
100 joules.[7] Well-designed surge
protectors should not rely on MOVs to
absorb surge energy, but instead to survive
the process of harmlessly redirecting it to
ground.

Generally, more joules means an MOV

absorbs less energy while diverting even
more into ground.
Some manufacturers commonly design
higher joule-rated surge protectors by
connecting multiple MOVs in parallel.
Since individual MOVs have slightly
different non-linear responses when
exposed to the same overvoltage, any
given MOV might be more sensitive than
others. This can cause one MOV in a
group to conduct more (a phenomenon
called current hogging), leading to overuse
and eventually premature failure of that
component. If a single inline fuse is placed
in series with the MOVs as a power-off
safety feature, it will open and fail the
surge protector even if remaining MOVs
are intact. Thus, the effective surge energy
absorption capacity of the entire system is
dependent on the MOV with the lowest
clamping voltage and the additional MOVs
do not provide any further benefit. This
limitation can be surmounted by using
carefully matched sets of MOVs, but this
matching must be carefully coordinated
with the original manufacturer of the MOV
components.[8][9]

According to industry testing standards,

based on IEEE and ANSI assumptions,
power line surges inside a building can be
up to 6,000 volts and 3,000 amperes, and
deliver up to 90 joules of energy, including
surges from external sources not including
lightning strikes.

The common assumptions regarding

lightning specifically, based ANSI/IEEE
C62.41 and UL 1449 (3rd Edition) at time
of this writing, are that minimum lightning-
based power line surges inside a building
are typically 10,000 amperes or 10
kiloamperes (kA). This is based on 20 kA
striking a power line, the imparted current
then traveling equally in both directions on
the power line with the resulting 10 kA
traveling into the building or home. These
assumptions are based on an average
approximation for testing minimum
standards. While 10 kA is typically good
enough for minimum protection against
lightning strikes it is possible for a
lightning strike to impart up to 200 kA to a
power line with 100 kA traveling in each
direction.

Lightning and other high-energy transient

voltage surges can be suppressed with a
whole house surge protector. These
products are more expensive than simple
single-outlet surge protectors, and often
need professional installation on the
incoming electrical power feed; however,
they provide whole house protection from
surges via that path. Damage from direct
lightning strikes via other paths must be
controlled separately.

Response time

Surge protectors don't operate

instantaneously; a slight delay exists. The
longer the response time, the longer the
connected equipment will be exposed to
the surge. However, surges don't happen
instantly either. Surges usually take around
a few microseconds to reach their peak
voltage, and a surge protector with a
nanosecond response time would kick in
fast enough to suppress the most
damaging portion of the spike.[10]
Therefore, response time under standard
testing is not a useful measure of a surge
protector's ability when comparing MOV
devices. All MOVs have response times
measured in nanoseconds, while test
waveforms usually used to design and
calibrate surge protectors are all based on
modeled waveforms of surges measured
in microseconds. As a result, MOV-based
protectors have no trouble producing
impressive response-time specs.

Slower-responding technologies (notably,

GDTs) may have difficulty protecting
against fast spikes. Therefore, good
designs incorporating slower but
otherwise useful technologies usually
combine them with faster-acting
components, to provide more
comprehensive protection.[11]

A two-pole surge protector for installation in

distribution boards

Standards

Some frequently listed standards include:

IEC 61643-11 Low-voltage surge
protective devices - Part 11: Surge
protective devices connected to low-
voltage power systems - Requirements
and test methods (replaces IEC 61643-
1)
IEC 61643-21 Low voltage surge
protective devices - Part 21: Surge
protective devices connected to
telecommunications and signalling
networks - Performance requirements
and testing methods
IEC 61643-22 Low-voltage surge
protective devices - Part 22: Surge
protective devices connected to
 telecommunications and signalling
networks - Selection and application
principles
EN 61643-11, 61643-21 and 61643-22
Telcordia Technologies Technical
Reference TR-NWT-001011
ANSI/IEEE C62.xx
Underwriters Laboratories (UL) 1449.
AS/NZS 1768

Each standard defines different protector

characteristics, test vectors, or operational
purpose.

The 3rd Edition of UL Standard 1449 for

SPDs was a major rewrite of previous
editions, and was also accepted as an
ANSI standard for the first time.[12][13] A
subsequent revision in 2015 included the
addition of low-voltage circuits for USB
charging ports and associated batteries.
[14][15]

EN 62305 and ANSI/IEEE C62.xx define

what spikes a protector might be expected
to divert. EN 61643-11 and 61643-21
specify both the product's performance
and safety requirements. In contrast, the
IEC only writes standards and does not
certify any particular product as meeting
those standards. IEC Standards are used
by members of the CB Scheme of
international agreements to test and
certify products for safety compliance.

None of those standards guarantee that a

protector will provide proper protection in
a given application. Each standard defines
what a protector should do or might
accomplish, based on standardized tests
that may or may not correlate to
conditions present in a particular real-
world situation. A specialized engineering
analysis may be needed to provide
sufficient protection, especially in
situations of high lightning risk.

Primary components
Systems used to reduce or limit high-
voltage surges[16][17] can include one or
more of the following types of electronic
components. Some surge suppression
systems use multiple technologies, since
each method has its strong and weak
points.[11][18][19] The first six methods
listed operate primarily by diverting
unwanted surge energy away from the
protected load, through a protective
component connected in a parallel (or
shunted) topology. The last two methods
also block unwanted energy by using a
protective component connected in series
with the power feed to the protected load,
and additionally may shunt the unwanted
energy like the earlier systems.

Single-outlet surge protector, with visible connection

and protection lights

Metal oxide varistor

A metal oxide varistor (MOV) consists of a

bulk semiconductor material (typically
sintered granular zinc oxide) that can
conduct large currents (effectively short-
circuits) when presented with a voltage
above its rated voltage.[4][20] MOVs
typically limit voltages to about 3 to 4
times the normal circuit voltage by
diverting surge current elsewhere than the
protected load. MOVs may be connected
in parallel to increase current capability
and life expectancy, providing they are
matched sets (unmatched MOVs have a
tolerance of approximately ±20% on
voltage ratings, which is not sufficient). For
more details on the effectiveness of
parallel-connected MOVs, see the section
on Joules rating elsewhere in this article.
MOVs have finite life expectancy and
"degrade" when exposed to a few large
transients, or many small transients.[21][22]
As a MOV degrades, its triggering voltage
falls lower and lower. If the MOV is being
used to protect a low-power signal line, the
ultimate failure mode typically is a partial
or complete short circuit of the line,
terminating normal circuit operation.

If used in a power filtering application,

eventually the MOV behaves as a part-time
effective short circuit on an AC (or DC)
power line, which will cause it to heat up,
starting a process called thermal runaway.
As the MOV heats up, it may degrade
further, causing a catastrophic failure that
can result in a small explosion or fire, if the
line current is not otherwise limited.[23] An
undersized MOV fails when "Absolute
Maximum Ratings" in the manufacturer's
data-sheet are significantly exceeded.

MOVs are often connected in series with a

thermal fuse, so that the fuse disconnects
before catastrophic failure can happen.
When this happens, only the MOV is
disconnected. A failing MOV is a fire risk,
which is a reason for the National Fire
Protection Association's (NFPA)[24]
UL1449 in 1986[25] and subsequent
revisions in 1998, 2009 and 2015. NFPA's
primary concern is protection from fire.

When used in power applications, MOVs

usually are thermal fused or otherwise
protected to avoid persistent short circuits
and other fire hazards.[4][26] In a typical
power strip, the visible circuit breaker is
distinct from the internal thermal fuse,
which is not normally visible to the end
user. The circuit breaker has no function
related to disconnecting an MOV. A
thermal fuse or some equivalent solution
protects from MOV-generated hazards.
If a surge current is so excessively large as
to exceed the MOV parameters and blow
the thermal fuse, then a light found on
some protectors would indicate
unacceptable failure. Even adequately
sized MOV protectors will eventually
degrade beyond acceptable limits, with or
without a failure light indication.[27]
Therefore, all MOV-based protectors
intended for long-term use should have an
indicator that the protective components
have failed, and this indication must be
checked on a regular basis to insure that
protection is still functioning.
Because of their good price/performance
ratio, MOVs are the most common
protector component in low-cost basic AC
power protectors.

Transient voltage suppression

(TVS) diode

A TVS diode is a type of Zener diode, also

called an avalanche diode or silicon
avalanche diode (SAD), which can limit
voltage spikes. These components provide
the fastest limiting action of protective
components (theoretically in
picoseconds), but have a relatively low
energy-absorbing capability. Voltages can
be clamped to less than twice the normal
operation voltage. If current impulses
remain within the device ratings, life
expectancy is exceptionally long. If
component ratings are exceeded, the
diode may fail as a permanent short
circuit; in such cases, protection may
remain but normal circuit operation is
terminated in the case of low-power signal
lines. Due to their relatively limited current
capacity, TVS diodes are often restricted
to circuits with smaller current spikes. TVS
diodes are also used where spikes occur
significantly more often than once a year,
since this component will not degrade
when used within its ratings. A unique type
of TVS diode (trade names Transzorb or
Transil) contains reversed paired series
avalanche diodes for bi-polar operation.

TVS diodes are often used in high-speed

but low-power circuits, such as occur in
data communications. These devices can
be paired in series with another diode to
provide low capacitance[28] as required in
communication circuits.

Thyristor surge protection

device (TSPD)

A Trisil is a type of thyristor surge

protection device (TSPD), a specialized
solid-state electronic device used in
crowbar circuits to protect against
overvoltage conditions. A SIDACtor is
another thyristor type device used for
similar protective purposes.

These thyristor-family devices can be

viewed as having characteristics much like
a spark gap or a GDT, but can operate
much faster. They are related to TVS
diodes, but can "break over" to a low
clamping voltage analogous to an ionized
and conducting spark gap. After triggering,
the low clamping voltage allows large
current surges while limiting heat
dissipation in the device.
Gas discharge tube (GDT)

Typical low-power lightning protection circuit. Note

MOVs (blue disks) and GDTs (small silver spools).

A gas discharge tube (GDT) is a sealed

glass-enclosed device containing a special
gas mixture trapped between two
electrodes, which conducts electric
current after becoming ionized by a high
voltage spike.[29] GDTs can conduct more
current for their size than other
components. Like MOVs, GDTs have a
finite life expectancy, and can handle a few
very large transients or a greater number
of smaller transients. The typical failure
mode occurs when the triggering voltage
rises so high that the device becomes
ineffective, although lightning surges can
occasionally cause a dead short.

GDTs take a relatively long time to trigger,

permitting a higher voltage spike to pass
through before the GDT conducts
significant current. It is not uncommon for
a GDT to let through pulses of 500 V or
more of 100 ns in duration. In some cases,
additional protective components are
necessary to prevent damage to a
protected load, caused by high-speed let-
through voltage which occurs before the
GDT begins to operate.

GDTs create an effective short circuit

when triggered, so that if any electrical
energy (spike, signal, or power) is present,
the GDT will short this. Once triggered, a
GDT will continue conducting (called
follow-on current) until all electric current
sufficiently diminishes, and the gas
discharge quenches. Unlike other shunt
protector devices, a GDT once triggered
will continue to conduct at a voltage less
than the high voltage that initially ionized
the gas; this behavior is called negative
resistance. Additional auxiliary circuitry
may be needed in DC (and some AC)
applications to suppress follow-on current,
to prevent it from destroying the GDT after
the initiating spike has dissipated. Some
GDTs are designed to deliberately short
out to a grounded terminal when
overheated, thereby triggering an external
fuse or circuit breaker.[30]

Many GDTs are light-sensitive, in that

exposure to light lowers their triggering
voltage. Therefore, GDTs should be
shielded from light exposure, or opaque
versions that are insensitive to light should
be used.
The CG2 SN series of surge arrestors,
formerly produced by C P Clare, are
advertised as being non-radioactive, and
the datasheet for that series states that
some members of the CG/CG2 series (75-
470V) are radioactive. [31]

Due to their exceptionally low capacitance,

GDTs are commonly used on high
frequency lines, such as those used in
telecommunications equipment. Because
of their high current-handling capability,
GDTs can also be used to protect power
lines, but the follow-on current problem
must be controlled.
Selenium voltage suppressor

An "overvoltage clamping" bulk

semiconductor similar to an MOV, though
it does not clamp as well. However, it
usually has a longer life than an MOV. It is
used mostly in high-energy DC circuits, like
the exciter field of an alternator. It can
dissipate power continuously, and it
retains its clamping characteristics
throughout the surge event, if properly
sized.

Carbon block spark gap

overvoltage suppressor
A telephone network connection point with spark-gap
overvoltage suppressors. The two brass hex-head
objects on the left cover the suppressors, which act to
short overvoltage on the tip or ring lines to ground.

A spark gap is one of the oldest protective

electrical technologies still found in
telephone circuits, having been developed
in the nineteenth century. A carbon rod
electrode is held with an insulator at a
specific distance from a second electrode.
The gap dimension determines the voltage
at which a spark will jump between the
two parts and short to ground. The typical
spacing for telephone applications in
North America is 0.076 mm (0.003
inches).[32] Carbon block suppressors are
similar to gas arrestors (GDTs) but with
the two electrodes exposed to the air, so
their behavior is affected by the
surrounding atmosphere, especially the
humidity. Since their operation produces
an open spark, these devices should never
be installed where an explosive
atmosphere may develop.

Quarter-wave coaxial surge

arrestor
Used in RF signal transmission paths, this
technology features a tuned quarter-
wavelength short-circuit stub that allows it
to pass a bandwidth of frequencies, but
presents a short to any other signals,
especially down towards DC. The
passbands can be narrowband (about ±5%
to ±10% bandwidth) or wideband (above
±25% to ±50% bandwidth). Quarter-wave
coax surge arrestors have coaxial
terminals, compatible with common coax
cable connectors (especially N or 7-16
types). They provide the most rugged
available protection for RF signals above
400 MHz; at these frequencies they can
perform much better than the gas
discharge cells typically used in the
universal/broadband coax surge arrestors.
Quarter-wave arrestors are useful for
telecommunications applications, such as
Wi-Fi at 2.4 or 5 GHz but less useful for
TV/CATV frequencies. Since a quarter-
wave arrestor shorts out the line for low
frequencies, it is not compatible with
systems which send DC power for a LNB
up the coaxial downlink.

Series mode (SM) surge

suppressors

These devices are not rated in joules

because they operate differently from the
earlier suppressors, and they do not
depend on materials that inherently wear
out during repeated surges. SM
suppressors are primarily used to control
transient voltage surges on electrical
power feeds to protected devices. They
are essentially heavy-duty low-pass filters
connected so that they allow 50 or 60 Hz
line voltages through to the load, while
blocking and diverting higher frequencies.
This type of suppressor differs from
others by using banks of inductors,
capacitors and resistors that suppress
voltage surges and inrush current to the
neutral wire, whereas other designs shunt
to the ground wire.[33] Surges are not
diverted but actually suppressed. The
inductors slow down the energy. Since the
inductor in series with the circuit path
slows the current spike, the peak surge
energy is spread out in the time domain
and harmlessly absorbed and slowly
released from a capacitor bank.[34]

Experimental results show that most surge

energies occur at under 100 joules, so
exceeding the SM design parameters is
unlikely. SM suppressors do not present a
fire risk should the absorbed energy
exceed design limits of the dielectric
material of the components because the
surge energy is also limited via arc-over to
ground during lightning strikes, leaving a
surge remnant that often does not exceed
a theoretical maximum (such as 6000 V at
3000 A with a modeled shape of 8 × 20
microsecond waveform specified by
IEEE/ANSI C62.41). Because SMs work on
both the current rise and the voltage rise,
they can safely operate in the worst surge
environments.

SM suppression focuses its protective

philosophy on a power supply input, but
offers nothing to protect against surges
appearing between the input of an SM
device and data lines, such as antennae,
telephone or LAN connections, or multiple
such devices cascaded and linked to the
primary devices. This is because they do
not divert surge energy to the ground line.
Data transmission requires the ground line
to be clean in order to be used as a
reference point. In this design philosophy,
such events are already protected against
by the SM device before the power supply.
NIST reports that "Sending them [surges]
down the drain of a grounding conductor
only makes them reappear within a
microsecond about 200 meters away on
some other conductor."[35] So having
protection on a data transmission line is
only required if surges are diverted to the
ground line.
In comparison to devices relying on 10-
cent components that operate only briefly
(such as MOVs or GDTs), SM devices tend
to be bulkier and heavier than those
simpler spike shunting components. The
initial costs of SM filters are higher,
typically 130 USD and up, but a long
service life can be expected if they are
used properly. In-field installation costs
can be higher, since SM devices are
installed in series with the power feed,
requiring the feed to be cut and
reconnected.

See also
 Lightning arrester
Surge arrester
Lightning rod
Thyristor
Varistor

References
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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related
to Surge protectors.

Surge protector at Curlie (based on

DMOZ)
 Surge Protection in Low-Voltage AC
Power Circuits: An 8-part Anthology A
comprehensive compilation of papers
and articles published 1963-2003,
hosted by the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST), an
agency of the US Commerce
Department.
NEMA Surge Protection Institute

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