Structure of Atom Notes

Structure of the atom notes
Neutron:
 Neutral particles discovered by bombarding a thin sheet of beryllium by α-
particles.
 Conclusion from α- particles scattering experiment:
 Most of the α-particles passed through foil undeflected, indicating most of
the space in atom is empty.
 Some of the α-particles are deflected to certain angles, which means that
there is positively mass present in atom.
 Only some of the α-particles suffered large deflections, which means that the
positively charged mass must be occupying very small space.
 Strong deflections or even bouncing back of α-particles from metal foil
indicate the direct collision with positively charged mass in atom.
Comparison between the subatomic particles of an atom
Thomson model of atom:

 atom is considered asa uniform positively charged sphere with radius about
10-10 m, in which electrons are is uniformly distributed.
 Electrons are embedded in such a manner to give most stable electrostatic
arrangement.
 Mass of atom is assumed to be uniformly distributed in atom.
 Also known as plum pudding raisin pudding orwatermelon model.
Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom:
 Based upon α-particles scattering experiment.
 Most part of the atom is empty.
 Atom possesses a highly dense, positively charged centre, called nucleus of
the order 10-13 cm.
 Entire mass of the atom is concentrated inside the nucleus.
 Electrons revolve around the nucleus in circular orbits.
 Electrons and the nucleus are held together by electrostatic forces of
attraction.
Drawbacks of Rutherford’s Model:
 It doesn’t explain the stability of atom.
 It doesn’t say anything about the electronic distribution of electrons around
nucleus.
Answer the following questions to check your preparedness:
Q. What information is obtained from the cathode rays experiment about the
structure of atom?
Q. How was the presence of proton detected and what are
their characteristic?
Q. Give the characteristic properties of alpha (a) rays.
Q. Discuss the weakness of Rutherford atomic model.
Q. Calculate the mass and charge of one mole of electrons.
Atomic Number:
 Equal to the total number protons present in the nucleus or total number of
electrons present the neutral atom.
 Represented by Z.
Mass Number:
 Mass number of an element = number of protons + number of neutrons
 Denoted by A.
Isotopes:
 These are the atoms of the same element having the same atomic number
but different mass number.
 For example: 1H1,1H2,1H3
Isobars:
 These are the atoms of different elements having the same mass number
but different atomic number.
 For example: 18Ar
40 , 20Ca
40
Electromagnetic radiations:
 Radiations associated with electrical and magnetic fields.

 When an electrically charged particle moves under acceleration, alternating
electrical and magnetic fields are produced and transmitted in the form of
waves called electromagnetic waves or electromagnetic radiations.
Properties of electromagnetic radiations:
 Oscillating electric and magnetic field are produced by oscillating charged
particles. These fields are perpendicular to each other and both are
perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave.
 These waves do not require medium i.e. electromagnetic wave can travel in
vacuum.
Characteristics of electromagnetic radiations:
 Wavelength: It may be defined as the distance between two neighbouring
crests or troughs of wave. It is denoted by λ.
 Frequency (ν): It may be defined as the number of waves which pass

through a particular point in one second.
 Velocity (v): It is defined as the distance travelled by a wave in one
second. In vacuum all types of electromagnetic radiations travel with
thesame velocity which is 3 ×10 8m/sec. It is denoted by v.
 Wave number : Wave number is defined as the number of wavelengths
per unit length.
Velocity = frequency × wavelength, i.e, c = νλ
 Amplitude (a): It is the height of the crest or depth of the trough of a
wave.
Particle nature of electromagnetic radiation (Planck's Quantum
Theory):
 The radiant energy is emitted or absorbed not continuously but
discontinuously in the form of small discrete packets of energy called
‘quantum’. In case of light, the quantum of energy is called a ‘photon’
 The energy of each quantum is directly proportional to the frequency of the
radiation, i.e. E α υ
Or E = hυ
Where h = Planck’s constant = 6.626 × 10-27 Js

 Energy is always emitted or absorbed as integral multiple of this quantum,
i.e,
E = nhυ
Where n =1,2,3,4,.....
Black body:
 An ideal body, which emits and absorbs all frequencies, is calleda black
body.
 The radiation emitted by such a body is called black body radiation.
Photoelectric effect:
 The phenomenon of ejection of electrons from the surface of metal when
light of suitable frequency strikes it is calledphotoelectric effect. The ejected
electrons are called photoelectrons.
 Number of electron ejected is directly proportional to intensity (or
brightness) of light.
 There is characteristic minimum frequency (ν0 threshold frequency) below
which photoelectric effect is not observed.
 If ν > ν0 then electrons comes out with kinetic energy which increases with
increase in frequency of light.
 Kinetic energy of ejected electrons is given by-
h ν = h ν0+ ½(meV2)
CBSE Class 11 Physics Syllabus 2017 - 2018
Dual behavior of electromagnetic radiation:
 The light possesses both particle and wave like properties.
 whenever radiation interacts with matter, it displays particle like properties
(Black body radiation and photoelectric effect).
 When it propagates, it shows wave like properties (interference and
diffraction).
Spectrum:
When a white light is passed through a prism, it splits into a series of
coloured bands known as spectrum.
Types of spectrum:
It is of two types:
(a) Continuous and line spectrum: The spectrum which consists of all the
wavelengths is called continuous spectrum.
(b) Line spectrum: A spectrum in which only specific wavelengths are
present is known as a line spectrum.
Electromagnetic spectrum:
 It is a continuous spectrum.
 It consists of a range of electromagnetic radiations arranged in the order of
increasing wavelengths or decreasing frequencies.
Spectrum can also be classified as follows:
 Emission spectrum: The spectrum of radiation emitted by a substance that
has absorbed energy is called an emission spectrum.
 Absorption spectrum: It is the spectrum of radiation transmitted through
a substance, showing dark lines or bands due to absorption at specific
wavelengths.
Try following questions to check your preparedness:
Q. Define spectrum and discuss line spectrum.
Q. Calculate the wavelength, frequency and wavenumber of a light wave
whose period is 2.0 × 10–10 s.
Q. Mass of an electron is 9.1 × 10-31 kg. if its K.E. is 3.0 × 10-25 J, calculate
its wavelength.
Q. Calculate the wave number of lines having the frequency of 5
x1016 cycles per second.

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Structure of the atom notes

Thomson model of atom:

 Radiations associated with electrical and magnetic fields.

 Frequency (ν): It may be defined as the number of waves which pass

Where h = Planck’s constant = 6.626 × 10-27 Js

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