Parul Institute of Engineering &

Technology (Diploma Studies- 1st shift),

Limda.
Department of Computer Engineering

LAB MANUAL

FUNDAMENTAL
COMPUTER
APPLICATION

3310703

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 Parul Institute of Engineering &
Technology (Diploma Studies- 1st shift),
Limda.
Department of Computer Engineering

1ST SEMESTER
PRACTICAL -1
1. COMPUTER SYSTEM BASICS
A computer is a programmable machine (or more precisely, a programmable sequential state
machine). There are two basic kinds of computers: analog and digital.

Analog computers are analog devices. That is, they have continuous states rather than
discrete numbered states. An analog computer can represent fractional or irrational values
exactly, with no round-off. Analog computers are almost never used outside of
experimental settings.

A digital computer is a programmable clocked sequential state machine. A digital

computer uses discrete states. A binary digital computer uses two discrete states, such as
positive/negative, high/low, on/off, used to represent the binary digits zero and one.

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 Parul Institute of Engineering &
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Department of Computer Engineering

System unit

The system unit is the core of a computer system. Usually it's a rectangular box placed on
or underneath your desk. Inside this box are many electronic components that process
information. The most important of these components is the central processing unit
(CPU), or microprocessor, which acts as the "brain" of your computer. Another
component is random access memory (RAM), which temporarily stores information that
the CPU uses while the computer is on. The information stored in RAM is erased when
the computer is turned off.

Almost every other part of your computer connects to the system unit using cables. The
cables plug into specific ports (openings), typically on the back of the system unit.
Hardware that is not part of the system unit is sometimes called a peripheral device or
device.

System unit

Storage
Your computer has one or more disk drives—devices that store information on a metal or
plastic disk. The disk preserves the information even when your computer is turned off.

Hard disk drive

Your computer's hard disk drive stores information on a hard disk, a rigid platter or stack
of platters with a magnetic surface. Because hard disks can hold massive amounts of
information, they usually serve as your computer's primary means of storage, holding

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almost all of your programs and files. The hard disk drive is normally located inside the
system unit.

Hard disk drive

CD and DVD drives

Nearly all computers today come equipped with a CD or DVD drive, usually located on
the front of the system unit. CD drives use lasers to read (retrieve) data from a CD, and
many CD drives can also write (record) data onto CDs. If you have a recordable disk
drive, you can store copies of your files on blank CDs. You can also use a CD drive to
play music CDs on your computer.

DVD drives can do everything that CD drives can, plus read DVDs. If you have a DVD
drive, you can watch movies on your computer. Many DVD drives can record data onto
blank DVDs.

Floppy disk drive

Floppy disk drives store information on floppy disks, also called floppies or diskettes.
Compared to CDs and DVDs, floppy disks can store only a small amount of data. They

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Department of Computer Engineering

also retrieve information more slowly and are more prone to damage. For these reasons,
floppy disk drives are less popular than they used to be, although some computers still
include them.

Floppy disk

Why are floppy disks "floppy"? Even though the outside is made of hard plastic, that's
just the sleeve. The disk inside is made of a thin, flexible vinyl material.

Mouse
A mouse is a small device used to point to and select items on your computer screen.
Although mice come in many shapes, the typical mouse does look a bit like an actual
mouse. It's small, oblong, and connected to the system unit by a long wire that resembles
a tail. Some newer mice are wireless.

Mouse

A mouse usually has two buttons: a primary button (usually the left button) and a
secondary button. Many mice also have a wheel between the two buttons, which allows
you to scroll smoothly through screens of information.

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Department of Computer Engineering

When you move the mouse with your hand, a pointer on your screen moves in the same
direction. (The pointer's appearance might change depending on where it's positioned on
your screen.) When you want to select an item, you point to the item and then click (press
and release) the primary button. Pointing and clicking with your mouse is the main way
to interact with your computer.

Keyboard

A keyboard is used mainly for typing text into your computer. Like the keyboard on a
typewriter, it has keys for letters and numbers, but it also has special keys:

 The function keys, found on the top row, perform different functions depending
on where they are used.
 The numeric keypad, located on the right side of most keyboards, allows you to
enter numbers quickly.
 The navigation keys, such as the arrow keys, allow you to move your position
within a document or webpage.

Keyboard

Monitor
A monitor displays information in visual form, using text and graphics. The portion of the
monitor that displays the information is called the screen. Like a television screen, a
computer screen can show still or moving pictures.

There are two basic types of monitorrs: CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors and LCD
(liquid crystal display) monitors. Both types produce sharp images, but LCD monitors
have the advantage of being much thinner and lighter. CRT monitors, however, are
generally more affordable.

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Department of Computer Engineering

LCD monitor (left); CRT monitor (right)

Printer
A printer transfers data from a computer onto paper. You don't need a printer to use your
computer, but having one allows you to print e-mail, cards, invitations, announcements,
and other materials. Many people also like being able to print their own photos at home.

The two main types of printers are inkjet printers and laser printers. Inkjet printers are the
most popular printers for the home. They can print in black and white or in full color and
can produce high-quality photographs when used with special paper. Laser printers are
faster and generally better able to handle heavy use.

Inkjet printer (left); laser printer (right)

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Department of Computer Engineering

Speakers

Speakers are used to play sound. They may be built into the system unit or connected
with cables. Speakers allow you to listen to music and hear sound effects from your
computer.

Computer speakers

Modem
To connect your computer to the Internet, you need a modem. A modem is a device that
sends and receives computer information over a telephone line or high-speed cable.
Modems are sometimes built into the system unit, but higher-speed modems are usually
separate components.

Cable modem

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Department of Computer Engineering

2. Hardware

Processor

The processor is the part of the computer that actually does the computations. This is
sometimes called an MPU (for main processor unit) or CPU (for central processing unit
or central processor unit).

A processor typically contains an arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), control unit (including

processor flags, flag register, or status register), internal buses, and sometimes special
function units (the most common special function unit being a floating point unit for
floating point arithmetic).

Some computers have more than one processor. This is called multi-processing.

Main storage
Main storage is also called memory or internal memory (to distinguish from external
memory, such as hard drives).

RAM is Random Access Memory, and is the basic kind of internal memory. RAM is
called “random access” because the processor or computer can access any location in
memory (as contrasted with sequential access devices, which must be accessed in order).

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Department of Computer Engineering

RAM has been made from reed relays, transistors, integrated circuits, magnetic core, or
anything that can hold and store binary values

ROM is Read Only Memory (it is also random access, but only for reads). ROM is
typically used to store thigns that will never change for the life of the computer, such as
low level portions of an operating system. Some processors (or variations within
processor families) might have RAM and/or ROM built into the same chip as the
processor (normally used for processors used in standalone devices, such as arcade video
games, ATMs, microwave ovens

Input
Input devices are devices that bring information into a computer.

Pure input devices include such things as punched card readers, paper tape readers,
keyboards, mice, drawing tablets, touchpads, trackballs, and game controllers.

Devices that have an input component include magnetic tape drives, touchscreens, and
dumb terminals.

Output

Output devices are devices that bring information out of a computer.

Pure output devices include such things as card punches, paper tape punches, LED
displays (for light emitting diodes), monitors, printers, and pen plotters.

Devices that have an output component include magnetic tape drives, combination
paper tape reader/punches, teletypes, and dumb terminals.

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Department of Computer Engineering

3. Software
Software is the set of instructions that tell a computer what it needs to do.

There are two kinds of software: the System Software which includes the Operating
System and Applications Software.

Operating System

Abbreviated OS, the Operating System is the resource manager which transforms sectors,
bytes, interrupts and ports into files, folders, processes, and the user-interfaces with
which you can interact. Examples include: Microsoft Windows (XP, Vista, or 7), any
flavor of Linux, and Mac OS X (An apple version of Unix)

Applications Software

Also called user programs, pieces of applications software do the specific things you
want.

The Operating System runs the computer and the Applications Software. It makes sure
that the Hardware and the Applications Software understand each other. This makes it the
most important piece of software on the computer. The Operating System also comes
with utilities. These are pieces of Applications Software that mostly deal with managing
data. You can also buy Third Party utilities, which means a different company made
them than made the Operating System.

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 Parul Institute of Engineering &
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Department of Computer Engineering

WINDOW BASICS
1.Creating a file in windows

STEP 1-> Navigate to the folder or desktop, you would like to create your file. Eg- My
Documents

STEP 2-> Right click an empty section of the folder window or desktop.

STEP 3-> Select "New" from the context menu.

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Department of Computer Engineering

STEP 4->Select the type of file you'd like to create.

STEP 5-> Enter a name for the newly created file.

STEP 6-> Open the new file to edit it.

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Department of Computer Engineering

2. Task bar

A bar located at the bottom of the screen that was first introduced with Microsoft
Windows 95 and found in all versions of Windows after that. The Taskbar allows the
user to locate and launch programs through the Start button, see any program that is
currently open, display the time or date, items running in the background through the
Systray, and with subsequent versions of the Windows operating system, the Quick
Launch.

Windows 98 Taskbar

Windows 7 Taskbar

In the above two pictures, are examples of differences between Windows Taskbars. First,
the Windows 98 Taskbar is an example of what the Taskbar looks like in many of the
earlier versions of Microsoft Windows. As can be seen by this picture, this Taskbar has
the Start button, the Quick launch area, the currently running programs, and the Systray
and system time.

The second image, is the latest evolution of the Windows Taskbar, first introduced with
Windows Vista. In this version of the Taskbar, the Start button is now an Orb with the
Windows flag, displays icons like the Quick Launch with the currently running programs,
running programs are only shown by icon, running programs icons in the Systray are now
hidden, and the date is below the time.

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 Parul Institute of Engineering &
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Department of Computer Engineering

PRACTICAL – 2
Microsoft Word is word processing software designed by Microsoft. You can use it to
type letters, reports, and other documents.

File extension

Microsoft Word's native file formats are denoted either by a .doc or .docx file extension.

Opening Microsoft Word On A Pc

To launch Microsoft Word, go to Start > All Programs > Microsoft Office > Microsoft
Office Word. A blank Word document will open.

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Toolbar- toolbar have 7 different tabs

Home, Insert, Page Layout, References, Mailings, Review, and View.

Home: This tab is the basic word processing tools, like for example, size, font, color, style, etc.
You will find that that you're going to go here most of the time.

Introduction

To format text in document. We use font size, style, and color; and use the Bold, Italic,
Underline, and Change Case commands.

To Format Font Size:

 Select the text you wish to modify.

 Left-click the drop-down arrow next to the font size box on the Home tab. The font size
drop-down menu appears.
 Move your cursor over the various font sizes. A live preview of the font size will appear
in the document.
 Left-click the font size you wish to use. The font size will change in the document.

To Format Font Style:

 Select the text you wish to modify.

 Left-click the drop-down arrow next to the font style box on the Home tab. The font
style drop-down menu appears.

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Department of Computer Engineering

 Move your cursor over the various font styles. A live preview of the font will appear in
the document.

 Left-click the font style you wish to use. The font style will change in the document.

To Format Font Color:

 Select the text you wish to modify.

 Left-click the drop-down arrow next to the font color box on the Home tab. The font
color menu appears.
 Move your cursor over the various font colors. A live preview of the color will appear in
the document.

 Left-click the font color you wish to use. The font color will change in the document.

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Department of Computer Engineering

Your color choices aren't limited to the drop-down menu that appears. Select More
Colors at the bottom of the list to access the Colors dialog box. Choose the color that you
want and click OK.

To Use the Bold, Italic, and Underline Commands:

 Select the text you wish to modify.

 Click the Bold, Italic, or Underline command in the Font group on the Home tab.

To Change the Text Case:

 Select the text you wish to modify.

 Click the Change Case command in the Font group on the Home tab.
 Select one of the case options from the list.

Text Case Text Alignment

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Department of Computer Engineering

To Change Text Alignment:

 Select the text you wish to modify.

 Select one of the four alignment options from the Paragraph group on the Home tab.
o Align Text Left: Aligns all the selected text to the left margin.
o Center: Aligns text an equal distance from the left and right margins.
o Align Text Right: Aligns all the selected text to the right margin.
o Justify: Justified text is equal on both sides and lines up equally to the right and
left margins. Traditionally many books, newsletters, and newspapers use full-
justification.

To Insert Text:

 Move your mouse to the location you wish text to appear in the document.
 Left-click the mouse. The insertion point appears.
 Type the text you wish to appear.

To Delete Text:

 Place your cursor next to the text you wish to delete.

 Press the Backspace key on your keyboard to delete text to the left of the cursor.
 Press the Delete key on your keyboard to delete text to the right of the cursor.

To Select Text:

 Place the insertion point next to the text you wish to select.
 Left-click your mouse and while holding it down, drag your mouse over the text to select
it.
 Release the mouse button. You have selected the text. A highlighted box will appear
over the selected text.

When you select text or images in Word, a hover toolbar with formatting options
appears. This makes formatting commands easily accessible, which may save you time.

To Copy and Paste Text:

 Select the text you wish to copy.

 Click the Copy command on the Home tab.
 Place your insertion point where you wish the text to appear.
 Click the Paste command on the Home tab. The text will appear.

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Department of Computer Engineering

To Create a New, Blank Document:

 Click the Microsoft Office Button.

 Select New. The New Document dialog box appears.
 Select Blank document under the Blank and recent section. It will be highlighted by
default.

 Click Create. A new, blank document appears in the Word window.

You can access templates that are installed on your computer or on Office Online. Click
the Microsoft Office Button and select New. You can create blank documents and access
templates from the dialog box that appears.

To Locate Clip Art:

 Select the Insert tab.

 Click the Clip Art command in the Illustrations group.

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Department of Computer Engineering

 The Clip Art options appear in the task pane on the right.

To Insert Clip Art:

 Review the results from a clip art search.

 Place your insertion point in the document where you wish to insert the clip art.
 Left-click an image in the task pane. It will appear in the document.
OR

 Left-click the arrow next to an image in the task pane.

 Select Insert, Copy, or any of the other options on the list.

To Format Line Spacing:

 Select the text you want to format.

 Click the Line spacing command in the Paragraph group on the Home tab.
 Select a spacing option.

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OR

 Select Line Spacing Options. The Paragraph dialog box appears.

 Use the Line spacing drop-down menu to select a spacing option.
 Modify the before and after points to adjust line spacing, as needed.
 Click OK.

Paragraph Spacing

Just as you can format spacing between lines in your document, you can also choose
spacing options between each paragraph. Typically, extra spaces are added between
paragraphs, headings, or subheadings. Extra spacing between paragraphs adds emphasis
and makes a document easier to read.

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To Format Paragraph Spacing

 Click the Line spacing command on the Home tab.

 Select Add Space before Paragraph or Remove Space after Paragraph from the
menu. If you don't see the option you want, click on Line Spacing Options to manually
set the spacing (see below).

OR

 Select Line Spacing Options. The Paragraph dialog box appears.

 Change the Before and After points in the Paragraph section -> Click OK.

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Department of Computer Engineering

Line spacing is measured in lines or points, which is referred to as leading. When you
reduce the leading, you automatically bring the lines of text closer together. Increasing
the leading will space the lines out, allowing for improved readability.

To Insert a New List:

 Select the text that you want to format as a list.

 Click the Bullets or Numbering commands on the Home tab.

 Left-click the bullet or numbering style you would like to use. It will appear in the
document.
 Position your cursor at the end of a list item and press the Enter key to add an item to the
list.

To remove numbers or bullets from a list, select the list and click the Bullets or
Numbering commands.

To Select an Alternate Bullet or Numbering Style:

 Select all of the text in an existing list.

 Click the Bullets or Numbering commands on the Home tab.
 Left-click to select an alternate bullet or numbering style.

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Department of Computer Engineering

To Add Columns to a Document:

 Select the text you want to format.

 Select the Page Layout tab.
 Left-click the Columns command.

 Select the number of columns you would like to insert.

Click the Show/Hide command on the Home tab to display the paragraph marks and
breaks.

The Format Painter command allows you to easily format text to appear like other text
in your document. Select the text that is formatted the way you want, click the Format
Painter command on the Home tab, and then select the text you want to change. The new
text now appears modified.

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Department of Computer Engineering

To Insert a Header or Footer:

 Select the Insert tab.

 Click either the Header or Footer command. A menu appears with a list of built-in
options you can use.
 Left-click one of the built-in options and it will appear in the document.

OR

 Left-click Blank to select it.

The Design tab with Header and Footer tools is active.

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To Insert the Date or Time into a Header or Footer:

 With the header or footer section active, click the Date & Time command.

 Select a date format in the dialog box that appears.

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 Click OK. The date/time now appears in the document.

To Convert Existing Text to a Table:

 Select the text you wish to convert.

 Select the Insert tab.
 Click the Table command.
 Select Convert Text to Table from the menu. A dialog box appears.

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Department of Computer Engineering

 Choose one of the options in the Separate text at: section. This is how Word knows
what text to put in each column.

 Click OK. The text appears in a table.

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To Add a Row Above an Existing Row:

 Place the insertion point in a row below the location you wish to add a row.

 Right-click the mouse. A menu appears.

 Select Insert Insert Rows Above.

A new row appears above the insertion point.

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Department of Computer Engineering

You can also add rows below the insertion point. Follow the same steps, but select Insert
Rows Below from the menu.

To Add a Column:

 Place the insertion point in a column adjacent to the location you wish the new column
to appear.
 Right-click the mouse. A menu appears.
 Select Insert Insert Columns to the Left or Insert Columns to the Right. A new
column appears.

To Delete a Row or Column:

 Select the row or column.

 Right-click your mouse and a menu appears.
 Select Delete Columns or Delete Rows.

To Apply a Table Style:

 Select the table. A Table Tools Design tab now appears on the Ribbon.
 Select the Design tab to access all the Table Styles and Options.

To Insert a Blank Table:

 Place your insertion point in the document where you want the table to appear.
 Select the Insert tab.
 Click the Table command.
 Drag your mouse over the diagram squares to select the number of columns and rows in
the table.

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Department of Computer Engineering

To Insert a Picture:

 Place your insertion point where you want the image to appear.
 Select the Insert tab.
 Click the Picture command in the Illustrations group. The Insert Picture dialog box
appears.

 Select the image file on your computer.

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 Click Insert and it will appear in your document.

Left-click a corner sizing handles, and while holding down the mouse button, resize the
image. The image retains its proportions.

To Use the Save As Command:

 Click the Microsoft Office Button.

 Select Save As Word Document. The Save As dialog box appears.

 Select the location you wish to save the document using the drop-down menu.
 Enter a name for the document.

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 Click the Save button.

To Use the Save Command:

 Click the Microsoft Office Button.

 Select Save from the menu.

Using the Save command saves the document in its current location using the same file
name. If you are saving for the first time and select Save, the Save As dialog box will
appear.

To Save As Word 97 - 2003 Document:

 Click the Microsoft Office Button.

 Select Save As Word 97-2003 Document.

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 Select the location you wish to save the document using the drop-down menu.
 Enter a name for the document.
 Click the Save button.

To Preview the Document Before Printing:

 Click the Microsoft Office Button.

 Select Print Print Preview. The document opens in Print Preview format.

 Click Print to print the document or Close Print Preview to exit the preview format and
make changes to the document.

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Department of Computer Engineering

In Print Preview format, you can do many tasks including:

 Modify the margins

 Change page orientation
 Change the page size
 Zoom in and out to view various parts of the document
 View multiple pages
 Access Word Options to change many Word settings
 And more

To Print:

 Click the Microsoft Office Button.

 Select Print Print. The Print dialog box appears.
 Select the pages you would like to print -- either all pages or a range of pages.
 Select the number of copies.
 Check the Collate box if you are printing multiple copies of a multi-page document.
 Select a printer from the drop-down list.

 Click OK.

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Department of Computer Engineering

PRACTICAL – 3
OVERVIEW OF MS-EXCEL

Microsoft Excel is a full-featured spreadsheet program that allows you to organize data, complete
calculations, make decisions, graph data, and develop professional looking reports.

The three major parts of Excel are:

Worksheets – Worksheets allow you to enter, calculate, manipulate and analyze data such as
numbers and text.

Charts – Charts pictorially represent data. Excel can draw two dimensional and three-dimensional
column charts, pie charts and

other types of charts.

Databases – Databases manage data. For example, once you enter data onto a worksheet, Excel
can sort the data, search for specific data, and select data that meets certain criteria.

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Introduction to Excel 2007

Title Bar - The Title Bar shows the name of the application, document, group, directory, or file.
If more than one window is open, the title bar for the active window (the one in which you are
working) has a color or intensity different from other title bars.

Menu Bar - The Menu Bar contains the available menus from which you can choose commands.

Tool Bar - The Tool Bar(s) provide you with a quick method of working with various parts of the
worksheet. Tool bars can be customized and multiple tool bars can be displayed at the same time.

Scroll Bar - The Scroll Bars enable you to move through a spreadsheet when the entire
spreadsheet does not fit in the window or the allotted space. Click the scroll arrows with the
mouse to move through the spreadsheet or to see one line at a time.

Workbooks and Worksheets

At the bottom-left area of the spreadsheet, you will find worksheet tabs. By default, three
worksheet tabs appear each time you create a new workbook. On the bottom-right area of the
spreadsheet you will find page view commands, the zoom tool, and the horizontal scrolling bar.

Quick Access Toolbar is pinned next to the Microsoft Office Button and includes commands
such as Undo and Redo.

To scroll horizontally in a worksheet:

 Locate the horizontal scroll bar in the bottom-right corner.

 Left-click the bar, and move it from left to right.

The Microsoft Office Button

The Microsoft Office Button appears at the top of the Excel window. When you left-
click the button, a menu appears. From this menu, you can create a new spreadsheet,
open existing files, save files in a variety of ways, and print. You can also add security
features, send, publish, and close files.

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To insert text:

 Left-click a cell to select it. Each rectangle in the worksheet is called a cell. As you
select a cell, the cell address appears in the Name Box.

 Enter text into the cell using your keyboard. The text appears in the cell and in the
formula bar.

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Cell addresses

Each cell has a name, or a cell address, based on the column and row where it is located.
For example, this cell is C3 because it is where column C and row 3 intersect.

To edit or delete text:

 Select the cell.

 Press the Backspace key on your keyboard to delete text and make a correction.
 Press the Delete key to delete the entire contents of a cell.

You can also make changes to and delete text from the formula bar. Just select the cell,
then place your insertion point in the formula bar.

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To move through a worksheet using the keyboard:

 Press the Tab key to move to the right of the selected cell.
 Press the Shift key then the Tab key to move to the left of the selected cell.
 Use the Page Up and Page Down keys to navigate the worksheet.
 Use the arrow keys.

To save the workbook:

 Left-click the Microsoft Office Button.

 Select Save or Save As.
o Save As allows you to name the file and choose a location to save the
spreadsheet. Choose Save As if you'd like to save the file for the first time or if
you'd like to save the file as a different name.
o Select Save if the file has already been named.

Compatibility mode

Sometimes you may need to work with workbooks that were created in earlier versions of
Microsoft Excel, such as Excel 2003 or Excel 2000. When you open these kinds of
workbooks, they will appear in Compatibility mode.

Compatibility mode disables certain features, so you'll only be able to access commands
found in the program that was used to create the workbook. For example, if you open a
workbook created in Excel 2003, you can only use tabs and commands found in Excel
2003.

If you want access to all features of Excel 2007, you can save the workbook in the Excel
2007 file format.

To exit Compatibility mode:

 Click the Microsoft Office Button.

 Select Save As Excel Workbook.

Formatting cells

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To format text in bold or italics:

 Left-click a cell to select it, or drag your cursor over the text in the formula bar to select
it.
 Click the Bold or Italics command.

To change the font style

 Select the cell or cells you want to format.

 Left-click the drop-down arrow next to the Font Style box on the Home tab.
 Select a font style from the list.

To add a border:

 Select the cell or cells you want to format.

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 Click the drop-down arrow next to the Borders command on the Home tab. A menu
will appear with border options.

 Left-click an option from the list to select it.

To add a fill color:

 Select the cell or cells you want to format.

 Click the Fill command. A color palette will appear.
 Select a color.

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To create a simple formula that adds the contents of two cells:

 Click the cell where the answer will appear (C5, for example).
 Type the equals sign (=) to let Excel know a formula is being defined.
 Type the cell number that contains the first number to be added (C3, for example).
 Type the addition sign (+) to let Excel know that an add operation is to be performed.
 Type the cell address that contains the second number to be added (C4, for example).
 Press Enter, or click the Enter button on the Formula bar to complete the formula.

Using cell references

As you can see, there are many ways to create a simple formula in Excel. Most likely, you will
choose one of the methods that enters the cell address into the formula rather than an actual
number. The cell address is basically the name of the cell and can be found in the Name Box.

To apply conditional formatting:

 Select the cells you would like to format.

 Select the Home tab.

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 Locate the Styles group.

 Click the Conditional Formatting command. A menu will appear with your formatting
options.

 Select one of the options to apply it to the selected cells. A cascading menu will appear

 An additional dialog box may appear, depending on the option you choose.
 If so, make the necessary choices, then click OK.

To remove conditional formatting rules:

 Click the Conditional Formatting command.

 Select Clear Rules. A cascading menu appears.
 Choose to clear rules from the entire worksheet or the selected cells.

To manage conditional formatting rules:

 Click the Conditional Formatting command.

 Select Manage Rules from the menu. The Conditional Formatting Rules Manager dialog
box will appear.

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 From here you can edit a rule, delete a rule, or change the order of rules.

Sorting
Sorting lists is arranging data in ascending or descending order.

To sort in alphabetical order:

 Select a cell in the column you want to sort (In this example, we choose a cell in column
A).
 Click the Sort & Filter command in the Editing group on the Home tab.

 Select Sort A to Z
 You can Sort in reverse alphabetical order by choosing Sort Z to A in the list.

To sort from smallest to largest:

 Select a cell in the column you want to sort (a column with numbers).
 Click the Sort & Filter command in the Editing group on the Home tab.
 Select From Smallest to Largest. Now the information is organized from the smallest to
largest amount.

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You can sort in reverse numerical order by choosing From Largest to Smallest in the
list.

To sort multiple levels:

 Click the Sort & Filter command in the Editing group on the Home tab.
 Select Custom Sort from the list to open the dialog box.

 Click the drop-down arrow in the Column Sort by field, then choose one of the
options—in this example, Category.

 Choose what to sort on. In this example, we'll leave the default as Value.
 Choose how to order the results. Leave it as A to Z so it is organized alphabetically.
 Click Add Level to add another item to sort by.

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 Select an option in the Column Then by field. In this example, we chose Unit Cost.
 Choose what to sort on. In this example, we'll leave the default as Value.
 Choose how to order the results. Leave it as smallest to largest.
 Click OK.

The spreadsheet has been sorted. All of the categories are organized in alphabetical order,
and within each category the unit cost is arranged from smallest to largest.

Remember that all of the information and data is still here—it's just in a different order.

Creating a chart

Charts can be a useful way to communicate data. When you insert a chart in Excel, it
appears in the selected worksheet with the source data by default.

To create a chart:

 Select the worksheet you want to work with. In this example, we use the Summary
worksheet.
 Select the cells you want to chart, including the column titles and row labels.
 Click the Insert tab.
 However over each Chart option in the Charts group to learn more about it.
 Select one of the Chart options. In this example, we'll use the Columns command.

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 Select a type of chart from the list that appears. For this example, we'll use a 2-D
Clustered Column. The chart appears in the worksheet.

Identifying the parts of a chart

Have you ever read something you didn't fully understand but when you saw a chart or
graph, the concept became clear and understandable? Charts are a visual representation
of data in a worksheet. Charts make it easy to see comparisons, patterns, and trends in the
data.

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Source data

The range of cells that make up a chart. The chart is updated automatically whenever the
information in these cells changes.

Title

The title of the chart.

Legend

The chart key, which identifies what each color on the chart represents.

Axis

The vertical and horizontal parts of a chart. The vertical axis is often referred to as the Y
axis, and the horizontal axis is referred to as the X axis.

Naming worksheets

When you open an Excel workbook, there are three sheets by default, and the default
name on the tabs are Sheet1, Sheet2, and Sheet3.

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To name a worksheet:

 Right-click the sheet tab to select it.

 Choose Rename from the menu that appears. The text is highlighted by a black box.

 Type a new name for the worksheet.

 Click off of the tab. The worksheet now assumes the descriptive name defined.
OR
 Click the Format command in the Cells group on the Home tab.
 Select Rename Sheet. The text is highlighted by a black box.
 Type a new name for the worksheet.
 Click off of the tab. The worksheet now assumes the descriptive name defined.

To view the spreadsheet in Print Preview:

 Left-click the Microsoft Office Button.

 Select Print.
 Select Print Preview. The spreadsheet will appear in Print Preview view.

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To modify margins, column width, or row height while in Print Preview:

 Click the Print Preview command on the Quick Access Toolbar, or select Print Preview
from the Microsoft Office Button menu. The spreadsheet opens in Print Preview mode.
 Hover your cursor over one of the black margin markers until a double arrow appears.

 Left-click and drag the marker to the desired location. The change will be reflected in the
spreadsheet.

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To change page prientation:

 Select the Page Layout tab.

 Left-click the Orientation command.
 Select either Portrait or Landscape.

To print from the Microsoft Office Button:

 Left-click the Microsoft Office Button.

 Select Print Print. The Print dialog box appears.

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 Select a printer if you wish to use a printer other than the default setting.
 Click Properties to change any necessary settings.
 Choose whether you want to print specific pages, all of the worksheet, a selected area, the
active sheet, or the entire workbook.
 Select the number of copies you'd like to print.
 Click OK.

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PRACTICAL – 4

BASICS OF POWERPOINT PRESENTATION

When you start PowerPoint, it opens in the view called Normal view, where you create
and work on slides.

1. In the Slide pane, you can work directly on individual slides.

2. Dotted borders identify placeholders, where you can type text or insert pictures, charts,
and other objects.
3. The Slides tab shows a thumbnail version of each full size slide shown in the Slide pane.
After you add other slides, you can click a thumbnail on the Slides tab to make the slide
appear in the Slide pane. Or you can drag thumbnails to rearrange the slides in your
presentation. You can also add or delete slides on the Slides tab.

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4. In the Notes pane, you can type notes about the current slide. You can hand out your
notes to your audience or refer to your notes in Presenter view when you give your
presentation.
5. By default, Office PowerPoint 2007 applies the Blank Presentation template. To create a
new presentation that is based on the Blank Presentation template, click the Microsoft

Office Button , click New, click Blank and recent under Templates, and then
double-click Blank Presentation under Blank and recent.

Near the top of the screen are three buttons that you may find useful:

1.Undo , which undoes your last change. (To see a ScreenTip about which action
will be undone, rest your pointer on the button. To see a menu of other recent changes

that can also be undone, click the arrow to the right of Undo .) You can also undo a
change by pressing CTRL+Z.

2.Redo or Repeat , which either repeats or redoes your last change, depending on
what action you just performed. (To see a ScreenTip about which action will be repeated
or redone, rest your pointer on the button.) You can also repeat or redo a change by
pressing CTRL+Y.

3.Microsoft Office PowerPoint Help , which opens the PowerPoint Help pane. You
can also open Help by pressing F1.

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Name and save your presentation

As with any software program, it is a good idea to name and save your presentation right
away and then to save your changes frequently while you work:

1.Click the Microsoft Office Button , point to Save As, and then do one of the
following:

 For a presentation that can be opened only in Office PowerPoint 2007, click
PowerPoint Presentation.
 For a presentation that can be opened in either Office PowerPoint 2007 or earlier
versions of PowerPoint, click PowerPoint 97-2003 Presentation.

If you choose this option, you cannot use any of the features that are new in Office
PowerPoint 2007.

2.In the Save As dialog box, in the Save in list, select the folder or other location where you want
to save your presentation.

3.In the File name box, type a name for your presentation, or do nothing to accept the default file
name, and then click Save.

Add, rearrange, and delete slides

The single slide that is provided automatically in your presentation has two placeholders,
one formatted for a title and the other formatted for a subtitle. The arrangement of
placeholders on a slide is called a layout. Office PowerPoint 2007 also provides other
types of placeholders, such as those for pictures and SmartArt graphics.

When you add a slide to your presentation, you can do the following to choose a layout
for the new slide at the same time:

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1. On the Slides tab, click just below the single slide that already appears there.
2. On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click the arrow next to New Slide.

A gallery appears, showing thumbnails of the various slide layouts that are available.

1. The name identifies the content that each layout is designed for.
2. Placeholders that display colored icons can contain text, but you can also click
the icons to automatically insert objects, including SmartArt graphics and clip art.

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3. Click the layout that you want for your new slide.

The new slide now appears both on the Slides tab, where it is highlighted as the current
slide, and in the Slide pane. Repeat this procedure for each new slide that you want to
add.

Apply a new layout to a slide

To change the layout of an existing slide, do the following:

1. On the Slides tab, click the slide that you want to apply a new layout to.
2. On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click the new layout that
you want.

Apply a different theme to your presentation

1. On the Design tab, in the Themes group, click the document theme that you
want to apply.

Notes

 To preview how the current slide looks with a particular theme applied, rest your pointer
on the thumbnail of that theme.
 To see thumbnails of additional themes, click the arrows next to the row of thumbnails.

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 Unless you specify otherwise, Office PowerPoint 2007 applies themes to the entire
presentation. To change the appearance of only selected slides, on the Slides tab, press
and hold CTRL while you click each slide that you want to change. When all of the slides
are selected, right-click the theme that you want to apply to them, and then click Apply
to Selected Slides on the shortcut menu.
 If you decide later that you want a different theme, click that theme to apply it.

Preview your presentation as a slide show

To view your presentation on your computer screen exactly the way that it will look to
your audience when you are presenting, do the following:

1. On the Slide Show tab, in the Start Slide Show group, do one of the following:
 To start with the first slide in the presentation, click From Beginning.
 To start with the slide that currently appears in the Slide pane, click From
Current Slide.

The presentation opens in Slide Show view.

2. Click to advance to the next slide.

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PRACTICAL – 5

WORKING WITH HTML FOR WEB DEVELOPMENT

HTML Introduction

HTML is a language for describing web pages.

 HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language

 HTML is a markup language
 A markup language is a set of markup tags
 The tags describes document content
 HTML documents contain HTML tags and plain text
 HTML documents are also called web pages

HTML Tags

HTML markup tags are usually called HTML tags

 HTML tags are keywords (tag names) surrounded by angle brackets like <html>
 HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b>
 The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag
 The end tag is written like the start tag, with a forward slash before the tag name
 Start and end tags are also called opening tags and closing tags

Example : <tagname>content</tagname>

HTML Elements

"HTML tags" and "HTML elements" are often used to describe the same thing.

But strictly speaking, an HTML element is everything between the start tag and the end
tag, including the tags:

HTML Element:

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

Web Browsers

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The purpose of a web browser (such as Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Firefox,
Safari) is to read HTML documents and display them as web pages. The browser does
not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to interpret the content of the page:

The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration

The <!DOCTYPE> declaration helps the browser to display a web page correctly.

There are many different documents on the web, and a browser can only display an
HTML page 100% correctly if it knows the HTML type and version used.

<!DOCTYPE html>

HTML Element Syntax

 An HTML element starts with a start tag / opening tag

 An HTML element ends with an end tag / closing tag
 The element content is everything between the start and the end tag
 Some HTML elements have empty content
 Empty elements are closed in the start tag
 Most HTML elements can have attributes

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Example

<p> This is paragraph </p>

HTML Attributes

 HTML elements can have attributes

 Attributes provide additional information about an element
 Attributes are always specified in the start tag
 Attributes come in name/value pairs like: name="value"

Example :

<a href="http://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a>

The link address is specified in the href attribute:

HTML Headings

Headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.

<h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important heading.

Example

<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<h2>This is a heading</h2>
<h3>This is a heading</h3>

HTML Comments

Comments can be inserted into the HTML code to make it more readable and
understandable. Comments are ignored by the browser and are not displayed.

Comments are written like this:

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Example

<!-- This is a comment -->

HTML Paragraphs

Paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag.

Example

<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<p>This is another paragraph</p>

HTML Line Breaks

Use the <br> tag if you want a line break (a new line) without starting a new paragraph:

Example

<p>This is<br>a para<br>graph with line breaks</p>

HTML Formatting Tags

HTML uses tags like <b> and <i> for formatting output, like bold or italic text.

HTML Text Formatting Tags

Tag Description

<b> Defines bold text

<em> Defines emphasized text

<i> Defines a part of text in an alternate voice or mood

<small> Defines smaller text

<strong> Defines important text

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<sub> Defines subscripted text

<sup> Defines superscripted text

<ins> Defines inserted text

<del> Defines deleted text

HTML Hyperlinks (Links)

The HTML <a> tag defines a hyperlink.

A hyperlink (or link) is a word, group of words, or image that you can click on to jump to
another document.

When you move the cursor over a link in a Web page, the arrow will turn into a little
hand.

The most important attribute of the <a> element is the href attribute, which indicates the
link’s destination.

By default, links will appear as follows in all browsers:

 An unvisited link is underlined and blue

 A visited link is underlined and purple
 An active link is underlined and red

The HTML code for a link is simple. It looks like this:

<a href="url">Link text</a>

The HTML <head> Element

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The <head> element is a container for all the head elements. Elements inside <head> can
include scripts, instruct the browser where to find style sheets, provide meta information,
and more.

The following tags can be added to the head section: <title>, <style>, <meta>, <link>,
<script>, <noscript>, and <base>.

The HTML <title> Element

The <title> tag defines the title of the document.

The <title> element is required in all HTML/XHTML documents.

The <title> element:

 defines a title in the browser toolbar

 provides a title for the page when it is added to favorites
 displays a title for the page in search-engine results

A simplified HTML document:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Title of the document</title>
</head>

<body>
The content of the document......
</body>

</html>

The HTML <script> Element

The <script> tag is used to define a client-side script, such as a JavaScript.

HTML Images - The <img> Tag and the Src Attribute

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In HTML, images are defined with the <img> tag.

The <img> tag is empty, which means that it contains attributes only, and has no closing
tag.

To display an image on a page, you need to use the src attribute. Src stands for "source".
The value of the src attribute is the URL of the image you want to display.

Syntax for defining an image:

<img src="url" alt="some_text">

HTML Images - The Alt Attribute

The required alt attribute specifies an alternate text for an image, if the image cannot be
displayed.The value of the alt attribute is an author-defined text:

<img src="boat.gif" alt="Big Boat">

HTML Images - Set Height and Width of an Image

The height and width attributes are used to specify the height and width of an image.The
attribute values are specified in pixels by default:

<img src="pulpit.jpg" alt="Pulpit rock" width="304" height="228">

HTML Tables

Tables are defined with the <table> tag.

A table is divided into rows (with the <tr> tag), and each row is divided into data cells
(with the <td> tag). td stands for "table data," and holds the content of a data cell. A <td>
tag can contain text, links, images, lists, forms, other tables, etc.

Table Example

<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>row 1, cell 1</td>

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<td>row 1, cell 2</td>

</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 2, cell 1</td>
<td>row 2, cell 2</td>
</tr>
</table>

How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

row 1, cell 1 row 1, cell 2

row 2, cell 1 row 2, cell 2

HTML Tables and the Border Attribute

If you do not specify a border attribute, the table will be displayed without borders.
Sometimes this can be useful, but most of the time, we want the borders to show.

To display a table with borders, specify the border attribute:

<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>Row 1, cell 2</td>
</tr>
</table>

HTML Table Headers

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Header information in a table are defined with the <th> tag.

All major browsers display the text in the <th> element as bold and centered.

<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Header 1</th>
<th>Header 2</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>row 1, cell 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 2, cell 1</td>
<td>row 2, cell 2</td>
</tr>
</table>

How the HTML code above looks in your browser:

Header 1 Header 2

row 1, cell 1 row 1, cell 2

row 2, cell 1 row 2, cell 2

HTML Unordered Lists

An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.

The list items are marked with bullets (typically small black circles).

<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>

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How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

 Coffee
 Milk

HTML Ordered Lists

An ordered list starts with the <ol> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.

The list items are marked with numbers.

<ol>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>

How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

1. Coffee
2. Milk

HTML Definition Lists

A definition list is a list of items, with a description of each item.

The <dl> tag defines a definition list.

The <dl> tag is used in conjunction with <dt> (defines the item in the list) and <dd>
(describes the item in the list):

<dl>
<dt>Coffee</dt>
<dd>- black hot drink</dd>
<dt>Milk</dt>
<dd>- white cold drink</dd>
</dl>

How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

Coffee

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- black hot drink

Milk

- white cold drink

HTML Forms

HTML forms are used to pass data to a server.

An HTML form can contain input elements like text fields, checkboxes, radio-buttons,
submit buttons and more. A form can also contain select lists, textarea, fieldset, legend,
and label elements.

The <form> tag is used to create an HTML form:

<form>
.
input elements
.
</form>

HTML Forms - The Input Element

The most important form element is the <input> element.

The <input> element is used to select user information.

An <input> element can vary in many ways, depending on the type attribute. An <input>
element can be of type text field, checkbox, password, radio button, submit button, and
more.

The most common input types are described below.

Text Fields

<input type="text"> defines a one-line input field that a user can enter text into:

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<form>
First name: <input type="text" name="firstname"><br>
Last name: <input type="text" name="lastname">
</form>

How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

First name:

Last name:

Radio Buttons

<input type="radio"> defines a radio button. Radio buttons let a user select ONLY ONE
of a limited number of choices:

<form>
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="male">Male<br>
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="female">Female
</form>

How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

Male

Female

Checkboxes

<input type="checkbox"> defines a checkbox. Checkboxes let a user select ZERO or

MORE options of a limited number of choices.

<form>
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Bike">I have a bike<br>

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<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Car">I have a car

</form>

How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

I have a bike

I have a car

Submit Button

<input type="submit"> defines a submit button.

A submit button is used to send form data to a server. The data is sent to the page
specified in the form's action attribute. The file defined in the action attribute usually
does something with the received input:

<form name="input" action="html_form_action.asp" method="get">

Username: <input type="text" name="user">
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>

How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

Username:

The HTML <script> Tag

The <script> tag is used to define a client-side script, such as a JavaScript.

The <script> element either contains scripting statements or it points to an external script
file through the src attribute.

The required type attribute specifies the MIME type of the script.

Common uses for JavaScript are image manipulation, form validation, and dynamic
changes of content.

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The script below writes Hello World! to the HTML output:

Example

<script>
document.write("Hello World!")
</script>

Font Tag:

The <font> tag specifies the font face, font size, and font color of text.

Example:

<font size="3" color="red">This is some text!</font>

<font size="2" color="blue">This is some text!</font>
<font face="verdana" color="green">This is some text!</font>

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Practical -6

INTRODCUTION TO SCRIPTING

Scripting and programming languages fall into two broad categories -

1. Client-Side

Scripting languages designed for inclusion within an HTML Document. The script is an
integral part of the HTML Document delivered to the client by the server. It is
interpreted and run within the browser application being used by the client.

The Client
Browser
The Client
The HTML The Server Receives the
Browser
Document Delivers the HTML
Displays the
Resides on the HTML Document
» » » Script Result
Server and Document to Reads and
within the
Includes a the Client Interprets the
Browser
Script Browser Script
Application

Server-Side Client-Side

The most commonly used Client-Side scripting languages today are JavaScript
and its variants derived from Java

 JavaScript
 JScript (Microsoft)
 ECMAScript (European Computer Manufacturer's Association)

CSS (Cascading style sheets for Microsoft IExplorer) and

VBScript (Microsoft) derived from Visual Basic.

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All these scripting languages, along with recent HTML language extensions
supported or developed by Netscape and Microsoft for its Internet Explorer
browser interact to enable the DHTML (Dynamic HTML) environment.

2. Server-Side

Scripting languages designed to be placed, interpreted and run on the Internet server
which is delivering a website. Calls to a server-side script come from the browser but
the code is interpreted and run on the server. Results are delivered to the client
through the browser as webpages or add-ins to webpages.

The Client The Server

The HTML The Server
Browser Runs the Script
Document Delivers the
Receives the and Displays
Resides on the HTML »
» » HTML the Script
Server and Document to
Document and Result within
References a the Client «
Calls the Script the Client
Script Browser
on the Server Browser

Server-Side Client-Side

There are many Server-Side scripting and programming languages and

environments. Among the most popular and widely used today are

Active Server Pages (Microsoft) server-side scripting language and

ASP
environment.

CGI Common Gateway Interface standard communication environment.

Cold Object-oriented server-side programming and scripting language and

Fusion environment.

Java Object-oriented programming language similar to C/C++.

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Practical Extraction and Report Language object-oriented scripting

Perl
language.

PHP Personal Home Page Tools scripting language and environment.

Python Object-oriented programming language similar to Perl.

XML eXtensible Markup Language - an extension of HTML.

XSL eXtensible Style Language - XML based style extensions.

Scripting and programming languages extend the capabilites of HTML, and provide
greater control over content, style and functionality. Some of the richer web
environments such as XML, VRML and DHTML offer platforms for expanding the
capabilities of simple HTML, as well. For most simple web applications, however, HTML
provides all the necessary features for web authoring with the notable exception of data
collection through forms and forms processing. Forms require server-side processing
using one of the web-based programming languages and CGI.

A detailed discussion of scripting and programming for the enhancement of websites is

beyond the scope of this introductory course in HTML.

How to Create a Simple Web Page With HTML

Using HTML

1. Understand what HTML is. HTML is the coding language that makes web-pages. To see
what it looks like, go into IE and right-click to choose "View Source".You will see a page of
code, and that is HTML. That code is what your browser sees and then interprets it into as
that web-page

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oIn Internet Explorer, the VIEW menu option is "source". In Mozilla Firefox, press
[Ctrl]+U to view the page's source code. In Safari, select View - View Source (or
Option+Command+U).
2. Make your initial web page as simple as possible. If you don't, you'll likely get
overwhelmed by the syntax and the script languages.

o It's important to remember that you'll be writing your information between an

opening HTML tag and a closing HTML tag. An opening tag looks like this: <___>
. A closing tag looks like this: </___> . Eventually, the ___ is replaced with a
code.

3. Go to Start, then "Programs" and then "Accessories." Click "Notepad."

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4. Tell the browser what language you are using. Type <html>. It is the first tag you write
that tells the computer you're starting a web-page. It will also be closed last, so at the
end of the document, close it off by typing this : </html> . This ends the web page.

5. Add the heading of the page as shown.

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6. Give your page a title. A title is important because it gives your users an idea what the
page is about. Also, when users bookmark your site, that title is all they will see in their
bookmark list. The title for HTML code is <title>. Close it off at the end of your title by
writing </title> The title is going to show on the tab don't expect it to be the title of the
actual website.

7. Work on the body of the page. Type <body> to open the body tag. Then close the body
tag by typing </body>. The bulk of the information for your web-page goes between
<body> and </body>.

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a. To give your web-page a background color, you can add a style to the body.
Instead of simply writing <body>, write <body style="background-color:red">.
You can try a different color or even a hex code. The words in the quotation
marks are known as "attributes." They must be surrounded by quotation marks!

8. Write some text between the body tags.

b. To make the text go to the next line (like pressing "Enter" on your keyboard),
write <br>.
c. Want to add a marquee, otherwise known as a word that moves across a
screen? Simply type <marquee>TEXT GOES HERE</marquee>.

9. Add some pictures. If you want to put a picture from the Internet onto your web page,
the HTML code for pictures is <img src="URL"> . The closing tag is: </img>. However, the
closing tag is optional.

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10. Check to make sure all of your tags are closed. Your webpage should look something
like this:

<html>
<head>
<title>My Web-page</title>
</head><body bgcolor="yellow">
I love wikiHow because
<marquee>It's the best website in the world!</marquee>
<img
src="http://www.wikihow.com/skins/common/images/wikiHow_logo_5.gif"></img>
</body>
</html>

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11. Save your work. Go to "save as", put a filename with an .html extension (such as
"testfile.html")and choose "all files" or "text" under file type. It won't work if both are
not done. Go find the page wherever you saved it, double click it, and your default web
browser should open up your very own web-page.

Image Map Basics

An Image Map allows you to define areas of an image that act like a link so that when the
user clicks on an area, the browser loads the target webpage or media file. The areas
defined do not have to be the same size or shape.

The first step to create an image map is to create or select the image that will be used for
the map. Below is an image showing the three basic shapes defined for image maps; rect,
circle, and poly.

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The second step is to define the coordinates of the areas associated with each link. If the
square shown below represents the image, the origin (x=0 y=0) of the image is in the
upper-left corner. X values increase as you move to the right across the image and Y
values increase as you move to the bottom of the image.

The easiest way to determine the coordinates of an area is to load the image into
Windows Paint program, or your favorite graphics editing application, then place your
mouse pointer over each point in the image for which you want coordinates, and view the
coordinates of that point in the status bar.

Shown below is the code for the example image map. Note that, the code for the map
containing the tags that define the areas must come first in the code before the code that
loads the image that uses the map.

<map name="testmap">
<area shape="rect" coords="10,10,40,40" alt="rect" href="page1.htm">

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<area shape="circle" coords="65,30,15" alt="circle" href="page2.htm">

<area shape="poly" coords="90,40,120,10,150,40,90,40" alt="poly" href="page3.htm">
</map>

<img border=0 width=160 height=50 src="testmap.gif" usemap="#testmap">

Below are the html tags and their attributes.

<map>

 Attributes:
o name Name referenced by USEMAP

<area>

 Attributes:
o shape The shape of the clickable area. values: rect, circle, poly
o coords Coordinates of the clickable area
 rect: left-x, top-y, right-x, bottom-y
 circle: centerX, centerY, radius
 poly: x1,y1,x2,y2, ... xn,yn
o alt Tooltip text
o href URL to load when the area is clicked

Introduction to XML

XML was designed to transport and store data.

HTML was designed to display data.

What You Should Already Know

Before you continue you should have a basic understanding of the following:

 HTML
 JavaScript

What is XML?

 XML stands for EXtensible Markup Language

 XML is a markup language much like HTML

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 XML was designed to carry data, not to display data

 XML tags are not predefined. You must define your own tags
 XML is designed to be self-descriptive
 XML is a W3C Recommendation

The Difference Between XML and HTML

XML is not a replacement for HTML.

XML and HTML were designed with different goals:

 XML was designed to transport and store data, with focus on what data is
 HTML was designed to display data, with focus on how data looks

HTML is about displaying information, while XML is about carrying information.

XML Does Not DO Anything

Maybe it is a little hard to understand, but XML does not DO anything. XML was created
to structure, store, and transport information.

The following example is a note to Tove, from Jani, stored as XML:

<note>
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
<body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body>
</note>

The note above is quite self descriptive. It has sender and receiver information, it also has
a heading and a message body.

But still, this XML document does not DO anything. It is just information wrapped in
tags. Someone must write a piece of software to send, receive or display it.

With XML You Invent Your Own Tags

The tags in the example above (like <to> and <from>) are not defined in any XML
standard. These tags are "invented" by the author of the XML document.

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That is because the XML language has no predefined tags.

The tags used in HTML are predefined. HTML documents can only use tags defined in
the HTML standard (like <p>, <h1>, etc.).

XML allows the author to define his/her own tags and his/her own document structure.

XML is Not a Replacement for HTML

XML is a complement to HTML.

It is important to understand that XML is not a replacement for HTML. In most web
applications, XML is used to transport data, while HTML is used to format and display
the data.

My best description of XML is this:

XML is a software- and hardware-independent tool for carrying information.

XML is now as important for the Web as HTML was to the foundation of the Web.

XML is the most common tool for data transmissions between all sorts of applications.

JavaScript Introduction

JavaScript is the world's most popular programming language. It is the language for
HTML and the web, for servers, PCs, laptops, tablets, smart phones, and more.

JavaScript is a Scripting Language

A scripting language is a lightweight programming language.JavaScript is code

statements inserted into HTML pages to be executed by the web browser. JavaScript is
easy to learn. Anyone can put "snippets" of JavaScript code into their HTML pages.

JavaScript: Writing Into HTML Output

Example

document.write("<h1<This is a heading</h1>");
document.write("<p>This is a paragraph</p>");

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JavaScript: Reacting to Events

Example

<button type="button" onclick="alert('Welcome!')">Click Me!</button>41

Alert is not commonly used in JavaScript, but handy for learning and trying out
JavaScript.

JavaScript: Changing HTML Content

Using JavaScript to manipulate the content of HTML elements is a very powerful

functionality.

Example

x=document.getElementById("demo") //Find the element

x.innerHTML="Hello JavaScript"; //Change the content

You will often see document.getElementByID("some id"). This is defined in the

HTML DOM.

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