linkStudPSR - Design Manual To BS8110 v2.0 PDF

LinkStudPSR™
Specialists in Punching Shear Reinforcement
Design Manual to BS8110
The specialist team at LinkStudPSR Limited have created this comprehensive Design
Manual, to assist Structural Engineers with a detailed explanation of the calculations
and rules used to detail and specify the LinkStud PSR (Punching Shear
Reinforcement) system.
Version 2.0
This Manual deals exclusively with the correct use of the now withdrawn BS8110
design standard as at January 2018.
January 2018 If you require any further detailed advice regarding the design and detailing of
punching shear reinforcement to either the EC2 or BS8110 standards, please do not
hesitate to contact our in-house team of experts.
LinkStud PSR Limited

c/o Brooks Forgings Ltd
Doulton Road
Cradley Heath
West Midlands
B64 5QJ
Tel: 08456 528 528
www.linkstudpsr.com
January 2018
CONTENTS

Introduction…………………………………………………………… 3
BS8110 Design Preface …………………………………..………... 4
Information required when designing to BS8110 ..................... 5
Introduction to BS8110 design and symbols used …….……... 6
Outline of the BS8110 design process ...................................... 7
Design perimeters and steel areas ............................................. 8
Detailing LinkStuds
BS8110 General detailing rules .................................................. 9
Typical LinkStudPSR BS8110 layouts …………………………... 10
Standard LinkStudPSR BS8110 installation details ….…..…... 11
Bottom up installation method ..……………………………. 11
Top down installation method ..…………………………….. 11
Laying out the LinkStudPSR system to BS8110……...……….. 12
Introduction to BS8110 design worked examples ............................ 13

Square or circular loaded areas
Internal condition ……………………………………………... 14
Edge condition ………………………………………………… 16
External corner condition ……………………………………. 18
Internal corner condition …………………………………….. 20
Rectangular loaded areas
Internal condition ……………………………………………… 22
Edge condition ………………………………………………… 24
External corner condition ……………………………………. 26
Internal corner condition …………………………………….. 28
BS8110 Design guidance for large loaded areas or walls ........ 30
BS8110 Design guidance for holes through the slab …………. 31
BS8110 Design guidance for split level slabs
Edge condition ………………………………………………… 32
Internal condition
Slab depth change within the loaded area zone ...... 33
Slab depth change outside the loaded area zone … 34
Notes ………………………………………………………………………..... 35
LinkStudPSR Limited  Tel/Fax: 08456 528 528  e-mail: [email protected]  web: www.linkstudpsr.com Page 2
Introduction
The LinkStudPSR System offers customers a fast, easy and extremely cost effective
method of providing Punching Shear Reinforcement around columns, and piles with-
in flat slabs and post-tensioned slabs, at slab to shearwall junctions, beam to col-
umn junctions and within footings and foundation slabs.
The LinkStudPSR System comprises short lengths of carbon steel deformed bar
reinforcement with end anchorages provided by enlarged, hot forged heads at both
ends, giving a cross-sectional area ratio of 9:1. These stud heads anchor securely
in the slab, eliminating slippage and providing greater resistance to punching shear.
The double-headed LinkStud shear studs are welded to carrier / spacer rails to allow
them to be located correctly and to be supported by the top flexural reinforcement.
LinkStudPSR is a technologically advanced and proven system, the first fully

tested, fully accredited, fully traceable Punching Shear Reinforcement System
approved by CARES for use in reinforced concrete slabs designed in accord-
ance with both EC2 and BS8110 design standards.
Through our total focus on Punching Shear Reinforcement we have become experts
in our field, with unparalleled experience in the design of PSR schemes and a
thorough knowledge of the intricacies and complexities of the Eurocode 2 and
BS8110 design standards. We are pleased to be able to offer you this expertise, as
a cornerstone of the LinkStudPSR package.
From application advice and design guidance, through proposal drawings,

calculations and quotations, to working drawings and site support, you can depend
on LinkStudPSR for all your Punching Shear Reinforcement needs.
Kind Regards
Dariusz Nowik MSc (Eng)

Senior Design Engineer
LinkStudPSR Limited
BS 8110 Design Preface
BS8110 Design Preface
Please note that the LinkStudPSR design and optimum pattern / layout details can
be calculated very simply, by using the free LinkStudPSR design software (available
later in 2010) with the minimum of input. This design manual simply explains the
methods used to produce the design programme’s output, and although the BS8110
design standard is no longer officially supported, acts as an updatable guide to
display some of the more complex layouts that may not be available within the
LinkStudPSR Design Programme.
If in any doubt, LinkStudPSR’s specialist in-house Engineers can check and

produce calculations and layouts for the Project Engineer’s approval. Although no
longer current, our experienced Designers have access to specialist design
programmes and calculations that can be used to achieve a quicker solution, than
doing traditional long hand calculations and layouts.
To ensure clarity and conformity, this manual and related design procedures
work strictly within the guidelines of the now withdrawn BS8110 part 1. An
orthogonal pattern is used and the minimum required steel sectional area is
calculated at each perimeter from the loaded area (column / pile) face.
Although further design procedures may be incorporated within the EC2 design
standard at a later date as they become more widely accepted, LinkStudPSR
Limited have, for now, focused primarily on improving the quality, traceability,
conformity and certification of the LinkStudPSR system and its availability within the
UK. This is so that the additional studs required to fully comply with the guidelines of
the BS8110 standard can be used, without the increased costs, environmental
impact and complications of importing from overseas.
Designing to BS8110 - Information required
Information required when designing to BS8110
If you would like the punching shear specialists at LinkStudPSR to produce an accurate calculation using
the LinkStudPSR design programme, please copy and complete the pro-forma at the back of this manual
and Fax to 08456 528 528 or forward it to [email protected].
We will need detailed information on:

■ The dimensions and shape of the loaded area (e.g. square, rectangular or circular)
■ The distance of the loaded area from the nearest edge(s) of the slab
■ The diameter and spacing of the top reinforcement bars (bottom if a transfer slab)
■ The depth of the slab
■ The depth of the top and bottom reinforcement cover
■ The characteristic compressive cube strength of the concrete (fcu)
■ The applied design shear load (Vt or Veff)
■ Any design moments applied
Plus - where appropriate

■ The dimensions and position in relation to the loaded area of any holes through the slab
■ Any changes in slab depth, levels or movement joints within the live perimeter (a general
layout drawing may be required)
Alternatively, you may prefer to gather the relevant data and produce a calculation and design layout
yourself using the LinkStudPSR on-line design software (available later in 2010) or by using the long hand
calculations to BS8110 that we have laid out later in this manual.
NOTE: It is assumed that:

■ Any loads given by the Project Engineer have been factored using the BS8110 load factors
■ The concrete slab is not constructed using lightweight aggregate
IMPORTANT:
Make sure that loads given are only the slab loads and do not include the columns / loaded areas above.
Introduction to BS8110 design and symbols used
BS8110 design and calculation introduction

So far in this BS8110 section of the manual we have explained the LinkStudPSR Ltd design principles and
covered the main information required if you prefer to continue designing in the BS8110 design standard.
The following pages provide a description (below) of the symbols used within the punching shear calculations,
an overview of the BS8110 design procedure, some general detailing rules, some examples of the most
commonly used layouts to suit the most prevalent conditions and some installation information before
displaying examples of the most common perimeter layouts for various standard conditions that you may
encounter when designing punching shear reinforcement and an explanation of the long hand calculations
used within the LinkStudPSR design programme, to enable qualified Engineers to quickly and easily check
the workings of the software to satisfy themselves that the results are correct and the eventual structure will
remain free from any punching shear problems.
If you do have any questions regarding this design manual or the LinkStudPSR design programme, please
contact the technical team direct at [email protected] or on 08456 528 528.
Symbols Units Description
a mm Width of loaded area

Asv mm2/m Area of shear reinforcement
b mm Breadth of loaded area
c mm Dimension to edge of slab from face of loaded area (see diagrams)
d mm Effective depth of slab
h mm Overall slab depth
e mm Dimension to edge of slab from face of loaded area (see diagrams)
2
fcu N/mm Characteristic compressive cube strength of concrete at 28 days
2
fyv N/mm Characteristic strength of shear reinforcement. (not to be taken more than 500 N/mm 2)
Mt kN/m Design moment transferred between slab and loaded area at the connection
u0 mm Effective length of the loaded area perimeter
u1, u2…. mm Effective length of the design perimeters
un mm The effective perimeter where v ≤ vc
v N/mm 2
Design shear stress
vc N/mm2 Design concrete shear stress
Veff kN Design effective shear including allowance for moment transfer
Vt kN Design shear transferred to loaded area
X mm The length of the side of the perimeter considered parallel to the axis of bending
Note: X is always taken as the length of the side of u1 at 1.5d from the loaded area
face for each perimeter.
When calculating the direct shear with a moment at the loaded area face, X can
be calculated as the length of the side of u0 as a worst case, but it is normal
practice to use 1.5d as stated.
Outline of the BS8110 design process
Outline of the BS8110 design process
The design process for the now withdrawn BS8110 design standard works slightly differently to that used in
the new EC2 (BS EN 1992-1-1:2004) standard, and so we have laid out a simple overview of the steps re-
quired so that a simple comparison can be made between the two standards.
NOTE: Please remember to take into account the size and position of any holes / penetrations through the
slab within 6d of the loaded area (see page 79 for further information)
Check if the punching shear

stress at the loaded area face (v)
exceeds
0.8 √fcu or 5 N / mm2
NO YES
FAILURE
Calculate (vc) concrete shear capacity

without reinforcement
n - current perimeter number

n=1
At un - (perimeter n) check if the punching

shear stress is two times greater than the
concrete shear capacity without
reinforcement
Check if v > 2vc
NO YES
FAILURE
At un - (perimeter n) check if the punching

shear stress is less than the concrete
shear capacity without reinforcement
Check if v < vc
NO YES
Calculate the required Asw (shear reinforcement) Is n > 1

for n perimeter
NO YES
Go to next perimeter
n=n+1 No shear reinforcement Detail the position of the
required LinkStuds taking into account
the calculated area of
reinforcement, spacing rules,
shape and position of the
loaded area
Design perimeters and steel areas

Design perimeters and steel areas
The LinkStudPSR design programme and the traditional BS8110 method, calculates the minimum required
steel area needed at each perimeter from the loaded area (column / pile) face. The first perimeter u1 is set at
1.5d from the face and subsequent perimeters are at 0.75d outwards u2, u3 etc. until the slab and
reinforcement properties are able to take the shear stresses (vc > v).
Within the first perimeter (u1) there are two boundaries of Stud diameter Stud area
reinforcement (studs), with the first one at 0.5d from the face, (mm) (mm2)
which must provide at least 40% of the required steel area
at u1, and the second boundary at 1.25d (0.5d + 0.75d). 10 78.54
12 113.09
The first steel area is calculated using the reinforcement
within the u1 perimeter, using the studs on the perimeters 14 153.93
at 0.5d and 1.25d… with the second area using the
studs at 1.25d and 2.0d, and so on. 16 201.06
20 314.16
For example:
0.5d 8 8 studs
u1 8 + 16 = 24 studs
u2 16 + 24 = 40 studs
u3 24 + 32 = 56 studs
u4 no studs required
BS8110 General detailing rules
LinkStudPSR BS8110 General detailing rules d = effective depth
■ The rail length is calculated so that the start of the rail is in line with the loaded area / column face
■ The distance to the first and last studs on the rail must be at a maximum of 0.5d from the end of the
rail
■ Spacing between the studs along the rail must be at a maximum of 0.75d
■ The forged ends of the studs must capture the top and bottom slab reinforcement
■ The plan dimension between studs around the line of the perimeter must not exceed 1.5d
■ Stud lengths and spacing should be rounded down to the nearest 10 mm
■ Ideally layouts should be symmetrical (see plan details further on in this manual)
■ LinkStuds have a minimum of two and a maximum of eight studs on a rail
Generally, using the above rules simplifies the amount of variation on site and during manufacture,
reducing the need for complicated marking systems and the number of drawings required.
Variations should then be limited to only the diameter and number of LinkStuds on a rail.
Mark number “12-4-250-910” = stud diameter – number of studs – length of studs – length of rail
140 210 210 210 140
12 mm diameter
250
The above ‘mark number’ is sufficient information to manufacture and identify the LinkStudPSR system.
Each LinkStudPSR rail is manufactured with the correct number of studs required to achieve the design
layout, normally providing one rail type per column / pile head and hence no complicated assembly is
needed on site.
Calculating the rail spacing required can be done without difficulty from the mark number given:
i.e. from the above rail “12-4-250-910” : - length of rail = 910 mm & number of studs = 4
Effective slab depth d = length of rail / ( (number of studs – 1) x 0.75 + 1)

for example = 910 / ( ( 4 –1) x 0.75 + 1) = 280 mm effective slab depth
Edge spacing = 0.5d = 0.5 x 280 = 140 mm
Stud spacing = 0.75d = 0.75 x 280 = 210 mm
Typical LinkStud BS8110 layouts
Typical LinkStudPSR BS8110 layouts
Internal condition
Square loaded area Rectangular loaded area Circular loaded area
Edge condition
External corner condition

Internal corner condition

Standard LinkStudPSR BS8110 installation details
Standard LinkStudPSR system BS8110 installation details

Standard LinkStudPSR installation details
U0 U1 U2 U3
1.5d 0.75d 0.75d
Top cover
Head diameter =
3 x shaft diameter
Top reinforcement
LinkStud length
Shaft
diameter
h
d
Bottom cover
Face of loaded area 0.5d 0.75d 0.75d 0.75d 0.5d
3 mm thick double carrier rail

Standard LinkStud rail
(non structural)
LinkStudPSR can be installed either with studs down (top down) or up (bottom up) in the concrete slab.
In either condition the flat ends of the forged heads must sit level with the outer top and bottom slab
reinforcement to work correctly. In split level or ‘cranked’ slabs the studs must extend into the slab
reinforcement or an additional level of reinforcement should be added, this is easy to achieve using the
square (orthogonal) layout pattern of BS8110.
‘Studs down’ or ‘top down’ –
The most common and quickest method of fixing; the rails sit directly on the top reinforcement. Care must
be taken to fix the rails (usually with wire) so that the studs don’t rotate as the concrete is poured, and also
that the forged head remains at the correct level with the bottom reinforcement.
‘Studs up’ or ‘bottom up’ –
Place the carrier rails on concrete spacers and nail between the rails into the formwork. The bottom
reinforcement sits on, and is supported on, the carrier rail, hence the heads of the stud will remain at the
correct level with the bottom reinforcement and the top heads can be seen to be in the correct position.
Laying out LinkStudPSR to BS8110
Laying out the LinkStudPSR system to BS8110

To simplify the system layout the LinkStudPSR system uses only one ‘symmetrical’ rail type.
In the BS8110 standard the layout patterns are the same for square and circular loaded areas alike.
Large columns may require additional side rails to maintain the maximum distance between the studs of
1.5d.
The carrier / spacer rails are non-structural and can therefore be placed on the top or under the bottom
reinforcement.
The LinkStudPSR system rails are manufactured so that they are symmetrical and therefore cannot be
installed the wrong way around.
The forged ends (heads) of the studs must remain level with the top and bottom reinforcement layers.
Internal condition layout – installation / pattern creation.
Place the side rails first with the Line up the ends of the outer rails Place the remaining two rails in line
end of the rails touching the load- with the loaded area face and the with the centre of the column at
ed area face. The first stud along outer stud of the side rails. Then equal spacing from the two inner
the rail should be no more than place the inner rails inline with rails to complete the pattern, and
0.5d from the loaded area face. each stud on the side rails, au- making sure that the distance to the
tomatically giving the relevant de- studs on the inner rails does not
signed spacing. exceed 1.5d.
Introduction to BS8110 design standard worked examples

As a quick reference guide to the now withdrawn BS8110 design standard, and to help with a like for
like comparison with the new EC2 standard, we have produced a series of layout drawings and
associated long hand calculations for each of the main column types and the most common positions
(conditions) that they are likely to be used in.
We hope that this will help to accelerate the calculation and design process for the most frequently
used conditions.
The following section provides information on designing punching shear reinforcement based strictly
on the orthogonal pattern layout of BS8110. For additional information (not included in this design
manual) on designing using this layout style, please contact the LinkStudPSR technical team.
If you have any questions regarding these calculations or their associated layouts, please do not hes-
itate to contact our technical team on 08456 528 528 or by e-mail at [email protected].
The following pages supply designs and calculations for:
■ Square / circular loaded areas - Internal condition ............................. p.62-63

■ Square / circular loaded areas - Edge condition ................................. p.64-65
■ Square / circular loaded areas - External corner condition .................. p.66-67
■ Square / circular loaded areas - Internal corner condition ................... p.68-69
■ Rectangular loaded areas - Internal condition ..................................... p.70-71
■ Rectangular loaded areas - Edge condition ........................................ p.72-73
■ Rectangular loaded areas - External corner condition ........................ p.74-75
■ Rectangular loaded areas - Internal corner condition ......................... p.76-77
Square / Circular loaded areas - INTERNAL
Square loaded area - Internal condition
Circular loaded area - Internal condition

Reference to BS8110 part 1
d = h – top cover – T1 Bars size / 2 – T2 Bars size / 2 (average in both directions)
x = a + ( 2 x 1.5d ) (required only when there is a moment in the slab)
Figure 3.14
u0 = 4a (Square loaded area) or aπ (Circular loaded area) 3.7.7.2
Veff = 1.15Vt (direct shear) or Veff = Vt ( 1 + 1.5Mt / (Vt x X) ) (moment present) Figure 3.15
v = Veff / ( u0 x d ) Design at face

Check ‘v’ is not greater than 0.8 x √fcu or 5 N/mm² Equation 27
fcu should not to be taken greater than 40 N/mm² 3.7.6.4 & 3.7.7.2
Design each perimeter u1, u2, …un - starting 1.5d from the loaded area face and at 0.75d Design at
thereafter until vc is greater than or equal to v. perimeters
u1 = ( ( 1.5d x 2) + a ) x 4 ….u2 = ( ( 2.25d x 2) + a ) x 4 … u3 = ( ( 3d x 2) + a ) x 4 … & 3.7.7.3

so on
vc = 0.79 x ( ( ( 100As / ( 1000 x d ) )1/3 x ( 400 / d )1/4 ) / 1.25 ) x (fcu / 25)1/3 Table 3.8
Where:
100As / ( 1000 x d ) ≤ 3
400 / d ≥ 1
v = Veff / ( u1 x d ) Equation 28
v < vc ■ No Shear reinforcement is required 3.7.7.4

v > 2vc ■ Redesign using: deeper slab, increased grade or top reinforcement. 3.7.7.5
v ≤ 1.6vc ■ Asv = (v – vc ) u1 d / ( 0.87fyv ) Note: Sin 90º = 1 for vertical bars Equation 29a
1.6vc < v ≤ 2vc ■ Asv = 5 (0.7 v – vc ) u1 d / ( 0.87fyv ) Note: Sin 90º = 1 for vertical bars Equation 29b
Check against minimum steel = ( 0.4 u1 d ) / ( 0.87fyv ) …. (altering u1 to u2 , etc… Figure 3.17
accordingly)
Note: Asv is for TWO perimeters of studs / links at a maximum of 0.75d centres.
The first perimeter of studs located at 0.5d should contain at least 40% of the
calculated area of the reinforcement required in u1.
Repeat ‘design at perimeters’… until v < vc hence no more reinforcement is required.
Square / Circular loaded areas - EDGE

Square loaded area - Edge condition Square loaded area - Edge condition
Circular loaded area - Edge condition Circular loaded area - Edge condition

Cantilever edges (c) are restricted to a maximum of 3d. Lengths greater than 3d are
ignored.
Xy = a + c + 1.5d or Xx = a + ( 2 x 1.5d ) (required only when there is a moment in Figure 3.14
the slab)
Square loaded area: u0 = 4a or u0 = 3a + 2c whichever is the smallest. 3.7.7.2
Circular loaded area: u0 = a x π or u0 = aπ / 2 + a + 2c whichever is the smallest.

use X as Xx or Xy as appropriate Figure 3.15
Veff = 1.4Vt or 1.25Vt (direct shear) or Veff = Vt ( 1.25 + 1.5Mt / (Vt x X) )
(moment present)
Check ‘v’ is not greater than 0.8 x  fcu or 5 N/mm² Equation 27
u1 = (1.5d x 4) + 3a + 2c ..u2 = (2.25d x 4) + 3a + 2c ..u3 = (3d x 2) x 4 + 3a + 2c ..& 3.7.7.3

so on
Where:
100As / ( 1000 x d ) ≤ 3
400 / d ≥ 1

accordingly)
Square / Circular loaded areas - EXTERNAL CORNER
Square loaded area - External corner Square loaded area - External corner
Circular loaded area - External corner Circular loaded area - External corner

Cantilever edges (c,d) are restricted to a maximum of 3d. Lengths greater than 3d
are ignored.
Xy = a + c + 1.5d or Xx = a + e + 1.5d (required only when there is a moment in the Figure 3.14
slab)
Square loaded area: u0 = 4a or u0 = 2a + c + e or u0 = 3a + 2c or u0 = 3a + 2e 3.7.7.2
whichever is the smallest.
Circular loaded area: u0 = a x π or u0 = aπ / 4 + a + c + e whichever is the smallest.
Veff = 1.25Vt (direct shear) or Veff = Vt ( 1.25 + 1.5Mt / (Vt x X) ) (moment present)
u1 = (1.5d x 2) + 2a + c + e ..u2 = (2.25d x 2) + 2a + c + e ..u3 = (3d x 2) + 2a + c + e ... & 3.7.7.3

so on
Where:
100As / ( 1000 x d ) ≤ 3
400 / d ≥ 1

accordingly)
Square / Circular loaded areas - INTERNAL CORNER
Square loaded area - Internal corner Square loaded area - Internal corner
Circular loaded area - Internal corner Circular loaded area - Internal corner

Cantilever edges (c,e) are restricted to a maximum of 1.5d. Lengths greater than
1.5d are ignored.
Xy = a + 3d or Xx = a + 3d (required only when there is a moment in the slab) Figure 3.14
Square loaded area: u0 = 4a or u0 = 4a + c + e whichever is the smallest.
3.7.7.2
Circular loaded area: u0 = aπ or u0 = aπ3/4 + a + c + e whichever is the smallest.

u1 = (1.5d x 6) + 4a + c + e ..u2 = (2.25d x 6) + 4a + c + e ..u3 = (3d x 6) + 4a + c + e ... & 3.7.7.3

so on
Check u1, u2, etc.. Against a complete enclosed perimeter i.e. u1 = ( ( 1.5d x 2) + a ) x 4
Where:
100As / ( 1000 x d ) ≤ 3
400 / d ≥ 1

accordingly)
Rectangular loaded areas - INTERNAL

Rectangular loaded area - Internal condition
Rectangular loaded area - Internal condition

For rectangular loaded areas with a length exceeding four times its thickness, should be
considered as a wall receiving localised punching shear at its ends.
See section on Wall / Blade column 1.3.4.1

Xy = b + ( 2 x 1.5d ) or Xx = a + ( 2 x 1.5d ) (required only when there is a moment in Figure 3.14
the slab)
u0 = 2a + 2b 3.7.7.2
Veff = 1.15Vt (direct shear) or Veff = Vt ( 1 + 1.5Mt / (Vt x X) ) (moment present)

Check ‘v’ is not greater than 0.8 x √fcu or 5 N/mm² Equation 27
u1 = (1.5d x 2) x 4 + (a + b) x 2 ..u2 = (2.25d x 2) x 4 + (a + b) x 2 ..u3 = (3d x 2) x 4 + (a + 3.7.7.3

b ) x 2 ..& so on.
Where:
100As / ( 1000 x d ) ≤ 3
400 / d ≥ 1

accordingly)
Rectangular loaded areas - EDGE

Rectangular loaded area - Edge condition
Rectangular loaded area - Edge condition


ignored.
Xy = b + c + 1.5d or Xx = a + ( 2 x 1.5d ) (required only when there is a moment in the Figure 3.14
slab)
u0 = 2a + 2b or u0 = a + 2b + 2c whichever is the smallest. 3.7.7.2

Veff = 1.4Vt or 1.25Vt (direct shear) or Veff = Vt ( 1.25 + 1.5Mt / (Vt x X) )
(moment present)
u1 = (1.5d x 4) + a + 2b + 2c ..u2 = (2.25d x 4) + a + 2b + 2c ..u3 = (3d x 2) x 4 + a + 2b + 3.7.7.3

2c ..& so on
Where:
100As / ( 1000 x d ) ≤ 3
400 / d ≥ 1

accordingly)
Rectangular loaded areas - EXTERNAL CORNER

Rectangular loaded area - External corner
Rectangular loaded area - External corner

ignored.
Xy = b + c + 1.5d or Xx = a + e + 1.5d (required only when there is a moment in the Figure 3.14
slab)
u0 = 2a + 2b or u0 = a + b + c + e or u0 = a + 2b + 2c or u0 = 2a + b + 2e 3.7.7.2
whichever is the smallest.
u1 = (1.5d x 2) + a + b + c + e ..u2 = (2.25d x 2) + a + b + c + e ..u3 = (3d x 2) + a + b + c 3.7.7.3

+ e ... & so on.
Where:
100As / ( 1000 x d ) ≤ 3
400 / d ≥ 1

accordingly)
Rectangular loaded areas - INTERNAL CORNER

Rectangular loaded area - Internal corner
Rectangular loaded area - Internal corner

Cantilever edges (c,e) are restricted to a maximum of 1.5d. Lengths greater than
1.5d are ignored.
Xy = b + 3d or Xx = a + 3d (required only when there is a moment in the slab) Figure 3.14
u0 = 2a + 2b or u0 = a + b + c + e whichever is the smallest. 3.7.7.2

u1 = (1.5d x 6) + 2a + 2b + c + e ..u2 = (2.25d x 6) + 2a + 2b + c + e ..u3 = (3d x 6) + 2a + 3.7.7.3

2b + c + e ... & so on
Check u1, u2, etc.. Against a complete enclosed perimeter i.e. u1 = ( ( 1.5d x 2 ) x 4 + 2a
+ 2b)
Where:
100As / ( 1000 x d ) ≤ 3
400 / d ≥ 1

accordingly)
Design guidance for large columns or walls
BS8110 Design guidance for large columns or walls

BS8110 part 1 1997 1.3.4.1
A vertical load bearing member whose length exceeds four times its thickness.
Loaded areas with a length greater than four times its thickness are considered to be a wall and as such
localised punching will occur at the ends or corners.
This subject is not covered by BS8110 part 1 1997.
Therefore, to conform to the code, it could be assumed that the perimeters could be returned around the ends
by two times the thickness (2 x ‘a’).
i.e. a loaded area 800 x 200 in size would be treated as a normal punching shear situation, whereas a 1000 x
200 loaded area would retain the same perimeter size as the 800 x 200 example (the shear force may be
reduced due to direct shear taken across the middle part of the loaded area / wall). The Project Engineer
should be consulted first as to if and how this can be achieved.
This topic is however also covered by the Eurocode in more depth for edge and corner conditions adopting the
smaller dimension of < 1.5d or < 0.5c1, where c1 can be taken as half the loaded area / wall length.
The final decision should rest with the Project Engineer who is fully aware of the whole structure.
It would therefore be easier to separate each end of the loaded area / wall and calculate it as an edge
condition with the respective loaded area width ‘a’ and the return dimension ‘R’ being considered as the small-
er of 2a, 1.5d or 0.5c1.
Still retaining the factor of Veff = 1.25Vt for the edge condition and half the loading unless otherwise specified.
Large loaded area corners or wall corners can be addressed in a similar manner, returning each side by 1.5d
and calculated as a corner condition (as indicated below).
Design guidance for holes / penetrations through slabs
BS8110 Design guidance for holes through slabs

BS8110 part 1 1997 3.7.7.6 Modification of effective perimeter to allow for holes.
When a hole or holes are within 6d from the face of the loaded area, part of the perimeter that is enclosed by
the radial projections (dead zone) from the centre of the loaded area to the edges of the hole(s) are
considered ineffective.
Each perimeter (u0, u1, etc..) must be reduced accordingly and any studs / reinforcement ignored when
calculating the area of steel required / used. Care should be taken when repositioning rails to miss holes that
it has not moved into another perimeter without adjusting the calculation likewise.
A single hole can be ignored if its largest width is less than the smaller of:
1. One quarter of the side of the loaded area
2. Half the slab depth
It may be desirable or quicker to consider a worst case design, ignoring the part of the slab with the hole(s)
and design as an edge or corner condition, supplying additional rails to the disregarded area of slab that will
be receiving load from the slab.
Alternatively, a percentage reduction of the perimeters can be used, but care must be taken, as the
percentage will vary due to the position around the loaded area and with the distance between the loaded
area and the hole.
Design guidance for split level slabs - Edge condition
project into 350 mm slab

Bottom reinforcement to
250 mm deep slab
Stud length to suit

250 mm deep slab
BS8110 Design guidance for split level slabs - EDGE

350 mm deep slab
Stud length to suit

350 mm deep slab
Stud length to suit
350 mm deep slab
All stud spacing to All stud spacing to
250 mm deep slab 350 mm deep slab
Edge condition with slab depth Option 1 Option 2

change to the underside Design as a 250 mm deep slab, in Design as a 350 mm deep slab in a
an edge condition (worst case), corner condition.
and arrange the layout of rails /
Stud spacing and length are as
studs to give similar stud lengths
standard for the 350 mm slab
on each rail where possible.
depth.
Bottom reinforcement must be
This assumes that most of the load
provided for any short stud lengths
is being applied from the deeper
within the deeper slab zone.
slab, the stud arrangement will stiff-
Maintain stud spacing for the 250 en the slab locally to the loaded
mm deep slab in the 350 mm slab, area and aid transferring of the load
but increase the stud length to suit from the thinner slab.
the deeper slab.
If desired additional rails can be
Option 3 added in the 250 mm slab, but the
Design as a 350 mm deep slab in stud spacing rules for the thinner
a corner condition. Stud spacing slab should be applied. (see option
and length are as standard for the 3 below).
350 mm slab depth.
The perimeters can be increased
to allow for the additional
connecting part of the 250 mm ‘d1’ is the effective depth of
deep slab. the 250 mm slab - 190 mm
The distance along the connecting

Where ‘d’ is the effective depth
face will need to be converted to of the 250 mm deep slab
an equivalent length of the thinner

slab by d1 / d2: i.e. U1 = 1155 x
190 / 290 = 756.72 mm.
Once the new lengths are
calculated it can be added to the
perimeter in the design
Stud length to suit
350 mm deep slab
programme by using the

‘Perimeter Reduction’ function and
entering it as a negative value.
If desired, additional rails can be
added in the 250 mm slab, but the All stud spacing to
stud spacing rules for the thinner ‘d2’ is the effective depth of
the 350 mm slab - 290 mm
350 mm deep slab
slab should be applied.
Design guidance for split level slabs - Internal condition

Internal condition with slab depth change within the 350 mm deep slab 250 mm deep slab
loaded area zone.
BS8110 Design guidance for split level slabs - INTERNAL

A A
Section A-A
Stud length extended All stud spacing to

Option 1 to suit 350 mm slab suit 250 mm slab
Design as an ‘Internal Condition’ using the smaller

slab depth (worst case), arrange the layout of rails /
studs to give similar stud lengths on each rail where
possible.
Bottom reinforcement must be provided for any short
stud lengths within the deeper slab zone.
Maintain stud spacing for the 250 mm slab within the
350 mm slab, but increase the stud length to suit the
deeper slab.
Option 2
Design as an ‘Edge Condition’ using the deeper slab
depth. Stud length to suit
350 mm deep slab
The perimeters can be increased to allow for the

Convert to an equivalent 350 mm deep slab
additional connecting part of the 250 mm deep slab.
The distance along the connecting face will need to
be converted to an equivalent length of the thinner
slab by d1 / d2.
Once the new lengths are calculated it can be added
to the perimeter in the design programme by using
the ‘Perimeter Reduction’ function and entering it as a
negative value.
If desired additional rails can be added in the 250 mm
slab, but the stud spacing rules for the thinner slab
should be applied
Stud length to suit Stud length to suit

Option 3 350 mm deep slab 250 mm deep slab
Determine the loads on each side of the loaded area

and design as two separate edge conditions:
■ 350 mm deep edge slab
■ 250 mm deep edge slab
Stud spacing and length will vary either side of the
loaded area.
Note: the Veff factor should be calculated as an ‘Edge
Condition’ on each side.
Design guidance for split level slabs - Internal condition

Internal condition with slab depth change outside the
loaded area zone. 350 mm deep slab 250 mm deep slab
BS8110 Design guidance for split level slabs - INTERNAL

A A
Section A-A
All stud
Option 1 Stud length extended
to suit 350 mm slab
spacing to
suit 250 mm
slab
Design as an ‘Internal Condition’ using the smaller
slab depth (worst case), arrange the layout of rails /
studs to give similar stud lengths on each rail where
possible.
Bottom reinforcement must be provided for any short
stud lengths within the deeper slab zone.
Maintain stud spacing for the 250 mm slab within the
350 mm slab, but increase the stud length to suit the
deeper slab.
Stud length to suit

Option 2 350 mm deep slab
Design as a ‘Cantilever Edge Condition’ using the

deeper slab depth.
Stud length and spacing to suit the 350 mm deep
slab.
Option 3
Design as a ‘Cantilever Edge Condition’ using the Stud length to suit
350 mm deep slab
deeper slab depth.
Convert to an equivalent 350 mm deep slab
The perimeters can be increased to allow for the

additional connecting part of the 250 mm deep slab.
The distance along the connecting face will need to
be converted to an equivalent length of the thinner
slab by d1 / d2.
Once the new lengths are calculated it can be added
to the perimeter in the design programme by using
the ‘Perimeter Reduction’ function and entering it as a
negative value.
NOTES:
NOTES

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LinkStudPSR™

Specialists in Punching Shear Reinforcement

Design Manual to BS8110

LinkStud PSR Limited

Design Manual to BS8110

Introduction to BS8110 design worked examples ............................ 13

LinkStudPSR is a technologically advanced and proven system, the first fully

From application advice and design guidance, through proposal drawings,

Dariusz Nowik MSc (Eng)

BS8110 Design Preface

If in any doubt, LinkStudPSR’s specialist in-house Engineers can check and

Information required when designing to BS8110

We will need detailed information on:

Plus - where appropriate

NOTE: It is assumed that:

BS8110 design and calculation introduction

Symbols Units Description

a mm Width of loaded area

Outline of the BS8110 design process

Check if the punching shear

Calculate (vc) concrete shear capacity

n - current perimeter number

At un - (perimeter n) check if the punching

At un - (perimeter n) check if the punching

Calculate the required Asw (shear reinforcement) Is n > 1

Design perimeters and steel areas

LinkStudPSR BS8110 General detailing rules d = effective depth

140 210 210 210 140

Effective slab depth d = length of rail / ( (number of studs – 1) x 0.75 + 1)

Edge spacing = 0.5d = 0.5 x 280 = 140 mm

Stud spacing = 0.75d = 0.75 x 280 = 210 mm

External corner condition

Internal corner condition

Standard LinkStudPSR system BS8110 installation details

Face of loaded area 0.5d 0.75d 0.75d 0.75d 0.5d

3 mm thick double carrier rail

‘Studs down’ or ‘top down’ –

‘Studs up’ or ‘bottom up’ –

Laying out the LinkStudPSR system to BS8110

Internal condition layout – installation / pattern creation.

Introduction to BS8110 design standard worked examples

The following pages supply designs and calculations for:

■ Square / circular loaded areas - Internal condition ............................. p.62-63

Square loaded area - Internal condition

Circular loaded area - Internal condition

Square / Circular loaded areas - INTERNAL

v = Veff / ( u0 x d ) Design at face

u1 = ( ( 1.5d x 2) + a ) x 4 ….u2 = ( ( 2.25d x 2) + a ) x 4 … u3 = ( ( 3d x 2) + a ) x 4 … & 3.7.7.3

v < vc ■ No Shear reinforcement is required 3.7.7.4

Repeat ‘design at perimeters’… until v < vc hence no more reinforcement is required.

Square / Circular loaded areas - EDGE

Square / Circular loaded areas - EDGE

Circular loaded area: u0 = a x π or u0 = aπ / 2 + a + 2c whichever is the smallest.

u1 = (1.5d x 4) + 3a + 2c ..u2 = (2.25d x 4) + 3a + 2c ..u3 = (3d x 2) x 4 + 3a + 2c ..& 3.7.7.3

v < vc ■ No Shear reinforcement is required 3.7.7.4

Repeat ‘design at perimeters’… until v < vc hence no more reinforcement is required.

Square / Circular loaded areas - EXTERNAL CORNER

u1 = (1.5d x 2) + 2a + c + e ..u2 = (2.25d x 2) + 2a + c + e ..u3 = (3d x 2) + 2a + c + e ... & 3.7.7.3

v < vc ■ No Shear reinforcement is required 3.7.7.4