Data Communication Network

Data Communication
Network
Assignment 1
Name: Kainat Khan
Class: MCS/MIT 1
Submitted to: Dr Ishtiaq
 DATA COMMUNICATION NETWORK

Question 1: Are there any chances of the data on the internet i i i i i i i i i

being captured? Justify your answer with some example.

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Mention some ways to secure yourself.

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Yes, data can be captured on the internet. If you have a internet connection then it
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must be provided by an ISP (Internet service provider). You connect to your ISP,
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and your ISP routes the data to where it’s supposed to go elsewhere on the
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internet. There are hackers on the internet and they can steal your personal
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information.
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For Example
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Some of the biggest examples are the Ashley Madison hack or the Starbucks app
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hack. In the Ashley Madison hack, hackers were able to break into the customer
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database and get access to all the information including many private pictures of
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popular celebrities. This incident was a big shakeup in the Internet world which also
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affected private lives of many people.

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To protect yourself:
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 Use secure connections i i

 Don’t use free Wi-Fi i i i

 Don’t use public computers i i i

 Use VPN whenever you’re online i i i i

 Have good passwords i i

 Use good antiviral products i i i

 Use good cryptography i i

 Have good firewalls i i

Question 2: Do you think IPv4 addresses are enough for all the i i i i i i i i i

internet users/devices? Justify your answer while giving some

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scenario.
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Not only are there not enough IPv4 addresses, but what we (as an industry) are
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doing is making a bad situation even worse.

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The problem is that IP addresses get allocated in blocks, and the blocks have “holes”
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in them. So, for example, suppose I was given a /24 block. That means I have 254
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addresses available for my use. However, I don’t need 254 addresses, I only need
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100 addresses. So I could get by with a /25. So what I do is I sell you my unused /25.
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After all, they are never going to be used. BUT…. you are probably far away from
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me, so an entry has to be in the routing tables all over the internet on how to get to
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my /25 and your /25. One entry is no big deal. But thousands and thousands of
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these deals are getting made. So the routing tables are getting bigger There have
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been a couple of cases where the routing tables got so large that the routers ran out
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of memory to hold them, which means that the network going through those
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routers separated. Very hard problem to track down.

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The real solution is to tell everybody just stop using IPv4. Use IPv6 everywhere. That
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probably won’t happen, however. Nobody wants to take the first step.
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Question 3: What could be the possible issues if you increase i i i i i i i i

the number of layers in TCP/IP model or if you reduce the

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number of layers?
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TCP/IP is not a “model”. It is a practical implementation of layered communication

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protocols. Increasing or reducing the number of layers would destroy the design
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and in effect turn it into something else entirely.

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If we increase the number of layers in TCP/IP model then it takes time to transmit
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data over the network because it has to go through from many layers so it is time
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consuming. Even in OSI model has 7 layers that is enough but if we increase more 7
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layers then it takes a lot of time. TCP/IP model has 5 layers and that is large enough
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to avoid complexity but if we reduce the number of layers in TCP/IP model then it
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increases the level of complexity.

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Question 4: If you are not using any STANDARD for your device i i i i i i i i i

manufacturing, then what sort of problems you may

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encounter? And what is the solution for that?

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  Once you have purchased your equipment you are locked into that i i i i i i i i i i

manufacturer. i

 You cannot sensibly compare equipment as they use different standards.

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 There is a lack of price competition which can result in higher prices.

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 There may be less encouragement for technical development due to fewer

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competitors. i

A standard reduces the number of variables that come into play while trouble
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shooting problems, which will result in better, service for information technology
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users. Networking standards exist to help ensure products of different vendors are
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able to work together in a network without risk of incompatibility.

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Question 5: How many layers of your packet are processed at i i i i i i i i

the router and why? What if we increase or decrease the

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number of layers being processed by the router?

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In the network layer, there are the services that direct the data from the host to the
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destination. In many scenarios, the packets might have to travel through many
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intermediary devices such as routers. Routing ensures that the path taken to the
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destination is the most efficient as defined by the administrator. But the packet has
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been processed by the physical layer, data link layer and network layer.
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The network layer, or OSI Layer 3, provides services to allow end devices to
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exchange data across the network. To accomplish this end-to-end transport, the
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network layer uses four basic processes:

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1. Addressing end devices i i

2. Encapsulation
3. Routing
4. De-encapsulation
And if increase or reduce the number of layers being processed by router then
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Dynamic router communications cause additional network overhead, which results

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in less bandwidth for user data. And also Routers are slower than other devices
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because they must analyze a data transmission from the Physical through the
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Network layer.
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