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What Is HTML?

HTML is a markup language used to define the structure and layout of web pages. It uses tags placed around content to indicate headings, paragraphs, links, and other elements. Tags are keywords surrounded by angle brackets. Common tags include <h1> for main headings, <p> for paragraphs, <a> for links, and <img> for images. HTML documents contain nested HTML elements that make up the structure of the page.

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kutty2mm
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84 views

What Is HTML?

HTML is a markup language used to define the structure and layout of web pages. It uses tags placed around content to indicate headings, paragraphs, links, and other elements. Tags are keywords surrounded by angle brackets. Common tags include <h1> for main headings, <p> for paragraphs, <a> for links, and <img> for images. HTML documents contain nested HTML elements that make up the structure of the page.

Uploaded by

kutty2mm
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HTML

1. INTRODUCTION

What is HTML?
HTML is a language for describing web pages.

• HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language


• HTML is not a programming language, it is a markup language
• A markup language is a set of markup tags
• HTML uses markup tags to describe web pages

HTML Tags
HTML markup tags are usually called HTML tags

• HTML tags are keywords surrounded by angle brackets like <html>


• HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b>
• The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag
• Start and end tags are also called opening tags and closing tags

HTML Documents = Web Pages


• HTML documents describe web pages
• HTML documents contain HTML tags and plain text
• HTML documents are also called web pages

The purpose of a web browser (like Internet Explorer or Firefox) is to read HTML
documents and display them as web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags,
but uses the tags to interpret the content of the page:

<html>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>
Example Explained
• The text between <html> and </html> describes the web page
• The text between <body> and </body> is the visible page content
• The text between <h1> and </h1> is displayed as a heading
• The text between <p> and </p> is displayed as a paragraph

2. HTML BASIC

HTML Headings
HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.

Example
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<h2>This is a heading</h2>
<h3>This is a heading</h3>

Try it yourself »

HTML Paragraphs
HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag.

Example
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>

Try it yourself »

HTML Links
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag.

Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a>

Try it yourself »

Note: The link address is specified in the href attribute.

(You will learn about attributes in a later chapter of this tutorial).

HTML Images
HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.

Example
<img src="w3schools.jpg" width="104" height="142" />

Try it yourself »

Note: The name and the size of the image are provided as attributes.

3. HTML ELEMENT

HTML Elements

An HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:

Start tag * Element content End tag *


<p> This is a paragraph </p>
<a href="default.htm" > This is a link </a>
<br />

* The start tag is often called the opening tag. The end tag is often called the closing tag.

HTML Element Syntax


• An HTML element starts with a start tag / opening tag
• An HTML element ends with an end tag / closing tag
• The element content is everything between the start and the end tag
• Some HTML elements have empty content
• Empty elements are closed in the start tag
• Most HTML elements can have attributes

Tip: You will learn about attributes in the next chapter of this tutorial.

Nested HTML Elements


Most HTML elements can be nested (can contain other HTML elements).

HTML documents consist of nested HTML elements.

HTML Document Example


<html>

<body>
<p>This is my first paragraph.</p>
</body>

</html>

The example above contains 3 HTML elements.

HTML Example Explained


The <p> element:

<p>This is my first paragraph.</p>

The <p> element defines a paragraph in the HTML document.


The element has a start tag <p> and an end tag </p>.
The element content is: This is my first paragraph.

The <body> element:

<body>
<p>This is my first paragraph.</p>
</body>

The <body> element defines the body of the HTML document.


The element has a start tag <body> and an end tag </body>.
The element content is another HTML element (a p element).

The <html> element:

<html>

<body>
<p>This is my first paragraph.</p>
</body>

</html>

The <html> element defines the whole HTML document.


The element has a start tag <html> and an end tag </html>.
The element content is another HTML element (the body element).

Don't Forget the End Tag


Most browsers will display HTML correctly even if you forget the end tag:

<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is a paragraph

The example above will work in most browsers, but don't rely on it. Forgetting the end
tag can produce unexpected results or errors.

Note: Future version of HTML will not allow you to skip end tags.

Empty HTML Elements


HTML elements with no content are called empty elements. Empty elements can be
closed in the start tag.

<br> is an empty element without a closing tag (the <br> tag defines a line break).

In XHTML, XML, and future versions of HTML, all elements must be closed.

Adding a slash to the start tag, like <br />, is the proper way of closing empty elements,
accepted by HTML, XHTML and XML.
Even if <br> works in all browsers, writing <br /> instead is more future proof.

HTML Tip: Use Lowercase Tags


HTML tags are not case sensitive: <P> means the same as <p>. Many web sites use
uppercase HTML tags.

W3Schools use lowercase tags because the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
recommends lowercase in HTML 4, and demands lowercase tags in future versions of
(X)HTML.

4. ATTRIBUTES

HTML Attributes
• HTML elements can have attributes
• Attributes provide additional information about an element
• Attributes are always specified in the start tag
• Attributes come in name/value pairs like: name="value"

Attribute Example
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag. The link address is specified in the href
attribute:

Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a>

Try it yourself »

Always Quote Attribute Values


Attribute values should always be enclosed in quotes.

Double style quotes are the most common, but single style quotes are also allowed.
Tip: In some rare situations, when the attribute value itself contains quotes, it is
necessary to use single quotes: name='John "ShotGun" Nelson'

HTML Tip: Use Lowercase Attributes


Attribute names and attribute values are case-insensitive.

However, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase


attributes/attribute values in their HTML 4 recommendation.

Newer versions of (X)HTML will demand lowercase attributes.

HTML Attributes Reference


A complete list of legal attributes for each HTML element is listed in our:

Complete HTML Reference

Below is a list of some attributes that are standard for most HTML elements:

Attribute Value Description


class classname Specifies a classname for an element
id id Specifies a unique id for an element
style style_definition Specifies an inline style for an element
Specifies extra information about an element
title tooltip_text
(displayed as a tool tip)
5. HEADINGS

HTML Headings
Headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.

<h1> defines the largest heading. <h6> defines the smallest heading.

Example
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<h2>This is a heading</h2>
<h3>This is a heading</h3>

Example Program

<html>
<body> This is heading 1
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2> This is heading 2
<h3>This is heading 3</h3>
<h4>This is heading 4</h4> This is heading 3
<h5>This is heading 5</h5>
<h6>This is heading 6</h6> This is heading 4

</body> This is heading 5


</html>
This is heading 6

Headings Are Important


Use HTML headings for headings only. Don't use headings to make text BIG or bold.

Search engines use your headings to index the structure and content of your web pages.

Since users may skim your pages by its headings, it is important to use headings to show
the document structure.

H1 headings should be used as main headings, followed by H2 headings, then the less
important H3 headings, and so on.
HTML Lines
The <hr /> tag creates a horizontal line in an HTML page.

The hr element can be used to separate content:

Example
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<hr />
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<hr />
<p>This is a paragraph</p>

Example Program

<html> The hr tag defines a horizontal rule:


<body>
<p>The hr tag defines a horizontal
rule:</p> This is a paragraph
<hr />
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<hr /> This is a paragraph
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<hr />
<p>This is a paragraph</p> This is a paragraph
</body>
</html>

HTML Comments
Comments can be inserted into the HTML code to make it more readable and
understandable. Comments are ignored by the browser and are not displayed.

Comments are written like this:

Example
<!-- This is a comment -->

Example Program

<html> This is a regular paragraph


<body>

<!--This comment will not be displayed-->


<p>This is a regular paragraph</p>

</body>
</html>

HTML Tag Reference


W3Schools' tag reference contains additional information about these tags and their
attributes.

You will learn more about HTML tags and attributes in the next chapters of this tutorial.

Tag Description
<html> Defines an HTML document
<body> Defines the document's body
<h1> to <h6> Defines HTML headings
<hr /> Defines a horizontal line
<!--> Defines a comment

6. HTML Paragraph

HTML Paragraphs
Paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag.

Example
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<p>This is another paragraph</p>

Example Program
<html> This is a paragraph.
<body>
This is a paragraph.
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p> This is a paragraph.
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>
TAGS
Heading <h1> </h1>

<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<h2>This is a heading</h2>
<h3>This is a heading</h3>

Paragraph <p> </p>

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

Link <a> </a> HREF for Link

<a href="http://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a>

Image <img> SRC for Image

<img src="w3schools.jpg" width="104" height="142" />

Horizontal Line <hr/>

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