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Switching and Intelligent Networks Course Handout Chapter1

The document provides an introduction and historical overview of telecommunication networks and switching systems. It discusses how telecommunication networks allow entities that are geographically far apart to transfer information. The universal connectivity enabled by switching systems allows any entity to communicate with any other entity worldwide. It then describes the historical development of telegraph, telephone, and wireless communication technologies. Finally, it provides an overview of different types of switching systems including centralized switching systems.

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724 views6 pages

Switching and Intelligent Networks Course Handout Chapter1

The document provides an introduction and historical overview of telecommunication networks and switching systems. It discusses how telecommunication networks allow entities that are geographically far apart to transfer information. The universal connectivity enabled by switching systems allows any entity to communicate with any other entity worldwide. It then describes the historical development of telegraph, telephone, and wireless communication technologies. Finally, it provides an overview of different types of switching systems including centralized switching systems.

Uploaded by

Kondapalli Lathief
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Switching functions, background chapter1

Telecommunication networks carry information signals among entities, which are


Geographically far apart. An entity may be a computer or human being, a facsimile machine, a
Teleprompter, a data terminal and so on. The entities are involved in the process of information
Transfer which may be in the form of a telephone conversation (telephony) or a file transfer
Between two computers or message transfer between two terminals etc.

The communication switching system enables the universal connectivity. The universal
Connectivity is realized when any entity in one part of the world can communicate with any
Other entity in another part of the world.

The telecommunication links and switching were mainly designed for voice
Communication. With the appropriate attachments/equipments, they can be used to transmit
Data. A modern society, therefore needs new facilities including very high bandwidth switched
Data networks and large communication satellites with small, cheap earth antennas.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
By the early 1800’s scientists had developed ways to generate and transmit electricity. In
1819, oersted discovered the relation between magnetism and electricity. Ampere, Faraday
And others continued this work in 1820. In 1834, Gauss and Weber wired over the roofs of
Gottingen to make a telegraph system.

Samuel F.B. Morse’s developed the first significant work in telecommunication. F.B.
Morse developed code telegraphy in 1837. In 1844, a 40 mile telegraph line was setup between
Baltimore and Washington by F.B. Morse. In 1845, Morse formed a telegraph company based
on his technology. In 1849, the first slow telegraph printer link was setup.

In 1874, Ban dot invented a ‘‘Multiplexes” system which enables up to six signal from telegraph
machines to be transmitted together over the same line. In 1876, Bell invented a telephone
system. In 1897 Marconi patented a wireless telephone system. Teletypewriter service was
initiated in 1931.

In early days, a very simple exchanges whose control is provided by a human operator
And the elements of the switch assemblies are plugs and sacks. With increase in demand of
Service, human operator exchange was replaced by the invention of range of electromechanical
Switching devices.

The electromechanical switching systems have been replaced by computer controlled


Switching systems referred to as stored program control (SPC). In SPC, switching is controlled
by software program. The first computer controlled switch was introduced in 1960. Till 1965,
Computer controlled switching was used transistors and printed circuit technology. Since 1965
Switching are based on microprocessors.
The use of computers to control the switching led to the designation ‘‘electronic’’ switching
system (ESS) or Electronic automatic exchange (EAX). In 1970, first electronic switching
system No. 1 ESS or No. 1 EAX was introduced. Digital electronic switching matrices were first
introduced into the U.S. Public network in 1976 with AT & T’s No. 4 ESS digital toll switch. By
the mid 1980’s the interoffice transmission environment has changed to almost exclusively
digital. Fig. 1.1 shows the various telephone networks.
SIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS
Telecommunication is mainly concerned with the transmission of messages between two distant
Points. The signal that contains the messages is usually converted into electrical waves before
Transmission. Our voice is an analog signal which has amplitude and frequency characteristic.

Voice frequencies. The range of frequencies used by a communication device determines


The communication channel, communicating devices, bandwidth or information carrying
Capacity. The most commonly used parameter that characterizes an electrical signal is its
Bandwidth of analog signal or bit rate if it is a digital signal. In telephone system, the frequencies
It passes are restricted to between 300 to 3400 Hz. Thus the network bandwidth is 3100 Hz.

Decibels. The decibel is a valuable unit for telecommunication because losses or gains
In signal strength may be added or subtracted if they are referred to in decibels. The signal
Strength at various frequencies is expressed by the unit of decibel (dB) in telecommunication.
The decibel is a unit of power ratio.
The power ratio is expressed as
G = 10 log10 P2/P1

Where P1 is input power (Normally) and P2 is output power.

Example . If input power is 16 μW and output power is 30 mW, find the power ratio
And express it in decibel .

Power = p2/p1= 16xmicrowatts/30 milli watts=1875=1.875x10 cube


Power in decibel = 10 log 10 p2/p1= 10 log 10 1.875 x 10cube =32.73dB.

Classification of Communication switching systems

The purpose of a telecommunication switching system is to provide the means to pass


Information from any terminal device to any other terminal device selected by the originator.
Telecommunication system can be divided into four main parts. They are
1. End system or Instruments
2. Transmission system
3. Switching system
4. Signaling.

End Systems or Instruments. The end system or instruments are a transmitter or


Receivers that are responsible for sending information or decoding or inverting received
Information or message into an intelligible message. End systems in the telephone network
Have evolved from analog telephones to digital handsets and cellular phones. However, endless
Arrays of other devices are being attached to telephone lines, including computer terminals
Used for data transmission. Fig. Shows some of the end instruments.
Transmission System. Signals generated by the end system or the instruments should
be transported to the destination by some means. The transmission on links conveys the
Information and control signals between the terminals and switching centers. A transmission
Link can be characterized by its bandwidth, link attenuation and the propagation delay. To
Maintain signal quality, the signal must be regenerated after a certain distance.

In general a communication path between two distinct points can be setup be connecting
a number of transmission lines in tandem. The transmission links include two-wire lines, coaxial
Cables microwave radio, optical fibers and satellites. Functionally, the communication
Channels between switching system are referred to as trunks. Fig. shows the various possible
Transmission media.
Switching System. The switching centers receives the control signals, messages or
conversations and forwards to the required destination, after necessary modification (link
amplifications) if necessary. A switching system is a collection of switching elements arranged
and controlled in such a way as to setup a communication path between any two distant points.
A switching center of a telephone network comprising a switching network and its control and
support equipment is called a central office.

In computer communication, the switching technique used is known as packet switching


or message switch (store and forward switching). In telephone network the switching method
used is called circuit switching. Some practical switching system are step-by-step, cross barred
relay system, digital swtiching systems, electronic switching system etc.

Signalling Systems. A signalling system in a data communication networks exchanges


signalling information effectively between subscribers. The signalling systems are essential
building blocks in providing the ultimate objective of a worldwide automatic telephone services
standardized. Signalling provides the interface between different national systems. The
introduction of signalling system was the big step in improving the PSTN.

The consultative committe on international telegraphy and telephony (CCITT) based in


Geneva, recommended seven formats related to signalling. The first five formats related to
Inband signalling and the last two in the category of common channel signalling. In In-band
signalling, voice information and signalling information travel on common paths, where as in
common channel signalling, they travel on separate paths

CENTRALIZED SWITCHING SYSTEM


Distributed Method
A simplest way of structuring the telecommunication switching is the terminal-toterminal
connection. This kind of switching is called distributed switching and applied only to
small telephone system. Some examples of distributed switching are shown here. Fig. 1.5 shows
the full interconnection of five terminals.

The most common telecommunication network is Public Switched Telephone Network


(PSTN) or sometimes known as plain old telephone system (POTS). The second major class of
telecommunication is the data netwoks

ISDN. Integrated Services Digital Network is now emerging as an major telecommunication


network. It is capable of carrying multimedia services like voice, data, video and facsimile.

Intelligent Network. 1t is the public telephone network that contain!' the logic for
routing calls, establishing connections and providing advanced features such as uniqut' customer
services and customer programming of the network. This consists of a s ignallinl-( path that is
separate frum the central logic call circuil. Call setup information in handled by S87 (signalling
system 7), and the information ll'ansferred via packets across an overlay packet switching
network

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