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EE359 - Lecture 11 Outline: Announcements

The document outlines a lecture on wireless communication techniques for combating fading effects. It discusses Doppler spread, intersymbol interference, diversity combining techniques like selection combining and maximal ratio combining, and their performance benefits. Maximal ratio combining is identified as the optimal technique, providing 20-40 dB gains over selection combining which provides around 20 dB gain.

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Hussain Naushad
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39 views

EE359 - Lecture 11 Outline: Announcements

The document outlines a lecture on wireless communication techniques for combating fading effects. It discusses Doppler spread, intersymbol interference, diversity combining techniques like selection combining and maximal ratio combining, and their performance benefits. Maximal ratio combining is identified as the optimal technique, providing 20-40 dB gains over selection combining which provides around 20 dB gain.

Uploaded by

Hussain Naushad
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE359 – Lecture 11 Outline

 Announcements
 HW due Friday 5pm, no late HWs
 Midterm announcements
 Bonus lecture query: extend last lecture?

 Average Ps with outage


 Ps due to Doppler and ISI

 Introduction to Diversity
 Combining Techniques
 Performance of Diversity in Fading
Midterm and Extra
Lecture Announcements
 Midterm Wed Nov. 4, 8:45-10:45a in this rm.
 Open book/notes (bring textbook/calculators)
 Covers Chapters 1-7
 Review Session Sunday 4-5:30pm, rm TBD
 Extra OHs
 Me: Friday, Monday, Tuesday 2-3pm, Yao TBD
 No HW next week
 Midterms from past 3 MTs posted
 10 bonus points for “taking” a practice exam
 Solns for all exams given when you turn in practice exam
Review of Last Lecture
 Outage probability
 Probability that Ps is above target
 Equivalently, probability s below target
 Used when Tc>>Ts

 Average Ps in fast fading:


 Averaged over fast fading distribution
 Good metric when Tc~Ts
 Alternate Q function approach greatly simplifies
calculations (switch integral order, becomes Laplace Xfm)
 Fading severely degrades performance
Combined outage and average Ps
Ps(s) Outage
Ps(s)
Pstarget

Ps(s)
 Used in combined shadowing and flat-fading
 Ps varies slowly, locally determined by flat fading
 Declare outage when Ps above target value
Doppler Effects

 High doppler causes channel phase to


decorrelate between symbols

 Leads to an irreducible error floor for


differential modulation
 Increasing power does not reduce error

 Error floor depends on BdTs


ISI Effects
 Delay spread exceeding a symbol time
causes ISI (self interference).
1 2 3 4 5

0 Ts Tm

 ISI leads to irreducible error floor


 Increasing signal power increases ISI power

 ISI requires that Ts>>Tm (Rs<<Bc)


Introduction to Diversity
 Basic Idea
 Send same bits over independent fading paths
 Independent fading paths obtained by time, space,
frequency, or polarization diversity
 Combine paths to mitigate fading effects
Tb

t
Multiple paths unlikely to fade simultaneously
Combining Techniques
 Selection Combining
 Fading path with highest gain used
 Maximal Ratio Combining
 All paths cophased and summed with optimal
weighting to maximize combiner output SNR
 Equal Gain Combining
 All paths cophased and summed with equal weighting

 Array/Diversity gain
 Array gain is from noise averaging (AWGN and fading)
 Diversity gain is change in BER slope (fading)
Diversity Performance
 Selection Combining (SC)
 Combiner SNR is the maximum of the branch SNRs.
 CDF easy to obtain, pdf found by differentiating.
 Diminishing returns with number of antennas.
 Can get up to about 20 dB of gain.

 Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC)


 Optimal technique (maximizes output SNR)
 Combiner SNR is the sum of the branch SNRs.
 Distribution of SNR hard to obtain.
 Can use MGF approach for simplified analysis.
 Exhibits 10-40 dB gains in Rayleigh fading.
MRC and its Performance
 With MRC, =i for branch SNRs i
 Optimal technique to maximize output SNR
 Yields 20-40 dB performance gains
 Distribution of  hard to obtain
 Standard average BER calculation
Pb   Pb (  ) p(  )d     ... Pb (  ) p( 1 ) * p( 2 ) * ... * p( M )d 1d 2 ...d M

 Hard to obtain in closed form


 Integral often diverges
 MGF Approach .5 M
1  g 
Pb    M i  2 ;  i d
 0 i 1  sin  
Main Points
 Doppler spread only impacts differential modulation
causing an irreducible error floor at low data rates
 Delay spread causes irreducible error floor or
imposes rate limits

 Diversity overcomes the effects of fading by


combining fading paths
 Diversity typically entails some penalty in terms of
rate, bandwidth, complexity, or size.
 Techniques trade complexity for performance.
 MRC yields 20-40 dB gain, SC around 20 dB.

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