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NEW FORMULA TO DETERMINE ‘π’ VALUE
[Journal No. Vol.XLI , No.4, Dec ‐2007, Published by Mathematics Education (India), Siwan (Bihar)]
INTRODUCTION:
The Pi (π) is one of the mathematical constants, which is most important in the field related to
Circle and Conical sections such as Ellipse, Parabola, Hyperbola and etc. It is an irrational as well
as transcendental number.
DEFINITION OF PI
The definition of ‘π’ found by Mathematician William Jones1 in Year 1706 as Pi is the ratio of
circumference to the diameter of that circle. The constant of this value is called “Ludolf's
Number”.
The value of ‘π’ in 40 decimal is
3.141 592 653 589 793 238 462 643 383 279 502 884 197 1…
EXISTING METHODS TO DERIVE PI‐VALUE
The π‐value defined by many mathematicians as follows;
(i) Archimedes’s constant
223 22
71 7
(ii) Ramanujam & Olds
99
2206√2
2 1 1 3 1 3 5
1 5 9 13 … ..
2 2 4 2 4 6
iii) Dixon
355
π
113
(iv) Euler
π 1 1 1
…
6 1 2 3
(v) Gregory’s & Leibniz series
1 1 1 1
4 1
3 5 7 2 1
(vi) Walli’s product
2 2 4 4 6 6
…
2 1 1 3 3 5 5
(vii) Newton formula
3√3 1 1 1
24 …..
4 12 5 2 28 2
(viii) Hutton’s formula
1 1
2 tan tan
4 3 7
(ix) Hermann’s formula
1 1
2 tan tan
4 2 7
(x) Machin’s formula
1 1
4 tan tan
4 5 239
(xi) Strassnitzky’s formula
40
√12
3
(xiii) Smith formula
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
√2 3 5 7 9 11
1 1 1
2 3 4 4 5 6 6 7 8
1 1 1
6 1 4 9
1 1 1 1
…
8 1 3 5 7
(xiv) Sloane’s formula
1 1 2 1 2 3
1
2 3 3 5 3 5 7
(xv) Gosper
1 2 3 3 5 4 7
3 8 13 18 23
60 7 8 3 10 11 3 13 14 3
NEW METHOD/ FORMULAE TO DETERMINE π‐VALUE
(i) First method
Fig.1 is a typical diagram of a polygon. The right‐angled triangle OAB (Fig.2) is one of the
segments of the polygon. OB is the hypotenuse of the right‐ triangle OAB as well as radius of
circum‐circle of that polygon. OA is the adjacent side of right‐ triangle OAB as well as radius of
in‐circle of that polygon.
Let, OB = R; ∠ AOB = θ°.
In right‐triangle OAB,
θ° AB
sin
2 OB
θ°
AB OB sin
2
We know that θ° = 360° /n, where n = number of sides of the polygon.
180
AB R sin 1
n
Therefore the perimeter of the polygon = 2 × AB × n
Substituting eqn.[1] in above, we get
180
Perimeter of the polygon 2n R sin
n
We know that the polygon is more or less equal to circle, when ‘n’ is very large and also we
know that ‘π’ is the ratio of circumference to the diameter of that circle.
180
2nR sin n
Therefore, π
2R
180
π n sin Where n is larger number 2
n
(ii) Alternate method
We know that ‘r’ is the adjacent side of right‐ triangle OAB as well as radius of in‐circle of that
polygon.
Let, OA = r; ∠ AOB = θ°.
In right‐triangle OAB,
θ°
tan
2
θ°
AB OA tan
2
We know that θ° = 360° /n, where n = number of sides of the polygon.
180
tan 3
Therefore the perimeter of the polygon = 2 × AB × n
Substituting eqn.[3] in above, we get
180
Perimeter of the polygon 2nr tan
n
We know that the polygon is more or less equal to circle, when ‘n’ is very large and also we
know that ‘π’ is the ratio of circumference to the diameter of that circle.
180
2nr tan n
Therefore, π
2r
180
π n tan , Where n is larger number 4
n
RESULT & DISCUSSION
The value of ‘π’ can be determined through either eqn.[2] or [4] and it is tabulated. As
discussed earlier, the value of ‘π’ will be accurate when ‘n’ is larger number. The desirable value
of ‘n’ may be obtained from the table below:
S.No Value of Error in Error in
‘n’
1 1×101 3.090169944 1st Decimal 3.249196962 1st Decimal
2 1×102 3.141075908 4th Decimal 3.142626604 3rd Decimal
3 1×103 3.141587486 5th Decimal 3.141602989 4th Decimal
4 1×104 3.141592602 8th Decimal 3.141592757 7th Decimal
5 1×105 3.141592653 9th Decimal 3.141592655 9th Decimal
6 1×106 3.141592654 Beyond 10th 3.141592654 Beyond 10th
Decimal Decimal
7 1×107 3.141592654 Beyond 10th 3.141592654 Beyond 10th
Decimal Decimal
8 1×108 3.141592654 Beyond 10th 3.141592654 Beyond 10th
Decimal Decimal
9 1×109 3.141592654 Beyond 10th 3.141592654 Beyond 10th
Decimal Decimal
10 1×1010 3.141592654 Beyond 10th 3.141592654 Beyond 10th
Decimal Decimal
From the above table, it is very clear that the equation [2] is better than equation [4]
CONCLUSION
The value of ‘π’ can also be determined by substituting relevant value of ‘n’ in eqn. [2] or [4].
The efficiency/ accuracy of this method has been discussed in chapter ‘Result & Discussion.
These are entirely different from the existing formulae.
REFERENCES
www.mathworld.wolfram.com