Scribd
Upload
40 views2 pages

Internet

The document discusses the history and development of the Internet. It describes how the Internet originated from research networks developed by DARPA and other organizations in the 1960s and 1970s. Key developments included the creation of ARPANET, the development of TCP/IP protocols, and the opening of NSFNET to commercial traffic in the 1990s. The document also provides an overview of how consumers connect to the Internet today using devices, ISPs, and various software applications.

Uploaded by

Riadh Hadef
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
40 views2 pages

Internet

The document discusses the history and development of the Internet. It describes how the Internet originated from research networks developed by DARPA and other organizations in the 1960s and 1970s. Key developments included the creation of ARPANET, the development of TCP/IP protocols, and the opening of NSFNET to commercial traffic in the 1990s. The document also provides an overview of how consumers connect to the Internet today using devices, ISPs, and various software applications.

Uploaded by

Riadh Hadef
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

Internet

Internet is the global computer network that gives public access to various services such as email, instant
messaging and the World Wide Web, using the communication protocol IP (Internet protocol). Its technical
architecture based on a hierarchy of networks, which implies a de facto non-centralization, earned him the
nickname "network of networks.

Internet has been popularized by the advent of the World Wide Web, the two are sometimes confused by the
uninformed public. The World Wide Web, however, is that one of the Internet applications.

History
Memos Licklider of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) wrote in July 1962 are the oldest texts
describing the social interactions that are possible with a network of computers. This would include facilitating
communication between researchers from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). In
October 1962, Licklider was the first leader of the research program in computer science from DARPA. He
persuaded his successors Ivan Sutherland, Bob Taylor, and MIT researcher Lawrence G. Roberts's interest in
computer networks.

In 1961, Leonard Kleinrock of MIT published the first theoretical text on telecommunications packet and in 1964
he published the first book on the subject.

Between 1962 and 1965, the RAND group had studied the packet to the U.S. military. The goal was to maintain
communications in case of attack (possibly nuclear), which allows a packet in a non-centralized network. This was
an independent development of ARPANET: although probably robust to such an attack, ARPANET, however, has
been designed to facilitate communications between researchers. The report of Paul Baran remained purely
theoretical, and is quickly forgotten. But the myth of "ARPANET as the last bulwark against a nuclear attack" this
was the source.

Meanwhile, the British National Physical Laboratory, the team had progressed Donald Davies: NPL Network, the
first mesh network based on the transmission of datagrams (packets) was functional. But Internet history was not
written by Europeans: ARPANET is now the official origin of the Internet.

In August 1968, DARPA agreed to fund the development of hardware routing packets of ARPANET. This
development was given in December to a group of the firm Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN) in Boston. The
latter worked with Bob Kahn on the network architecture. Roberts improved topological and economic aspects of
the network. Kleinrock preparing measurement systems on the network.

The Network Working Group (NWG), led by Steve Crocker finished the communication protocol peer-to-peer ASC
in December 1970. This protocol was adopted between 1971 and 1972 by the sites connected to ARPANET. This
enabled the development of applications by network users.

In 1972, Ray Tomlinson devised the first major application: email. In October 1972, Kahn organized the first large-
scale demonstration of ARPANET at the International Computer Communication Conference (ICCC). It was the
first public demonstration.

The concept of the Internet grew out of ARPANET. The idea was to allow the connection between different
networks: ARPANET, communication with satellites, radio communications. This idea was introduced by Kahn in
1972 under the name Internetting. The ARPANET NCP protocol does not allow guests to send off the ARPANET,
or correct possible transmission errors. Kahn decided therefore to develop a new protocol, which eventually
became TCP / IP.
In parallel, a project inspired by ARPANET was conducted in France by Louis Pouzin: the Cyclades project. Many
properties of TCP / IP have been developed earlier for Cyclades. Pouzin and Kahn show that TCP / IP was
inspired by Cyclades.

The initial version of TCP only allowed communication by establishing a virtual circuit. It worked well for
transferring files or work remotely, but was not suitable for applications like Internet telephony. TCP was then
separated from IP and UDP transmissions without the proposed establishment of a circuit.

In the late 1980s, the NSF (National Science Foundation) which depends on the U.S. administration puts up five
computer centers overpowering, that users could log in, regardless of where they were in the U.S. : ARPANET
became so accessible on a wider scale. The system met with considerable success and, after the major upgrade
(hardware and lines) in the late 1980s, opened to commercial traffic in the early 1990s.

In January 1992, the Internet Society (ISOC) was founded with the aim to promote and coordinate developments
on the Internet. The year 1993 saw the emergence of the first Web browser or browser (browser), supporting text
and images. That same year, the National Science Foundation (NSF) mandate a company to register domain
names.

Consumer Connections
To access the Internet must have an IP device and a connection to an ISP. For this, the user uses the following
hardware and software:

A personal computer or other equipment of a network:


PDA
Video Game Consoles
Mobile Phones
A communication channel to the ISP:
Fiber optics
Landline: analog line, xDSL
Mobile phone line: 3G +, 3G, Edge, GPRS, GSM (CSD)
Satellite Internet
Wi-Fi
System (software / hardware) client for the network protocol (PPP, PPPoX, Ethernet, ATM, etc.).
A service provider (ISP) (English ISP for Internet Service Provider)
Software are themselves required to operate according to Internet usage:

Email: client SMTP and POP (or POP3) or IMAP (or IMAP4)
File transfers: a client or an FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
World Wide Web: a Web browser
Peer: one of the many P2P software according to usage (file sharing peer to peer, distributed computing, P2P
VoIP, etc).

You might also like