CS201 Notes for Midterm written by Rana Abubakar khan www.ranapk.

com

In a program a variable has:

1. Name

2. Type

3. Size

4. Value

Data Types

1. int

2. short

3. long

4. float

5. double

6. char

Arithmetic operators

Plus +

Minus -

Multiply *

Divide /

Modulus %

Precedence

 Highest: ()

 Next: *,/,%

 Lowest: +,-

Key Words of C
CS201 Notes for Midterm written by Rana Abubakar khan www.ranapk.com

 main

 if

 else

 while

 do

 for

 No expression on the left hand side of the assignment

 Integer division truncates fractional part

 Liberal use of brackets/parenthesis

Statements in C
If (condition)

statement ;

If ( condition )

statement1;

statement2;

Example:

if (age1 > age2)

cout<<“Student 1 is older than student 2” ;

Flow Chart for if statement:

CS201 Notes for Midterm written by Rana Abubakar khan www.ranapk.com

Relational Operators:
< less than

<= less than or equal to

== equal to

>= greater than or equal to

> greater than

!= not equal to

Logical Operators:

AND &&

OR ||

In C

Example:

if(a > b && c> d)

CS201 Notes for Midterm written by Rana Abubakar khan www.ranapk.com

if(age > 18 || height > 5)

Flow Chart Symbols:

if-else
if (condition)

statement ;

else

statement ;

}
CS201 Notes for Midterm written by Rana Abubakar khan www.ranapk.com

Code
if AmirAge > AmaraAge)

cout<< “Amir is older than Amara” ;

else

cout<<“Amir is younger than Amara” ;

Nested if
If (age > 18)

If(height > 5)

}
CS201 Notes for Midterm written by Rana Abubakar khan www.ranapk.com

Loop - Repetition structure

1.While

while ( Logical Expression )

{
statements;
:
}

int sum ;
sum = 0 ;

while (number <= UpperLimit)

int sum , number ;

sum = 0 ;

number = 1 ;

while ( number <= 1000 )

sum = sum + number ;

number = number + 1 ;

}
CS201 Notes for Midterm written by Rana Abubakar khan www.ranapk.com

cout << “ The sum of the first 1000 integer starting from 1 is ” << sum;

It executes zero or more times

While loop executes zero

or more times.

What if we

want the loop to execute

at least one time?

do-while
Do while loop execute on

or more times
CS201 Notes for Midterm written by Rana Abubakar khan www.ranapk.com

do

statements ;

while ( condition )

for Loop

for ( initialization condition ; termination condition ; increment condition )

statement ( s ) ;

Example:

int counter ;

for( counter = 0 ; counter < 10 ; counter = counter + 1 )

cout << counter;

Output
CS201 Notes for Midterm written by Rana Abubakar khan www.ranapk.com

0123456789

Increment operator:
++

Decrement operator

--

Multi-way decision:
If statement, If else, and finally switch statement

switch ( variable name )

{
case ‘a’ :
statements;
case ‘b’ :
statements;

case ‘c’ :
statements;

…
}

Example:

switch ( grade)

{
case ‘A’ :
cout << “ Excellent ” ;
CS201 Notes for Midterm written by Rana Abubakar khan www.ranapk.com

case ‘B’ :
cout << “ Very Good ” ;
case ‘C’ :

cout << “Good ” ;

case ‘D’ :
cout << “ Poor ” ;
case ‘F’ :
cout << “ Fail ” ;

break;
if (c == ‘z’ )

cout << “ Great ! You have made the correct guess “ ;

break ;

continue

while trynum <= 5 ;

CS201 Notes for Midterm written by Rana Abubakar khan www.ranapk.com

….

….

continue ;

 Minimize the use of break

 Minimize the use of continue

 Never use goto

What have we done till now …

 Sequential Statements

 Decisions

– if , if else , switch

 Loops

– while , do while , for

Structured Programming
 Sequences

 Decisions

 Loops
CS201 Notes for Midterm written by Rana Abubakar khan www.ranapk.com

Function
Function name

Body of the function

Two types of functions:

1. Functions that return a value

2. Functions that do not return a value

return-value-type function-name( argument-list )

{
declarations and statements
}

Declaration of Function

return-value-type function-name( argument--type-list) ;

main ( )

:
CS201 Notes for Midterm written by Rana Abubakar khan www.ranapk.com

Definition of Function

int function-name ( int i , double j )

Return Type of Function

Declaration

int square ( int ) ;

Definition

int square ( int i )

return ( i * i ) ;

Function Call
int x ;
x = square ( i ) ;
CS201 Notes for Midterm written by Rana Abubakar khan www.ranapk.com

Arrays
 They are special kind of data type

 They are like data structures in which

identical data types are stored

 In C each array has

– name

– data type

– size

 They occupy continuous area of

memory

Declaration of Arrays
arrayType arrayName[numberOfElements ];

For example ,

int age [ 10 ] ;

Initializing an Array
int age [ 10 ] ;

for ( i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i ++ )
{

age [ i ] = 0 ;

}
CS201 Notes for Midterm written by Rana Abubakar khan www.ranapk.com

Copying Arrays
for ( i =0 ; i < 10 ; i ++ )

b[i]=a[i];

Initializing an Array
int c [ 10 ] = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 } ;

int c [ ] = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 } ;

For character arrays

char name [ 100 ] = { ‘a’,b’,’c’,’0’,’1’ } ;

char name [ 100 ] = “abc01“ ;

char name [ ] = “Hello World“ ;

Pointers
Declaring Pointer to Integer

int *myptr ;

int *ptr1 , *ptr2 , *ptr3 ;

int *ptr , x ;

int *ptr , x , a [ 10 ] ;

const
1. int *const myptr = &x ;
CS201 Notes for Midterm written by Rana Abubakar khan www.ranapk.com

myptr is a constant pointer to an integer

2. const int *myptr = &x ;

myptr is a pointer to a constant integer

Declaration of a Pointer Variable

int y [ 10 ] ;

int *yptr ;

yptr = y ;

Pointer Arithmetic
*yptr + 3 ;

Pointer Comparison

if ( *y1 > *y2 )

Strings
String Initialization

char name [ 20 ] ;

name [ 0 ] = ‘A’ ;

name [ 1 ] = ‘m’ ;

name [ 2 ] = ‘i’ ;

name [ 3 ] = ‘r’ ;

name [ 4 ] = ‘\0’ ;
CS201 Notes for Midterm written by Rana Abubakar khan www.ranapk.com

Strings is always terminated with \0

char myName [ ] = “Amir” ;

char *myNamePtr = “Amir” ;

Array of Pointers
char *myArray [ 10 ] ;

myArray is an array of 10 pointer to character

Initialization
char *myArray [ ] = { “Amir ” , “ Jahangir ” } ;

Command Line Arguments

‘argc’ stands for a count of the number of arguments

‘argv’ stands for a vector of arguments

CS201 Notes for Midterm written by Rana Abubakar khan www.ranapk.com

0331=6788362
CS201 Notes for Midterm written by Rana Abubakar khan www.ranapk.com

0331=6788362