ACKNOWLEDGEMENT l express my heartfelt gratitude to my teacher Mr. JYOTI PRAKASH PRAHARAJA, Dept. of Physics, D.M. SCHOOL, R.1.E, Bhubaneswar for his valuable advice, constant encouragement, guidance, inspiration and for all the administrative facilities provided to me, without which all this project report would have been a dream. Further | also express my gratitude to our laboratory assistant Mr. P.M TARAI for his kind and important suggestion. Place: Bhubaneswar Name: Tanaya Nanda Date: Roll no:CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project entitled “ Study of Earth’s magnetic field using a tangent galvanometer” has been successfully completed by Tanaya Nanda of class XII, section A under the guidance of Mr. Jyoti Prakash Praharaja. In particular fulfillment of the curriculum of Central Board Of Secondary Education (CBSE) leading to the award of annual examination of the year 2019-20. Signature of internal: Place: Bhubaneswar Date: Mr. Jyoti Prakash Praharaj PGT, PhysicsCONTENT TITLE 1. Abstract 2. Objective 3. Theory 4. Diagram 5. Procedure 6. Observation 7. Graph 8. ConclusionABSTRACT The magnetic field of the earth is approximately like that of a giant bar magnet embedded deep inside the earth. Many theories have been proposed about the cause of earth’s magnetism from time to time. According to Sir E. Bullard (U.K) and W.M. Elaster (U.S.A), there are large deposits of ferro magnetic materials like iron, nickel etc. in the core of the earth. The core of the earth is very hot and molten. The circulating ions in the highly conducting liquid region of the earth’s core form current lopes and hence produce a magnetic field. At present, this hypothesis seems most probable because our moon which has no molten core, has no magnetic field. Venus, which has a slower rate of rotation, has a weaker magnetic field while Jupiter with a faster rate of rotation has a stronger magnetic field. The changes in the earth’s magnetic field are so complicated and irregular that the exact cause of earth’s magnetism is yet to be known. SOME DEFINATIONS IN CONNECTION WITH EARTH’S MAGNETISM: Magnetic meridian: The vertical plane passing through the magnetic axis of a freely suspended small magnet is called magnetic meridian. The earth’s magnetic field acts in the direction of the magnetic meridian. Geographic meridian: The vertical plane passing through the geographic north and south pole is called geographic meridian.ELEMENTS OF EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD: The earth’s magnetic field at a place can be completely described by parameters which are called elements of earth’s magnetic field. There are declination, dip and horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field. Magnetic declination: The angle between geographical meridian and magnetic meridian at a place is called the magnetic declination (a) at that place. Angle of dip or magnetic inclination: The angle made by the earth’s total magnetic field B with the horizontal direction in the magnetic meridian is called angle of dip (5) at any place. Horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field: It is the component of the earth’s total magnetic field'B in the horizontal direction in the magnetic meridian. If 5 is the angle of dip at any place, then the horizontal component of earth’s field B at that place is given by Bu= Bcos &To study the earth’s magnetic field using a tangent galvanometer. APPARATUS: . A tangent galvanometer . A battery or battery eliminator (Oto6) . Arheostat (200 or 50) . Sprit level . Reversing key . An ordinary key . An ammeter (0-3A) range . Connecting wires . Metre scale THEORY: The working of tangent galvanometer is based on the tangent law. It is stated as when a magnet is suspended freely in two mutually perpendicular uniform magnetic field F and H, the magnet comes to rest making an angle 6 with the direction H such that F=H tan w(1)Let a current | be passed through the coil of radius R having turns N. Then magnetic field produced at the centre of coil is 2nIN Foie > #2) Let H is the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field and the magnetic needle comes to rest at angle 9 with the direction H, then according Eq. (1) is Hg 2x1N HtanO=— = [ie = 10-7] 7 2a1N H tanO = 107 —Hee Zi ~ Rtand By substituting the value of current | from eq. (3) sat (2) mt 1 Putting values of radius of coil of galvanometer R, deflection 6 and M, the value of H can be calculated. DIAGRAM:1. The circuit connections were made in accordance with the circuit diagram. . Using the spirit level the base was leveled and the compass needle in compass box of tangent galvanometer was leveled by adjusting the leveling screw. . Then the coil of the galvanometer was rotated about it’s axis, till the magnetic needle, it’s image in the plane mirror fixed at the base of the compass box and the coil i.e. all those three lied on the same vertical plane. In this setting the of the aluminium pointer should read zero-zero. If that was not so, then the box was rotated without disturbing the position of the coil till at least one of the ends of the pointer stands at the zero marks. . The key K was closed so that current flew in the galvanometer. The both ends of the pointer were read. Then the direction of the current was reversed by using the reversing key. When the meanPage |7 value of deflections were shown by the pointer in the two cases (i.e. before and after the current was reversed) differed by more than 1°, then the vertical coil was turned slightly until the two. values agreed. This would set the plane of the coil exactly in the magnetic meridian. . The deflection in galvanometer was brought around 45° by adjusting the rheostat. The deflections were not to be outside the range (30°-60°). . The reading of the ammeter and the deflection of the compass needle in box shown by the two ends of pointer on the scale were recorded. . The current in the coil of the galvanometer was reversed and the current and deflection of needle were recorded again. . Changing the value of the current, four more set of readings were taken and the graph between | and tan@ was plotted. The graph would be a straight line. . The inner and outer diameter of the coil was measured at least three times with the help of a half metre scale.1. Range of ammeter= 2. Least count of ammeter= 3. Zero error in ammeter= 4, Number of turns used (N)= Value of deflection, 6 (degree) For For direct reverse current current 6, | 6, | 6, | & Mean 8 Ammeter Reading (A) . | CorrectedInner diameter di(cm) Outer diameter (cm) Mean diameter d Mean radius Mean radius of coil, R=From the graph, Slope of straight line=—= _tané ae Now substitute the m in eq. (4), = 208 _Ho 2mN fcgicsaae Rae Then, H = Gauss. RESU The value of earth magnetic field by using a tangent galvanometer is, H= G= T SOURCES OF ERROR: . The battery may not be freshly charged. . The magnetic needle may not be swinging freely in the horizontal plane. . The plane of coil may not be set in magnetic meridian. |. There may be parallax in noting down the readings of ammeter and deflection. . All the readings may not be in the range between 30°-60°.. The battery should be freshly charged. . The magnetic needle should swing freely in the horizontal plane. . The plane of coil must be set in magnetic meridian. . There should be no parallax in noting down the readings of ammeter and deflection. . All the readings should be adjusted between 30° and 60°.BIBLIOGRAPHY « Comprehensive Practical Physics For Class XII Laxmi Publications « New Simplified Physics Vol-I by S.L.Arora Published By Dhanpat Rai & Co.