c04ControlVolumeAnalysisUsingE210 Page 210 6/23/10 9:42:14 AM user-s146 /Users/user-s146/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New

210 Chapter 4 Control Volume Analysis Using Energy

The use of mass and energy balances for control volumes at concepts. The subset of key concepts listed below is particu-
steady state is illustrated for nozzles and diffusers, turbines, com- larly important in subsequent chapters.
pressors and pumps, heat exchangers, throttling devices, and c list the typical modeling assumptions for nozzles and diffus-
integrated systems. An essential aspect of all such applications ers, turbines, compressors and pumps, heat exchangers, and
is the careful and explicit listing of appropriate assumptions. Such throttling devices.
model-building skills are stressed throughout the chapter. c apply Eqs. 4.6, 4.18, and 4.20 to control volumes at steady
The following checklist provides a study guide for this chap- state, using appropriate assumptions and property data for
ter. When your study of the text and end-of-chapter exercises has the case at hand.
been completed you should be able to c apply mass and energy balances for the transient analysis of
control volumes, using appropriate assumptions and property
c write out the meanings of the terms listed in the margins
data for the case at hand.
throughout the chapter and understand each of the related

c KEY ENGINEERING CONCEPTS

conservation of mass, p. 164 flow work, p. 173 pump, p. 184
mass flow rates, p. 164 energy rate balance, p. 174 heat exchanger, p. 189
mass rate balance, p. 164 nozzle, p. 177 throttling process, p. 195
one-dimensional flow, p. 166 diffuser, p. 177 system integration, p. 196
volumetric flow rate, p. 167 turbine, p. 180 transient analysis, p. 199
steady state, p. 167 compressor, p. 184

c KEY EQUATIONS

# AV
m5 (4.4b) p. 166 Mass flow rate, one-dimen-
y sional flow (See Fig. 4.3.)

dmcv # #
5 a mi 2 a me (4.2) p. 164 Mass rate balance.
dt i e

# #
a mi 5 a me (4.6) p. 167 Mass rate balance at
i e
steady state.
1mass rate in2 1mass rate out2

dEcv # # # V 2i # V 2e
5 Qcv 2 Wcv 1 a mi ahi 1 1 gzi b 2 a me ahe 1 1 gze b (4.15) p. 174 Energy rate balance.
dt i 2 e 2
# # # V2i # V2e
0 5 Qcv 2 Wcv 1 a mi ahi 1 1 gzi b 2 a me ahe 1 1 gze b (4.18) p. 175 Energy rate balance at
i 2 e 2 steady state.

# # # 1V 21 2 V 222
0 5 Qcv 2 Wcv 1 m c 1h1 2 h22 1 1 g1z1 2 z22 d (4.20a) p. 175 Energy rate balance for
2 one-inlet, one-exit control
# #
Qcv Wcv 1V21 2 V222 volumes at steady state.
0 5 # 2 # 1 1h1 2 h22 1 1 g1z1 2 z22 (4.20b) p. 175
m m 2

h2 5 h1        1p2 , p12 (4.22) p. 195 Throttling process. (See

Fig. 4.15.)
c04ControlVolumeAnalysisUsingE211 Page 211 8/19/10 9:11:23 AM user-s146 /Users/user-s146/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New

Problems: Developing Engineering Skills 211

c EXERCISES: THINGS ENGINEERS THINK ABOUT

1. How does the control volume energy rate balance account 10. How does the operator of a pumper-tanker fire engine
for work where mass flows across the boundary? control water flow to all the hoses in use?
2. Why does the relative velocity normal to the flow boundary, 11. For air flowing through a converging-diverging channel,
Vn, appear in Eqs. 4.3 and 4.8? sketch the variation of the air pressure as air accelerates in
3. When a slice of bread is placed in a toaster and the toaster the converging section and decelerates in the diverging
is activated, is the toaster in steady-state operation, transient section.
operation, both?
12. Why is it that when air at 1 atm is throttled to a pressure
4. As a tree grows, its mass increases. Does this violate the of 0.5 atm, its temperature at the valve exit is closely the
conservation of mass principle? Explain. same as at the valve inlet, yet when air at 1 atm leaks into
5. Wind turbines and hydraulic turbines develop mechanical an insulated, rigid, initially-evacuated tank until the tank
power from moving streams of air and water, respectively. In pressure is 0.5 atm, the temperature of the air in the tank is
each case, what aspect of the stream is tapped for power? greater than the air temperature outside the tank?
6. How is the work done by the heart measured? 13. If the expansion valve of a refrigerator becomes ice encased,
7. How does a heart-lung machine maintain blood circulation does the throttling process model still apply? Explain.
and oxygen content during surgery? 14. Why does evapotranspiration in a tree require so much
8. Where do you encounter microelectromechanical systems in energy?
daily life?
15. What are intra-articular pain pumps?
9. Where are compressors found within households?

c PROBLEMS: DEVELOPING ENGINEERING SKILLS

Applying Conservation of Mass Total volume = 2500m3
3
4.1 An 8-ft tank contains air at an initial temperature of 808F
and initial pressure of 100 lbf/in.2 The tank develops a small
hole, and air leaks from the tank at a constant rate of 0.03
lb/s for 90 s until the pressure of the air remaining in the tank
is 30 lbf/in.2 Employing the ideal gas model, determine the 1
final temperature, in 8F, of the air remaining in the tank. (AV)1 = 2m3/min

4.2 Liquid propane enters an initially empty cylindrical storage

tank at a mass flow rate of 10 kg/s. Flow continues until the 20 m
tank is filled with propane at 208C, 9 bar. The tank is 25-m
long and has a 4-m diameter. Determine the time, in minutes,
to fill the tank. Initial volume of crude oil
Vi = 1000 m3 V2 = 1.5 m/s
4.3 A 380-L tank contains steam, initially at 4008C, 3 bar. A  = 0.0015 m3/kg D2 = 0.15 m
valve is opened, and steam flows out of the tank at a constant
2
mass flow rate of 0.005 kg/s. During steam removal, a heater
maintains the temperature within the tank constant. Determine
the time, in s, at which 75% of the initial mass remains in
the tank; also determine the specific volume, in m3/kg, and
Fig. P4.4
pressure, in bar, in the tank at that time.
4.4 Data are provided for the crude oil storage tank shown in
Fig. P4.4. The tank initially contains 1000 m3 of crude oil. Oil
of the wasted water, in lb? Assume that there are 46,000
is pumped into the tank through a pipe at a rate of 2 m3/min
drops per gallon and that the density of water is 62.3 lb/ft3.
and out of the tank at a velocity of 1.5 m/s through another
pipe having a diameter of 0.15 m. The crude oil has a specific 4.6 Figure P4.6 shows a mixing tank initially containing 3000 lb
volume of 0.0015 m3/kg. Determine of liquid water. The tank is fitted with two inlet pipes, one
delivering hot water at a mass flow rate of 0.8 lb/s and the
(a) the mass of oil in the tank, in kg, after 24 hours, and other delivering cold water at a mass flow rate of 1.3 lb/s.
(b) the volume of oil in the tank, in m3, at that time. Water exits through a single exit pipe at a mass flow rate of
4.5 If a kitchen-sink water tap leaks one drop per second, how 2.6 lb/s. Determine the amount of water, in lb, in the tank
many gallons of water are wasted annually? What is the mass after one hour.
c04ControlVolumeAnalysisUsingE212 Page 212 6/23/10 9:42:16 AM user-s146 /Users/user-s146/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New

212 Chapter 4 Control Volume Analysis Using Energy

hot
1 2
cold 4.8 Liquid water flows isothermally at 208C through a one-
inlet, one-exit duct operating at steady state. The duct’s inlet
water water
m· = 0.8 lb/s · = 1.3 lb/s
m and exit diameters are 0.02 m and 0.04 m, respectively. At the
1 2
inlet, the velocity is 40 m/s and pressure is 1 bar. At the exit,
determine the mass flow rate, in kg/s, and velocity, in m/s.
4.9 Air enters a one-inlet, one-exit control volume at 6 bar,
500 K, and 30 m/s through a flow area of 28 cm2. At the exit,
the pressure is 3 bar, the temperature is 456.5 K, and the
velocity is 300 m/s. The air behaves as an ideal gas. For
steady-state operation, determine
(a) the mass flow rate, in kg/s.
(b) the exit flow area, in cm2.
mi = 3000 lb 4.10 The small two-story office building shown in Fig. P4.10
3
has 36,000 ft3 of occupied space. Due to cracks around
· = 2.6 lb/s
m windows and outside doors, air leaks in on the windward
3
side of the building and leaks out on the leeward side of the
building. Outside air also enters the building when outer
Fig. P4.6
doors are opened. On a particular day, tests were conducted.
4.7 Figure P4.7 provides data for water entering and exiting a The outdoor temperature was measured to be 158F. The
tank. At the inlet and exit of the tank, determine the mass inside temperature was controlled at 708F. Keeping the doors
flow rate, each in kg/s. Also find the time rate of change of closed, the infiltration rate through the cracks was determined
mass contained within the tank, in kg/s. to be 75 ft3/min. The infiltration rate associated with door
openings, averaged over the work day, was 50 ft3/min. The
pressure difference was negligible between the inside and
outside of the building. (a) Assuming ideal gas behavior,
1 determine at steady state the volumetric flow rate of air
Steam
exiting the building, in ft3/min. (b) When expressed in terms
V1 = 20 m/s of the volume of the occupied space, determine the number
A1 = 10 × 10–3 m2 of building air changes per hour.
p1 = 20 bar
T1 = 600°C Liquid 4.11 As shown in Fig. P4.11, air with a volumetric flow rate of
15,000 ft3/min enters an air-handling unit at 358F, 1 atm. The
air-handling unit delivers air at 808F, 1 atm to a duct system
with three branches consisting of two 26-in.-diameter ducts
and one 50-in. duct. The velocity in each 26-in. duct is 10 ft/s.
Assuming ideal gas behavior for the air, determine at steady
2
state
V2 = 1 m/s (a) the mass flow rate of air entering the air-handling unit,
A2 = 6 × 10–3 m2 in lb/s.
p2 = 10 bar
T2 = 150°C
Fig. P4.7

Air infiltration Air exiting

through cracks through cracks
at 75 ft3/min, at 70°F
15°F

Air infiltration
through
door openings at
50 ft3/min, 15°F Fig. P4.10
c04ControlVolumeAnalysisUsingE213 Page 213 6/23/10 9:42:17 AM user-s146 /Users/user-s146/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New

Problems: Developing Engineering Skills 213

(b) the volumetric flow rate in each 26-in. duct, in ft3/min. exits through a diameter of 1.5 m with a pressure of 0.7 bar
(c) the velocity in the 50-in. duct, in ft/s. and a quality of 90%. Determine the velocity at each exit
duct, in m/s.
4 D4 = 50 in.
4.14 Figure P4.14 provides steady-state data for water vapor
flowing through a piping configuration. At each exit, the
volumetric flow rate, pressure, and temperature are equal.
Determine the mass flow rate at the inlet and exits, each
in kg/s.
2 3
Duct 2
T2 = T3 = T4 = 80°F system
D2 = D3 = 26 in. p2 = 4.8 bar
V2 = V3 = 10 ft/s T2 = 320°C
1
Water vapor (AV)2 = (AV)3
V1 = 30 m/s
A1 = 0.2 m2
p1 = 5 bar
T1 = 360°C 3
Air-handling unit
p3 = 4.8 bar
T3 = 320°C

Fig. P4.14

4.15 Air enters a compressor operating at steady state with a

1 p1 = p2 = p3 = p4 = 1 atm pressure of 14.7 lbf/in.2 and a volumetric flow rate of 8 ft3/s.
T1 = 35°F
(AV)1 = 15,000 ft3/min
The air velocity in the exit pipe is 225 ft/s and the exit
pressure is 150 lbf/in.2 If each unit mass of air passing from
Fig. P4.11 inlet to exit undergoes a process described by py 1.3 5
4.12 Refrigerant 134a enters the evaporator of a refrigeration constant, determine the diameter of the exit pipe, in inches.
system operating at steady state at 248C and quality of 20% 4.16 Ammonia enters a control volume operating at steady
at a velocity of 7 m/s. At the exit, the refrigerant is a saturated state at p1 5 16 bar, T1 5 328C, with a mass flow rate of
vapor at a temperature of 248C. The evaporator flow channel 1.5 kg/s. Saturated vapor at 6 bar leaves through one exit
has constant diameter. If the mass flow rate of the entering and saturated liquid at 6 bar leaves through a second exit
refrigerant is 0.1 kg/s, determine with a volumetric flow rate of 0.10 m3/min. Determine
(a) the diameter of the evaporator flow channel, in cm. (a) the minimum diameter of the inlet pipe, in cm, so the
(b) the velocity at the exit, in m/s. ammonia velocity at the inlet does not exceed 18 m/s.
4.13 As shown in Fig. P4.13, steam at 80 bar, 4408C, enters a (b) the volumetric flow rate of the exiting saturated vapor,
turbine operating at steady state with a volumetric flow rate in m3/min.
of 236 m3/min. Twenty percent of the entering mass flow 4.17 Liquid water at 708F enters a pump though an inlet pipe
exits through a diameter of 0.25 m at 60 bar, 4008C. The rest having a diameter of 6 in. The pump operates at steady state
and supplies water to two exit pipes having diameters of
1 3 in. and 4 in., respectively. The velocity of the water exiting
p1 = 80 bar the 3-in. pipe is 1.31 ft/s. At the exit of the 4-in. pipe the
Turbine
T1 = 440°C velocity is 0.74 ft/s. The temperature of the water in each exit
(AV)1 = 236 m3/min pipe is 728F. Determine (a) the mass flow rate, in lb/s, in the
2 3 x3 = 0.90 inlet pipe and each of the exit pipes, and (b) the volumetric
p3 = 0.7 bar
D3 = 1.5 m flow rate at the inlet, in ft3/min.
m· 2 = 0.20 m· 1
p2 = 60 bar 4.18 Figure P4.18 provides steady-state data for air flowing
T2 = 400°C through a rectangular duct. Assuming ideal gas behavior for
D2 = 0.25 m
the air, determine the inlet volumetric flow rate, in ft3/s, and
Fig. P4.13 inlet mass flow rate, in kg/s. If you can determine the

1 4 in. 2
Air
V1 = 3 ft/s p2 = 15 lbf/in.2
T1 = 95°F
p1 = 16 lbf/in.2 6 in.
Fig. P4.18
c04ControlVolumeAnalysisUsingE214 Page 214 8/25/10 9:11:23 AM user-s146 /Users/user-s146/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New

214 Chapter 4 Control Volume Analysis Using Energy

volumetric flow rate and mass flow rate at the exit, evaluate
them. If not, explain.
4.19 A water storage tank initially contains 100,000 gal of
water. The average daily usage is 10,000 gal. If water is
added to the tank at an average rate of 5000[exp(2t/20)]
gallons per day, where t is time in days, for how many days A = 1 m2
will the tank contain water?
4.20 A pipe carrying an incompressible liquid contains an
expansion chamber as illustrated in Fig. P4.20. mi = 2500 kg
z ρ = 103 kg/m3
(a) Develop an expression for the time rate of change of
liquid level in the chamber, dL/dt, in terms of the diameters
D1, D2, and D, and the velocities V1 and V2. e
(b) Compare the relative magnitudes of the mass flow rates Ve = (2gz)1/2
# #
m1 and m2 when dL/dt . 0, dL/dt 5 0, and dL/dt , 0, Ae = 3 × 10–4 m2
respectively.

D
Fig. P4.22
Expansion
chamber L Energy Analysis of Control Volumes at Steady State
4.23 Steam enters a horizontal pipe operating at steady state
with a specific enthalpy of 3000 kJ/kg and a mass flow rate
of 0.5 kg/s. At the exit, the specific enthalpy is 1700 kJ/kg. If
there is no significant change in kinetic energy from inlet to
V2 exit, determine the rate of heat transfer between the pipe
V1
and its surroundings, in kW.
m·1 m·2
4.24 Refrigerant 134a enters a horizontal pipe operating at
D1 steady state at 408C, 300 kPa and a velocity of 40 m/s. At the
D2 exit, the temperature is 508C and the pressure is 240 kPa.
Fig. P4.20 The pipe diameter is 0.04 m. Determine (a) the mass flow
rate of the refrigerant, in kg/s, (b) the velocity at the exit, in
4.21 Velocity distributions for laminar and turbulent flow in a m/s, and (c) the rate of heat transfer between the pipe and
circular pipe of radius R carrying an incompressible liquid its surroundings, in kW.
of density r are given, respectively, by 4.25 As shown in Fig. P4.25, air enters a pipe at 258C, 100 kPa
V/ V0 5 31 2 1r/ R2 42 with a volumetric flow rate of 23 m3/h. On the outer pipe
surface is an electrical resistor covered with insulation. With
V/ V0 5 31 2 1r/ R241/7
a voltage of 120 V, the resistor draws a current of 4 amps.
where r is the radial distance from the pipe centerline and Assuming the ideal gas model with cp 5 1.005 kJ/kg ? K for
V0 is the centerline velocity. For each velocity distribution air and ignoring kinetic and potential energy effects,
determine (a) the mass flow rate of the air, in kg/h, and
(a) plot V/V0 versus r/R.
(b) the temperature of the air at the exit, in 8C.
(b) derive expressions for the mass flow rate and the average
velocity of the flow, Vave, in terms of V0, R, and r, as
required. Insulation
Electrical resistor
(c) derive an expression for the specific kinetic energy +
carried through an area normal to the flow. What is the
1 2
percent error if the specific kinetic energy is evaluated in Air
terms of the average velocity as (Vave)2/2? T1 = 25°C, T2 = ?
p1 = 100 kPa,
–
Which velocity distribution adheres most closely to the (AV)1 = 23 m3/h.
idealizations of one-dimensional flow? Discuss. Fig. P4.25
4.22 Figure P4.22 shows a cylindrical tank being drained
through a duct whose cross-sectional area is 3 3 1024 m2. 4.26 Air enters a horizontal, constant-diameter heating duct
The velocity of the water at the exit varies according to operating at steady state at 290 K, 1 bar, with a volumetric
(2gz)1/2, where z is the water level, in m, and g is the flow rate of 0.25 m3/s, and exits at 325 K, 0.95 bar. The flow
acceleration of gravity, 9.81 m/s2. The tank initially contains area is 0.04 m2. Assuming the ideal gas model with k 5 1.4
2500 kg of liquid water. Taking the density of the water as for the air, determine (a) the mass flow rate, in kg/s, (b) the
103 kg/m3, determine the time, in minutes, when the tank velocity at the inlet and exit, each in m/s, and (c) the rate of
contains 900 kg of water. heat transfer, in kW.
c04ControlVolumeAnalysisUsingE215 Page 215 6/24/10 11:05:17 AM user-s146 /Users/user-s146/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New

Problems: Developing Engineering Skills 215

4.27 Air at 600 kPa, 330 K enters a well-insulated, horizontal 10 m/s. Assuming ideal gas behavior for the methane, plot
pipe having a diameter of 1.2 cm and exits at 120 kPa, 300 K. the temperature of the gas exiting the nozzle, in 8C, versus
Applying the ideal gas model for air, determine at steady the exit velocity ranging from 500 to 600 m/s.
state (a) the inlet and exit velocities, each in m/s, and (b) the
4.37 As shown in Fig. P4.37, air enters the diffuser of a jet
mass flow rate, in kg/s.
engine operating at steady state at 18 kPa, 216 K and a
4.28 At steady state, air at 200 kPa, 528C and a mass flow rate of velocity of 265 m/s, all data corresponding to high-altitude
0.5 kg/s enters an insulated duct having differing inlet and exit flight. The air flows adiabatically through the diffuser and
cross-sectional areas. At the duct exit, the pressure of the air is achieves a temperature of 250 K at the diffuser exit. Using
100 kPa, the velocity is 255 m/s, and the cross-sectional area is the ideal gas model for air, determine the velocity of the air
2 3 1023 m2. Assuming the ideal gas model, determine at the diffuser exit, in m/s.
(a) the temperature of the air at the exit, in 8C.
(b) the velocity of the air at the inlet, in m/s. Diffuser Compressor Combustors Turbine Nozzle
(c) the inlet cross-sectional area, in m2.
4.29 Refrigerant 134a flows at steady state through a horizontal
pipe having an inside diameter of 4 cm, entering as saturated p1 = 18 kPa
T1 = 216 K Air Product
vapor at 288C with a mass flow rate of 17 kg/min. Refrigerant
V1 = 265 m/s in gases out
vapor exits at a pressure of 2 bar. If the heat transfer rate T2 = 250 K
to the refrigerant is 3.4 kW, determine the exit temperature,
in 8C, and the velocities at the inlet and exit, each in m/s.
4.30 Water vapor enters an insulated nozzle operating at steady
state at 5008C, 40 bar, with a velocity of 100 m/s, and exits at 1 2
3008C, 10 bar. The velocity at the exit, in m/s, is approximately Fig. P4.37
(a) 104, (c) 888,
(b) 636, (d) 894. 4.38 Air enters a diffuser operating at steady state at 5408R,
4.31 Steam enters a nozzle operating at steady state at 20 bar, 15 lbf/in.2, with a velocity of 600 ft/s, and exits with a velocity
2808C, with a velocity of 80 m/s. The exit pressure and of 60 ft/s. The ratio of the exit area to the inlet area is 8.
temperature are 7 bar and 1808C, respectively. The mass flow Assuming the ideal gas model for the air and ignoring heat
rate is 1.5 kg/s. Neglecting heat transfer and potential energy, transfer, determine the temperature, in 8R, and pressure, in
determine lbf/in.2, at the exit.

(a) the exit velocity, in m/s. 4.39 Refrigerant 134a enters an insulated diffuser as a saturated
(b) the inlet and exit flow areas, in cm2. vapor at 808F with a velocity of 1453.4 ft/s. At the exit, the
temperature is 2808F and the velocity is negligible. The
4.32 Refrigerant 134a enters a well-insulated nozzle at
diffuser operates at steady state and potential energy effects
200 lbf/in.2, 2208F, with a velocity of 120 ft/s and exits at
can be neglected. Determine the exit pressure, in lbf/in.2
20 lbf/in.2 with a velocity of 1500 ft/s. For steady-state
operation, and neglecting potential energy effects, determine 4.40 Oxygen gas enters a well-insulated diffuser at 30 lbf/in.2,
the exit temperature, in 8F. 4408R, with a velocity of 950 ft/s through a flow area of 2.0 in.2
At the exit, the flow area is 15 times the inlet area, and the
4.33 Air enters a nozzle operating at steady state at 7208R with
velocity is 25 ft/s. The potential energy change from inlet to
negligible velocity and exits the nozzle at 5008R with a
exit is negligible. Assuming ideal gas behavior for the oxygen
velocity of 1450 ft/s. Assuming ideal gas behavior and
and steady-state operation of the nozzle, determine the exit
neglecting potential energy effects, determine the heat
temperature, in 8R, the exit pressure, in lbf/in.2, and the mass
transfer in Btu per lb of air flowing.
flow rate, in lb/s.
4.34 Air with a mass flow rate of 5 lb/s enters a horizontal
nozzle operating at steady state at 8008R, 50 lbf/in.2 and a 4.41 Steam enters a well-insulated turbine operating at steady
velocity of 10 ft/s. At the exit, the temperature is 5708R and state at 4 MPa with a specific enthalpy of 3015.4 kJ/kg and a
the velocity is 1510 ft/s. Using the ideal gas model for air, velocity of 10 m/s. The steam expands to the turbine exit where
determine (a) the area at the inlet, in ft2, and (b) the heat the pressure is 0.07 MPa, specific enthalpy is 2431.7 kJ/kg,
transfer between the nozzle and its surroundings, in Btu per and the velocity is 90 m/s. The mass flow rate is 11.95 kg/s.
lb of air flowing. Neglecting potential energy effects, determine the power
developed by the turbine, in kW.
4.35 Helium gas flows through a well-insulated nozzle at
steady state. The temperature and velocity at the inlet are 4.42 Hot combustion gases, modeled as air behaving as an ideal
5508R and 150 ft/s, respectively. At the exit, the temperature gas, enter a turbine at 145 lbf/in.2, 27008R with a mass flow rate
is 4008R and the pressure is 40 lbf/in.2 The area of the exit of 0.22 lb/s and exit at 29 lbf/in.2 and 16208R. If heat transfer
is 0.0085 ft2. Using the ideal gas model with k 5 1.67, and from the turbine to its surroundings occurs at a rate of 14 Btu/s,
neglecting potential energy effects, determine the mass flow determine the power output of the turbine, in hp.
rate, in lb/s, through the nozzle. 4.43 Air expands through a turbine from 8 bar, 960 K to 1 bar,
4.36 Methane (CH4) gas enters a horizontal, well-insulated 450 K. The inlet velocity is small compared to the exit
nozzle operating at steady state at 808C and a velocity of velocity of 90 m/s. The turbine operates at steady state and
c04ControlVolumeAnalysisUsingE216 Page 216 6/23/10 9:42:18 AM user-s146 /Users/user-s146/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New

216 Chapter 4 Control Volume Analysis Using Energy

1 4 Saturated
Steam vapor,
p1 = 40 bar p4 = 0.6 bar
T1 = 500°C
(AV)1 = 90 m3/min Power
Turbine Turbine

p2 = 20 bar p3 = 20 bar
T2 = 400°C Reheater T3 = 500°C
2 3

Qreheater Fig. P4.50

develops a power output of 2500 kW. Heat transfer between 4.50 Steam enters the first-stage turbine shown in Fig. P4.50
the turbine and its surroundings and potential energy effects at 40 bar and 5008C with a volumetric flow rate of 90 m3/min.
are negligible. Modeling air as an ideal gas, calculate the Steam exits the turbine at 20 bar and 4008C. The steam is
mass flow rate of air, in kg/s, and the exit area, in m2. then reheated at constant pressure to 5008C before entering
4.44 Air expands through a turbine operating at steady state. the second-stage turbine. Steam leaves the second stage as
At the inlet, p1 5 150 lbf/in.2, T1 5 14008R, and at the exit, saturated vapor at 0.6 bar. For operation at steady state, and
p2 5 14.8 lbf/in.2, T2 5 7008R. The mass flow rate of air ignoring stray heat transfer and kinetic and potential energy
entering the turbine is 11 lb/s, and 65,000 Btu/h of energy is effects, determine the
rejected by heat transfer. Neglecting kinetic and potential (a) mass flow rate of the steam, in kg/h.
energy effects, determine the power developed, in hp. (b) total power produced by the two stages of the turbine,
4.45 Steam enters a turbine operating at steady state at 7008F in kW.
and 450 lbf/in.2 and leaves as a saturated vapor at 1.2 lbf/in.2 (c) rate of heat transfer to the steam flowing through the
The turbine develops 12,000 hp, and heat transfer from the reheater, in kW.
turbine to the surroundings occurs at a rate of 2 3 106 Btu/h. 4.51 Steam at 1800 lbf/in.2 and 11008F enters a turbine operating
Neglecting kinetic and potential energy changes from inlet at steady state. As shown in Fig. P4.51, 20% of the entering
to exit, determine the volumetric flow rate of the steam at mass flow is extracted at 600 lbf/in.2 and 5008F. The rest
the inlet, in ft3/s. of the steam exits as a saturated vapor at 1 lbf/in.2 The
4.46 A well-insulated turbine operating at steady state develops turbine develops a power output of 6.8 3 106 Btu/h. Heat
28.75 MW of power for a steam flow rate of 50 kg/s. The transfer from the turbine to the surroundings occurs at a rate
steam enters at 25 bar with a velocity of 61 m/s and exits as of 5 3 104 Btu/h. Neglecting kinetic and potential energy
saturated vapor at 0.06 bar with a velocity of 130 m/s. effects, determine the mass flow rate of the steam entering
Neglecting potential energy effects, determine the inlet the turbine, in lb/s.
temperature, in 8C.
4.47 Steam enters a turbine operating at steady state with a
mass flow of 10 kg/min, a specific enthalpy of 3100 kJ/kg, Heat transfer
and a velocity of 30 m/s. At the exit, the specific enthalpy is
2300 kJ/kg and the velocity is 45 m/s. The elevation of the
inlet is 3 m higher than at the exit. Heat transfer from the ·
1 Wturbine
turbine to its surroundings occurs at a rate of 1.1 kJ per kg
of steam flowing. Let g 5 9.81 m/s2. Determine the power p1 = 1800 lbf/in.2 Turbine
T1 = 1100°F
developed by the turbine, in kW.
2 3
4.48 Steam enters a turbine operating at steady state at 2 MPa, Saturated vapor
3608C with a velocity of 100 m/s. Saturated vapor exits at 0.1 MPa m· 2 = 0.20 m· 1 p3 = 1 lbf/in.2
and a velocity of 50 m/s. The elevation of the inlet is 3 m higher p2 = 600 lbf/in.2
than at the exit. The mass flow rate of the steam is 15 kg/s, and T2 = 500°F
the power developed is 7 MW. Let g 5 9.81 m/s2. Determine Fig. P4.51
(a) the area at the inlet, in m2, and (b) the rate of heat transfer
between the turbine and its surroundings, in kW.
4.49 Water vapor enters a turbine operating at steady state at 4.52 Air enters a compressor operating at steady state at 1 atm
5008C, 40 bar, with a velocity of 200 m/s, and expands adiabatically with a specific enthalpy of 290 kJ/kg and exits at a higher
to the exit, where it is saturated vapor at 0.8 bar, with a velocity pressure with a specific enthalpy of 1023 kJ/kg. The mass
of 150 m/s and a volumetric flow rate of 9.48 m3/s. The power flow rate is 0.1 kg/s. If the compressor power input is 77 kW,
developed by the turbine, in kW, is approximately determine the rate of heat transfer between the compressor
(a) 3500, (c) 3580, and its surroundings, in kW. Neglect kinetic and potential
(b) 3540, (d) 7470. energy effects and assume the ideal gas model.
c04ControlVolumeAnalysisUsingE217 Page 217 6/23/10 9:42:19 AM user-s146 /Users/user-s146/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New

Problems: Developing Engineering Skills 217

4.53 Air enters a compressor operating at steady state at 1.05 rate of 4.2 kg/s, and exits at 508C, 12 bar. The compressor
bar, 300 K, with a volumetric flow rate of 12 m3/min and power required is 150 kW. Neglecting kinetic and potential
exits at 12 bar, 400 K. Heat transfer occurs at a rate of 2 kW energy effects, determine the rate of heat transfer to the
from the compressor to its surroundings. Assuming the ideal cooling water circulating through the water jacket.
gas model for air and neglecting kinetic and potential energy
4.62 Air is compressed at steady state from 1 bar, 300 K, to 6 bar
effects, determine the power input, in kW.
with a mass flow rate of 4 kg/s. Each unit of mass passing
4.54 Nitrogen is compressed in an axial-flow compressor from inlet to exit undergoes a process described by py1.27 5
operating at steady state from a pressure of 15 lbf/in.2 and a constant. Heat transfer occurs at a rate of 46.95 kJ per kg of
temperature of 508F to a pressure 60 lbf/in.2 The gas enters air flowing to cooling water circulating in a water jacket
the compressor through a 6-in.-diameter duct with a velocity enclosing the compressor. If kinetic and potential energy
of 30 ft/s and exits at 1988F with a velocity of 80 ft/s. Using the changes of the air from inlet to exit are negligible, determine
ideal gas model, and neglecting stray heat transfer and potential the compressor power, in kW.
energy effects, determine the compressor power input, in hp.
4.63 Air enters a compressor operating at steady state with a
4.55 Refrigerant 134a enters a compressor operating at steady pressure of 14.7 lbf/in.2 and a temperature of 708F. The
state as saturated vapor at 0.12 MPa and exits at 1.2 MPa volumetric flow rate at the inlet is 16.6 ft3/s, and the flow
and 708C at a mass flow rate of 0.108 kg/s. As the refrigerant area is 0.26 ft2. At the exit, the pressure is 35 lbf/in.2, the
passes through the compressor, heat transfer to the temperature is 2808F, and the velocity is 50 ft/s. Heat transfer
surroundings occurs at a rate of 0.32 kJ/s. Determine at from the compressor to its surroundings occurs at a rate of
steady state the power input to the compressor, in kW. 1.0 Btu per lb of air flowing. Potential energy effects are
negligible, and the ideal gas model can be assumed for the
4.56 Carbon dioxide gas is compressed at steady state from a
air. Determine (a) the velocity of the air at the inlet, in ft/s,
pressure of 20 lbf/in.2 and a temperature of 328F to a pressure
(b) the mass flow rate, in lb/s, and (c) the compressor power,
of 50 lbf/in.2 and a temperature of 1208F. The gas enters the
in Btu/s and hp.
compressor with a velocity of 30 ft/s and exits with a velocity
of 80 ft/s. The mass flow rate is 0.98 lb/s. The magnitude of the 4.64 Air enters a compressor operating at steady state at
heat transfer rate from the compressor to its surroundings is 14.7 lbf/in.2 and 608F and is compressed to a pressure of
5% of the compressor power input. Using the ideal gas model 150 lbf/in.2 As the air passes through the compressor, it is cooled
with cp 5 0.21 Btu/lb ? 8R and neglecting potential energy at a rate of 10 Btu per lb of air flowing by water circulated
effects, determine the compressor power input, in horsepower. through the compressor casing. The volumetric flow rate of
the air at the inlet is 5000 ft3/min, and the power input to the
4.57 At steady state, a well-insulated compressor takes in
compressor is 700 hp. The air behaves as an ideal gas, there
nitrogen at 608F, 14.2 lbf/in.2, with a volumetric flow rate of
is no stray heat transfer, and kinetic and potential effects are
1200 ft3/min. Compressed nitrogen exits at 5008F, 120 lbf/in.2
negligible. Determine (a) the mass flow rate of the air, lb/s, and
Kinetic and potential energy changes from inlet to exit can
(b) the temperature of the air at the compressor exit, in 8F.
be neglected. Determine the compressor power, in hp, and
the volumetric flow rate at the exit, in ft3/min. 4.65 As shown in Fig. P4.65, a pump operating at steady state
draws water from a pond and delivers it though a pipe whose
4.58 Air enters a compressor operating at steady state with a exit is 90 ft above the inlet. At the exit, the mass flow rate
pressure of 14.7 lbf/in.2, a temperature of 808F, and a is 10 lb/s. There is no significant change in water temperature,
volumetric flow rate of 18 ft3/s. The air exits the compressor pressure, or kinetic energy from inlet to exit. If the power
at a pressure of 90 lbf/in.2 Heat transfer from the compressor required by the pump is 1.68 hp, determine the rate of heat
to its surroundings occurs at a rate of 9.7 Btu per lb of air transfer between the pump and its surroundings, in hp and
flowing. The compressor power input is 90 hp. Neglecting Btu/min. Let g 5 32.0 ft/s2.
kinetic and potential energy effects and modeling air as an
ideal gas, determine the exit temperature, in 8F.
2
4.59 Refrigerant 134a enters an air conditioner compressor at
m· 2 = 10 lb/s
4 bar, 208C, and is compressed at steady state to 12 bar, 808C.
The volumetric flow rate of the refrigerant entering is 4 m3/min.
The power input to the compressor is 60 kJ per kg of
refrigerant flowing. Neglecting kinetic and potential energy
effects, determine the heat transfer rate, in kW.
90 ft Pump
4.60 Refrigerant 134a enters an insulated compressor operating +
at steady state as saturated vapor at 2208C with a mass flow –
rate of 1.2 kg/s. Refrigerant exits at 7 bar, 708C. Changes in
kinetic and potential energy from inlet to exit can be
ignored. Determine (a) the volumetric flow rates at the inlet
and exit, each in m3/s, and (b) the power input to the compressor, 1
in kW.
4.61 Refrigerant 134a enters a water-jacketed compressor
operating at steady state at 2108C, 1.4 bar, with a mass flow Fig. P4.65
c04ControlVolumeAnalysisUsingE218 Page 218 6/23/10 9:42:19 AM user-s146 /Users/user-s146/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New

218 Chapter 4 Control Volume Analysis Using Energy

4.66 Figure P4.66 provides steady-state operating data for a from inlet to exit. Heat transfer between the pump and its
pump drawing water from a reservoir and delivering it at a surroundings is negligible. Determine the power required by
pressure of 3 bar to a storage tank perched above the the pump, in kW. Let g 5 9.81 m/s2.
reservoir. The mass flow rate of the water is 1.5 kg/s. The
4.68 As shown in Fig. P4.68, a power washer used to clean the
water temperature remains nearly constant at 158C, there is
siding of a house has water entering through a hose at 208C,
no significant change in kinetic energy from inlet to exit, and
1 atm and a velocity of 0.2 m/s. A jet of water exits with a
heat transfer between the pump and its surroundings is
velocity of 20 m/s at an average elevation of 5 m with no
negligible. Determine the power required by the pump, in
significant change in temperature or pressure. At steady
kW. Let g 5 9.81 m/s2.
state, the magnitude of the heat transfer rate from the power
washer to the surroundings is 10% of the electrical power
input. Evaluating electricity at 8 cents per kW ? h, determine
the cost of the power required, in cents per liter of water
2
delivered. Compare with the cost of water, assuming 0.05 cents
p2 = 3 bar per liter, and comment.

15 m Pump
+
– V2 = 20 m/s

1
5m

T1 = 15°C
p1 = 1 bar
m· 1 = 1.5 kg/s
p1 = 1 atm
Fig. P4.66 T1 = 20°C
V1 = 0.2 m/s

4.67 Figure P4.67 provides steady-state operating data for a 1 Hose

submerged pump and an attached delivery pipe. At the inlet,
the volumetric flow rate is 0.75 m3/min and the temperature +
is 158C. At the exit, the pressure is 1 atm. There is no –
significant change in water temperature or kinetic energy Fig. P4.68

p2 = 1 atm

15 m

10 m

Pump
+
–
1
T1 = 15°C
(AV)1 = 0.75 m3/min
Fig. P4.67
c04ControlVolumeAnalysisUsingE219 Page 219 6/23/10 9:42:20 AM user-s146 /Users/user-s146/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New

Problems: Developing Engineering Skills 219

4.69 An oil pump operating at steady state delivers oil at a cooling water increases in temperature by 208F and experiences
rate of 12 lb/s through a 1-in.-diameter pipe. The oil, which no significant pressure drop. Cooling water can be modeled
can be modeled as incompressible, has a density of 100 lb/ft3 as incompressible with y 5 0.0161 ft3/lb and c 5 1 Btu/lb ? 8R.
and experiences a pressure rise from inlet to exit of 40 lbf/in.2 The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 3100 lb/h. Neglecting
There is no significant elevation difference between inlet kinetic and potential energy effects and ignoring heat transfer
and exit, and the inlet kinetic energy is negligible. Heat from the outside of the condenser, determine
transfer between the pump and its surroundings is negligible,
(a) the volumetric flow rate of the entering cooling water,
and there is no significant change in temperature as the
in gal/min.
oil passes through the pump. If pumps are available in
(b) the rate of heat transfer, in Btu/h, to the cooling water
1/4-horsepower increments, determine the horsepower rating
from the condensing refrigerant.
of the pump needed for this application.
4.74 Steam at a pressure of 0.08 bar and a quality of 93.2%
4.70 Steam enters a counterflow heat exchanger operating at enters a shell-and-tube heat exchanger where it condenses
steady state at 0.07 MPa with a specific enthalpy of 2431.6 kJ/kg on the outside of tubes through which cooling water flows,
and exits at the same pressure as saturated liquid. The steam exiting as saturated liquid at 0.08 bar. The mass flow rate of
mass flow rate is 1.5 kg/min. A separate stream of air with a the condensing steam is 3.4 3 105 kg/h. Cooling water enters
mass flow rate of 100 kg/min enters at 308C and exits at 608C. the tubes at 158C and exits at 358C with negligible change
The ideal gas model with cp 5 1.005 kJ/kg ? K can be assumed in pressure. Neglecting stray heat transfer and ignoring
for air. Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible. kinetic and potential energy effects, determine the mass flow
Determine (a) the quality of the entering steam and (b) the rate of the cooling water, in kg/h, for steady-state operation.
rate of heat transfer between the heat exchanger and its
surroundings, in kW. 4.75 An air-conditioning system is shown in Fig. P4.75 in which
air flows over tubes carrying Refrigerant 134a. Air enters with
4.71 Refrigerant 134a at a flow rate of 0.5 lb/s enters a heat a volumetric flow rate of 50 m3/min at 328C, 1 bar, and exits
exchanger in a refrigeration system operating at steady state at 228C, 0.95 bar. Refrigerant enters the tubes at 5 bar with a
as saturated liquid at 08F and exits at 208F at a pressure of 20 quality of 20% and exits at 5 bar, 208C. Ignoring heat transfer
lbf/in.2 A separate air stream passes in counterflow to the at the outer surface of the air conditioner, and neglecting
Refrigerant 134a stream, entering at 1208F and exiting at 778F. kinetic and potential energy effects, determine at steady state
The outside of the heat exchanger is well insulated. Neglecting
kinetic and potential energy effects and modeling the air as (a) the mass flow rate of the refrigerant, in kg/min.
an ideal gas, determine the mass flow rate of air, in lb/s. (b) the rate of heat transfer, in kJ/min, between the air and
refrigerant.
4.72 Oil enters a counterflow heat exchanger at 450 K with a
Air
mass flow rate of 10 kg/s and exits at 350 K. A separate
p1 = 1 bar
stream of liquid water enters at 208C, 5 bar. Each stream 1 T1 = 32°C = 305 K
experiences no significant change in pressure. Stray heat (AV)1 = 50 m3/min
transfer with the surroundings of the heat exchanger and
kinetic and potential energy effects can be ignored. The 3
specific heat of the oil is constant, c 5 2 kJ/kg ? K. If the Refrigerant 134a
designer wants to ensure no water vapor is present in the R-134a
exiting water stream, what is the allowed range of mass flow p3 = 5 bar 4
x3 = 0.20
rates for the water, in kg/s? R-134a
4.73 As shown in Fig. P4.73, Refrigerant 134a enters a condenser p4 = 5 bar
Air T4 = 20°C
operating at steady state at 70 lbf/in.2, 1608F and is condensed
2 p2 = 0.95 bar
to saturated liquid at 60 lbf/in.2 on the outside of tubes through T2 = 22°C = 295 K
which cooling water flows. In passing through the tubes, the
Refrigerant 134a
p1 = 70 lbf/in.2 Fig. P4.75
T1 = 160°F
1 m·R = 3100 lb/h 4.76 Steam enters a heat exchanger operating at steady state
at 250 kPa and a quality of 90% and exits as saturated liquid
at the same pressure. A separate stream of oil with a mass
a flow rate of 29 kg/s enters at 208C and exits at 1008C with
Cooling water no significant change in pressure. The specific heat of the oil
is c 5 2.0 kJ/kg ? K. Kinetic and potential energy effects are
b negligible. If heat transfer from the heat exchanger to its
Tb − Ta = 20°F = 20°R surroundings is 10% of the energy required to increase the
pb = pa temperature of the oil, determine the steam mass flow rate,
in kg/s.
Refrigerant 134a
2 p2 = 60 lbf/in.2 4.77 Refrigerant 134a enters a heat exchanger at 2128C and a
Saturated liquid quality of 42% and exits as saturated vapor at the same
temperature with a volumetric flow rate of 0.85 m3/min. A
Fig. P4.73 separate stream of air enters at 228C with a mass flow rate
c04ControlVolumeAnalysisUsingE220 Page 220 6/23/10 9:42:20 AM user-s146 /Users/user-s146/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New

220 Chapter 4 Control Volume Analysis Using Energy

Industrial plant

Saturated vapor,
p1 = 0.1 bar Saturated liquid,
m· 1 = 2 × 105 kg/h p2 = 0.1 bar
Condenser
1 2

Return Intake

(AV) = 2 × 105 m3/h

ΔT = ? T = 15°C
downstream upstream
Fig. P4.78

of 188 kg/min and exits at 178C. Assuming the ideal gas energy from the sun at a rate of 200 Btu/h per ft2 of collector
model for air and ignoring kinetic and potential energy surface. Twenty-five percent of the incoming energy is lost to
effects, determine (a) the mass flow rate of the Refrigerant the surroundings. The remaining energy is used to heat domestic
134a, in kg/min, and (b) the heat transfer between the heat hot water from 90 to 1208F. The water passes through the solar
exchanger and its surroundings, in kJ/min. collector with a negligible pressure drop. Neglecting kinetic
and potential effects, determine at steady state how many
4.78 As sketched in Fig. P4.78, a condenser using river water
gallons of water at 1208F the collector generates per hour.
to condense steam with a mass flow rate of 2 3 105 kg/h
from saturated vapor to saturated liquid at a pressure of 4.80 A feedwater heater in a vapor power plant operates at
0.1 bar is proposed for an industrial plant. Measurements steady state with liquid entering at inlet 1 with T1 5 458C and
indicate that several hundred meters upstream of the plant, p1 5 3.0 bar. Water vapor at T2 5 3208C and p2 5 3.0 bar
the river has a volumetric flow rate of 2 3 105 m3/h and a enters at inlet 2. Saturated liquid water exits with a pressure
temperature of 158C. For operation at steady state and of p3 5 3.0 bar. Ignore heat transfer with the surroundings
ignoring changes in kinetic and potential energy, determine and all kinetic and potential energy effects. If the mass flow
rate of the liquid entering at inlet 1 is m1 5 3.2 3 105 kg/ h,
#
the river-water temperature rise, in 8C, downstream of the #
plant traceable to use of such a condenser, and comment. determine the mass flow rate at inlet 2, m2, in kg/h.
4.79 Figure P4.79 shows a solar collector panel embedded in a 4.81 An open feedwater heater operates at steady state with
roof. The panel, which has a surface area of 24 ft2, receives liquid water entering inlet 1 at 10 bar, 508C, and a mass flow
rate of 60 kg/s. A separate stream of steam enters inlet 2 at
10 bar and 2008C. Saturated liquid at 10 bar exits the feedwater
heater at exit 3. Ignoring heat transfer with the surroundings
and neglecting kinetic and potential energy effects, determine
the mass flow rate, in kg/s, of the steam at inlet 2.
4.82 For the desuperheater shown in Fig. P4.82, liquid water at
state 1 is injected into a stream of superheated vapor entering
A = 24 ft2 at state 2. As a result, saturated vapor exits at state 3. Data
for steady state operation are shown on the figure. Ignoring
200 Btu/h.ft2 stray heat transfer and kinetic and potential energy effects,

2 Water out at
25% 1
T2 = 120°F. Liquid, Desuperheater
loss 1 T1 = 20 °C,
Water in at 3
p1 = 0.3 MPa
T1 = 90°F. m1 = 6.37 kg/min.
Saturated vapor
p3 = 0.3 MPa
2

Superheated vapor
T2 = 200 °C,
p2 = 0.3 MPa
Fig. P4.79 Fig. P4.82
c04ControlVolumeAnalysisUsingE221 Page 221 6/24/10 11:05:45 AM user-s146 /Users/user-s146/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New

Problems: Developing Engineering Skills 221

determine the mass flow rate of the incoming superheated 4.85 Figure P4.85 provides steady-state operating data for a
vapor, in kg/min. parallel flow heat exchanger in which there are separate
streams of air and water. Each stream experiences no significant
4.83 As shown in Fig. P4.83, 15 kg/s of steam enters a desuperheater
change in pressure. Stray heat transfer with the surroundings
operating at steady state at 30 bar, 3208C, where it is mixed
of the heat exchanger and kinetic and potential energy
with liquid water at 25 bar and temperature T2 to produce
effects can be ignored. The ideal gas model applies to the
saturated vapor at 20 bar. Heat transfer between the device
air. If each stream exits at the same temperature, determine
and its surroundings and kinetic and potential energy effects
the value of that temperature, in K.
can be neglected.
(a) If T2 5 2008C, determine the mass flow rate of liquid,
# 4 T4 = T2
m2, in kg/s.
#
(b) Plot m2, in kg/s, versus T2 ranging from 20 to 2208C.

2 1
3
T2 Saturated vapor,
p3 = 20 bar p1 = 1 bar
Saturated vapor m·1 = 10 kg/s
Valve Valve 3 Air,
1 De- 2 p3 = 1 bar
superheater T3 = 1200 K
p1 = 30 bar p2 = 25 bar m·3 = 5 kg/s
T1 = 320°C T2
m· 1 = 15 kg/s Fig. P4.85
Fig. P4.83 4.86 Figure P4.86 provides steady-state operating data for a
parallel flow heat exchanger in which there are separate
4.84 Figure P4.84 provides steady-state data for the ducting streams of air and carbon dioxide (CO2). Stray heat transfer
ahead of the chiller coils in an air conditioning system. with the surroundings of the heat exchanger and kinetic
Outside air at 908F is mixed with return air at 758F. Stray and potential energy effects can be ignored. The ideal gas
heat transfer is negligible, kinetic and potential energy effects model applies to each gas. A constraint on heat exchanger
can be ignored, and the pressure throughout is 1 atm. size requires the temperature of the exiting air to be 20
Modeling the air as an ideal gas with cp 5 0.24 Btu/lb ? R, degrees greater than the temperature of the exiting CO2.
determine (a) the mixed-air temperature, in 8F, and (b) the Determine the exit temperature of each stream, in 8R.
diameter of the mixed-air duct, in ft.
T4 = T2 + 20
4 p4 = p3
Outside air at
T1 = 90°F
V1 = 600 ft/min.
(AV)1 = 2000 ft3/min. 2 1
T2 Carbon dioxide,
p2 = p1 T1 = 560°R
1 m·1 = 73.7 lb/s
3 Air,
T3 = 1040°R
m·3 = 50 lb/s
Fig. P4.86
3
4.87 Ten kg/min of cooling water circulates through a water
Mixed air, jacket enclosing a housing filled with electronic components.
V3 = 500 ft/min. At steady state, water enters the water jacket at 228C and
T3 = ? exits with a negligible change in pressure at a temperature
D3 = ?
p = 1 atm that cannot exceed 268C. There is no significant energy
transfer by heat from the outer surface of the water jacket
to the surroundings, and kinetic and potential energy effects
can be ignored. Determine the maximum electric power the
2 electronic components can receive, in kW, for which the limit
on the temperature of the exiting water is met.
Return air at 4.88 As shown in Fig. P4.88, electronic components mounted
T2 = 75°F on a flat plate are cooled by convection to the surroundings
D2 = 4 ft and by liquid water circulating through a U-tube bonded to
V2 = 400 ft/min.
the plate. At steady state, water enters the tube at 208C and
Fig. P4.84 a velocity of 0.4 m/s and exits at 248C with a negligible
c04ControlVolumeAnalysisUsingE222 Page 222 6/24/10 11:05:53 AM user-s146 /Users/user-s146/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New

222 Chapter 4 Control Volume Analysis Using Energy

change in pressure. The electrical components receive 0.5 Reviewing Concepts

kW of electrical power. The rate of energy transfer by
4.94 For review, complete the following:
convection from the plate-mounted electronics is estimated
to be 0.08 kW. Kinetic and potential energy effects can be (a) Answer the following true or false. Explain.
ignored. Determine the tube diameter, in cm. (i) For a one-inlet, one-exit control volume at steady state,
the mass flow rates at the inlet and exit are equal but the
inlet and exit volumetric flow rates may not be equal.
Convection
cooling on (ii) Flow work is the work done on a flowing stream by
top surface a paddlewheel or piston.
(iii) Transient operation denotes a change in state with
time.
(iv) In this book the flow at control volume inlets and
exits is normally taken as one-dimensional.
(v) Where mass crosses the boundary of a control volume,
the accompanying energy transfer is accounted for by the
2 internal energy of the mass only.
Electronic
T2 = 24°C 1 + components (b) Answer the following true or false. Explain.
– (i) A diffuser is a flow passage of varying cross-sectional
T1 = 20°C area in which the velocity of a gas or liquid increases in
V1 = 0.4 m/s the direction of flow.
Water (ii) The human body is an example of an integrated
Fig. P4.88 system.
(iii) When a substance undergoes a throttling process
4.89 Ammonia enters the expansion valve of a refrigeration through a valve, the specific enthalpies of the substance at
system at a pressure of 10 bar and a temperature of 248C the valve inlet and valve exit are equal.
and exits at 1 bar. If the refrigerant undergoes a throttling (iv) The hot and cold streams of cross-flow heat
process, what is the quality of the refrigerant exiting the exchangers flow in the same direction.
expansion valve? (v) The thermodynamic performance of a device such as
a turbine through which mass flows is best analyzed by
4.90 Propane vapor enters a valve at 1.0 MPa, 608C, and leaves
studying the flowing mass alone.
at 0.3 MPa. If the propane undergoes a throttling process, what
is the temperature of the propane leaving the valve, in 8C? (c) Answer the following true or false. Explain.
(i) For every control volume at steady state, the total of
4.91 A large pipe carries steam as a two-phase liquid–vapor the entering rates of mass flow equals the total of the
mixture at 1.0 MPa. A small quantity is withdrawn through exiting rates of mass flow.
a throttling calorimeter, where it undergoes a throttling (ii) An open feedwater heater is a special type of a
process to an exit pressure of 0.1 MPa. For what range of counterflow heat exchanger.
exit temperatures, in 8C, can the calorimeter be used to (iii) A key step in thermodynamic analysis is the careful
determine the quality of the steam in the pipe? What is the listing of modeling assumptions.
corresponding range of steam quality values? (iv) An automobile’s radiator is an example of a cross-
4.92 At steady state, a valve and steam turbine operate in flow heat exchanger.
series. The steam flowing through the valve undergoes a (v) At steady state, identical electric fans discharging air
throttling process. At the valve inlet, the conditions are at the same temperature in New York City and Denver
600 lbf/in.2, 8008F. At the valve exit, corresponding to the will deliver the same volumetric flow rate of air.
turbine inlet, the pressure is 300 lbf/in.2 At the turbine exit,
the pressure is 5 lbf/in.2 The power developed by the turbine Advanced Energy Systems at Steady State
is 350 Btu per lb of steam flowing. Stray heat transfer and 4.95 Figure P4.95 shows a turbine operating at a steady state
kinetic and potential energy effects can be ignored. Fix the that provides power to an air compressor and an electric
state at the turbine exit: If the state is superheated vapor, generator. Air enters the turbine with a mass flow rate of
determine the temperature, in 8F. If the state is a two-phase 5.4 kg/s at 5278C and exits the turbine at 1078C, 1 bar. The
liquid–vapor mixture, determine the quality. turbine provides power at a rate of 900 kW to the compressor
4.93 Steam at 500 lbf/in.2, 5008F enters a well-insulated valve and at a rate of 1400 kW to the generator. Air can be
operating at steady state with a mass flow rate of 0.11 lb/s Air
through a 1-in.-diameter pipe. The steam expands to 200 lbf/in.2 1 m1 = 5.4 kg/s
with no significant change in elevation. The expansion is not T1 = 527°C
necessarily a throttling process.
(a) Determine the exit velocity, in ft/s, and the exit temperature, +
Electric
in 8F, if the ratio of inlet to exit pipe diameters, d1/d2, is 0.64. Compressor Turbine
Generator –
(b) To explore the effects of area change as the steam
expands, plot the exit velocity, in ft/s, the exit temperature,
in 8F, and the exit specific enthalpy, in Btu/lb, for d1/d2 ranging 2 T2 = 107°C
from 0.25 to 4. Air p2 = 1bar Fig. P4.95
c04ControlVolumeAnalysisUsingE223 Page 223 6/23/10 9:42:21 AM user-s146 /Users/user-s146/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New

Problems: Developing Engineering Skills 223

Heat exchanger
Valve
1 2
Saturated Saturated
liquid R-134a T2 = –8°C 3 vapor, p3 = p2.
at T1 = 36°C,
m· 1 = 0.26 kg/s
5 4
Liquid water Liquid water
at T5 = 10°C at T4 = 20°C Fig. P4.96

modeled as an ideal gas, and kinetic and potential energy significant heat transfer to or from the heat exchanger, valve,
changes are negligible. Determine (a) the volumetric flow and piping. Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible.
rate of the air at the turbine exit, in m3/s, and (b) the rate of Determine the rate of heat transfer between the evaporator
heat transfer between the turbine and its surroundings, in kW. and its surroundings, in Btu/h.
4.96 Figure P4.96 provides steady-state data for a throttling
valve in series with a heat exchanger. Saturated liquid
Refrigerant 134a enters the valve at T1 5 368C with a mass
flow rate of 0.26 kg/s and is throttled to T2 5 288C. The
1 4
refrigerant then enters the heat exchanger, exiting as
saturated vapor with no significant decrease in pressure. In p1 = 120 lbf/in.2 T4 = 10°F
a separate stream, liquid water enters the heat exchanger at T1 = 85°F Heat p4 = 15 lbf/in.2
T4 5 208C and exits as a liquid at T5 5 108C. Stray heat exchanger (AV)4 = 9.5 ft3/min.
transfer and kinetic and potential energy effects can be
ignored. Determine (a) the pressure at state 2, in kPa, and
(b) the mass flow rate of the liquid water stream, in kg/s.
4.97 As shown in Fig. P4.97, Refrigerant 22 enters the compressor
of an air conditioning unit operating at steady state at 408F, Throttling
80 lbf/in.2 and is compressed to 1408F, 200 lbf/in.2 The refrigerant valve
exiting the compressor enters a condenser where energy
transfer to air as a separate stream occurs and the refrigerant
exits as a liquid at 200 lbf/in.2, 908F. Air enters the condenser
2 3
at 808F, 14.7 lbf/in.2 with a volumetric flow rate of 750 ft3/min
Evaporator
and exits at 1108F. Neglecting stray heat transfer and kinetic
and potential energy effects, and assuming ideal gas behavior p2 = 15 lbf/in.2 p3 = 15 lbf/in.2
x3 = 1.0
for the air, determine (a) the mass flow rate of refrigerant, in
lb/min, and (b) the compressor power, in horsepower. Fig. P4.98

Condenser

5 4 Air at T4 = 80°F, p4 = 14.7 lbf/in.2

4.99 Refrigerant 134a enters the flash chamber operating at
(AV)4 = 750 ft3/min. steady state shown in Fig. P4.99 at 10 bar, 368C, with a mass
T5 = 110°F
3 flow rate of 482 kg/h. Saturated liquid and saturated vapor
exit as separate streams, each at pressure p. Heat transfer to
2 T3 = 90°F
T2 = 140°F p3 = 200 lbf/in.2
p2 = 200 lbf/in.2

Compressor
3

Saturated vapor,
1 R22 at Valve pressure p
T1 = 40°F 1
p1 = 80 lbf/in.2 Flash
chamber
Fig. P4.97 p1 = 10 bar
T1 = 36°C
m· 1 = 482 kg/h
Saturated liquid,
4.98 Fig. P4.98 shows part of a refrigeration system consisting pressure p
of a heat exchanger, an evaporator, a throttling valve, and
associated piping. Data for steady-state operation with 2
Refrigerant 134a are given in the figure. There is no Fig. P4.99
c04ControlVolumeAnalysisUsingE224 Page 224 6/24/10 11:06:05 AM user-s146 /Users/user-s146/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New

224 Chapter 4 Control Volume Analysis Using Energy

Cooling water
T5 = 30°C 5 4 T4 = 20°C
Power in = 100 kW
Compressor

p2 = 1 MPa T3 = 350 K
T2 = 500 K
CO2
p1 = 100 kPa Heat exchanger
T1 = 280 K
Fig. P4.100

the surroundings and kinetic and potential energy effects mass flow rate of the CO2, in kg/s, and (b) the mass flow rate
can be ignored. of the cooling water, in kg/s.

(a) Determine the mass flow rates of the exiting streams, 4.101 Figure P4.101 shows a pumped-hydro energy storage
each in kg/h, if p 5 4 bar. system delivering water at steady state from a lower reservoir
(b) Plot the mass flow rates of the exiting streams, each in to an upper reservoir using off-peak electricity (see Sec.
kg/h, versus p ranging from 1 to 9 bar. 4.8.3). Water is delivered to the upper reservoir at a volumetric
flow rate of 150 m3/s with an increase in elevation of 20 m.
4.100 Carbon dioxide (CO2) modeled as an ideal gas flows There is no significant change in temperature, pressure, or
through the compressor and heat exchanger shown in Fig. kinetic energy from inlet to exit. Heat transfer from the
P4.100. The power input to the compressor is 100 kW. A pump to its surroundings occurs at a rate of 0.6 MW and
separate liquid cooling water stream flows through the heat g 5 9.81 m/s2. Determine the pump power required, in MW.
exchanger. All data are for operation at steady state. Stray Assuming the same volumetric flow rate when the system
heat transfer with the surroundings can be neglected, as can generates on-peak electricity using this water, will the power
all kinetic and potential energy changes. Determine (a) the be greater, less, or the same as the pump power? Explain.

Off-peak
electricity
Dam

Upper
reservoir 1
Lower
reservoir

Fig. P4.101
c04ControlVolumeAnalysisUsingE225 Page 225 6/23/10 9:42:23 AM user-s146 /Users/user-s146/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New

Problems: Developing Engineering Skills 225

4.102 Steady-state operating data for a simple steam power 4.103 Steady-state operating data are provided for a compressor
plant are provided in Fig. P4.102. Stray heat transfer and and heat exchanger in Fig. P4.103. The power input to the
kinetic and potential energy effects can be ignored. compressor is 50 kW. As shown in the figure, nitrogen (N2)
Determine the (a) thermal efficiency and (b) the mass flow flows through the compressor and heat exchanger with a
rate of the cooling water, in kg per kg of steam flowing. mass flow rate of 0.25 kg/s. The nitrogen is modeled as an
ideal gas. A separate cooling stream of helium, modeled as an
ideal gas with k 5 1.67, also flows through the heat exchanger.
Stray heat transfer and kinetic and potential energy effects
· are negligible. Determine the mass flow rate of the helium,
Q in/m· = 3400 kJ/kg in kg/s.

p1 = 4 MPa
T1 = 600°C
Power out
Turbine
1

Helium
p2 = 0.2 bar,
Steam saturated 2 T5 = 175°C 5 4 T4 = 25°C
generator vapor Cooling Power in = 50 kW
water in at T5 = 15°C Compressor
5
Condenser
6 2
4 Cooling 1 T3 = 350 K
water out at N2
T6 = 35°C p1 = 100 kPa Heat exchanger
Pump T1 = 280 K
m·1 = 0.25 kg/s
3
Power Fig. P4.103
in = 4 kJ/kg

Fig. P4.102

4.104 Figure P4.104 provides steady-state operating data for a 4.105 As shown in Fig. P4.105, hot industrial waste water at
cogeneration system with water vapor at 20 bar, 3608C entering 15 bar, 1808C with a mass flow rate of 5 kg/s enters a flash
at location 1. Power is developed by the system at a rate of chamber via a valve. Saturated vapor and saturated liquid
2.2 MW. Process steam leaves at location 2, and hot water streams, each at 4 bar, exit the flash chamber. The saturated
for other process uses leaves at location 3. Evaluate the rate vapor enters the turbine and expands to 0.08 bar, x 5 90%.
of heat transfer, in MW, between the system and its Stray heat transfer and kinetic and potential energy effects
surroundings. Let g 5 9.81 m/s2. are negligible. For operation at steady state, determine the
power, in hp, developed by the turbine.

1
·
m1 = 1.5 kg/s
p1 = 20 bar
T1 = 360°C 2.2 MW
V1 = 50 m/s 10 m

2 3
Saturated vapor Saturated liquid
p2 = 1 bar p3 = 1 bar
V2 = 100 m/s V3 = 100 m/s
m·2 = m·3

Fig. P4.104
c04ControlVolumeAnalysisUsingE226 Page 226 6/23/10 9:42:23 AM user-s146 /Users/user-s146/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New

226 Chapter 4 Control Volume Analysis Using Energy

Saturated vapor,
p2 = 4 bar

2
Valve
1

p1 = 15 bar Turbine
T1 = 180°C
m· 1 = 5 kg/s

4
3 Flash chamber
Saturated liquid, p4 = 0.08 bar
p3 = 4 bar x4 = 90%
Fig. P4.105

4.106 A simple gas turbine power cycle operating at steady through the components of the system. Property data at key
state with air as the working substance is shown in Fig. locations are given on the figure. If the evaporator removes
P4.106. The cycle components include an air compressor energy by heat transfer from the room air at a rate of 600
mounted on the same shaft as the turbine. The air is heated Btu/min, determine (a) the rate of heat transfer between the
in the high-pressure heat exchanger before entering the compressor and the surroundings, in Btu/min, and (b) the
turbine. The air exiting the turbine is cooled in the low- coefficient of performance.
pressure heat exchanger before returning to the compressor.
4.108 Separate streams of steam and air flow through the
Kinetic and potential effects are negligible. The compressor
turbine and heat exchanger arrangement shown in Fig.
and turbine are adiabatic. Using the ideal gas model for air,
P4.108. Steady-state operating data are provided on the
determine the (a) power required for the compressor, in hp,
figure. Heat transfer with the surroundings can be neglected,
(b) power output of the turbine, in hp, and (c) thermal efficiency
as can all kinetic and potential energy effects. Determine
of the cycle.
(a) T3, in K, and (b) the power output of the second turbine,
4.107 A residential air conditioning system operates at steady in kW.
state, as shown in Fig. P4.107. Refrigerant 22 circulates

˙ in
Q

p2 > p1 p3 = p2
T2 = 650 °R 2 3 T3 = 2000 °R

Heat exchanger

Compressor Turbine Wnet

p1 = 1atm
T1 = 520 °R 1 4
Heat exchanger p4 = p1
(AV)1 = 30,000 ft3/min T4 = 980 °R

˙ out
Q
Fig. P4.106
c04ControlVolumeAnalysisUsingE227 Page 227 10/5/10 9:47:07 AM user-f391 /Users/user-f391/Desktop/24_09_10/JWCL339/New File

Problems: Developing Engineering Skills 227

Outside air Air exiting at

at 90°F T > 90°F

T3 = 100°F 3
p3 = 225 lbf/in.2 p2 = 225 lbf/in.2
2 h2 = 130 Btu/lb
Condenser

Power input = 200 Btu/min

Expansion
Compressor
valve

Evaporator
T 4 = 62°F 4 1 p1 = 120 lbf/in.2
Saturated vapor

Supply air Return

to residence room air
at T < 75°F at 75°F
Fig. P4.107

· ·
W t1 = 10,000 kW W t2 = ?
Turbine Turbine
1 2

p3 = 10 bar
T3 = ? T4 = 240°C
T2 = 400°C
p4 = 1 bar
Steam p2 = 10 bar
in
1 2 3 4
T1 = 600°C
p1 = 20 bar T5 = 1500 K
6 Heat exchanger 5 p5 = 1.35 bar
m·5 = 1500 kg/min
T6 = 1200 K
p6 = 1 bar Air in
Fig. P4.108

Transient Analysis 4.112 An insulated, rigid tank whose volume is 0.5 m3 is connected
by a valve to a large vessel holding steam at 40 bar, 5008C. The
4.109 A rigid tank whose volume is 10 L is initially evacuated.
tank is initially evacuated. The valve is opened only as long as
A pinhole develops in the wall, and air from the surroundings
required to fill the tank with steam to a pressure of 20 bar.
at 1 bar, 258C enters until the pressure in the tank becomes
Determine the final temperature of the steam in the tank, in
1 bar. No significant heat transfer between the contents of
8C, and the final mass of the steam in the tank, in kg.
the tank and the surroundings occurs. Assuming the ideal
gas model with k 5 1.4 for the air, determine (a) the final 4.113 An insulated, rigid tank whose volume is 10 ft3 is connected
temperature in the tank, in 8C, and (b) the amount of air that by a valve to a large steam line through which steam flows at
leaks into the tank, in g. 500 lbf/in.2, 8008F. The tank is initially evacuated. The valve is
opened only as long as required to fill the tank with steam to
4.110 A tank whose volume is 0.01 m3 is initially evacuated. A a pressure of 500 lbf/in.2 Determine the final temperature of
pinhole develops in the wall, and air from the surroundings the steam in the tank, in 8F, and the final mass of steam in
at 218C, 1 bar enters until the pressure in the tank is 1 bar. If the tank, in lb.
the final temperature of the air in the tank is 218C, determine
(a) the final mass in the tank, in g, and (b) the heat transfer 4.114 Figure P4.114 provides operating data for a compressed-
between the tank contents and the surroundings, in kJ. air energy storage system using off-peak electricity to power
a compressor that fills a cavern with pressurized air (see Sec.
4.111 A rigid tank whose volume is 2 m3, initially containing 4.8.3). The cavern shown in the figure has a volume of 105 m3
air at 1 bar, 295 K, is connected by a valve to a large vessel and initially holds air at 290 K, 1 bar, which corresponds to
holding air at 6 bar, 295 K. The valve is opened only as long ambient air. After filling, the air in the cavern is at 790 K,
as required to fill the tank with air to a pressure of 6 bar 21 bar. Assuming ideal gas behavior for the air, determine
and a temperature of 350 K. Assuming the ideal gas model (a) the initial and final mass of air in the cavern, each in kg,
for the air, determine the heat transfer between the tank and (b) the work required by the compressor, in GJ. Ignore
contents and the surroundings, in kJ. heat transfer and kinetic and potential energy effects.
c04ControlVolumeAnalysisUsingE228 Page 228 6/24/10 11:06:23 AM user-s146 /Users/user-s146/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New

228 Chapter 4 Control Volume Analysis Using Energy

Air at 290 K, 1 bar

Off-peak +
electricity Compressor
in – To turbine-generator (see Fig. 4.12)

Compressed
air in

V = 100,000 m3
Air in T1 = 290 K, p1 = 1 bar
T2 = 790 K, p2 = 21 bar
Cavern

Fig. P4.114

4.115 A rigid tank whose volume is 0.5 m3, initially containing Finally, the air in the tank is at 310 K. The copper tank,
ammonia at 208C, 1.5 bar, is connected by a valve to a large which has a mass of 20 kg, is at the same temperature as the
supply line carrying ammonia at 12 bar, 608C. The valve is air in the tank, initially and finally. The specific heat of the
opened only as long as required to fill the tank with copper is c 5 0.385 kJ/kg ? K. Assuming ideal gas behavior
additional ammonia, bringing the total mass of ammonia in for the air, determine (a) the initial and final mass of air
the tank to 143.36 kg. Finally, the tank holds a two-phase within the tank, each in kg, and (b) the heat transfer to the
liquid–vapor mixture at 208C. Determine the heat transfer surroundings from the tank and its contents, in kJ, ignoring
between the tank contents and the surroundings, in kJ, kinetic and potential energy effects.
ignoring kinetic and potential energy effects.
4.118 A rigid, insulated tank, initially containing 0.4 m3 of
3
4.116 As shown in Fig. P4.116, a 300-ft tank contains H2O saturated water vapor at 3.5 bar, is connected by a valve to
initially at 30 lbf/in.2 and a quality of 80%. The tank is a large vessel holding steam at 15 bar, 3208C. The valve is
connected to a large steam line carrying steam at 200 lbf/in.2, opened only as long as required to bring the tank pressure
4508F. Steam flows into the tank through a valve until the to 15 bar. For the tank contents, determine the final
tank pressure reaches 100 lbf/in.2 and the temperature is temperature, in 8C, and final mass, in kg.
4008F, at which time the valve is closed. Determine the
4.119 A rigid, well-insulated tank of volume 0.5 m3 is initially
amount of mass, in lb, that enters the tank and the heat
evacuated. At time t 5 0, air from the surroundings at 1 bar,
transfer between the tank and its surroundings, in Btu.
218C begins to flow into the tank. An electric resistor
transfers energy to the air in the tank at a constant rate of
100 W for 500 s, after which time the pressure in the tank is
Tank 1 bar. What is the temperature of the air in the tank, in 8C,
Steam at
200 lbf/in.2, V = 300 ft3 at the final time?
450°F Valve
Initially: 4.120 A well-insulated rigid tank of volume 10 m3 is connected
30 lbf/in.2, x = 80% to a large steam line through which steam flows at 15 bar
and 2808C. The tank is initially evacuated. Steam is allowed
Finally: to flow into the tank until the pressure inside is p.
100 lbf/in.2, 400°F.
(a) Determine the amount of mass in the tank, in kg, and
the temperature in the tank, in 8C, when p 5 15 bar.
Fig. P4.116 (b) Plot the quantities of part (a) versus p ranging from 0.1
to 15 bar.
4.117 A rigid copper tank, initially containing 1 m3 of air at 4.121 A well-insulated piston–cylinder assembly is connected
295 K, 5 bar, is connected by a valve to a large supply line by a valve to an air supply at 100 lbf/in.2, 808F, as shown in
carrying air at 295 K, 15 bar. The valve is opened only as Fig. P4.121. The air inside the cylinder is initially at 14.7 lbf/in.2,
long as required to fill the tank with air to a pressure of 15 bar. 808F, and occupies a volume of 0.1 ft3. Initially, the piston
c04ControlVolumeAnalysisUsingE229 Page 229 6/24/10 11:06:27 AM user-s146 /Users/user-s146/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New

Problems: Developing Engineering Skills 229

face is located at x 5 0 and the spring exerts no force on the pressure constant in the tank by allowing saturated vapor
the piston. The atmospheric pressure is 14.7 lbf/in.2, and the to escape. Neglecting kinetic and potential energy effects
area of the piston face is 0.22 ft2. The valve is opened, and (a) determine the total mass in the tank, in kg, and the
air is admitted slowly until the volume of the air inside the amount of heat transfer, in kJ, if heating continues until the
cylinder is 0.4 ft3. During the process, the spring exerts a final quality is x 5 0.5.
force on the piston that varies according to F 5 kx. The ideal (b) plot the total mass in the tank, in kg, and the amount of
gas model applies for the air, and there is no friction between heat transfer, in kJ, versus the final quality x ranging from
the piston and the cylinder wall. For the air within the 0.2 to 1.0.
cylinder, plot the final pressure, in lbf/in.2, and the final
temperature, in 8F, versus k ranging from 650 to 750 lbf/ft. 4.125 A well-insulated rigid tank of volume 7 ft3 initially
contains helium at 1608F and 30 lbf/in.2 A valve connected
Valve to the tank is opened, and helium is withdrawn slowly until
the pressure within the tank drops to p. An electrical resistor
Air inside the tank maintains the temperature at 1608F.
supply
100 lbf/in.2 (a) Determine the mass of helium withdrawn, in lb, and the
80°F energy input to the resistor, in Btu, when p 5 18 lbf/in.2
(b) Plot the quantities of part (a) versus p ranging from 15
x patm =
14.7 lbf/in.2 to 30 lbf/in.2
x=0
Fig. P4.121 4.126 A tank of volume 1 m3 initially contains steam at 6 MPa
and 3208C. Steam is withdrawn slowly from the tank until
the pressure drops to p. Heat transfer to the tank contents
4.122 A rigid tank having a volume of 0.1 m3 initially contains maintains the temperature constant at 3208C. Neglecting all
water as a two-phase liquid–vapor mixture at 1 bar and a kinetic and potential energy effects,
quality of 1%. The water is heated in two stages:
(a) determine the heat transfer, in kJ, if p 5 1.5 MPa.
Stage 1: Constant-volume heating until the pressure is (b) plot the heat transfer, in kJ, versus p ranging from 0.5 to
20 bar. 6 MPa.
Stage 2: Continued heating while saturated water vapor is
slowly withdrawn from the tank at a constant 4.127 A 1 m3 tank initially contains air at 300 kPa, 300 K. Air
pressure of 20 bar. Heating ceases when all the water slowly escapes from the tank until the pressure drops to
remaining in the tank is saturated vapor at 20 bar. 100 kPa. The air that remains in the tank undergoes a process
described by py1.2 5 constant. For a control volume enclosing
For the water, evaluate the heat transfer, in kJ, for each stage the tank, determine the heat transfer, in kJ. Assume ideal gas
of heating. Ignore kinetic and potential energy effects. behavior with constant specific heats.
4.123 A rigid, insulated tank having a volume of 50 ft3 initially 4.128 Nitrogen gas is contained in a rigid 1-m tank, initially at
contains a two-phase liquid–vapor mixture of ammonia at 10 bar, 300 K. Heat transfer to the contents of the tank
1008F and a quality of 1.9%. Saturated vapor is slowly occurs until the temperature has increased to 400 K. During
withdrawn from the tank until a two-phase liquid–vapor the process, a pressure-relief valve allows nitrogen to escape,
mixture at 808F remains. Determine the mass of ammonia in maintaining constant pressure in the tank. Neglecting kinetic
the tank initially and finally, each in lb. and potential energy effects, and using the ideal gas model
4.124 The rigid tank illustrated in Fig. P4.124 has a volume of with constant specific heats evaluated at 350 K, determine
0.06 m3 and initially contains a two-phase liquid–vapor mixture the mass of nitrogen that escapes, in kg, and the amount of
of H2O at a pressure of 15 bar and a quality of 20%. As the energy transfer by heat, in kJ.
tank contents are heated, a pressure-regulating valve keeps 4.129 The air supply to a 2000-ft3 office has been shut off
overnight to conserve utilities, and the room temperature
Pressure-regulating valve has dropped to 408F. In the morning, a worker resets the
thermostat to 708F, and 200 ft3/min of air at 1208F begins to
flow in through a supply duct. The air is well mixed within
the room, and an equal mass flow of air at room temperature
is withdrawn through a return duct. The air pressure is nearly
1 atm everywhere. Ignoring heat transfer with the surroundings
V = 0.06 m3
p = 15 bar
and kinetic and potential energy effects, estimate how long
xinitial = 20% it takes for the room temperature to reach 708F. Plot the
room temperature as a function of time.
4.130 A well-insulated chamber of volume 1 ft3 is shown in
Fig. P4.130. Initially, the chamber contains air at 14.7 lbf/in.2
and 1008F. Connected to the chamber are supply and
discharge pipes equipped with valves that control the flow
rates into and out of the chamber. The supply air is at
Fig. P4.124 30 lbf/in.2, 2008F. Both valves are opened simultaneously,
c04ControlVolumeAnalysisUsingE230 Page 230 6/23/10 9:42:25 AM user-s146 /Users/user-s146/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New

230 Chapter 4 Control Volume Analysis Using Energy

#
allowing air to flow with a mass flow rate m through each effects, and using the ideal gas model with constant specific
valve. The air within the chamber is well mixed, so the heats for the air, plot the temperature, in 8F, and the pressure,
#
temperature and pressure at any time can be taken as in lbf/in.2, of the air in the chamber versus time for m 5 1, 2,
uniform throughout. Neglecting kinetic and potential energy and 5 lb/min.

V = 1 ft3

Control valve Control valve

pi = 14.7 lbf/in.2
Ti = 100°F
Air supply Air discharge
30 lbf/in.2
200°F

Well-insulated
chamber
Fig. P4.130

c DESIGN & OPEN-ENDED PROBLEMS: EXPLORING ENGINEERING PRACTICE

4.1D Using the Internet, identify at least five medical practices such as discussed in Sec. 1.3 of Thermal Design and
applications of MEMS technology. In each case, explain Optimization, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1996, by A.
the scientific and technological basis for the application, Bejan, G. Tsatsaronis, and M.J. Moran. Provide a well-
discuss the state of current research, and determine how documented report, including an assessment of the economic
close the technology is in terms of commercialization. viability of the selected turbine for the application
Write a report of your findings, including at least three considered.
references.
4.4D Generation of electricity by harnessing currents, waves,
4.2D A group of cells called the sinus node is the natural and tides is being studied across the globe. Electricity can
pacemaker of the heart and controls the heartbeat. Sinus be generated from currents using underwater turbines, as
node dysfunction is one source of the medical condition illustrated in Fig. P4.4D. Electricity also can be generated
known as heart arrhythmia: irregular heartbeat. Significant from the undulating motion of waves using tethered buoys.
arrhythmias are treated in several ways, including the use Like means can be used to generate power from tidal
of an artificial pacemaker, which is an electrical device movements. Although currents and waves have long been
that sends the signals needed to make the heart beat used to meet relatively modest power needs, many observers
properly. Research how both natural and artificial today are thinking of large-scale power generation systems.
pacemakers operate to achieve their goal of maintaining a Some see the oceans as providing a nearly unlimited
regular heartbeat. Place your findings in a memorandum renewable source of power. For a site in U.S. coastal waters,
that includes annotated sketches of each type of estuaries, or rivers, critically evaluate the viability of
pacemaker. currents and/or waves for large-scale power generation by
2025. Consider technical and economic factors and effects
4.3D Conduct a term-length project centered on using a low-
on the ecosystem. Write a report including at least three
wind turbine to meet the electricity needs of a small
references.
business, farm, or neighborhood selected by, or assigned to,
your project group. Take several days to research the 4.5D Owing to their relatively compact size, simple construction,
project and then prepare a brief written plan having a and modest power requirement, centrifugal-type blood pumps
statement of purpose, a list of objectives, and several are under consideration for several medical applications. Still,
references. As part of your plan, schedule on-site wind- centrifugal pumps have met with limited success thus far for
speed measurements for at least three different days to blood flow because they can cause damage to blood cells and
achieve a good match between the requirements of are subject to mechanical failure. The goal of current
candidate low-wind turbines and local conditions. Your development efforts is a device having sufficient long-term
plan also should recognize the need for compliance with biocompatibility, performance, and reliability for widespread
applicable zoning codes. During the project, observe good deployment. Investigate the status of centrifugal blood pump
c04ControlVolumeAnalysisUsingE231 Page 231 6/23/10 9:42:25 AM user-s146 /Users/user-s146/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New

Design & Open-Ended Problems: Exploring Engineering Practice 231

Fig. P4.4D

development, including identifying key technical challenges power developed is transferred to earth, infrastructure
and prospects for overcoming them. Summarize your requirements, environmental impact, cost, and other pertinent
findings in a report, including at least three references. issues. Write a report including at least three references.
4.6D Identify sites in your state where wind turbines for 4.9D Forced-air warming systems involving inflatable thermal
utility-scale electrical generation are feasible but do not yet blankets commonly are used to prevent subnormal body
exist. Prepare a memorandum to an appropriate governing temperature (hypothermia) during and following surgery.
or corporate entity with your recommendations as to whether A heater and blower provide a stream of warmed air to
wind-turbine electrical generation should be developed at the blanket. While the air temperature leaving the heater/
the most promising sites. Consider engineering, economic, and blower is monitored by a temperature sensor, the temperature
societal aspects. of the air providing warming to patients can vary widely,
4.7D Recent disasters, including major oil spills, floods, causing in some instances overheating and localized
hurricanes, and tsunamis have revealed the vulnerability of burning of patients. The object of this project is to develop
municipal water distribution systems to water-borne cost-effective modifications of existing thermal blankets
contamination. For the water distribution system of a that would control the air temperature and eliminate
municipality selected by, or assigned to, your project group, injurious “hot spots.” The modifications must conform to
study the existing procedure for restoring the system to safe standards governing the safety of systems involving heating
use after contamination. If no suitable decontamination in medical applications. Summarize your conclusions in a
procedure exists, make recommendations. Suggest easy-to- report, including sample calculations and at least three
implement, cost-effective, environmentally-responsible references.
measures. Document your findings in a memorandum. 4.10D Residential integrated systems capable of generating
4.8D The technical literature contains discussions of ways for electricity and providing space heating and water heating
using tethered kite-mounted wind turbine systems to will reduce reliance on electricity supplied from central
harvest power from high-altitude winds, including jet power plants. For a 2500-ft2 dwelling in your locale,
streams at elevations from 6 to 15 kilometers (4 to 9 miles). evaluate two alternative technologies for combined power
Analysts estimate that if such systems were deployed in and heating: a solar energy-based system and a natural
sufficient numbers, they could meet a significant share of gas fuel cell system. For each alternative, specify equipment
total U.S. demand for electricity. Critically evaluate the and evaluate costs, including the initial system cost,
feasibility of such a kite system, selected from the existing installation cost, and operating cost. Compare total cost
literature, to be fully operational by 2025. Consider means with that for conventional means for powering and
for deploying the system to the proper altitude, how the heating the dwelling. Write a report summarizing your
c04ControlVolumeAnalysisUsingE232 Page 232 6/23/10 9:42:26 AM user-s146 /Users/user-s146/Desktop/Merry_X-Mas/New

232 Chapter 4 Control Volume Analysis Using Energy

analysis and recommending either or both of the options

if they are preferable to conventional means.
4.11D Figure P4.11D provides the schematic of a device for
producing a combustible fuel gas for transportation from
biomass. While several types of solid biomass can be
employed in current gasifier designs, wood chips are
commonly used. Wood chips are introduced at the top of Gasifier
the gasifier unit. Just below this level, the chips react with
oxygen in the combustion air to produce charcoal. At the Carburetor
Air
next depth, the charcoal reacts with hot combustion gases
from the charcoal-formation stage to produce a fuel gas
consisting mainly of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and Wood chips
nitrogen from the combustion air. The fuel gas is then
cooled, filtered, and ducted to the internal combustion Gas cooler
engine served by the gasifier. Critically evaluate the Charcoal
suitability of this technology for transportation use today formation
in the event of a prolonged petroleum shortage in your
locale. Document your conclusions in a memorandum. Engine
Grate
Ash
Filter
Fig. P4.11D