EXPERIMENT NO.

FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT

Date: 4/9/2019 Group No.

Name: K.SAISREE ID No: 2019H1240602H

Name: T.YAMITHA SURYA ID No:2019H1240054H

Aim: To determine the frequency and wavelength in a rectangular waveguide working in TE10 mode.

Equipment & Components: Klystron Power Supply, Klystron Tube 2k25 , Klystron Mount, Isolator,
Frequency Meter, Variable Attenuator, Detector Mount, Wave Guide Stands, DSO., BNC Cables.

Theory:

The measurement of frequency or wavelength is one of the primary requirements in most microwave
measurements. Frequency is the most fundamental quantity because the frequency of oscillation is the same at
all parts of the microwave system under steady - state conditions. Wavelength on the other hand depends upon
the configuration of the electric and magnetic fields as determined by the geometry of the measuring device. The
relation between length of the transmission line, frequency and wavelength terminated in a short circuit are
reviewed briefly as shown in experimental setup. An input voltage wave of the quarter - wave line at 'a' will have
phase change of 90 degree in traveling from the input (open) to the shorted end, 180 degree phase change at the
short, and another 90 degree in relating to the open end . The total phase change is 360 degree and the reflected
wave is in phase with the applied wave. The different voltage and current pattern are referred to as modes.

The resonant mode excited by the possible frequency is called the fundamental mode or the dominant mode.
A better way to measure frequency is with a calibrated resonant cavity. A resonant cavity wave meter is the
analog of a tuned resonant circuit, in general there are two primary types (1) Transmission cavities, which pass
only the signal to which they are tuned and (2) Absorption cavities , which attenuate (by absorption ) only the
frequency to which they are tuned . An absorption type is preferred for laboratory frequency measurements. First,
the power level is adjusted to give a full scale reading on the output VSWR meter then the wave meter is tuned
slowly until there is a dip in the power level. The frequency may then be read from the dial of the meter.

For dominant TE10 mode in rectangular wave guide 𝜆0 , 𝜆𝑔 and 𝜆𝑐 are related as follows:

Where, 𝜆0 is free space wavelength

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Microwave Engineering Lab Manual, EEE Dept., BITS-Pilani Hyderabad Campus Page -12
 𝜆𝑔 is guide wavelength
𝜆𝑐 is cutoff wavelength
For TE10 mode, 𝜆𝑐 = 2a where 'a' is inner broad dimension of waveguide cross-section.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

Klystron Tunable DSO

power supply probe

Isolator Slotted Matched

Klystron Variable Frequency
line load
tube attenuator meter

PROCEDURE:
 Connect the components and equipment as shown in experimental setup.
 Keep the Variable Attenuator to minimum attenuation position.
 Keep the control knob of Klystron power supply as below:
Mode switch : AM
Beam voltage knob : Fully anti-clockwise
Repeller voltage knob : Fully clockwise
Meter switch : Beam Voltage position
 Rotate the frequency meter at one side.
 Switch on the Cooling fan, Klystron power supply and DSO.
 Beam voltage knob at minimum position gives a beam voltage of 235 V.
 Increase the Beam voltage up to 300V and wait for 1-2 minutes to respond the Klystron tube then reduce
the Beam voltage up to 265V.
 Now change the meter switch to Repeller voltage position. Decrease the reflector voltage to get proper
square wave output on DSO. Once the square wave is observed, adjust the amplitude knob in AM section
and tunable probe of slotted section for maximum amplitude of square wave. Note down the Repeller voltage
& output voltage.
 This is basic set up of Klystron tube for normal operation.
 To measure frequency, rotate the frequency meter and observe for dip in the output and note the
corresponding frequency.
 Move probe along the slotted section and observe maxima & minima amplitude on DSO. Measure the
distance between two successive maxima or minima by scale provided on slotted section and calculate guide
wavelength ( 𝜆𝑔 ).
 Measure the wave guide inner broad dimension 'a' which will be around 2.286 cm for X band. Calculate
cut-off wavelength ( 𝜆𝑐 ).
 Calculate free space frequency (𝑓𝑜 ), & verify with frequency obtained by frequency meter.
 Verify for five different frequencies.

FORMULA:

1) To calculate guide wavelength (𝜆𝑔 ),

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Microwave Engineering Lab Manual, EEE Dept., BITS-Pilani Hyderabad Campus Page -13
Where, (d1 - d2) is the distance between two successive maxima or minima in cm.
d1 or d2 = MSR+VSR(LC) where MSR is Main Scale Reading, VSR is Vernier Scale Reading (VSR) and LC is
least count.
2) To calculate cut-off wavelength of waveguide (𝜆𝑐 ),

𝜆𝑐 = 2a (in cm)

Where, ‘a’ is the inner broad dimension of waveguide cross-section.

3) To calculate free space frequency (𝑓𝑜 ),

Where, C = 3 x 1010 cm/sec. i.e. Velocity of light in free space

sssss
OBSERVATIONS:

Guided Wavelength
Direct
Repeller (cm) 𝝀o (Free Space
S.No. Frequency a(mm)
Voltage Wavelength in 𝝀c(cm)
Meter Reading
(volts) cm)
𝑓𝑜 (GHz) d1 d2 𝝀g

1. 240 10.3 8.61 10.55 3.88 2.91 4.399 21.99

2. 177 10.1 8.62 10.55 3.86 2.97 4.649 23.24
3. 146 10.13 8.64 10.54 3.8 2.96 4.720 23.60

Average (a) = (21.99+23.24+23.60)/3=22.943mm

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CONCLUSION:

Hence, the frequency and wavelength of the waveguide are determined.

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