Trigonometric Formulae

Fundamental Identities
2 2
1. sin x + cos x = 1 2. 1 + tan 2 x = sec 2 x
2 2
3. 1 + cot x = cos ec x
Trigonometric Functions of Sum and Difference
4. sin( x + y ) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
5. sin( x − y ) = sin x cos y − cos x sin y
6. cos( x + y ) = cos x cos y − sin x sin y
7. cos( x − y ) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
tan x + tan y tan x − tan y
8. tan( x + y ) = 9. tan( x − y ) =
1 − tan x tan y 1 + tan x tan y
Trigonometric Functions of Multiple Angles
10. sin 2 x = 2 sin x cos x 11. cos 2 x = cos 2 x − sin 2 x
2 tan x 1 − tan 2 x
= =
1 + tan 2 x 1 + tan 2 x
2 tan x
12. tan2x = 13. sin 3 x = 3 sin x − 4 sin 3 x
1 − tan 2 x
3 3 tan x − tan 3 x
14. cos 3 x = 4 cos x − 3 cos x 15. tan3x =
1 − 3 tan 2 x
Formulae for Conversion of Product into Sum and Difference
1
16. sin x cos y = [sin( x − y ) + sin( x + y )]
2
1
17. cos x cos y = [cos( x − y ) + cos( x + y )]
2
1
18. sin x sin y = [cos( x − y ) − cos( x + y )]
2
Formulae for Conversion of Powers into Sum and Difference
1 − cos 2 x 1 + cos 2 x
19. sin 2 x = 20. cos 2 x =
2 2
3 sin x − sin 3 x 3 cos x + cos 3 x
21. sin 3 x = 22. cos3 x =
4 4
 Hyperbolic Functions
Hyperbolic Functions
e x − e− x e x + e− x
1. sinh x = 2. cosh x =
2 2
sinh x e x − e − x
3. tanh x = = x
cosh x e + e − x
Hyperbolic Functions

4. sinh −1 x = log( x + x 2 + 1) 5. cosh −1 x = log( x + x 2 − 1)

Differentiation Formulae
d d n
1. ( k ) = 0 where ‘k’ is any constant 2. ( x ) = nx n −1
dx dx
d 1 d 1
3. ( x) = 4. (log x) =
dx 2 x dx x
d x d x
5. (e ) = e x 6. (a ) = a x log a, if a > 0
dx dx
d d
7. (sin x) = cos x 8. (cos x) = − sin x
dx dx
d d
9. (tan x) = sec 2 x 10. (cot x) = − cos ec 2 x
dx dx
d d
11. (sec x) = sec x tan x 12. (cos ecx) = − cos ecx cot x
dx dx
d 1 d 1
13. (tan −1 x) = 14. (cot −1 x) = −
dx 1 + x2 dx 1 + x2
d 1 d 1
15. (sin −1 x) = 16. (cos −1 x) = −
dx 1 − x2 dx 1 − x2
 d 1 d 1
17. (sec −1 x) = 18. (cos ec −1x) = −
dx x x2 − 1 dx x x2 − 1
d d
19. (sinh x) = cosh x 20. (cosh x) = sinh x
dx dx
d d
21. (tanh x) = sec h 2 x 22. (sec hx) = sec hx tanh x
dx dx
d d
23. (cos echx) = − cos echx coth x 24. (coth x ) = − cos ech2 x
dx dx
d 1 d 1
25. (sinh −1 x) = 26. (cosh −1 x) =
dx x2 + 1 dx x2 − 1
d 1 d 1
27. (tanh −1 x ) = 2
, x < 1 28. (coth −1
x ) = 2
, x >1
dx 1− x dx 1− x
d 1 d 1
29. (cos ech−1x) = − 30. (sec h −1x) = −
dx x x2 + 1 dx x 1 − x2
Rules of Diffrentiation:
If u & v are differentiable functions of x then
du dv
v−u
d du dv d u
1. (uv) = v +u 2. ( ) = dx 2 dx
dx dx dx dx v v
3.Chain Rule: If y is a differentiable functions of u where u is differentiable functions
of x then
dy dy du
=
dx du dx

By using this rule derivatives of composite functions can be obtained directly as follows
d
1. [ f ( x)]n = n[ f ( x)]n −1 f ' ( x) where dash denotes derivative w. r. t. ‘ x ‘
dx
d 1 d 1
2. f ( x) = f ' ( x) 3. [log f ( x)] = f ' ( x)
dx 2 f ( x) dx f ( x)
d f ( x) d f ( x)
4. e = e f ( x ) f ' ( x) 5. a = a f ( x) f ' ( x) log a, if a > 0
dx dx
d d
6. sin[ f ( x)] = cos[ f ( x)] f ' ( x) 7. cos[ f ( x)] = − sin[ f ( x)] f ' ( x)
dx dx
And so on.
 Integration Formulae
x n +1
1. ∫ kdx = kx + c 2. ∫ x n dx = + c, if n ≠ −1
n +1
1 1
3. ∫ dx = log x + c 4. ∫ dx = 2 x + c
x x
ax
5. ∫ e x dx = e x + c 6. ∫ a x dx = + c, if a > 0
log a
7. ∫ sin xdx = − cos x + c 8. ∫ cos xdx = sin x + c
9. ∫ tan xdx = log sec x + c 10. ∫ cot xdx = log sin x + c
x π
11. ∫ sec xdx = log(sec x + tan x ) + c = log tan( + ) + c
2 4
x
12. ∫ cos ecxdx = log(cos ecx − cot x ) + c = log tan + c
2
2
13. ∫ sec xdx = tan x + c 14. ∫ cos ec 2 xdx = − cot x + c
15. ∫ sec x tan xdx = sec x + c 16. ∫ cos ecx cot xdx = − cos ecx + c
1 1 x
17. ∫ 2
tan −1 ( ) + c
2
dx =
a +x a a
1 1 a+x 1 −1 x
18. ∫ 2 2
dx = log( ) + c = tanh ( ) + c , x2 < a2
a −x 2a a−x a a
1 1 x−a 1 −1 x
19. ∫ 2 2
dx = log( ) + c = − coth ( ) + c , x2 > a2.
x −a 2a x+a a a
1 x
20. ∫ dx = sin −1 ( ) + c
a2 − x2 a
1 x
21. ∫ dx = log( x + x 2 − a 2 ) + c = cosh −1 ( ) + c
x2 − a2 a
1 x
22. ∫ dx = log( x + x 2 + a 2 ) + c = sinh −1 ( ) + c
x2 + a2 a
x a2 x
23. ∫ a 2 − x 2 dx = a2 − x2 ) + sin −1 ( ) + c
2 2 a
2 x 2 2 2 a2
24. ∫ x − a dx = x −a )− log( x + x 2 − a 2 ) + c
2 2
x a2
25. ∫ x 2 + a 2 dx = x2 + a2 ) + log( x + x 2 + a 2 ) + c
2 2
ax
e e ax b
ax
26. ∫ e sin bxdx = 2 2
(a sin bx − b cos bx) + c = sin(bx − tan −1 ) + c
a +b a2 + b2 a
e ax e ax b
27. ∫ e ax
cos bxdx = 2 2
(a cos bx + b sin bx) + c = cos(bx − tan −1 ) + c
a +b a2 + b2 a
 n ' [ f ( x )] n +1
28. ∫ [ f ( x)] f ( x )dx = + c, if n ≠ −1
n +1
f ' ( x) f ' ( x)
29. ∫ dx = log f ( x ) + c 30. ∫ dx = 2 f ( x) + c
f ( x) f ( x)
a f ( x)
31. ∫ e f ( x ) f ' ( x )dx = e f ( x ) + c 32. ∫ a f ( x ) f ' ( x)dx = + c, if a > 0
log a
33. ∫ [sin f ( x )] f ' ( x )dx = − cos f ( x) + c
34. ∫ [cos f ( x )] f ' ( x)dx = sin f ( x) + c
35. ∫ [tan f ( x )] f ' ( x )dx = log sec f ( x ) + c
36. ∫ [cot f ( x)] f ' ( x)dx = log sin f ( x) + c
37. ∫ [sec 2 f ( x)] f ' ( x )dx = tan f ( x ) + c
38. ∫ [cos ec 2 f ( x)] f ′( x) dx = − cot f ( x) + c
39. ∫ e x [ f ( x ) + f ' ( x)]dx = e x f ( x ) + c
40. General Rule of Integration by Parts
∫ uvdx = uv1 − u ′v2 + u ′′v3 − u ′′′v 4 + ......
where dashes denotes the order of derivative & lower suffixes denotes the order of
integration.