> R=[13000 6000 -8000;1000 19000 -20000; -8000 0 12000] R= 13000 6000 -8000 1000 19000 -20000 -8000 ° 12000 >> V=[77075] v= 7 ° 5 >> Isinv(R)*V I= 1.0e-003 * 0.6662 0.8710 0.8608 Step 6 of 7 From the MATLAB results, the current in mesh 3 is, J, = 0.8608 mA Step 7 of 7 From Figure 3, the current J, is given by, =k 8608 mA Therefore, the current J, is [0.861 mAl.Step 1 of 3 3.113p an nv@ “ad Ppasy, {s 28. [* (S)20v Step 2 of 3 By observation, R=28] +0 For the dependent current source, super mesh, L-h = 05% Where, Y, = 5(4,-4) L-h = 25(h-4) 2-24 = 54-5h -2h+7h-5h = 0 =2h477,-10=0] > Gi) Step 3 of 3 Atthe super mesh, applying KVL, -1244(1,;-4)+5(2,-4)+2(4,-4,) = 0 41,471,-21,-91,-12 = 0 41,+71,-21,-30 = 0 > Gi) For the mesh ‘4’, 2(4,-%,) +2, (4)+20 = 0 - 22,+67,+20 = 0 > @)Step 1 of 5 3.114p Consider the circuit shown in Figure P3.95 in the text book. The currents flowing in the loops of the considered circuit is shown in Figure 1. 2mA Figure 1 Step 2 of 5 The value of current J, is 2 mA and current J, is J, in Figure 1 Apply Kirchhoff's current law at node ‘a' in Figure 1 and solve for current /, La+hel, L=h-1, Step 3 of 5 Calculate the value of V, in Figure 1 by using Ohm's law V = JR . Substitute V=¥,. 1=(1,-4,) . R=2kQ from the Figure 1 and solve. ¥,=2k(1,-h) = 2ki, - 2k/, Step 4 of 5 Apply Kirchhoff's voltage law to the loop having current J, in Figure 1 and solve. Ik(4s—h)+Ik(5-4)=-%, Ved, -Ik/, + Iki, —Ikf, = -2k/, + 2k/, =3kd, +1k1, +2kI, =0 —3kF, +1k(1,-1,)+2k/, =0 Simplify the expression further. —3K/, + Ik/, —Ik/, + 2k/, =0 —4k/, +3kI, = 0 3k/, =(4k)(2m) 8 3 == mA Step 5 of 5 Calculate the value of J, from equation (1) 8mA Le 3s mA = 2.667 mA-2 mA = 0.667 mA Therefore, the value of current /_ in the circuitis 10.667 mA| -Step 1 of 6 3. 115p Consider the circuit shown in Figure P3.98 in the text book. The value of current J, is 2 4 from the considered circuit. Calculate the currents flowing in the dependent current source and solve. Wy=h-1, HB-L)ah-h <1, +1, +31,-31,=0 1, +346 =0 ...... (1) Step 2 of 6 Apply Kirchhoffs voltage law to the loop having current /, in considered circuit and solve. 2+, +8(,-1,) = 2%, 2 +1, +8/,-81, = 2(8(,-4)) 2, +1, +8/,-8/,-16/, +16/, =0 241, +271, =0 Simplify the expression further. 271, = 241, 241, i= 7 =0.89/, ..... 2) Step 3 of 6 Apply Kirchhoff's voltage law to the loop having currents /, , 7, in considered circuit and solve. 5(1,-1,)+8(1,-4)+9+2/, =0 SI, -S1, +81, -81, +21, =-9 81, + 71, -8/, -5i, =-9 ...... 8) Substitute equation (2) in (3) and solve. 8/, +71, -(8)(0.89/, }-(5)(2) =-9 8/, +71, -7.12/, =1 0.88/, =1-7/, _l-7, 4° Oe a) Step 4 of 6 Substitute equation (2) and (3) in (1) and solve for fy . (Se), +3(088)(57)-6 0.88 088 (52)-1+(y(o8))+7, =6 1.64 —— |(1-7/,})+ 4, =6 (oss) yeh 1,86 -13.02/, +/, =6 Simplify the expression further. -12.02/, = 4.14 02 =-034A Therefore, the value of current 4, i Step 5 of 6 Substitute /, value in equation (4) and solve for J, . _1-(7)(-0.34 A) 7 0.88 _ 142.38 A 0.88 =3.84A 4 Therefore, the value of current /, is Step 6 of 6 Substitute /, value in equation (2) and solve for 4 . 1, =(0.89)(3.84 A) =341A Therefore, the value of current J, iFigure (1) Step 2 of 7 Let the currents in the Four loops be as shown in figure 1 From the figure we have, Wy =40 Mya 25V Vy = ly eh-h hh =4A =h+4 aa) Step 3 of 7 Applying KVL in loop abda Vey Wye +¥ig = 0 AQ+h-4)4)-4020 By) 4012)-1,(4)-40=0 1, ,10 qa gaty 6) Step 4 of 7 Applying KVL in loop dbced Voy HV, + Vig + Vig = 0 (hy - ANA) + (6) +44() +21, = 0 4,00) -44)+4 +4)G) + 2G — 12) =0 @y ©)and (4) £,03-4(2)+20=0 409-2(34,+%2 420-0 . (By) . a=H{-S)a ®y ©) Ana A ® 2 h=~Sha4 By) 108 hapa (9) =2919A Step 6 of 7 Applying KVL in loop efde Vey AU yy +Vag = 0 1,@)+25- 22, =0 ..(By(2) and @)) LA) + 25-20, —1,)=0 By (4) 125-2) +a(-Z) 6v(") 2V, Figure 1 Step 2 of 6 Apply Kirchhoffs voltage law to the loop having current /, in Figure 1 and solve. Ik(/,-/,)+1k(7,-) =6 ki, —Tkl, + Iki, -IkF, =6 Iki, +2k, -Iki, =6 (1) Step 3 of 6 Apply Kirchhoffs voltage law to the loop having current /, in Figure 1 and solve. Ik(4,-4,)+1k(4,-7,)+2¥, =0 Ik/, ~Ikf, + Ik/, — Ik, + 2((7, -4,)(Ik)) =0 2k, —Ik/, — kf, + 2k/, —2k/, = 0 3K, +1ki, + 2k/, = 0 -.... (2) Step 4 of 6 Add equations (1) and (2) and solve. IKI, + 2k/, —Ik/, +1K/, -3k/, +2k/, =6+0 Iki, +1k/, =6 Ik/, =6+1K/, Step 5 of 6 Calculate the value of /, from Figure 1 1,=21, x =2(1,-1) Substitute equations (3) and (4) in (1) and solve for /, - Ik (2, -2/,) + 2kl, - Iki, =6 ~2ki, + 2kF, + Iki, — Ikk = 6 Iki, =6 1,=6mA Step 6 of 6 Simplify the equation (2) further and solve for 7, ~3k(2/, -2/,) +1kI, + 2k/, =0 —6k/, + 6k/, + IK/, + 2k/, =0 -5SkI, + 8k, = 0 ~5k/, +8k(6 mA) =0 Simplify the expression further. Ski, = 48 he 48 “Sk =9.6 mA Therefore, the value of current f, in the circuit isStep 1 of 6 3. 125p Consider the circuit shown in Figure P3.97 in the text book. The currents flowing in the loops of the considered circuit is shown in Figure 1. 2kQ (t)2 mA 2D Gy Oo 1kQ (1)4 mA Figure 1 Step 2 of 6 The value of current 7, is -2 mA and /, is 4 mA from Figure 1. The value of J, at node by using Kirchhoff's current law is £, —/, Calculate the value of current J, in Figure 1. 1,=21, =2(1,-45) = 21, -2(4m) f= 2f,-8m ..... (0) Step 3 of 6 Calculate the voltage , in Figure 1 by using Ohm's law 7 = IR Substitute V=V,, f=7,-J,. R=1kQ from the Figure 1 and solve for V, Va(ls-h)R =(4mA +2 mA)(1 kQ) =(6 mA)(1 kQ) =6V Step 4 of 6 Apply Kirchhoff's voltage law to the loop having current /, in Figure 1 and solve. Ik(/,-4,)+2¥, +2k(/, -/,)=0 Ik, — Iki, + 2k/, - 2k/, = -2V, —Ik/, + 3k/, - 2k/, =-(2)(6) —(Ik)(2/, -8m) +3k/, —(2k)(4m) =-12 Simplify the expression further. —2kI, +8+3ki,-8 = -12 Ik/, =-12 1,=-12mA Step 5 of 6 Substitute the value of J, in equation (1) and solve. 4,=21,-8m =(2)(-12m)-8m =-24m-8m =-32m Step 6 of 6 Calculate the value of voltage V, in Figure 1 by using Ohm's law 7 = JR Substitute ¥=V,, 2 =1,—1,. R=1kQ from Figure 1 and solve for ¥, . Via(-i)R =(-32 mA +12 mA)(1 kQ) =-20V Therefore, the value of voltage V, in the circuitis |-20 VStep 1 of 6 3. 126p Consider the circuit shown in Figure P3.101 in the text book. The nodes and currents flowing in the loops of the considered circuit are shown in Figure 1. Step 2 of 6 The value of current J, at node ‘b’ in Figure 1 is /,—/, and the value of current J, is —-6 mA . The value of voltage V, in Figure 1 is Iki, . Apply Kirchhoffs voltage law to the loop having current /, in Figure 1 and solve. Ik/, +1241k(f,-7,)=0 2k/, -Ik/, =-12 ...... (1) Apply Kirchhoffs voltage law to the loop having current /, in Figure 1 and solve. ~12+1k(4,-4,)+1k (1, -4,)=0 Ik/, -Tkf, + Iki, = Ik/, =12 2k, -Ik(—6m)-Ik/, = 12 Step 3 of 6 Apply Kirchhoff voltage law to the loop having current /, in Figure 1 and solve. 2¥, +1k(1,-1,)+1k(1,-f,)=0 2(Iki,) +1ki, —Ik/, +1ki, -Ik/, = 0 —Iks, + 2k/, -Ik/, + 2k/, =0 «....- (3) Apply Kirchhoff's current law at node ‘a’ in Figure 1 and solve. 1,=21, +1, 1,=2(1,-1y)+1g 21, -21,+1,-1,=0 2, -1,- 1,20... 4) Apply Kirchhoff’s voltage law to the loop formed by nodes e fc gh a b de in Figure 1 and solve. 2V, +1k(1")-+1k/, +1ki"+1k/, =0 2(Iki,) + (Ik) (2, - 4) + (Ik)(/, - 7) + (1k) (U, -7,)+1kI, = 0 2ks, +k, - kd, + Iki, —Ik/, + 1k/, -(Ik)(—6m) + Ik/, = 0 —Ik/, ~ Iki, + Iki, + 1k/, + 4k/, = -6 -..... (5) Step 4 of 6 Now, write the equations of (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5) in the matrix notation form. 2 0 -1 0 O7f4 0.012 0 2 0 -1 Off7,] | 0.006 -1 0 2 -1 2{l4}=| 0 0 0 2 -1 -I)4, 0 --11 1 4414] [0.006 Now, solve the set of matrix by using matlab. %solving the equations by using matlab. R=[2,0,-1,0,0;0,2,0,-1,0;-1,0,2,-1,2;0,0,2,-1,-1; -1,-1,1,1,4], .012,0.006,0,0,-0.006); inv(R)"V MATLAB output: [= -0.0065 0.0031 -0.0010 0.0002 -0.0022 Therefore, the values of currents are f, =-6.5 mA. /, =3.1mA. /,=-1.0mA . /,=0.2 mA. 1,=-2.2mA Step 5 of 6 Now, calculate the value of current 7, by apply Kirchhoffs current law at node ‘c’ in Figure 1. 14142, =I" 1,4(h-h)+2(Q-L)ah-h [2h th -Uj+2Uy tht 1,242, +h, Step 6 of 6 Simplify the expression further. J, =-3.1 mA-2(-1 mA)+2(0.2 mA)-2.2 mA 3.1mA+2mA+0.4 mA -2.2 mA =-2.9mA Therefore, the value of current J, in the circuit is .Step 1 of 6 3. 127p Consider the circuit shown in Figure P3.102 in the text book. The currents flowing in the loops of the considered circuit is shown in Figure 1. 100Q 40 mA Step 2 of 6 The value of current J, is 40 mA in Figure 1 Apply Kirchhoff voltage law to the loop having current /, in Figure 1 and solve. 200/, +100/, +6V, =0 300/, +6(600/,)=0 300/, +3600/, =0 Step 3 of 6 Apply Kirchhoff's voltage law to the loop having current /, in Figure 1 and solve. 100/,+3=0 1007, = -3 Step 4 of 6 Apply Kirchhoff's voltage law to the loop having current /, in Figure 1 and solve. 300(1, -1,)+600/, -3=0 300/, - 300/, + 600/, 900/, = (300)(40m)+3 1, =16.67 mA Step 5 of 6 Calculate the value of current J flowing through 3 V source by applying Kirchhoff's current law at node ‘a’. I+l=l, 1=h-l, =-30 mA-16.67 mA =—46.67 mA Step 6 of 6 Calculate the power (P) delivered by the 3 V source by using the formula P = Vf - Substitute P= Ry. V=3V. 1 =-46.67 mA from the Figure 1 and solve for By - Py=V =(3 V)(-46.67 mA) =-140 mW Therefore, the power delivered by the 3 V independent source in the network is [[40 mW)Stop 1 of 6 3.129p Given circuit is Step 2 of 6 Writing nodal equations We have two super nodes ¥,-¥y= 120 ¥y-Wa= WF, Where 7, = 7, Hence, VV, = Vy The KCL equation at node |, we get AoW HW WM Wy 1k 1k 1k Ik 4Y,- Vy -¥y-¥,-%y =0 0 Step 3 of 6 The KCL equation at reference node, we get O-% , O-% | O-¥ 4 Wg 2k 2k Tk Ik Bim m4 454% ,fol 4 Tk Ik Vy+Uy +2% =8 The KCL equation at node Mh is Fo MoH yhomM Ik le 2k Wy + 2M - WH +¥y-%,=0 20; -F, +57, =0 0 Stop 4 of 6 From equation (1), we get Vy, =Vy-12 From equation (2), we get 11-2, Vy =V,-12-, Wa-¥,-12 From equation (5), we get 2 =504-V Step 5 of 6 Substituting these in equation (3), we get 2(5%)-¥4)- (-¥%4-12)-(% -12)-Fy-% = 0 10% — 27, +¥% +12- +12-Fy-% = 0 9% - Wy +24=0 W, = 90, +24 Fe=BetB ee © Step 6 of 6 Substituting these in (4), we get Vy -12+¥,+2% =8 25 + 2%, = 20 Substituting equation (6) in (7) 2Vp +2(B%p +8) = 20 25 +6¥% +16 = 20 8% =4Step 1 of 6 3. 130p Consider the circuit shown in Figure P3.103 in the text book. The currents flowing in the loops of the considered circuit is shown in Figure 1. Supermesh Figure 1 Step 2 of 6 The value of current J, in Figure 1is ~J, and J, is ,-3A Calculate the value of current /, in Figure 1. Step 3 of 6 Apply Kirchhoff's voltage law to the loop having current /, and solve. 32(1,-4,)-15/, +1, =0 324, -32/, -15(-/,)+/,=0 48/, =32/, 1, =0.667/, ...... 2) Step 4 of 6 Apply Kirchhoffs voltage law to super mesh in Figure 1 and solve. 61, +61, +151, =0 61, +61, +15(-1,)=9 61, +61, -15(0.667/,)=0 61, +61, -101, =0 Simplify the expression further. 61, + 61, -(10)(0.75/,)=0 -1.51,+6(1,-3)=0 451, =18 a4 Step 5 of 6 Substitute /, value in equation (1) and solve for J, . 4, =(0.75)(4 A) =3A Substitute /, value in equation (2) and solve for f, . (0.667)(3 A) A Step 6 of 6 Calculate the power delivered by 15/, current control voltage source in Figure 1 by using the formula Pav. Substitute P= Pye V=ISI,, =F, —f, from the Figure 1 and solve for Preys - Pees = (151, (4-4) =15(-1,)(1,—1, +3 A) =15(-2 A)(2A-4.A43A) =-30W Therefore, the power delivered by the 15/_ source in the network is [39 Ww] -Stop 1 of 3 Refer to waveform shown in Figure P4.1 in the textbook. The value of gain (A, ) is 15. It is known that, for an amplifier the output voltage is, AN Calculate the output voltage at ¢ =). 15(0 mV) =0V Calculate the output voltage at y = 9.5* v, =15(50 mV) =750 mV Calculate the output voltage at 7 = 0,5 - =15(-100 mV) =-1500 mV Calculate the output voltage at y= ]* - 15(0) =0V Step 2 of 3 Calculate the output voltage at y= )- - 5(-150 mV) =~2250 mV Calculate the output voltage at y= 1.5* - y, =15(50 mV} =750 mV Calculate the output voltage at y = 1.5 . =15(0 mV) =0V Calculate the output voltage at y= 2 =15(0) =0V Step 3 of 3 The output waveform is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 Therefore, the output waveform for the amplifier is shown in Figure 1 4.1PStep 1 of 2 4.2E Refer to circuit diagram in Figure E4.2 in the text book. The circuit is redrawn as shown in Figure 1. Step 2 of 2 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal. hel, v.-0 Vi-v_ RR, Apply ideal op-amp conditions. Therefore, the gain of the op-amp is 4Step 1 of 3 4.2FE Refer to Figure 4PFE-2 in the text book. The circuit is redrawn as shown in Figure 1. 18 kQ Step 2 of 3 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal of the first op-amp. el, Apply ideal op-amp conditions, y_ =v, andi. =é, Since non-inverting terminal is grounded, by using the fact that v_ =0 . Substitute the values v_ =0 in the expression. Step 3 of 3 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal of the second op-amp. Lytls=l, v, 3-v_ 6 12 36 Apply ideal op-amp conditions, v_ =v, andi. Since non-inverting terminal is grounded, by using the fact that v =0 . Substitute the values y_ =Q and yp, =—4.5¥V in the expression. Hence, the output voltage ¥, is 18V Therefore, the correct option is hl.Step 1 of 2 4.2P Consider the waveform shown in textbook Figure P4.2. The waveform is the output of an amplifier with gain -5. We know that v,, Where 4, =-5 The output voltage values from the waveform with respect to time instants are vy =0,4,12,12,12,8,0 at 4 =0 to 6 respectively %=-8 at 126" And -12,-6,0 at 1=7to® respectively From the output voltage values, we can find the voltage values from the above equation. Therefore at 1=0 t=] Step 2 of 2 From the above voltage values, the input waveform is vn (V) Figure 1 Therefore the input waveform for the given amplifier is as shown inStop 1 of 4 4.3E Refer to circuit diagram in Figure 4.3 in the text book. The circuit is redrawn as shown in Figure 1. Step 2 of 4 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal. h=h, 0_Y, 1 100 Apply ideal op-amp conditions. Step 3 of 4 Calculate the gain of the op-amp circuit by substitute 1 kQ for R, and 100 kQ for R, in the equation. +k R 4 00k2 1kQ =1+100 =101 Therefore, the gain of the op-amp is [TOI] - Step 4 of 4 Write the expression for the gain of the op-amp circuit. Yo =101 ¥, ‘s Calculate the output voltage of the op-amp by substitute | mV for V, in the equation. =(101)(Imv) =0.101V Therefore, the output voltage of the op-amp isStep 1 of 2 4.3FE Refer to Figure 4PFE-3 in the text book. The circuit is redrawn as shown in Figure 1. Step 2 of 2 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal athe 6-v. + 3 Apply ideal op-amp conditions, v =v, andi. =4, Since non-inverting terminal is grounded, by using the fact that v_ =0 Substitute the values v_ =Q in the expression. Hence, the output voltage V, is -5V . Therefore, the correct option is [a].Step 1 of 6 4.3P (a) Refer to waveform shown in Figure P4.3 in the textbook. The value of gain ( 4, ) is 20 and the supply voltages are £5 V Itis known that, for an amplifier the output voltage is, ¥,, = Aig Calculate the output voltage at 7 =0 =0V Ov = a9 =0V Calculate the output voltage at = 25 ms - Step 2 of 6 Calculate the output voltage at ¢= 50 ms - =2V Calculate the output voltage at = 100 ms - 3V -3V 20 =015V Calculate the output voltage at ¢=125 ms - =0V Step 3 of 6 The output waveform is shown in Figure 1 va(¥) Figure 1 Therefore, the output waveform for the amplifier is shown in Figure 1 Step 4 of 6 (b) Now the amplitude of the amplifier is doubled. Calculate the output voltage at ¢ = 0 Calculate the output voltage at ¢=25 ms - y,=3V Step 5 of 6 Calculate the output voltage at ¢= 50 ms - vy, =2V¥ 2V = o* (33) =02V Calculate the output voltage at at 7 = 7 ms - =0V Yq = (S*) 20 =0V Calculate the output voltage at ¢ = 100 ms v,=-3V (=) 20 =-0.3V Calculate the output voltage at ¢=125 ms . OV Step 6 of 6 The output waveform is shown in Figure 2. v(V) (ms) Figure 2 Therefore, the output waveform for the amplifier is shown in Figure 2Step 1 of 6 4.4E Refer to circuit diagram in Figure E4.4 in the text book. Convert current source in parallel with resistor to Thevenin equivalent, the modified circuit is shown in Figure 1. SkQ 1, L —- 2 5V Step 2 of 6 For an ideal op-amp, the current entering in to the input terminals of the op-amp is zero. Hence, /,=0. Therefore, the current /, is [9] - Step 3 of 6 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal. I= yh, 10k 5k Apply ideal op-amp conditions. Since no current flows through the input terminals of the op-amp, the voltage v_ =5 Vandi. Substitute the values § Y for v_ and Q for j_ in the expression. Step 4 of 6 Write the expression for the current /, . v_-V, Sk =-0.5 mA Therefore, the current /, is [0.5 mA\ Step 5 of 6 Write the expression for the current /,. Therefore, the current J, i Step 6 of 6 Write the expression for the current /,. h=L-1, Substitute 0,75 mA for i, and -0.5 mA for J, in the equation. hel-h .75 mA -(-0.5mA) .75 mA +0.5 mA 25 mA Therefore, the current /, isStep 1 of 4 4.4FE Refer to Figure 4PFE-4 in the text book. The circuit is redrawn as shown in Figure 1 R, |i Figure | Step 2 of 4 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal. heh, Apply ideal op-amp conditions, »_ =v, andi. By using the fact that v_ = Substitute the values v_ = V,, inthe expression. Bd rd Sd x — P= + Step 3 of 4 Since voltage gain is 50, substitute the value 50: for in the expression. ‘in Step 4 of 4 Calculate the resistance , by substituting 5kQ for R, R, =49R, = 49(5kQ) = 245k Hence, the value of resistance R, is 245kQ . Therefore, the correct option is gq].Step 1 of 3 4.4P (a) The gain and input resistance for the amplifier are infinite. Therefore almost any signal source can drive the amplifier. Therefore, an input voltage of zero produces a finite output voltage. Hence, the input voltage is, Step 2 of 3 (b) The input resistance is infinite. Therefore, no input current flows. Hence, the input current is, Step 3 of 3 (c) ince output resistance is zero, output current is limited by external circuitry. Draw the required circuit. Figure 1 Hence, the output current is,Step 1 of 3 4.5E Refer to Figure E4.5 in the textbook for the circuit. Calculate the voltage at non inverting terminal of op-amp. eV, 7x1? 41 + 7x18 1 =<), n? It is known that, in an ideal op-amp the inverting terminal voltage is same as the non-inverting terminal voltage. Apply nodal analysis at inverting terminal of op-amp. vinrK ve aie 5x10 4x10° 10x10 4v_—4V, +5v_+2v. 2H, 20x10* ly, -4¥,-2¥, =0 =0 Substitute an for y_ in the equation. (Za, 2%, =0 W,-W, =W, Vi, =-2V, +3.5V, Therefore, the voltage V, in terms of V, and V, is, Step 2 of 3 Consider the voltage V, in terms of W, and V, iy =, 43.50, Substitute 4 V for V, and 4 ¥ for V, in the equation. 2(4)+3.5(4) =-84+14 v Thus, the value of V, is Stop 3 of 3 If the op-amp power supplies are +15 V . then the maximum output voltage is Voom) =+15 V and the minimum output voltage is Vaipigy =~15 V Calculate the maximum value of V, . Votniny = —2¥ teas) +3-5¥ Substitute -1§ V for Vojaiqy and 2 V for ¥, inthe equation. 15 =-2V faq) +3-5(2) “15 =-M eau) +7 2iteas) = 22 Vauy = ULV Calculate the minimum value of V - Vojnuey = 2% 1 rin ) $3.5, Substitute 15 V for Von) and 2 V for ¥, in the equation. 15 = -2V qin) +3-5(2) 15 = -2 oy +7 (ain) = =4V ce) The allowable range of ¥, is, Vrnioy 45%, Kova) ~4VSK SUV Therefore, the allowable range of V, is |-4 V<¥, <11 V)-Step 1 of 3 4.5FE Refer to Figure 4PFE-5 in the text book. The circuit is redrawn as shown in Figure 1 6kQ Figure | Step 2 of 3 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal. Apply ideal op-amp conditions, y_ =v, andé By using the fact that v. =5 Vandi =0 Substitute 5V for v_ and 0 for j_ in the expression. v, = 25V Step 3 of 3 Write the current equation at the output terminal 12th AA 6k 2k Ik Apply ideal op-amp conditions, v_ =v, andi_ By using the fact that v_ = 5 Vandy, =25V - Substitute $V for v_ and 2§ ¥ for v, in the expression. 6k 2k Ik v, (S31). 5+75 6 6 Hence, the voltage ¥, is Therefore, the correct option is [e]Step 1 of 4 4 . 5 P (a) The gain of the given amplifier is not equal to infinity. Therefore, v, #0 . Since input resistance is infinity there will be no input current. Since output resistance is zero, output current is limited by external circuit. Draw the required circuit. Figure 1 Step 2 of 4 From Figure 1, output current is é, swhere Reo = R, + Ray - Here R,, is the output resistance. Reg Since, output resistance is Zero, the output current is, Yo R, Hence, : Step 3 of 4 (b) For an op-amp it is given that, R, =00;R,, >0;4, = . Since input resistance is infinity there will be no input current. ince gain of the amplifier is oo , the input voltage is zero. The output resistance is greater than zero. Therefore the output current is limited by both R, and R, - Hence, : Step 4 of 4 (c) For an op-amp it is given that, R, #00;R,, =0;4, =00 - ince gain of the amplifier is ap , the input voltage is zero. Since R,, #00 , the input current is given by i, = - AS v,, =0 , the input current is zero. Ry Since output resistance is zero, output current is limited by extemal circuitry. Hence. the result is.Step 1 of 2 4.7E Consider the network in textbook Figure E 4.7. Redraw the diagram with modifications as shown below Step 2 of 2 Assume that the op-amp is ideal. Therefore we have V, = V_=V, and i, =i, =0A Now apply Kirchhoffs current law equation at node V, . Rlerarn) a) RR R, 7 eleEes Therefore the output voltage isStep 1 of 1 4.8P Consider for an op-amp based amplifier, the supply voltages are 18 Y and gain is -g0 - Consider the following expression for the gain of a linear operation of an amplifier: *2 30 Vin Simplify the expression for the input voltage. The output voltage due to output limits is |v,| <18 V . Substitute 18 V for y, to find the range of input voltage. =0.225V Thus, the range of input over which the amplifier is linear is ||v,,|<0.225 V] -Step 1 of 2 4.9P Refer to Figure P4.9 in the text book. The circuit is redrawn as shown in Figure 1. 20 kQ Figure 1 Step 2 of 2 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal. Anh O-v + Ik 20k Apply ideal op-amp conditions, v_ =v, andi. By using the fact that v. =v, andi. =0 . Substitute the values v_ =v, andi =0 in the expression. 0-v. y=¥. + Ik 20k Therefore, the voltage gain of the circuit is[21].Step 1 of 2 4.10P Refer to Figure P4.10 in the text book. The circuit is redrawn as shown in Figure 1 Figure 1 Step 2 of 2 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal. Apply ideal op-amp conditions, v_ =v, andi_ =i, - By using the fact that »_ =v, andi. =0. Substitute the values v_ = v, and/_ =0 in the expression. Therefore, the voltage gain of the circuit isStep 1 of 2 4.12P Refer to Figure P4.12 in the text book. The resistors 100Qand1502 are connected in series, the series equivalent resistance is as follows: R, =1002+1500 = 2502 The resistors 18kQ.and9kQ are connected in parallel, the parallel equivalent resistance is as follows 2, =H) 18+9 =6kQ The circuit is redrawn as shown in Figure 1 Figure | Step 2 of 2 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal. 2502 6kQ ~ Apply ideal op-amp conditions, v_ =v, andé By using the fact that v =Qandi =0 Substitute the values v_ = Oandi_ = 0 in the expression. ¥-0 ¥=0 9 + 2502 6k2 Yo = 62 2502 24 Therefore, the gain of the network is |Stop 1 of 2 4.13P Refer to Figure P4.13 in the text book. The circuit is redrawn as shown in Figure 1 Figure 1 Step 2 of 2 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal. Apply ideal op-amp conditions, v_ =v, andé. By using the fact that v =2 Vandi =0 Substitute the values v_ = 2V,y, =6Vandi = in the expression. Therefore, the output voltage is|—14 V]Step 1 of 3 4.14P Refer to Figure P4.14 in the text book. The circuit is redrawn as shown in Figure 1 VO Figure | Step 2 of 3 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal. helo v.-0 V-v RR Apply ideal op-amp conditions, »_ = v, andé By using the fact that v =¥, andi. =0- Substitute the values 3,3kQ for R, and 20kQ for R, in the expression. Therefore, the gain of the amplifier i: Step 3 of 3 Write the expression for the current J, . Therefore, the value of current J is|0.6mA\.Step 1 of 3 4.15P Refer to Figure P4.15 in the text book. The circuit is redrawn as shown in Figure 1 Jnde Figure 1 Step 2 of 3 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal. =I, inv. RR Apply ideal op-amp conditions, v_ =v, andé By using the fact that v= Qandi =0 - Substitute the values 3.3kQ for R, and 20kQ for R, in the expression. Therefore, the gain of the amplifier i: Step 3 of 3 Write the expression for the current J, . hry 2 Calculate the current J, by substituting -6V, forV,,2V for V, and 20kQ for R, . ~6(2) * 20x10" =-0.6mA Therefore, the value of current / is]-O0.6mA].Step 1 of 3 4.16P Refer to Figure P4.16 in the text book. The circuit is redrawn as shown in Figure 1 llVo Step 2 of 3 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal. Apply ideal op-amp conditions, v_ = v, andé. By using the fact that y. =11Vandi_ =0 Substitute 1] V for v_. 1 kQ for R, and 10 kQ for R, in the equation. Therefore, the output voltage is [121 V] Step 3 of 3 For an ideal op-amp, the current entering in to the input terminal of the op-amp is zero. Li, =0A Therefore, the current J, is[o A].Step 1 of 3 4.17P Refer to Figure P4.17 in the text book. From the Figure P4.17, the current /| flow through the resistor R, is equal to the source current. ImA Therefore, the current J, is Step 2 of 3 For an ideal op-amp, the current entering in to the input terminal of the op-amp is zero. hei =0 Therefore, the current J, is[9). Step 3 of 3 Since for an ideal op-amp, the current entering in to the input terminal of the op-amp is zero, the same current flow through the resistor R, flows through the resistor R, i =1mA Therefore, the current f, isStep 1 of 2 Refer to Figure P4.11 in the text book. The circuit is redrawn as shown in Figure 1 Figure 1 Step 2 of 2 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal. Apply ideal op-amp conditions, v. =v, and. =/, By using the fact that v. =v, andi. =0. Substitute the values v_ = vy, and/_ =0 in the expression. Therefore, the value of the resistance R, is |160Q| . 4.18PStop 1 of 4 4.19P Consider the network in textbook Figure P 4.19. Redraw the diagram with modifications as shown below V; Figure 1 Step 2 of 4 Assume that the op-amp is ideal. Therefore we have V, =V_=V, and 4, =i, =0A Now apply Kirchhoffs current law equation at node ¥_ Step 3 of 4 Itis given that, the maximum value of ¥, is | V . 7, $200 mA and the op-amp operates with £15 V “ supplies. Therefore we have|V,| = Now calculate the output current from Figure 1. Stop 4 of 4 The output current is less than or equal to 200 mA . Therefore + (201) s 200 ma RX 201 Reo R, 21005 Since R. +R, =10°Q, R, = 104-1005 =8995Q Calculate the gain of the amplifier. gain=1 +h R, = 9.95 Therefore, the maximum gain that is allowable for the amplifier is} 4, = 9.95 V|Step 1 of 6 4.20P Refer to Figure P4.20 in the textbook for the circuit. The circuit is a basic non-inverting op-amp amplifier. Yo u4% Vs Rx rfid rat -4) R From the circuit, the output current delivered by the op-amp is, Y, R, N(R, +) (a) Since the supply voltages are +10 V , the output voltage is, IKIS1IOV R, 2) 1+ = |s10 [ Rx 14s R Rea R RS4R, Substitute 100 kQ for R, in the equation. R, £4(100x10") R, $400k Thus, the allowable value of R, is Step 2 of 6 The output current delivered by the op-amp is, -—e—_ RR +R) Substitute 10 V for V,, 10 kQ for R, . 100 kQ for R,. and 400 kQ for R, in the equation. 1 lo ° RA(R +R) _ 10 ~ 10x107}(100%10? +400x 10°) _ 10 ~ 10x10°}(500%10" ) ___10 © 9,804x10? = 1.02 mA Thus, the current delivered by the op-amp is 1.02mA , which is less than rated value of 100mA . Step 3 of 6 (b) Since the supply voltages are +3 V , the output voltage is, IKIS1I0V R, 2)1+ 2 |s3 ( x } 1421s R eos R, S05R, Substitute 100 kQ for R, in the equation. R, $0.5(100x10") R, $50 kQ Thus, the allowable value of R, is |50kQ] . Step 4 of 6 The output current delivered by the op-amp is, 4 .* RARER) Step 5 of 6 Substitute 3 V for V,, 10 kQ for R, . 100 kQ for R,, and 400 k&Y for R, in the equation: L-— 3 _ ° RMR +R) _ 3 - 10x10°||(100x10° +50x10*) _ 3 © 10x107]((150x10°) -—_ 9.375x10° = 0.32 mA Thus, the current delivered by the op-amp is 0.32mA_, which is less than rated value of 1OOmA. Step 6 of 6 (c) The maximum allowable gain, A,,.,, is linearly related to the supply voltage, for a given V, value, until Z, is not limitedStep 1 of 5 4.21P (a) Refer to Figure P4.21 in the text book. The circuit is redrawn as shown in Figure 1 Figure 1 Step 2 of 5 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal Apply ideal op-amp conditions, v_ =v, and. By using the fact that v =V, andi_ =0 Substitute the values v_ = V, andé_ =0 in the expression. Therefore, the output voltage is} 4| Step 3 of 5 (b) Write the expression for the output voltage. ¥,=4-¥, Calculate the output voltage. Substitute 2 V for ¥, and6 V for V, in the equation. Therefore, the output voltage is| Step 4 of 5 (c) Consider the value of output voltage is, ¥, = t12 V Write the expression for the output voltage. ¥,=a,-¥, Calculate the voltage V, . Substituting 12 V for ¥, and 4 V forV, V,=4V,-V, 12=4(4)-¥, V, = 16-12 =4V Step 5 of 5 Calculate the voltage V, . Substituting -12 V for¥, and4V forh, v= -V -12=4(4)-¥, V,=16412 =28V Therefore, the range of voltage F, is[4V < V, $28 V|Step 1 of 2 4.22P Refer to Figure P4.22 in the text book. The circuit is redrawn as shown in Figure 1 Figure 1 Step 2 of 2 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal. 4 ~i Apply ideal op-amp conditions, » =v, andé_ By using the fact that »_ =Qandi_ =0 - Substitute | V for v, . 1 kQ for R, and $ kQ for R, in the equation. Therefore, the output voltage is]|—5 V/Step 1 of 2 4.23P Refer to Figure P4.23 in the text book. Since for an ideal op-amp, the current entering in to the input terminal of the op-amp is zero, the entire source current flows through the resistor R, . The circuit is redrawn as shown in Figure 1 19 Figure 1 Step 2 of 2 Write Kirchhoff's current law (KCL) at the inverting terminal Apply ideal op-amp conditions, v_ =v, andé. By using the fact that v. =Qandi_ =0 . Substitute the values Qfor v_ and 1 for &, in the expression. Therefore, the gain of the trans-conductance amplifier is [7]Stop 1 of 2 Refer to Figure P4.24 in the text book. The circuit is redrawn as shown in Figure 1 Step 2 of 2 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal. Apply ideal op-amp conditions, v_ = v, andi_ By using the fact that v= ¥, andi =0. Substitute the values y_ = y, andi_ =0 in the expression. 4.24PStep 1 of 2 4.25P Refer to Figure P4.25 in the text book. The circuit is redrawn as shown in Figure 1 Figure 1 Step 2 of 2 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal. Ati ei Apply ideal op-amp conditions, v_ =v, andé. By using the fact that v =Qandi_ =O. Substitute the values y_ = Qandi_ =0 in the expression. Therefore, the ration of vy andi, isStep 1 of 2 4.26P Refer to Figure P4.26 in the text book. The circuit is redrawn as shown in Figure 1 100 Figure | Step 2 of 2 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal. Apply ideal op-amp conditions, v_ =v, andi, By using the fact that v =Qandi_ =0 . Substitute the values 2 V for y, in the expression. Therefore, the output voltage is}10 V]. ince the resistor is grounde¢ won't effect the output of the network.Step 1 of 2 4.27P Consider the network in textbook Figure P 4.27. Redraw the diagram with modifications as shown in Figure 1. ~ Nv Figure 4 Step 2 of 2 Assume that the op-amp in Figure 1 is ideal. Therefore we have y* = y- =p andhence V =v, . The currents are j, =i, =0 Now write Kirchhoffs current law atnode y . Therefore the expression for y, for the given network isStep 1 of 2 4.28P Consider the network in textbook Figure P 4.28. Redraw the diagram with modifications as shown in Figure Figure 1 Step 2 of 2 Assume that the op-amp in Figure 1 is ideal. Therefore we have V, = V_ and i, we have V, =V, and therefore V=V, . 520A AS =0A, Now write Kirchhoff current law atnode V_. Therefore, the output voltage for the network isStep 1 of 2 4 .-30P Consider the network in textbook Figure P 4.30. Redraw the diagram with modifications as shown in Figure 1. 20kKQ y, i, Figure 4 Step 2 of 2 The voltage at node ¥, is, = (gets) “(80k +20k Assume that the op-amp is ideal. Therefore we have ¥, = Vo andi=i,= OA Now write Kirchhoffs current law equation at node V_ . yok oui, =0 24 1 ey-v. ¥y, i ,5--0 24 1 4K -5¥, _ 4¥, 41s 120 5 «(ee =son 120 5) 120 ¥,(100) = 5Y, ° =20 [8 Therefore, the voltage gain of the op-amp circuit isStep 1 of 2 4.31P Consider the network in textbook Figure P 4.31. Redraw the diagram with modifications as shown in Figure Figure 1 Step 2 of 2 The voltage at node ¥, is, % “(va g2z) Assume that the op-amp is ideal. Therefore we have V, =V_ = Ow i z + a) i= HOA. Now write Kirchhoffs current law equation at node V_ ( ata eleta le Re+R) Re Ry +R, a — v.| + neal “LR, (R +R) RR +R)| Re R, R, ol atvay mem “Hata a) RR, +R, R,+R, eal RtRN R Therefore, the relationship between v, and v,, isStep 1 of 3 4 . 32P Refer to Figure P4.32 in the text book. The circuit is redrawn as shown in Figure 1 Figure 1 Step 2 of 3 Write the node equation at the non-inverting terminal. Step 3 of 3 Apply ideal op-amp condition, v =v, . Substitute the expression for v, in the expression of v, .Step 1 of 2 4 . 33P Consider the network in textbook Figure P 4.33. The given voltage gain is 10. Redraw the diagram with modifications as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 Step 2 of 2 Assume that the op-amp is ideal. Therefore we have V,=V_=V, and 4 =i,=0A. Now write Kirchhoff current law equation at node V_ . 10R, = R,+18k 9R, =18k R,=2kQ Therefore, the required resistance is] R, = 2 kQ|.Step 1 of 2 4.34P Consider the network in textbook Figure P 4.34. Redraw the diagram with modifications as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 Step 2 of 2 Assume that the op-amp is ideal. Therefore we have V, = V_ and i, =i, = OA The voltage at node ¥, is, 20k %=(oey ay 5 As ¥,=V_.wehave ¥. = Now apply Kirchhoffs current law equation atnode V_ 16-25 | 16-57, _ 4 25 200 16-72-SV, =0 SV, = -$6 2258 3 s-Hl2V Therefore the output voltage is[V, =-11.2 V]Step 1 of 2 4.35P Refer to Figure P 4.35 in the textbook. Redraw the diagram with modifications. 10kQ 100 kQ Step 2 of 2 Assume that the op-amp is ideal. Therefore we have V, =¥_ =6 V and i, =i, =0A - Apply Kirchhoff current law equation at node V_ . V-9 V-10 V+i2 vO -Y, 3 4,6, 6 10 20" 30° 40" 100° 100 V, _ -180-120+360+90+ 36 100 600 Therefore, the output voltage is|V. = 31 V].Step 1 of 2 4.36P Refer to Figure P4.36 in the textbook. The circuit is redrawn as shown in Figure 1 Figure 1 Step 2 of 2 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal. fsi+t,+i, ve Re Apply ideal op-amp condition, v_ =v, . Since non-inverting terminal is grounded, use the fact that v_ =0 Substitute 0 for v_ in the expression. Therefore, the expression for the output voltage of the op-amp isStep 1 of 2 4.37P Consider the network in textbook Figure P 4.29. Redraw the diagram with modifications as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 Step 2 of 2 Assume that the op-amp in Figure 1 is ideal. Therefore we have V, =V_ and V,=V_=4V. Now write Kirchhoffs current law atnode V_ . Therefore, the output voltage is |7, =0 VI .Step 1 of 3 4.38P Refer to Figure P4.38 in the textbook. Redraw the circuit with node voltages and currents represented on the circuit. Figure 1 Step 2 of 3 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal of the first op-amp (Q,) . Apply ideal op-amp conditions, v_ =v, andi =i, . Consider the following since the non-inverting terminal is grounded: vl =vl, =0 Substitute 0 for v]_ in the expression of i, Simplify the expression. n= alge Hence, the expression for node voltage v, is v, = -i, Rp - Step 3 of 3 Write the expression for the current 4, for the second op-amp (O,) . Simplify the equation. v2_=i,R, Apply ideal op-amp conditions, v_ =v, and i_ =/, . Therefore, v2_ Substitute the expression for the voltages, v, and v2_ - vy, =v2_ ~i,Rp =i,R,Stop 1 of 3 Refer to circuit diagram in Figure P4.39 in the text book. The circuit with current notations is shown in Figure 1. Step 2 of 3 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal. ait 5- ¥, 10kQ 40kQ 80k Apply ideal op-amp conditions, wey, And, isi, Since non-inverting terminal is grounded, by using the fact that v_ = Oandié, =0 Substitute the values Q for v_ and Q for i_ in the expression v,Y, 52M on... (1) 4 8 Step 3 of 3 Write the expression for the current J, - 4 Since ¥, for v, , and 0,8¥, for v, in the equation. 1d y{i+—)-- (Ge) 5 ¥o=-143V Therefore, the voltage V, is 4.39PStep 1 of 3 4.40P Refer to Figure P4.40 in the text book. The circuit is redrawn as shown in Figure 1 Figure | Step 2 of 3 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal of the first op-amp. RR, Apply ideal op-amp conditions, v_ =v, and i By using the fact that y_ =v, andi =0 Substitute y, for y_in the expression. Step 3 of 3 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal of the second op-amp. ii, =i, Yow yor R, R, Apply ideal op-amp conditions, y=, and i By using the fact that v_ =v, andi =0 . Substitute y, for v_in the expression. Yyov Mev. (Hn+-Zs) R, R, Substitute (: a for y, in the expression. a R, z nen] Therefore, the output voltage isStep 1 of 3 4.41P Refer to circuit diagram in Figure P4.41 in the text book. The circuit with current notation is shown in Figure 1 Figure 1 Step 2 of 3 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal of the down op-amp. Since non-inverting terminal is grounded, v_=Q . Substitute the values Q for y_ in the expression. 7. y, -0=0-y, (1) Step 3 of 3 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal of the top op-amp. L=i+l, yov ov-y, Rx Re Substitute the values Q for y_ in the expression. Re a 1) Therefore, the expression for the output voltage iStep 1 of 3 4.42P Refer to circuit diagram in Figure P4.42 in the text book. The circuit with current notations is shown in Figure 1. Roy Rk Step 2 of 3 Write the node equation at the inverting terminal of the op-amp. Aah, Apply ideal op-amp conditions, Since non-inverting terminal is grounded, y_=0 . Substitute the value Q for y_ in the expression. Step 3 of 3 Write the node equation at the node V, . Therefore, the expression for the output voltage iStep 1 of 4 4 . 43P Refer to Figure P4.43 in the text book. The circuit is labeled as shown in Figure 1. Figure | Step 2 of 4 The op-amp on the right side of the circuit is connected in the differential amplifier configuration. Write the expression for the voltage gain for this portion of the network -(%) seco a) Step 3 of 4 Apply Kirchhoff current law (KCL) at node B. -@) —- Hence, the voltage y, is v, =, (-£) +¥, (: +4 R R Step 4 of 4 Substitute equation (2) and equation (3) in equation (1). 0 — | = + | = + we a Therefore, the output voltage isStep 1 of 5 The following is the given circuit diagram: 3k 2ma(+) 4kQ 8kO Figure 1 Step 2 of 5 Assume, I, =1mA. The voltage across 4k is, ¥, = (4k) (lm) =4V The current J, is given by. v, L=—2— 3° (448k) 4 mA " wie Step 3 of 5 Apply Kirchhoff's current law node V,. L=h+h, =im+4m =A ma 3 The voltage across 3kQ resistor is, Ve -($=}(o%)+ =444 =8V Step 4 of 5 The current J; is given by, 8 Eee 3k =e ma 3 Apply Kirchhoff's current law at left top node. J=h4+l, =4,8 3.3 =4mA Step 5 of 5 5.2P Therefore, the assumption that Z, =1 mA produced a current source of 4 mA . However, since the actual source current is 2 mA. The actual output current is,Stop 1 of 4 5.3E Refer to Figure E5.3 in the text book. Contribution of the 2 mA Current source to the output voltage is calculated by using Figure 1. 3kQ 2mA(}) 2kQ May Step 2 of 4 Calculate the value of J, - 4 =2(10°) a -(0°)(3) -(3) mA Calculate the value of Fy, . ¥,, = 2000(-1,) 2 = 2000] -=(107 (-300") --4y 3 Step 3 of 4 Contribution of the 12 Y voltage source to the output voltage is calculated by using Figure 2. Figure 2 Calculate the value of [, a ? "3000 + 4000+ 2000 -12 ~ 9000 a4 mA 3 Calculate the value of F,, . Vy, = 2000(,) 4 =2000| —(107 (300°) v woo Step 4 of 4 Calculate the total output voltage from ¥,, and ¥,, - Wah +¥en 48 S-s4e 33 a4y 3 Therefore, the total output voltage , is 4 VIStep 1 of 8 5 . 3FE Refer to Figure PFE-3 in the text book. The Thevenin voltage can be calculated by break the left to 12Q_ resistor from the circuit is shown in Figure 1. Figure | Step 2 of 8 Apply Kirchhoff current law (KCL) at the top node. 121,421, =3/, Apply Kirchhoff voltage law (KVL) around the first loop. -124+3/, +127 =0 31, +127 =12 Substitute 3/, for / in the expression. 31, #127 =12 31, +12(31,) =12 1-2 39 =0.307A Step 3 of 8 Write the expression for the Thevenin voltage V7, Vi = 120 =12(3/,) =36/, Substitute 0,307 A for /, in the expression. V,, = 361, = 36(0.307A) =11.08V Step 4 of 8 The circuit for calculating shorted-circuit current is shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 Step 5 of 8 Apply Kirchhoff current law (KCL) at the top node. 1, =1, +4 +21, =3+h Since 12Q parallel resistor is shorted, J, = 0 I, =31, +1, 3, Calculate the current J, . ada Calculate the current J, - Iq =3l, =3(4A) elA Step 6 of 8 Write the expression for the Thevenin resistance. ve Raat ey Calculate the Thevenin resistance by substituting 11.08 Vfor¥,, and 12mA for /,, - Step 7 of 8 Then the simplified circuit is shown in Figure 3. 0.92 kQ 12kQ 11.08 V (*) R, Figure 3 Step 8 of 8 For a maximum power transfer to the load, the load resistance is as follows: R, = Ry, +122 Calculate the load resistance by substituting 0.92.Q for Rr, - R, = Ry +122 = 0.92 +12 =12.92Q Therefore, the for maximum power transferred to the load resistance is 12.92Q. Therefore, the correct option is [a].Step 1 of 5 5.3P Refer to Figure P5.3 in the text book. The modified circuit is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 Step 2 of 5 Let assume that /, =1 mA. Calculate the voltage across the resistor 4 kQ ¥, =4(10°)1, = 4(10°)1(10") s4V Apply Kirchhoff voltage law at loop 4. (2+2)(10)1, =4 4 1,=— *" 4000 =1mA Step 3 of 5 Apply Kirchhoffs voltage law at loop 3. 2(io*)s, =4(10°) 1, 4 tee 4 =5Hl0 *) =2mA Apply Kirchhoffs current law at node 2. hahthth, =(2+141)(10") =4mA Step 4 of 5 Apply Kirchhoff voltage law to loop 2. 2(10°)1, = 2(10°)s, +2(10°) 4, Le 2(10°)(2+4)(10") ; 2000 =6mA Apply Kirchhoffs current law at node 1. I=h+l, =44+6 =10mA Step 5 of 5 But the actual value of 7, i812 mA- Apply linearity between {, and /, to find actual value of current J, 10 _ 12 Toe 12 xe 10 =12mA Therefore, the actual value of /, isStep 1 of 3 5.4FE Refer to Figure 5PFE-4 in the text book. Apply superposition principle to the circuit. Acting only current source, the voltage source is short-circuitec as shown in Figure 1. 20 30 (1) 29 Figure | Step 2 of 3 Since the resistors 4Qand2Q are shorted, apply current division rule and calculate the current through the 3 resistor 7°. 2 =—(-10A 23 ) =4A Acting only voltage source, the current source is open-circuit as shown in Figure 2 202 32 (+) Figure 2 Step 3 of 3 Since the parallel branch voltage is 20 V, calculate the current through the series 3Qand 2M resistors. 20V 342 =4A Write the expression for the current / through the 3) resistor. faPsl Calculate the current / through the 3 resistor by substituting 4 A for / and 4A for /". Pa=fer e444 =0 Therefore, the current / through the 3Q resistor is 0. Therefore, the correct option is [e]Step 1 of 4 5.4P Refer to Figure P5.5 in the text book. The circuit is labeled as shown in Figure 1 3kQ 3ka 3Ka 4, 8V (+) "0 Figure | Step 2 of 4 Since the voltage V, is 1 V and the same current /, flows through the another 3kQ resistor in series, the voltage across the both resistors is 2V(IV+1V) . Since the resistors 3kQ,6kQand (3kQ + 3kQ) are in parallel, the voltage across the resistors is same and equal to 2V Hence, the voltage V, is 2V Write the expression for the current f, . +i +l, av av 2v kQ+3kQ 6kQ 3kQ = 0.333 mA + 0.333 mA + 0.666mA =1.33mA Step 3 of 4 Write the expression for the voltage F, . ¥, = 1, (3KQ)+¥, =(1.33mA)(3kQ)+2V =6V Write the expression for the current J, ¥, h=i+ Ve Ats =1.33ma +2 3kQ =133mA+2mA =3.33mA Step 4 of 4 Write the expression for the source voltage V, . ¥, = 1 (3kQ)+¥, = (3.33mA)(3kQ)+6V =16V For a voltage ¥, of IV , the source voltage should be 16V . Calculate the voltage FY, , ifthe source voltage is 8V av Vv =—[(IlV oil) =05V Therefore, the voltage Y, isStep 1 of 8 5.5E Refer fo Figure E5.5 in the text book. Let 2 mA current source be active and deactivate 6 mA Current source and 12 Y voltage source. The modified circuit diagram is shown in Figure 1. 2kQ 4kQ I, Figure 1 Step 2 of 8 Calculate the equivalent impedance Z, of the parallel branches. z= (eee) 4k+2k —(4k)(2k) - 6k tio 3 Therefore, the value of the impedance Z, is fio. 3 Step 3 of 8 The simplified circuit diagram is shown in Figure 2 4kQ 2mA 2kQ Iq Figure 2 Step 4 of 8 Calculate the value of the current 7%, - Therefore, the value of the current 7’, is : mA Step 5 of 8 Let 6 mA current source be active and deactivate 2 mA Current source and 12 V voltage source. The modified circuit diagram is shown in Figure 3. 6mA Ow 2kQ 4kQ iy Figure 3 Step 6 of 8 In Figure 3, no current flows through 2 k resistor since the series connection of 2 kQ and 4kQ resistors are shorted. Hence, the value of the current 7% is 0A Let 12 V voltage source be active and deactivate 2 mA current source and 6 mA Current source. The modified circuit diagram is shown in Figure 4. 2kQ 4kQ Figure 4 Stop 7 of 8 Calculate the value of the current {5 712 =-2mA Therefore, the value of the current Step 8 of 8 Consider the expression for the current 7, . ot hg tig Substitute -2 mA for 3. 0A for 1% and ; mA for 7. lon4 mA +0mA-2mA Therefore, the value of the current, J, is] mA 3Step 1 of 2 5 .5FE Consider Figure 5PFE-5 from the text book. Disconnect the load resistor and open the terminals to calculate the open circuit voltage. 4Q V, 302 o nv(.) 20 rad) y a Figure | Step 2 of 2 Apply nodal analysis at node-1. Khe i220 2 2 W#I2 484 4 4 4 2K +V, +12-48=0 3V,-36=0 3V, =36 36 ¥=2 "3 Wsl2Vv Therefore, the value of the voltage V, is 12 V . The value of the open circuit voltage is equal to the voltage V, . Therefore, the value of the open circuit voltage is Hence, the correct option is |(b)]Step 1 of 3 5.5P Refer to Figure P5.4 in the text book. The circuit is labeled as shown in Figure 1 4kQ 4kQ 4kQ 12kQ (t) Figure 1 Step 2 of 3 Since the 4kQand2kQ resistors are in series, the same current J, (ImA) flows through the both resistors. Hence the voltage V, across the parallel 4kQ resistor is 6V - Calculate the current 7, through the 4kQ parallel resistor. _ 6v 2 4kQ =15mA Write the expression for the current J, . Calculate the equivalent resistance to the right side of the current source. R= 4kQ+(4kQ) || (4k + 2kQ) (440)(6k0) 4kQ+6kQ =4kQ+2.4kQ =6.4kQ =4kQ+ The simplified circuit is shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 Step 3 of 3 Since the current flow through the 6.4kQ resistor is 2.5mA_, calculate the current flow through the parallel 16kQ resistor. S442 (2 5mA) 16kQ =1lmA Write the expression for the source current. laheh =1mA +2.5mA =3.5mA For acurrent J, of ImA . the source current should be 3.5mA . Calculate the current /, , if the source current is 4mA AA (ima) mA =1.14mA Therefore, the current J. is |1.14mA] .Step 1 of 6 5.6E Refer to Figure E5.6 in the text book. Disconnect the 4 kQ, resistor from the circuit. identify voltages in the circuit 6 kQ Vv 2kQ 12V Figure 1 Step 2 of 6 In Figure 1, observe that no current flows through the 2 kQ resistor. Apply Kirchhoffs current at node V. V-6 V+iI2 = + =0 6k 3k “Gersi) Therefore, the value of the voltage V is -6 V The value of the open circuit voltage V,,. is equal to the value of the voltage V . Therefore, the value of the voltage V,,. is -6 V Step 3 of 6 Disconnect the sources from the circuit diagram, 6 kO 2kO 3 kQ Figure 2 Step 4 of 6 Calculate the value of the Thevenin's resistance. Rp, =2k+(3kII6k) 22k EWEH) 3k+6k =2k+2k =4kQ Therefore, the value of the Thevenin’s resistance Ry, is 4 kQ Step 5 of 6 Draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit diagram with a load resistor 4 kQ - Figure 3 Step 6 of 6 Apply voltage division rule to calculate the value of the output voltage V,, 4k =(-6)| ——~— ( IC; k+4 ;) 4k =(-6)| —*~— ( re 5] 1 =(-6)] — (5) Therefore, the value of the output voltage V,, is yi. ¥,Step 1 of 6 5 . 6P Refer to Figure P5.6 in the text book. Apply superposition principle to the circuit. Acting only current source, the voltage source is short-circuitec as shown in Figure 1. 6kO 3 kQ 2kQ (Tt) 3kQ Figure | Step 2 of 6 The resistors 6kQand2kQ are connected in parallel. Calculate the equivalent resistance. (6ki2)(2k02) (6kQ) +(2kQ) =1,5kQ This 1.5kQ. and 3kQ resistors are in series. Calculate the equivalent resistance. R= +3kQ =1,5k04+3k0 =4,5kO Apply current division rule and calculate the current J, through the 3kQ resistor . = 342 (ama) © 45kKQ.+3kQ =0.8mA Step 3 of 6 Apply current division rule and calculate the current i through the 2kQ resistor . . 6kQ. f>=— ° 6kQ4+2kO = 0.6mA (0.8mA) Hence, the current 7’ through the 2kQ resistor is 0.6mA Step 4 of 6 Apply superposition principle to the circuit. Acting only voltage source, the current source is open-circuited as shown in Figure 2. 6kQ 3 kQ 6v(*) Figure 2 Step 5 of 6 The 3kQ resistor and 3kQ resistor are in series. The equivalent resistance is 6kQ. . R, = 3k2+3k0 =6kO This 6kQ resistor is in parallel with 2 kQ resistor. Calculate the equivalent resistance. ~ (6k2)(2k2) © (6k2) + (2k) =15k0 R This 1.5kQ and 6kQ resistors are in series. Calculate the equivalent resistance. R= R, +6kQ = 1.5kQ + 6kQ =7.5kO Apply ohms law and calculate the total current / by substituting 6 VforV and 7.5kQfor R, - 6V © 7.5kQ =0.8mA Apply current division rule and calculate the current 7° through the 2kQ resistor . . 3kN.+3kQ 1 Fears 3K 8™A) =0.6mA Hence, the current t through the 2kQ resistoris 0.6mA - Step 6 of 6 Write the expression for the current J, through the 2kQ resistor. Lels+l, Calculate the current J, through the 2kQ. resistor by substituting 0.6 mA for g and 0.6mA for ££ . ale, =0.6mA +0.6mA =1.2mA Therefore, the current J through the 2kQ resistor is |].2mAStep 1 of 5 5.7P Refer to Figure P5.7 in the textbook for the circuit. The contribution of the 30V voltage source to the output current is found from the network shown in Figure 6kQ 2kQ = 2kQ mor? 2kO Step 2 of 5 The current / in the circuit is, Ie 30 6k +[12k |] (2k + 2k + 2k) =) __ 6k +[12k || 6k] - 30 6 +| A2k)(6k) 12k+6k __30 © 6k +4k =o 10k =3mA Apply current division to find the current #,° . ' ( 2k+2k+2k } 1{=1| ——"F" _ 12k +2k+2k+2k =(3m)| (€) =1mA Step 3 0f5 The contribution of the 30mA current source to the output current is found from the network shown in Figure 2. 6kQ 2kQ 2kQ (1) 2kQ Figure 2 Step 4 of 5 The current / in the circuit is, 2k+2k 1=-(a0m)) COLES RE ave 4k 0m) asta =-12 mA Apply current division to find the current 4,’ . rn $k ) 6k+12k * (-12m (5) =—4 mA Step 5 of 5 The total current flow due to two sources is, aly th" =Ilm+(-4m) =-3mA Therefore, the current, J, is |~3 mAl| -Step 1 of 6 5 . 8P Refer to Figure P5.7 in the text book. Apply superposition principle to the circuit. Acting only current source, the voltage source is short-circuitec as shown in Figure 1. 6kQ 6kQ 6kQ (1) 6kQ Figure | Step 2 of 6 The resistors 6kQand6kQ are connected in parallel. Calculate the equivalent resistance. (6k2)(6422) (6kQ)+(6kQ) =3kQ R This 3kQ resistor and 6kQ resistors are in series. Calculate the equivalent resistance. R,=R, +6kQ =3kN+6k2 =9kQ Step 3 of 6 Apply current division rule and calculate the current £ ‘through the 6kQ resistor. »___ 9ka ° 9kN+6kQ =-3.6mA (-6mA) Hence, the current £ through the 6kQ resistor is -3.6mA . Step 4 of 6 Apply superposition principle to the circuit. Acting only voltage source, the current source is open-circuitec as shown in Figure 2. 6kQ 6kQ v(t) 9 rn Figure 2 Step 5 of 6 The 6kQ. resistor and 6kQ resistor are in series. Calculate the equivalent resistance. R, = 6kK2+6kO =12k0 This 12kQ resistor is in parallel with 6kQ_ resistor. Calculate the equivalent resistance. (12k0)(6ka) (12k) +(6k) =4k0 This 4kQ resistor is in series with 6kQ resistor. Calculate the equivalent resistance R, = R, +6kQ = 4k0+6kQ =10kQ Apply ohms law and calculate the total current / by substituting 12 V for¥ and 10kQ for R, pete Rx _ 12 “10kQ =12mA Apply current division rule and calculate the current 7” through the 6kQ. resistor . pe —Ska ° 6kQ412kR =0.4mA (1.2mA) Hence, the current {> through the 6kQ resistor is 0.4mA . Step 6 of 6 Write the expression for the current {, through the 6kQ resistor. Atl, Calculate the current J, through the 6kQ. resistor by substituting -3.6mA for/, and 0.4mA for /, - Lee =-3.6mA +0.4mA =-3.2mA Therefore, the current J, through the 6kQ resistor is |-3.2 mA] ..9EStep 1 of 10 5.9P Refer to Figure E5.9 from the text book. Disconnect the 6 kQ load resistor and short the terminals. 12V 6kQ Figure 1 Step 2 of 10 Consider the relation between the currents J, and J, . 1,-1,=2mA h=h,-2mA Step 3 of 10 Apply Super mesh analysis in Loops 1 and Loop 2. 4 (2k +3 k)+7,(4k)+(f,-4)(3 k)-10-12+8=0 A(2k+3k+3 k)+H,(4k)-7,(3k)-14=0 1,(8k)+1,(4 k)-2,(3 k)-14=0 Substitute 7,-2 mA for J, . (4-2 m)(8 k) +1, (4k)-1,(3 k)-14=0 1, (8k)-(2 m)(8 k) +4, (4k)-J, (3 k)-14=0 1,(8k +4 k)-16-1,(3k)-14=0 1, (12 k)- 4G k)-30=0 1, (12 k)=3041,(3 k) =F hOW i a 12k Step 4 of 10 Apply Kirchhoff current law in loop-3. 1,(6k)+(/,-4,)(3k)-8=0 1,(9k)-1,(3k)-8=0 Substitute /,-2 mA for f, . 1,(9 k)- (7, -2 m)(3 k)-8=0 1,(9 k)-1, (3k) +(2 m)(3 k)-8=0 1,(9 k)-1,(3 k)+6-8=0 1,(9k)-1,(3k)-2=0 Substitute 30+1,8k) for f, . 12k 19 (2208) k)-2=0 AC) (REY) 2-0 1,(36 k)-30-/,(3 k)-8=0 1, (36 k-3 k)-38=0 1,(33 k)=38 28 33k 4, = 1.1515 mA i Step 5 of 10 Consider equation (1). _30+/,(3k) 12k Substitute 1.1515 mA for /, - 1, = 304{1-1515 m)(3 k) a 12k _ 30+3,4545 12k _ 33.4545 ~ 12k = 2.7879 mA Step 6 of 10 Consider the expression for the short circuit current. Ig Zh Ty Substitute 2.7879 mA for J, and 1.1515 mA for f, Foe =).1515 m— 2.7879 m =-1,.6364 mA Therefore, the value of the short circuit current is —1,6364 mA. Step 7 of 10 Deactivate the sources in the circuit. 3kQ 4kQ 2kQ Ry | 3kQ 6kQ Figure 2 Step 8 of 10 Consider the expression for the Norton’s equivalent resistance. Ry =3k+[6kI(Fk+4k+2k)] =3k +[6 kII9 k] =r. 69C9) 6k+9k (6k)(9k) =v, / (6H) =3k+3.6k =6.6kQ Therefore, the expression for the Norton’s resistance Ry is 6.6 k&2 - Step 9 of 10 Draw the Norton's equivalent circuit diagram with a load resistor 6 KO -1.6364A( |) Figure 3 Step 10 of 10 Apply current division rule to calculate the value of the output current J, . 6.6 k Ip =(-1.6364 m(Se*-) =(-1.6364 m( $85) 66 = (-1.6364 my $5) =-0.857 mA Therefore, the value of the output current J, is |-0.857 mAIStep 1 of 6 5.10P Refer to Figure P5.7 in the text book. Apply superposition principle to the circuit. Acting only current source, the voltage source is short-circuitec as shown in Figure 1. 6kQ 6kQ 6kQ (1) 6kQ Figure | Step 2 of 6 The resistors 6kQand6kQ are connected in parallel. Calculate the equivalent resistance. (6k2)(6422) (6kQ)+(6kQ) =3kQ R This 3kQ resistor and 6kQ resistors are in series. Calculate the equivalent resistance. R,=R, +6kQ =3kN+6k2 =9kQ Step 3 of 6 Apply current division rule and calculate the current £ ‘through the 6kQ resistor. »___ 9ka ° 9kN+6kQ =-3.6mA (-6mA) Hence, the current £ through the 6kQ resistor is -3.6mA . Step 4 of 6 Apply superposition principle to the circuit. Acting only voltage source, the current source is open-circuitec as shown in Figure 2. 6kQ 6kQ v(t) 9 rn Figure 2 Step 5 of 6 The 6kQ resistor and 6kQ resistor are in series. Calculate the equivalent resistance. R, = 6kK2+6kO =12k0 This 12kQ resistor is in parallel with 6kQ_ resistor. Calculate the equivalent resistance. (12k0)(6ka) (12k) +(6k) =4k0 This 4kQ resistor is in series with 6kQ resistor. Calculate the equivalent resistance R, = R, +6kQ = 4k0+6kQ =10kQ Apply ohms law and calculate the total current / by substituting 12 V for¥ and 10kQ for R, pete Rx _ 12 “10kQ =12mA Apply current division rule and calculate the current 7” through the 6kQ. resistor . pe —Ska ° 6kQ412kR =0.4mA (1.2mA) Hence, the current {> through the 6kQ resistor is 0.4mA . Step 6 of 6 Write the expression for the current {, through the 6kQ resistor. Atl, Calculate the current J, through the 6kQ resistor by substituting -3.6mA for/, and 0.4mA for /, . Lee =-3.6mA +0.4mA =-3.2mA Therefore, the current J, through the 6kQ resistor is |-3.2 mA] .Step 1 of 11 Loading solution. Please wait ... Step 2 of 11 Loading solution. Please wait ... Step 3 of 11 Loading solution. Please wait ... Step 4 of 11 Loading solution. Please wait ... Step 5 of 11 Loading solution. Please wait ... Step 6 of 11 Loading solution. Please wait ... Step 7 of 11 Loading solution. Please wait ... Step 8 of 11 Loading solution. Please wait ... Step 9 of 11 Loading solution. Please wait ... Step 10 of 11 Loading solution. Please wait ... Step 11 of 11 Loading solution. Please wait ... 5.11P5.12EStep 1 of 6 5.12P Refer to Figure P5.7 in the text book. Apply superposition principle to the circuit. Acting only current source, the voltage source is short-circuitec as shown in Figure 1. 6kQ 6kQ 6kQ (1) 6kQ Figure | Step 2 of 6 The resistors 6kQand6kQ are connected in parallel. Calculate the equivalent resistance. (6k2)(6422) (6kQ)+(6kQ) =3kQ R This 3kQ resistor and 6kQ resistors are in series. Calculate the equivalent resistance. R,=R, +6kQ =3kN+6k2 =9kQ Step 3 of 6 Apply current division rule and calculate the current £ ‘through the 6kQ resistor. »___ 9ka ° 9kN+6kQ =-3.6mA (-6mA) Hence, the current £ through the 6kQ resistor is -3.6mA . Step 4 of 6 Apply superposition principle to the circuit. Acting only voltage source, the current source is open-circuitec as shown in Figure 2. 6kQ 6kQ v(t) 9 rn Figure 2 Step 5 of 6 The 6kQ. resistor and 6kQ resistor are in series. Calculate the equivalent resistance. R, = 6kK2+6kO =12k0 This 12kQ resistor is in parallel with 6kQ_ resistor. Calculate the equivalent resistance. (12k0)(6ka) (12k) +(6k) =4k0 This 4kQ resistor is in series with 6kQ resistor. Calculate the equivalent resistance R, = R, +6kQ = 4k0+6kQ =10kQ Apply ohms law and calculate the total current / by substituting 12 V for¥ and 10kQ for R, pete Rx _ 12 “10kQ =12mA Apply current division rule and calculate the current 7” through the 6kQ. resistor . pe —Ska ° 6kQ412kR =0.4mA (1.2mA) Hence, the current {> through the 6kQ resistor is 0.4mA . Step 6 of 6 Write the expression for the current {, through the 6kQ resistor. Atl, Calculate the current J, through the 6kQ. resistor by substituting -3.6mA for/, and 0.4mA for /, - Lee =-3.6mA +0.4mA =-3.2mA Therefore, the current J, through the 6kQ resistor is |-3.2 mA] .Stop 1 of 5 5.13E Refer to Figure E5.12 in the text book. Apply the source voltage of | Y at the open terminals. - Vi+ * Figure 1 Step 2 of 5 Consider the relation between the currents J, and /, hthest 2000 Substitute -J, (Ik) for ¥, . Step 3 of 5 Apply super mesh analysis in loop 1 and loop 2. ~1, (5k) +1,(Ik)+(J, +4, )(2k)=0 1 (Sk) +, (Ik) +/,(2k)+/,(2k)= -1,(Sk)+1,(3k)+1,(2k) =0 Substitute ab for J, - (-#) k)#4(3k)#1,(2k)=0 03) enGK)+40 k)=0 1,(21)#4,(4)=0 hQN)=-4(4) hen (3) Step 4 of 5 Apply Kirchhoffs Voltage Law in loop-3 -1+(1,+4,)(2k)=0 (h+4)(2k)=1 Substitute —/, (3) for J, (3) 424 S\(2K)=1 (Fe k=l 4(44)- 1 21 1, 34 The value of the short circuit current is equal to the value of current 4 . 21 Therefore, the value of the short circuit current is = mA. 34 Step 5 of 5 Calculate the value of the Thevenin’s resistance. | Ry ie substitute 2! ma for Tyg - 34 1 fn 3 3 = By i #16192 Therefore, the value of the Thevenin's resistance R,, is |1619 Q}Step 1 of 11 5.13P Figure (1) Step 2 of 11 The contribution of 40-V source to /, is found from the network in Fig. 2 by replacing current sources with an open circuit. 52 109 ' Ly 209 “ v@) Figure (2) Step 3 of 11 The three resistors are in series and their combination is a 20+5-+10= 3502 resistor as shown in Fig.3. 352 1 av Figure (3) Step 4 of 11 Applying KVL, 40 {= 4°35 Step 5 of 11 Loading solution. Please wait ... Step 6 of 11 The 200 and 52 resistors are in series and their combination is a 20+5 = 250 resistor as shown in Fig. 5. 10Q Lt" fs 2502 (f) 2A Figure (5) Step 7 of 11 Applying current division in Fig. 5, Jne 2 Af 25+10 1a 35 Step 8 of 11 Next, the contribution of 4A source to Z, is found from the network in Fig 6 by replacing voltage source with short circuit and current source with an open circuit, 4A 52 4 200 Figure (6) Step 9 of 11 Loading solution. Please wait ... Step 10 of 11 There was a problem loading this step. We have been notified and we will fix it shortly. Step 11 of 11 There was a problem loading this step. We have been notified and we will fix it shortly.Step 1 of 5 5.14E Refer to Figure E5.3 in the textbook for the circuit. Convert voltage source into current source. Redraw the circuit by converting the series combination of the and resistor into current source in parallel with resistor. Figure 1 Step 2 0f5 The equivalent combination of the two current sources is, The equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 Step 3 of 5 Convert the 2 mA Current source to voltage source. VER = (2x107)(3«10°) =6V Redraw the circuit in Figure 2, by converting the 2 mA current source in parallel with 3 kQ resistor intc series combination of the voltage source and 3 kQ resistor. Figure 3 Step 3 0f 5 Convert the 2 mA current source to voltage source. VeR =(2x107)(3x10°) =6v Redraw the circuit in Figure 2, by converting the 2 mA, current source in parallel with 3 kQ resistor inte series combination of the voltage source and 3 kQ resistor. 3kQ 4kQ +Step 1 of 8 The following is the given circuit diagram: 4k nv) 2kQ a BkQ zik0 Figure 1 Step 2 of 8 Loading solution. Please wait Step 3 0f 8 Loading solution. Please wait ... Step 4 of 8 Loading solution. Please wait ... Step 5 of 8 Loading solution. Please wait ... Step 6 of 8 Loading solution. Please wait ... Step 7 of 8 Loading solution. Please wait ... Step 8 of 8 Loading solution. Please wait ... 5.14PStep 1 of 11 5 .15E Loading solution. Please wait ... Step 2 of 11 The contribution of 6-V source to I, is found from the networ' in Fig. 2 by replacing current source with an open circuit 2k C) Figure (2) Step 3 of 11 The two 12k resistors are in series and their combination is a 12k+12k = 24kQ resistor as shown in Fig 3 Ko (+) 24kQ Figure (3) Step 4 of 11 Loading solution. Please wait ... Step 5 of 11 By Ohm’s Law, Step 6 of 11 Next, the contribution of 4mA source to Z, is found from the network in Fig. 6 by replacing voltage source with short circuit. Step 7 of 11 There was a problem loading this step. We have been notified and we will fix it shortly. Step 8 of 11 There was a problem loading this step. We have been notified and we will fix it shortly. Step 9 of 11 There was a problem loading this step. We have been notified and we will fix it shortly. Stop 10 of 11 There was a problem loading this step. We have been notified and we will fix it shortly. Step 11 of 11 There was a problem loading this step. We have been notified and we will fix mt shortly.Step 1 of 10 2KO ct 2 mA 6kO 12k 4, nS Soin Figure (1) Step 2 of 10 The contribution of 6-V source to J is found from the network in Fig 2 by replacing current source with an open circuit. sv@) 210 3kQ 6 kS2 Figure (2) Step 3 of 10 The 12k and 6k resistors are getting shorted, thus can be safely removed from the network as shown in Fig 3 v@) 2a uy 3k Figure (3) Step 4 of 10 The 6k and 3k resistors are in parallel and their combination is a Oe 2kQ resistor as shown in Fig, 4. Figure (4) Step 5 of 10 Applying KVL, L-— 2k + 2k 3 1=5mA Step 6 of 10 By using current division in Fig. 3, 1__f_ 8k u'=-()uo (eal) 4" Grae h2™ Lis-lmA Step 7 of 10 Next, the contribution of 2mA source to 7, is found from the network in Fig. 5 by replacing voltage source with short circuit. Cf )2ma 30S 6k2 Figure (5) Step 8 of 10 The 6k and 2k resistors are in parallel and their combination is a a = 3xa resistor as shown in Fig, 6. (f)2ma 0S 6k Figure (6) Step 9 of 10 Applying current division in Fig. 6 »_ 164) 2m) if=- ee 12k +6 12 C9Qm) "= 18k 1g'=-0.667mA Step 10 of 10 Then, L=1'ti," ‘Im — 0.667m. 667mAStep 1 of 9 5.16P Refer to Figure P5.20 in the text book. Contribution of the current source to the output voltage is calculated by using Figure 1. Figure 1 Step 2 of 9 Apply Kirchhoff's voltage law at loop 2. Apply Kirchhoff voltage law at loop 3. Apply Kirchhoff current law at node 1. Step 1 of 9 Refer to Figure P5.20 in the text book. Contribution of the current source to the output voltage Is calculated by using Figure 1 Figure 1 Step 2 of 9 Apply Kirchhoff voltage law at loop 2. Apply Kirchhoffs voltage law at loop 3. Apply Kirchhoff current law at node 1Step 1 of 8 Refer to Figure E5.17 from the text book. Disconnect the load resistor and open the terminals. Step 2 of 8 Apply nodal analysis at node-1. Apply nodal analysis at node-1 ¥oW2 Vv ome o 3k 6k ¥| xa) Be m=0 Step 3 of 8 Apply voltage division rule to calculate the value of the open circuit voltage. a) treed] (95) (3) Therefore, the value of the open circuit voltage is . u 4) v 0 whe Step 4 of 8 Deactivate the sources (replace voltage source by short circuit and current source by open circuit) in Figure E5.17, to calculate the Thevenin’s equivalent resistance Step 5of 8 Calculate the value of then Thevenin's resistance. Therefore, the value of the Thevenin’s resistance is . 9.L/E For a maximum value of the power to be delivered to the load, the value of the load resistance should be equal to the Thevenin’s resistance. Hence, the value of the load resistance is . Step 6 of 8 Draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit diagram.Step 1 of 7 5.17P Refer to Figure P5.21 in the text book. Contribution of the 6 mA Current source to the output current is calculated by using Figure 1. Figure 1 Step 2 of 7 Refer to Figure 1. Apply Kirchhotfs voltage law at loop 1. Jy, (6000+ 6000) = 0 Iy 50mA Step 3 of 7 Contribution of the 4 mA current source to the output current is calculated by using Figure 2. 6kQ 3 If 6kO 4 Ce 3 Figure 2. Step 4 of 7 Refer to Figure 2. Apply Kirchhoffs voltage law at loop 3. 1,(6000+ 6000) =0 1,=0mA Calculate the value of I . f=-4(10°)( 6000 ) 6000+ 6000 1 =-4(10°)/ = (05) =-2mA Step 5 of 7 Contribution of the 12 V voltage source to the output current is calculated by using Figure 3. 12kQ Figure 3. Step 6 of 7 Refer to Figure 3. Apply Kirchhoff voltage law at loop 1. 12+ f (6000 +6000) =0 Jqy (12000) =-12 -12 12000 =-ImA Step 7 of 7 Calculate the total output current from Z,,, Jy, 40d Fyy Ty = Tuy In they =0-2-1 =-3mA Therefore, the total output current is [3 mA5.18E Step 1 of 9 Refer to Figure £5.78 in the text book. Disconnect the load resistor and calculate the value of the Thevenin’s resistance as seen from the terminais. + Ve 4kQ 12V | Figure 1 Step 2 ct 9 Consider the expression for the vottage V, . ¥,=12-Ky Apply nodal analysis al node-1 ¥, Von t foc 712" 2 4k 4k 2 Worth | Vow ak 8k Substitute 12-V,. for V, Vo =12 , Woe +12—Vor Vor. 9 4k 8k 6k Voc =!2 , Yoct12,, Yoo _g 4k 8k 6k ly I 5)-2 12 + + Sete) 2 a nl rel)” {!2)3) Hence, the value of the open circuit voltage is % Vv Stop 3.cf9 Short the output terminals. Identify the currents in the circuit diagram. 4kQ 12V Figure 2 Stop 4cf 9 Consider the Kirchhoff's voltage law in loop-2. (n-Ay(anje%=o Substitute J, (4k) for FV, - (4-1) 4x) AE 2 (4-4 )(4k)+4(2K)=0 1,(4k)-1,(4k)+4,(2k)=0 1(4k)-1(4k-2k)=0 1(4K)-1(2k)=0 AehQ) Step 5 of 9 Apply Kirchhoffs voltage law in loop-1. A(Ak)+(h ~4)(44)-12-%=0 Supstiute /,(4 k) for ¥, - 1(4k)+(4,-4,)(4k)-12- 4 (4k) + (4-4 )(4k)- 12-4 (2 k)=0 1 (4k+4k-2k)-2, (4k) =12 4(6k)-1, (4k) = 12 1 (4k) 4 2 Substitute /,(2) for 7, 1,(2)(6k)-F,(4k) =12 1, (12k=4k)=12 4,(8k)=12 2 het 8k t23ma 2 The value of the short circuit current is equal to the value of current /, Therefore, the value of the short circuit current is 3 mA Step 6 of 9 Calculate the value of the Thevenin’s resistance. ate Roo Isc Substitute 3ma for Jy. and # V 108 Pye 36 13 Rn=3 2m 2 24 Ka “3 , i 24 Therefore, the value ofthe Thevenins resistance Ry i 7 RO. For a maximum value of the power to be dolivered to the load, the value of the load resistance sh¢ equal to the Thevenin’s resistance. Hence, the value of the load resistance is a kQ. Step 7 cf 9 24 Draw the Thevenin's equivalent circuit diagram with a load resistor — 3 J kQ kQ r= 1G wale < — Figure 3 Step 8 of 9 Apply voltage division rule to calculate the value of the load voltage V, Therefore, the value of the Icad voltage is 3 Vv. Step 9 of 9 Calculate the value of the maximum power transferred to the load. we Ps L 24 18 Substitute = kQ to d= ¥ for F ubstinie Rand > V 10F Kae cl B Pe wy ra 324 1 wy B _27 227 mw 26™ Therefore, the value of the maximum power transferred to the load is e5.18P Step 1 of 7 Refer to Figure P5.21 in the text book. Contribution of the 6 mA Current source to the output current is calculated by using Figure 1. fH) 12kQ Figure 1 Step 2 of 7 Refer to Figure 1 Apply Kirchhoffs voltage law at loop 4 Jy, (6000-+6000) = 0 Ty =0 mA Step 3 0f7 Contribution of the 4 mA current source to the output current is calculated by using Figure 2. Figure 2 Step 4 of 7 Refer to Figure 2. Apply Kirchhoffs voltage law at loop 3 1,(6000+6000)=0 =0mA Calculate the value of fy. 6000 Ig =-4(10) — _ ana \(seorrsoos) =-4(10°)(2) =-2mA Step 5 of 7 Contribution of the 12 Y voltage source to the output current is calculated by using Figure 3. 12kQ Figure 3. Step 6 of 7 Refer to Figure 3. Apply Kirchhoffs voltage law at loop 4 12 + [,, (6000+ 6000) =0 Jy (12000) =-12 -12 = 72000 =-l mA Step 7 of 7 Calculate the total output current from fy,,/y, aNd Jyy- Ty = Tut let les =0-2-1 =-3mA Therefore, the total output current is [53 mAStep 1 of 6 5.019P Refer to Figure P5.7 in the text book. Apply superposition principle to the circuit. Acting only current source, the voltage source is short-circuited as shown in Figure 1. 6kQ 6kQ 6kQ (1) 6kQ Figure | Step 2 of 6 The resistors 6kQand6kQ are connected in parallel. Calculate the equivalent resistance. (6kQ)(6kQ) (6kQ)+(6kQ) =3kQ R This 3kQ resistor and 6kQ resistors are in series. Calculate the equivalent resistance. R,=R, +6kQ =3kN+6k2 =9kQ Step 3 of 6 Apply current division rule and calculate the current L ‘through the 6kQ resistor. »___ 9ka ° 9kN+6kQ =-3.6mA (-6mA) Hence, the current £ through the 6kQ resistor is -3.6mA . Step 4 of 6 Apply superposition principle to the circuit. Acting only voltage source, the current source is open-circuited as shown in Figure 2. 6kQ 6kQ v(t) 9 rn Figure 2 Step 5 of 6 The 6kQ resistor and 6kQ resistor are in series. Calculate the equivalent resistance. R, = 6kK2+6kO =12k0 This 12kQ resistor is in parallel with 6kQ resistor. Calculate the equivalent resistance. (12k0)(6ka) (12k) +(6k) =4k0 This 4kQ resistor is in series with 6kQ resistor. Calculate the equivalent resistance R, = R, +6kQ = 4k0+6kQ =10kQ Apply ohms law and calculate the total current / by substituting 12 V for¥ and 10kQ for R, pete Rx _ 12 “10kQ =12mA Apply current division rule and calculate the current 7” through the 6kQ. resistor . pe —Ska ° 6kQ412kR =0.4mA (1.2mA) Hence, the current {> through the 6kQ resistor is 0.4mA . Step 6 of 6 Write the expression for the current {, through the 6kQ resistor. Atl, Calculate the current J, through the 6kQ. resistor by substituting -3.6mA for/, and 0.4mA for J, - Lee =-3.6mA +0.4mA =-3.2mA Therefore, the current J, through the 6kQ resistor is |-3.2 mA] -Step 1 of 6 5.020P Refer to Figure P5.7 in the text book. Apply superposition principle to the circuit. Acting only current source, the voltage source is short-circuited as shown in Figure 1. 6kQ 6kQ 6kQ (1) 6kQ Figure | Step 2 of 6 The resistors 6kQand6kQ are connected in parallel. Calculate the equivalent resistance. (6kQ)(6kQ) (6kQ)+(6kQ) =3kQ R This 3kQ resistor and 6kQ resistors are in series. Calculate the equivalent resistance. R,=R, +6kQ =3kN+6k2 =9kQ Step 3 of 6 Apply current division rule and calculate the current L ‘through the 6kQ resistor. »___ 9ka ° 9kN+6kQ =-3.6mA (-6mA) Hence, the current £ through the 6kQ resistor is -3.6mA . Step 4 of 6 Apply superposition principle to the circuit. Acting only voltage source, the current source is open-circuited as shown in Figure 2. 6kQ 6kQ v(t) 9 rn Figure 2 Step 5 of 6 The 6kQ resistor and 6kQ resistor are in series. Calculate the equivalent resistance. R, = 6kK2+6kO =12k0 This 12kQ resistor is in parallel with 6kQ resistor. Calculate the equivalent resistance. (12k0)(6ka) (12k) +(6k) =4k0 This 4kQ resistor is in series with 6kQ resistor. Calculate the equivalent resistance R, = R, +6kQ = 4k0+6kQ =10kQ Apply ohms law and calculate the total current / by substituting 12 V for¥ and 10kQ for R, pete Rx _ 12 “10kQ =12mA Apply current division rule and calculate the current 7” through the 6kQ. resistor . pe —Ska ° 6kQ412kR =0.4mA (1.2mA) Hence, the current {> through the 6kQ resistor is 0.4mA . Step 6 of 6 Write the expression for the current {, through the 6kQ resistor. Atl, Calculate the current J, through the 6kQ. resistor by substituting -3.6mA for/, and 0.4mA for J, . Lee =-3.6mA +0.4mA =-3.2mA Therefore, the current J, through the 6kQ resistor is |-3.2 mA] -Step 1 of 8 5.021P Refer to Figure E5.8 in the text book. Disconnect the | ©, resistor from the circuit diagram. Identify the currents and voltages in the circuit 2mA diagram shown in Figure 4 Figure 1 Step 2 of 8 Apply Kirchhoffs Current Law at node ¥, . KM gmsama0 6k 3k 1.1) ¥, y(L,1)4- (aes) 6k °™ 3) ¥, y{2)-4. (2) 6m ¥(3)-¥, =(6 m)(6 k) ¥,(3)-¥, =36 ¥,(3)=36+, 3644, 3 K Step 3 of 8 Apply Kirchhoff's Current Law at node V, . ¥,(2)-V =(4m)(6k) V,(2)-V, =24 Substitute Beh for h. 13(2)-(252%) 24 36 ¥,(2)-- =24 2(2)-F-5 v(2-3}-12-24 3 v,(2)=24+12 3 Step 4 of 8 Calculate the value of the open circuit voltage Vo. . Vog =V, +(2m)(2k) Substitute 21,6 V for V, . Vag = 21.644 =25.6V Therefore, the value of the open circuit voltage Vy. is 25.6 V - Step 5 of 8 Disconnect the sources from the circuit diagram. 2kQO wv 6kO 3 kQ <——R,, Figure 2 Step 6 of 8 Calculate the value of the Thevenin's resistance. Ry =2k+((6k+3k)I6 k) =2k+(9kI16k) _ 51 9 K6K) nk Ok 22+ PWG) 15k =2k4+3.6k =5.6kQ Therefore, the value of the Thevenin's resistance R,, iS 5.6 kQ Step 7 of 8 Draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit diagram with a load resistor | kQ 5.6 kQ 25.6 V 1kQ Figure 3 Step 8 of 8 Apply voltage division rule, to calculate the value of the output voltage V,, -56(1 5) = ase (2) =3.88V Therefore, the value of the output voltage V, is |3.88 V] -Step 1 of 14 5.0 Refer to circuit diagram in Figure PS.23 in the text book. Contribution of the 6 mA Current source to the output voltage is calculated by using Figure 1 22P + $ Fo Step 2 of 14 Apply Kirchhoff’s voltage law at loop 1 V =3000/, Apply Kirchhoff’s voltage law at loop 2. 3000/, = 3000/, + 3000/, h=h+h Step 3 of 14 Apply Kirchhoff's voltage law at loop 3. V = 30001, + 3000/, Substitute V =3000/, 3000/, = 3000/, + 3000/, halt, Substitute /, =/,+J, At+hah+h heh Step 4 of 14 Apply Kirchhoff's current law at node 4. Leith Substitute /, = J, ahtl, =2/, Step 5 of 14 Recall the equation f, = 1, +1,. Substitute /,= J, and J, =2/, f,=1,+21, =3/, Step 6 of 14 Apply Kirchhoff’s current law at node 6. f=1,+1, Substitute /, = /, and 7, = 3/, 11,434, =41, Step 7 of 14 Apply Kirchhoff’s current law at node 7. 6(10")=r+4, Substitute / = 4/, 6(10°)=4/, +4, 6(10°) 4-— 5 Step 8 of 14 Vy, =3000/, 6(10°) Calculate the value of ¥,,. =3000) s =3.6V Step 9 of 14 Contribution of the 12 V voltage source to the output voltage is calculated by using Figure 1 A R 2 Figure 2 Step 10 of 14 Apply Kirchhoff's voltage law at loop 1 3000/, = (3000+ 3000) /, 22h Step 11 of 14 Apply Kirchhoff’s current law at node 2 heit+h Substitute /, = 2J, h=h+2h, 4=3h “ff Step 12 of 14 Apply Kirchhoff's voltage law at loop 3. -12 =3000/, +(3000 + 3000) /, = 3000/, + 6000/, 4 Substitute f, 3 -12 = 30001, + 6000( 4) =12=3000/, + 2000/, =. +" 5000 Step 13 of 14 Calculate the value of Voy - Veg = 30001, ~ 3000-22, 5000 =-7.2 Step 14 of 14 Calculate the total output voltage from /,, and Vea He aM tVey =3.6-7.2 =-3.6V Therefore, the total output voltage isStep 1 of 7 5.0 Fist, let us find the response using only the current source, and hence short circuiting the voltage sources. Step 2 of 7 Hence Tk Tk xdk 1k+1k + k+4k 1 = 2m T a4t14+4 2 ie ama 1 Step 3 of 7 Now let us open the current source and short circuit the 4V source and find the response using only 2V source. Step 4 of 7 Redrawing the circuit. + 1kQ 1ka 5kQ Vv 2Vv Lh - Step 5 of 7 Since it is a parallel circuit, KCL at top node, V-2 FY OF — +—+—=0 Ik Ik 5k 1¥ =10 yi oT =10 Hence f= 1b Sk -2 Res ow" Step 6 of 7 Now let us find the response using only 4V source, me fi “ C) av Step 7 of 7 Now KVL across the loop gives 4 3PStep 1 of 5 Refer to Figure E5.13 in the text book. Apply the source voltage of | Y at the open terminals. - K+ * 3kQ 1kQ Figure 1 Step 2 of 5 Consider the relation between the currents J, and /, . At+h= Substitute -/, (1 k) for ¥, . k pepe ll 2000 I, Athe-Z I, We-goh 2-2 Step 3 of 5 Apply super mesh analysis in loop 1 and loop 2. ~1, (5k) + 4,(Uk)+(1, +4, )(2k)=0 1 (Sk) +1, (Ik) +, (2k)+4,(2k)=0 -1,(Sk)+1,(3k)+1,(2k) =0 Substitute ab for I, . (3 2 \s k)+2,(3k)+4,(2k)=0 ‘ 1,(21)+1,(4)=0 i(2i)=-(4) hen -4(3) Step 4 of 5 Apply Kirchhoffs Voltage Law in loop-3 -1+(,+/,)(2k)=0 (h+4)(2k)=1 Substitute -1(4) for J, ({3}Jo% 424 S\(2K)=1 (Fe k=l 4(44)- 1 21 1, 34 The value of the short circuit current is equal to the value of current f, . 21 Therefore, the value of the short circuit current is — mA. 34 Step 5 of 5 Calculate the value of the Thevenin's resistance. | Ry kL se Substitute 2! ma for Tye - 34 1 n= 3 = By i #1619Q Therefore, the value of the Thevenin's resistance R,, i:Step 1 of 7 5.02 Refer to Figure P5.32 in the text book. Calculate thevenin’s resistance by using circuit shown in Figure 1. 2kQ Ry Figure 1 Step 2 of 7 Refer to Figure 1 Calculate the value of R, - _2000(4000) Fa = 2900-4000 _ 8000000 ~~ 6000 kQ wis Step 3 of 7 Calculate the open Circuit voltage by using circuit shown in Figure 2 6V 12Vv 2kQ Figure 2 Step 4 of 7 Refer to Figure 2. Calculate the value of voltage V, . 4000 V, = (6) ——__ = ( 7600+2000 4000 =(-) E090 =4V Step 5 of 7 Calculate the value of voltage Vi. . Vz, =124V, =12-4 =8V Step 6 of 7 Calculate the value of output voltage by using Thevenin’s equivalent circuit shown in Figure 3. Figure 2 Step 7 of 7 Refer to Figure 3. Calculate the value of voltage , . 2000 ntl san) 2000 200 + 0" -4 2000(3) ; 6000 +4000 =4.8V Therefore, the output voltage is oPStep 1016 9.026P Consider Figure P5.36 from the text book. Disconnect the load resistor and open the terminals to calculate the open circuit voltage. 4mA Figure 1 Step 2 of 6 Calculate the value of the open circuit voltage. Vor = (ig +i )(2 k) + (i, +4)(1k) Substitute 6 mA for i, . 4 mA for i, and 2 mA for i, - Vo: =(6 m+4 m)(2 k)+(6m+2 m)(1k) = (10 m)(2 k)+(8 m)(Ik) =20+8 =28V Therefore, the value of the open circuit voltage VW. is 28 V . Step 3 of 6 Disconnect the sources from the circuit diagram. Figure 2 Step 4 of 6 Calculate the value of the Thevenin's resistance. Ry =2k+1k =3k0 Ry 24.5kO Therefore, the value of the Thevenin’s resistance is 3 kQ. Step 5 of 6 Draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit. 3 kQ 28 V Figure 3 Step 6 of 6 Calculate the value of the output current. 28 = 3k+Ik 28 4k =7mA lo Therefore, the value of the output current J, is | 7 mA | -Step 1 of 9 5 . 02 The given circuit is, 12 (+) 2k C[y2ma Figure (1) Step 2 of 9 To determine the Thevenin equivalent, break the nctwork atthe 4kStload as shown in Fig 2 3kQ 12 6k y, Wy 2kO 2mA Figure (2) Step 3 of 9 By using voltage division in Fig. 2, Step 4 of 9 By using Ohm’s Law in Fig 2, ¥, = (2k)(2m) V,=-4V Step 5 of 9 Hence, WKY ¥,,=8+4 V,,=124 Step 6 of 9 By replacing voltage source with short circuit and current source with open circuit, find the Thevenin equivalent resistance as shown in Fig. 3, — Rn Figure (3) Stop 7 of 9 The 6k and 3k resistors are in parallel and their combination is, (892K) _ a0 resistor as shown in Fig 4, 6le+3k r™ 2kQ 2kO Figure (4) Step 8 of 9 Hence, Ry =e +2k Ry =4kQ Now Thevenin equivalent circuit consisting of Ry and V,, is connected to the 4k load as shown in Fig. 5. Figure (5) Step 9 of 9 Applying voltage division in Fig. 5,Step 1 of 7 5.0 The given circuit is, 4 od 5B Figure (1) Step 2 of 7 To determine the Thevenin voltage equivalent, break the network at the 6kC2load as shown in Fig. 2. 4kQ 3x0 2mA Figure (2) Step 3 of 7 Applying KVL to the circuit in Fig. 2, Vg = 12 (-3k)(2m) Vog =18V Step 4 of 7 Thevenin resistance: By replacing voltage source with short circuit and current source with open circuit, find the Thevenin equivalent resistance as shown in Fig. 3, 4kQ 3kQ Rn 2kQ Figure (3) Step 5 of 7 The series combination of 4k and 2k resistors are getting shorted thus can be safely removed from the network in Fig. 3 as shown in Fig. 4 3kQ — Ry J Figure (4) Hence, By = RQ Step 6 of 7 Now Thevenin equivalent circuit consisting of Ry and V,, is connected to the 6k load as shown in Fig. 5. 5 ne) Figure (5) Step 7 of 7 Applying KVL, Poe 3+ 6k 1-38 4, 28PStep 1 of 7 5.0 1k Figure (1) Step 2 of 7 Thevenin voltage: To determine the Thevenin equivalent, break the network at the 2k@Qload as shown in Fig 2 Figure (2) Step 3 of 7 Applying KVL in Fig, 2, V,, = 12—(-2k)(2m) ¥,,=16V Step 4 of 7 Thevenin resistance: By replacing voltage source with short circuit and current source with open circuit, find the Thevenin equivalent resistance as shown in Fig. 3, Figure (3) Step 5 of 7 The two Ik resistors are getting shorted thus can be safely removed from the network in Fig. 3 as shown in Fig. 4 2kQ — Ry Figure (4) Hence, Ry = 2kQ Step 6 of 7 Now Thevenin equivalent circuit consisting of Ry and V,, is connected to the 2k load as shown in Fig. 5. Step 7 of 7 Figure (5) Using Voltage division in Fig. 5 % -(ex}em %-(E)cay |r =8¥) 29PStep 1 of 9 5.030P Figure (1) Step 2 of 9 Thevenin voltage: To determine the Thevenin equivalent, break the network at the 2kQload as shown in Fig, 2. i+2mA Figure (2) Step 3 of 9 Applying KVL in Fig. 2, 125 (6K)(A) + (2k) (7) + Uk), + 2m) 10 a 19k ha ema 9 Step 4 of 9 Using Ohm’s Law, ¥,, =12- (6k)(4) Vy =12- (60 (Pm) 6 Yi = 3 Step 5 of 9 Thevenin resistance: By replacing voltage source with short circuit and current source with open circuit, find the Thevenin equivalent resistance as shown in Fig. 3, 6kQ 2kQ 1kQ: Figure (3) Step 6 of 9 The 2k and 1k resistors are in series and their combination is a 2k +1k= 3k as shown in Fig. 4 6kQ 3kQ <— Ry Figure (4) Step 7 of 9 The 3k resistor is further in parallel with 6k resistor thus equivalent resistance has value (6k)(3K) _ oy 6k+3k Hence, Ry =2kO Step 8 of 9 Now Thevenin equivalent circuit consisting of Ry and V,, is connected to the 2k load as shown in Fig. 5. ¥, a (+) Figure (5) Step 9 of 9 Applying KVL,‘Therefore, the value of the output current J, is wn =7mA Therefore, the value of the output current J), isStep 1 of @ 2mA 6kQ 2k © v0 Figure (1) Step 2 of 3 Thevenin ualtace: Step 1 of 8 2mA 6kQ 2kO © va Figure (1) Step 2 of $ Thavanin unltace: Figure (3) Step 6 of & The 2k and 1k resistors are in series and their combination 1s a 2k +1k = 3k as shown in Fig. 4 6k —R a Figure (4) Step 7 of @ The 3k resistor is further in parallel with 6k resistor thus equivalent resistance has value (ClCH) _ oy 6k 43k Figure 3) Step 6 of S The 2k and 1k resistors are in series and their combination 1s a 2k +1k = 3k as shown in Fig. 4 5.032PStop 1 of 5 5.033P A vv C) AKC ko OK £2 Cl) én, 1, , Step 2 of 5 First calculate Rth by removing 6k resistance Rth = 6k OA Ak AK Ry &Q OB Step 3 of 5 Now calculate VoC between terminal A&B Step 4 of 5 Apply loop eq. 12-4i-4(i-6)=0 12-4i-41+24=0 26-81 2 =4.SmAmp Now VoC-12+6x 6=0 VoC=-24volt Step 5 of 5 Now the thevenin’s equivalent ckt are shown in fig R,=Ok 2 -24y bkS2 24-24 heStep 1 of 7 5.034P Figure (1) Step 2 of 7 Thevenin voltage: To determine the Thevenin equivalent, break the network atthe 1kQload as shown in Fig, 2. Step 3 of 7 By using Ohm’s Law in Fig. 2, ¥,, + (1k)(1m) 06 6 Vee Step 4 of 7 Thevenin resistance: By replacing voltage source with short circuit and current source with open circuit, find the Thevenin equivalent resistance as shown in Fig. 3, 3 1kQ — Rp 1kQ Figure (3) Step 5 of 7 From Fig, 3, Step 6 of 7 Now Thevenin equivalent circuit consisting of R, and V,, is connected to the 1k load as shown in Fig. 5. re(2) fy Figure (4) Step 7 of 7 Using Ohm’s Law,Step 1 of 9 5.03 Figure (1) Step 2 of 9 Thevenin voltage: To determine the Thevenin equivalent, break the network at the 2kQload as shown in Fig 2 Figure (2) Step 3 of 9 By analyzing current sources in Fig. 2 we get, f=6mA Step 4 of 9 By using KVL in loop abcd in Fig, 2, =H + Ak)(2m) + (2k)(h) = (kK) @m) + (2k)(6m) y=14V Step 5 of 9 Thus, Vi,= A412 V,,= 14412 Ve, = 260 Step 6 of 9 Thevenin resistance: By replacing current source with open circuit, find the Thevenin equivalent resistance as shown in Fig. 3, 2kQ —R, Figure (3) Step 7 of 9 All resistors are in series and their combination is a 2k+1k = 3kQ resistor thus Ry = 3keQ Step 8 of 9 Now Thevenin equivalent circuit consisting of R, and V,, is connected to the 2k load as shown in Fig. 4. ra) Figure (4) Step 9 of 9 Using KVL in Fig, 4, oPStep 1 of 7 5.O036P Refer to Figure P5.32 in the text book. Calculate thevenin’s resistance by using circuit shown in Figure 1. 2kQ Ry Figure 1 Step 2 of 7 Refer to Figure 1 Calculate the value of R, - _2000(4000) Fa = 2900-4000 _ 8000000 ~~ 6000 kQ wis Step 3 of 7 Calculate the open Circuit voltage by using circuit shown in Figure 2 6V 12Vv 2kQ Figure 2 Step 4 of 7 Refer to Figure 2. Calculate the value of voltage V, . 4000 V, = (6) ——__ = ( 7600+2000 4000 =(-) E090 =4V Step 5 of 7 Calculate the value of voltage Vi. . Vz, =124V, =12-4 =8V Step 6 of 7 Calculate the value of output voltage by using Thevenin’s equivalent circuit shown in Figure 3. Figure 2 Step 7 of 7 Refer to Figure 3. Calculate the value of voltage , . 2000 ntl san) 2000 200 + 0" -4 2000(3) ; 6000 +4000 =4.8V Therefore, the output voltage isStep 1 of 8 5.037P Figure (1) Step 2 of 8 Thevenin voltage: To determine the Thevenin equivalent, break the network atthe 40V voltage source as shown in Fig. 2. 4A 52 Figure (2) Step 3 of 8 By analyzing current sources in Fig. 2 we get, i= 6mA Step 4 of 8 By using KVL, ¥,, = 104) +1) +202) ¥,, = 80+ (5)(6) = 110V Step 5 of 8 Thevenin resistance: By replacing current source with open circuit, find the Thevenin equivalent resistance as shown in Fig. 3, $a 52 109 202 — Rp Figure (3) Stop 6 of 8 All resistors are in series and their combination is a 20+5+10= 3522 resistor Ignore 5Q2 resistor since it is not connected), thus Ry = 352 Step 7 of 8 Now Thevenin equivalent circuit consisting of Ry and V,, is connected to the 40-V source as shown in Fig. 4. ra ©) ov Figure (4) Step 8 of 8 Using KVL in Fig 4,Stop 1 of 9 5.038P 8kQ 40 Figure (1) Step 2 of 9 To determine the Thevenin equivalent, break the network atthe 5kQload as shown in Fig. 2. 8kKQ 40V Figure (2) Step 3 of 9 By using KVL in Fig. 2, 40 = (6k +4k)() + (8k)(J, +2m) pe2t Tek hotma 3 Step 4 of 9 Thus, ¥,, = —(6k)(4,) + 2k) 2m) - 20 ¥,,=-(61) (4m }+4-20 V,=-240 Step 5 of 9 By replacing current source with open circuit, find the Thevenin equivalent resistance as shown in Fig. 3, 2kQ Figure (3) Step 6 of 9 The 8k and 4k resistors are in series and their combination is a 8k+4k =12kQ resistor which is further in parallel with 6k resistor thus equivalent resistor has a value of G2) C0) _ aiec3 as shown in Fig. 4 12k +6k 4kQ — Rn 2kQ 4k Figure (4) Step 7 of 9 All the resistors are in series and their combination is a resistor of value 4k+4k+2k = 10k, hence Ry =10k0 Step 8 of 9 Now Thevenin equivalent circuit consisting of Ry and V,, is connected to the 5k load as shown in Fig. 4. va) r Figure (5) Step 9 of 9 Applying voltage division in Fig. 5, v= saeasg) (9 ¥-(#)e eTStep 1 of 5 5.039P Refer to Figure E5.3 in the textbook for the circuit. Convert |2-V voltage source into current source. v fet Rg __12 3x10 =4mA Redraw the circuit by converting the series combination of the 12-V and 3 kQ resistor into current source in parallel with 3 kQ resistor. Figure 1 Step 2 of 5 The equivalent combination of the two current sources is, =4x10% -2x107 =2mA The equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 Step 3 of 5 Convert the 2 mA current source to voltage source. V=IR =(2x10°)(3x10") =6V Redraw the circuit in Figure 2, by converting the 2 mA current source in parallel with 3 kQ resistor into series combination of the voltage source and 3 kQ resistor. Figure 3 Step 4 of 5 In Figure 3, the 3 kQ resistor and 4 kqQ resistor are in series. The equivalent resistance of the series combination is, R,, = 3x10? +410" =7kQ The equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 4. Figure 4 Step 5 of 5 From Figure 4, the output voltage is, 2x10* " (ee) v Therefore, the output voltage, V, is 4 ele olsStep 1 of 8 5.040P The following is the given circuit diagram: Step 2 of 8 The contribution of 6-V source to I, is found from the network in Figure 2, by replacing 12-V voltage source with short circuit. Oev 8kQ i 4 12kQ = igure 2 Step 3 of 8 The 4&Q and 2kQ resistors are getting shorted thus can be removed safely from network as shown in Figure 3. on 12kQ Figure 3 Step 4 of 8 Now, Apply Ohm’s law to calculate the current I, 6 ree 48k =0.75 mA Step 5 of 8 Neat, the contribution of 12-V source to J, is found from the network in Fig. 4 by replacing 6-V voltage source with short circuit. 2kQ 8k ue Vv 12k Figure 4 Step 6 of 8 The 4k, 8k and 2k resistors are in parallel and their combination is a resistor as shown in Figure 5. 12k Figure 5 Step 7 of 8 Apply Kirchhoff's voltage law to calculate the current I. ne G*) 7 =-10.5 mA. Step 8 of 8 Now, apply the principle of super position to calculate the current the unknown current I, . eltl =0.75m-105m Thus, the current], of the circuit is, |-9.75 mA].Stop 1 of 7 5.041P Refer to Figure P5.21 in the text book. Contribution of the 6 mA Current source to the output current is calculated by using Figure 1. Figure 1 Step 2 of 7 Refer to Figure 1. Apply Kirchhoffs voltage law at loop 1. I, (6000+ 6000) = 0 Iy 50mA Step 3 of 7 Contribution of the 4 mA Current source to the output current is calculated by using Figure 2. 6kQ 3 If 6kQ 4 Ce 3 Figure 2. Step 4 of 7 Refer to Figure 2. Apply Kirchhoff's voltage law at loop 3. 1,(6000+ 6000) =0 1,=0mA Calculate the value of fy . f= -4(10°)( 6000 ) 6000+ 6000 1 =-4(10°)/ = (05) =-2mA Step 5 of 7 Contribution of the 12 V voltage source to the output current is calculated by using Figure 3. 12kQ Figure 3. Step 6 of 7 Refer to Figure 3. Apply Kirchhoffs voltage law at loop 1. 12+ J, (6000 +6000) =0 Jqy (12000) = -12 -12 12000 =-lmA Step 7 of 7 Calculate the total output current from [,,, Jy, 40d Iyy Ty = Tay Ie thes =0-2-1 =-3mA Therefore, the total output current is [3 mAStep 1 of 10 5.042P Refer to Figure P5.22 in the text book. Contribution of the 6 mA Current source to the output current is calculated by using Figure 1. Figure 1 Step 2 of 10 Refer to Figure 1. Apply Kirchhoffs current law at node 1. 1+1,=6(10") 1, =6(107)-1 Apply Kirchhoffs current law at node 2. Paty tly, Apply Kirchhoffs voltage law at loop 4. 3000/,, = 6000/, Apply Kirchhoffs current law at loop 3 thal Step 3 of 10 Substitute , =6(10")-7 6(107)-f4+4, =4, Step 4 of 10 Substitute J =f, + Jy, 6(107)-4,-ty +h = 6(107) =I +h Step 5 of 10 Substitute, i= Io + 3 2 Jy, = 6(10") 2 fy = 6(107) Ty ~6(10°)(3) =4mA Step 6 of 10 Contribution of the 12 V voltage source to the output current is calculated by using Figure 2. Figure 2 Step 7 of 10 Refer to Figure 2. Apply Kirchhoff's voltage law at loop 1. J,q (3000 + 6000) = 0 Ty 20A Step 8 of 10 Contribution of the 6 V voltage source to the output current is calculated by using Figure 3 Gv 1 Figure 3 Step 9 of 10 Refer to Figure 3. Apply Kirchhoffs voltage law at loop 4 6+ 1,, (6000 + 3000) = 0 1,,(9000) = -6 Step 10 of 10 Calculate the total output current from Jy), Jy ANd Igy - Ly =I + Laz + Los mA+0-0.67 mA 33 MA Therefore, the total output current is |3.33 mA| -Step 1 of 9 5 . 04 ama f) Ky sv) OM) Figure (1) Step 2 of 9 Thevenin voltage To determine the Thevenin equivalent, break the network at the 4kQload as shown in Fig. 2 Figure (2) Step 3 of 9 By using Ohm’s Law in Fig 2, 6 = (Ak), - 3m) + (12k+2k)(Z, + 1m) 4 h=-— 18k haimas 3 Step 4 of 9 Thus, ¥,, = (2k)(Gm) + (12k) (A, +1m) Ui = 6+¢2)(2m Him] Step 5 of 9 Thevenin resistance: By replacing voltage source with short circuit and current source with open circuit, find the Thevenin equivalent resistance as shown in Fig. 3, 2k — Rn 4kO 12ka 2k Figure (3) Step 6 of 9 The 2k and 4k resistors are in series and their combination is a 2k +4k = 6kQ resistor which is further in parallel with 12k resistor thus equivalent resistance has value (6e)021) _ 4c as shown in Fig 4 6k+12k 2KQ <— Ry 4kQ Figure (4) Step 7 of 9 The 4k resistor is in series with 2k resistor in Fig. 4, thus Ry=6kQ Step 8 of 9 Now Thevenin equivalent circuit consisting of R, and V,, is connected to the 4k load as shown in Fig. 5. + ) r Figure (5) Step 9 of 9 Using voltage division, 3PStep 1 of 7 5.044P Fist, let us find the response using only the current source, and hence short circuiting the voltage sources. Step 2 of 7 Hence Tk Tk xdk 1k+1k + k+4k 1 = 2m T a4t14+4 2 ie ama 1 Step 3 of 7 Now let us open the current source and short circuit the 4V source and find the response using only 2V source. Step 4 of 7 Redrawing the circuit. + 1kQ 1ka 5kQ Vv 2Vv Lh - Step 5 of 7 Since it is a parallel circuit, KCL at top node, V-2 FY OF — +—+—=0 Ik Ik 5k 1¥ =10 yi oT =10 Hence f= 1b Sk -2 Res ow" Step 6 of 7 Now let us find the response using only 4V source, me fi “ C) av Step 7 of 7 Now KVL across the loop gives 4Step 1 of 5 5.045P Consider Figure P5.43 from the text book. Disconnect the load resistor and open the terminals to calculate the open circuit voltage. 2mA 4kQ O—; vy, @ 2kQ & 4ka 12V 16V Figure 1 Step 2 of 5 Calculate the value of the open circuit voltage from loop-1. Vog = (2 m) (4k) +16-8 Vyp = 848 Vue =16V Therefore, the value of the open circuit voltage Vy, is 16 V Step 3 of 5 Disconnect the sources from the circuit diagram, Figure 2 The resistors indicated in dotted lines are shorted. Hence, the value of the Thevenin’s resistance is 4 kQ - Step 4 of 5 Draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit. 4kQ 16V Figure 3 Step 5 of 5 Calculate the value of the output current. __ 16 4k42k =16 “6k =o ma 3 Therefore, the value of the output current J, is BA 3 Oo5 .046P Fist, let us find the response using only the current source, and hence short circuiting th voltage sources. Step 1 of 7 Step 2 of 7 Hence Ix Tkxtk Ik+Ik i= 2m + Tk+4ke =2m Step 3 of7 Now let us open the current source and short circuit the 4V source and find the respons using only 2V source. 2v © Step 4 of 7 Redrawing the circuit. 1kQ. WC) 5k oy Step 5 of 7 Since it is a parallel circuit, KCL at top node, y-2 Vo +—+—=0 Ik Ik 5k 1K =10 7-2 W x10 Hence 4 = aL ok Ke ma 1 Step 6 of 7 Now let us find the response using only 4V source, C) av Step 7 of 7 Now KVL across the loop gives J} . 4 4 tk+4ke + IkxTke nN Hence total response Jy = 2, + 15 +io -4-2,48 Wow iStep 1 of 4 5.048P The load R, is connected to the terminals A-B of the linear having voltage V,,, for the considered circuit as shown in Figure 1. Ru A. > N+ AB oc Figure | Step 2 of 4 The voltage V,, across R, in Figure 1 can be calculated by using the vottage division rule of y-(—& ly. R,+R, Substitute V, = Vg. R,=R,. R, = Ry . V =V,, from Figure 1 and solve. R Vg =| ——— |, (ates) ta -[ SB) ott) 1. Iniially, § KO, load is connected to the terminals A-B in Figure 1 and resulted in voltage V,y of 16 V Calculate the value of 7, from equation (1) 8kO+ v, ~(Ot in (16 Vv)... @) 8kQ Secondly, 2 kQ, load is connected to the terminals A-B in Figure 1 and resulted in voltage Vy, of 8 V - Calculate the value of V,, from equation (1). 2kQ+R, vy. =| ——— 3) --( ats oo) @) Step 3 of 4 Now equate the equations (2) and (3) and solve for Ry, (Soe Jas y-(2 kQ+Ry \e v) 8kQ 2kQ 8kQ+ Sh Ban 2404 Roy BKQ+ Ry, =4kKN+2Ryy Rry = 4 kQ Substitute R,,, =4 kQ in equation (2) and solve for V,. y, -(S Ns y) -(2B)usyy =(1.5)(I6 V) =24V Stop 4 of 4 Now calculate the voltage F,, in Figure 1 if the 20 k@ load is connected to the terminals A-B from equation (1). 20 k2 Vy =| ————— |(24 “ (aata)e v) -(3e 2 Joos v) 24k =20V Therefore, the value of voltage V,, if load of 20 kQ is connected to terminals A-B in the circuit is [29 Y)Step 1 of 4 5.049P The load R, having current /, is connected to the terminals A-B of the considered circuit as shown in Figure 1. R TH A. V R, oc Figure 1 Step 2 of 4 The current J, is flowing in the circuit of Figure 1 and solve for V,. - =e Roy +R, Vy = (Ray + Ry) Initially 2 kQ, load is connected to the terminals A-B in Figure 1 and resulted in load current of 10 mA Calculate the value of V._ from equation (1). ¥,, =(10 mA)(R,, +2 kQ) ...... (2) Secondly 10 kQ load is connected to the terminals A-B in Figure 1 and resulted in load current of 6 mA - Calculate the value of V,_ from equation (1). ¥,, =(6 mA)( Ry, +10 kQ) ...... (8) Step 3 of 4 Now equate equations (2) and (3) and solve for Ry, (10 mA)(R,, +2 k) =(6 MA)(R,, +10 KQ) 1OR,y, + 20 KO = 6Ryy +60 kA Ryu = 40 KO Rey =10K2 Substitute Ry = 10 kQ. in equation (2) and solve for V,. . V,, = (10 mA)(10 kQ+2 kQ) = (10 mA)(12 kQ) =120V Step 4 of 4 Now calculate the current 7, in Figure 1 ifthe load resistance R, value is 20 k() from equation (1). i= Ry +R, ___120v 10KQ+20KR Therefore, the value of current J, in a 20 kQ load in the circuit is |4 mAStep 1 of 4 5.050P The load R, is connected to the terminals A-B of the linear having voltage V,,, for the considered circuit as shown in Figure 1. Ru A. > N+ AB oc Figure | Step 2 of 4 The voltage V,, across R, in Figure 1 can be calculated by using the vottage division rule of y-(—& ly. R,+R, Substitute V, = Vg. R,=R,. R, = Ry . V =V,, from Figure 1 and solve. R Vg =| ——— |, (ates) ta -[ SB) ott) 1. Iniially, § KO, load is connected to the terminals A-B in Figure 1 and resulted in voltage V,y of 16 V Calculate the value of 7, from equation (1) 8kO+ v, ~(Ot in (16 Vv)... @) 8kQ Secondly, 2 kQ, load is connected to the terminals A-B in Figure 1 and resulted in voltage Vy, of 8 V - Calculate the value of V,, from equation (1). 2kQ+R, vy. =| ——— 3) --( ats oo) @) Step 3 of 4 Now equate the equations (2) and (3) and solve for Ry, (Soe Jas y-(2 kQ+Ry \e v) 8kQ 2kQ 8kQ+ Sh Ban 2404 Roy BKQ+ Ry, =4kKN+2Ryy Rry = 4 kQ Substitute R,,, =4 kQ in equation (2) and solve for V,. y, -(S Ns y) -(2B)usyy =(1.5)(I6 V) =24V Stop 4 of 4 Now calculate the voltage F,, in Figure 1 if the 20 k@ load is connected to the terminals A-B from equation (1). 20 k2 Vy =| ————— |(24 “ (aata)e v) -(3e 2 Joos v) 24k =20V Therefore, the value of voltage V,, if load of 20 kQ is connected to terminals A-B in the circuit is [29 Y)Step 1 of 9 5.051P The given circuit is, av Fk 2k 3kg. CP ema Sie Figure (1) Step 2 of 9 To determine the Morton equivalent, short circuit the network atthe 2k{2 load as shown in Fig. 2. 12v 3k 2kO Figure (2) Step 3 of 9 Applying KVL to the loop ‘acdba’ 0= (4) (3k) + (h—4m) (2k + lke) 1=2mA Step 4 of 9 Also, again using KVL to the loop ‘abfea’ 12= (4+4,,)(3k) 12= (2m +2,)(3k) L,=2mA Step 5 of 9 By replacing current source with open circuit and voltage sources with short circuit, find the Norton equivalent resistance as shown in Fig. 3, | AWW WW Figure (3) Step 6 of 9 The 3k, 2k and ik resistors are in series and their combination is a 3k + 2k+1k=6kQ resistor as shown in Fig. 4 3kQ ™ 6kQ Figure (4) Step 7 of 9 The 6k resistor is in parallel with 3k resistor and their equivalent is a (6k)(3k) = resistor, thus Ry = 2kQ Now Norton equivalent circuit consisting of Ry and 1, is connected to the 2k load as shown in Fig. 5. Step 8 of 9 Ch) 2kQ L, Figure (5) Step 9 of 9 Using current division in Fig, 5, 1=( z= Jan 1-(F a)Step 1 of 8 5.052P Consider the circuit shown in Figure P5.51 in the text book. To apply Norton's theorem first short circuit the branch having current /, in the considered circuit as shown in Figure 1. Also the currents flowing in the loops of the circuit are shown in Figure 1. 6kQ f 3kQ ¢ Step 2 of 8 Apply Kirchhoff's voltage law to the loop having current J, in Figure 1 and solve. ki, =12 12 hag =2mA Apply Kirchhof's current law at node ‘b’ in figure 1 and solve for current J, L+lmA=1, i=f,-1mA Step 3 of 8 Apply Kirchhoff's voltage law to the loop formed by nodes ‘fedcba’ in Figure 1 and solve for current J, . 3kI, +3k/, =0 3k/, +(3k)(/,-1 mA) =0 3k, + 3kf, =(3k)(1 mA) 6ki, =3 Simplify the expression further. 3 “Ck =0.5 mA h Step 4 of 8 Apply Kirchhoffs current law at node ‘a’ in Figure 1 and calculate the value of current /,. . L.th=h 1,+0.5 mA =2 mA 1,=2mA-05 mA Step 5 of 8 Let the Thevenin’s resistance be R,,, and now the voltage sources be short circuited and current sources be open circuited for the considered circuit of Figure P5.51 in the text book as shown in Figure 2. 6kQ 3kQ Figure 2 Step 6 of 8 Calculate the value of R,,, from Figure 2 having resistors connected in parallel by using the formula p= R,+R, Substitute R=R,, . R, =6kQ. R, =3kQ+3 kQ from Figure 4 and solve for Ry - _ (6 kQ)(3 kQ+3 kQ) © 6KQ43KQ+3 KD _(6k0}(6 kO) Step 7 of 8 Now draw the Norton’s equivalent circuit as shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 Step 8 of 8 R, Calculate the value of current J, in Figure 3 by using current division formula /, -( z + Je . Substitute J, =/,. R, =3kQ. R,=3kQ, J =/,, from Figure 5 and solve for J, 1 -(saa)s mA) -(H8)os mA) -(Sos mA) =0.75mA Therefore, the value of current /, in the circuit isStep 1 of 4 5.053P The load R, is connected to the terminals A-B of the linear having voltage V,,, for the considered circuit as shown in Figure 1. Ru A. > N+ AB oc Figure | Step 2 of 4 The voltage V,, across R, in Figure 1 can be calculated by using the vottage division rule of y-(—& ly. R,+R, Substitute V, = Vg. R,=R,. R, = Ry . V =V,, from Figure 1 and solve. R Vg =| ——— |, (ates) ta -[ SB) ott) 1. Iniially, § KO, load is connected to the terminals A-B in Figure 1 and resulted in voltage V,y of 16 V Calculate the value of 7, from equation (1) 8kO+ v, ~(Ot in (16 Vv)... @) 8kQ Secondly, 2 kQ, load is connected to the terminals A-B in Figure 1 and resulted in voltage Vy, of 8 V - Calculate the value of V,, from equation (1). 2kQ+R, vy. =| ——— 3) --( ats oo) @) Step 3 of 4 Now equate the equations (2) and (3) and solve for Ry, (Soe Jas y-(2 kQ+Ry \e v) 8kQ 2kQ 8kQ+ Sh Ban 2404 Roy BKQ+ Ry, =4kKN+2Ryy Rry = 4 kQ Substitute R,,, =4 kQ in equation (2) and solve for V,. y, -(S Ns y) -(2B)usyy =(1.5)(I6 V) =24V Stop 4 of 4 Now calculate the voltage F,, in Figure 1 if the 20 k@ load is connected to the terminals A-B from equation (1). 20 k2 Vy =| ————— |(24 “ (aata)e v) -(3e 2 Joos v) 24k =20V Therefore, the value of voltage V,, if load of 20 kQ is connected to terminals A-B in the circuit is [29 Y)Step 1 of 4 5.054P The load R, having current /, is connected to the terminals A-B of the considered circuit as shown in Figure 1. R TH A. V R, oc Figure 1 Step 2 of 4 The current J, is flowing in the circuit of Figure 1 and solve for V,. - =e Roy +R, Vy = (Ray + Ry) Initially 2 kQ, load is connected to the terminals A-B in Figure 1 and resulted in load current of 10 mA Calculate the value of V._ from equation (1). ¥,, =(10 mA)(R,, +2 kQ) ...... (2) Secondly 10 kQ load is connected to the terminals A-B in Figure 1 and resulted in load current of 6 mA - Calculate the value of V,_ from equation (1). ¥,, =(6 mA)( Ry, +10 kQ) ...... (8) Step 3 of 4 Now equate equations (2) and (3) and solve for Ry, (10 mA)(R,, +2 k) =(6 MA)(R,, +10 KQ) 1OR,y, + 20 KO = 6Ryy +60 kA Ryu = 40 KO Rey =10K2 Substitute Ry = 10 kQ. in equation (2) and solve for V,. . V,, = (10 mA)(10 kQ+2 kQ) = (10 mA)(12 kQ) =120V Step 4 of 4 Now calculate the current 7, in Figure 1 ifthe load resistance R, value is 20 k() from equation (1). i= Ry +R, ___120v 10KQ+20KR Therefore, the value of current J, in a 20 kQ load in the circuit is |4 mAStep 1 of 4 5.055P The load R, is connected to the terminals A-B of the linear having voltage V,,, for the considered circuit as shown in Figure 1. Ru A. > N+ AB oc Figure | Step 2 of 4 The voltage V,, across R, in Figure 1 can be calculated by using the vottage division rule of y-(—& ly. R,+R, Substitute V, = Vg. R,=R,. R, = Ry . V =V,, from Figure 1 and solve. R Vg =| ——— |, (ates) ta -[ SB) ott) 1. Iniially, § KO, load is connected to the terminals A-B in Figure 1 and resulted in voltage V,y of 16 V Calculate the value of 7, from equation (1) 8kO+ v, ~(Ot in (16 Vv)... @) 8kQ Secondly, 2 kQ, load is connected to the terminals A-B in Figure 1 and resulted in voltage Vy, of 8 V - Calculate the value of V,, from equation (1). 2kQ+R, vy. =| ——— 3) --( ats oo) @) Step 3 of 4 Now equate the equations (2) and (3) and solve for Ry, (Soe Jas y-(2 kQ+Ry \e v) 8kQ 2kQ 8kQ+ Sh Ban 2404 Roy BKQ+ Ry, =4kKN+2Ryy Rry = 4 kQ Substitute R,,, =4 kQ in equation (2) and solve for V,. y, -(S Ns y) -(2B)usyy =(1.5)(I6 V) =24V Stop 4 of 4 Now calculate the voltage F,, in Figure 1 if the 20 k@ load is connected to the terminals A-B from equation (1). 20 k2 Vy =| ————— |(24 “ (aata)e v) -(3e 2 Joos v) 24k =20V Therefore, the value of voltage V,, if load of 20 kQ is connected to terminals A-B in the circuit is [29 Y)Step 1 of 9 5.056P The given circuit is, av Fk 2k 3kg. CD ema Sie Figure (1) Step 2 of 9 To determine the Morton equivalent, short circuit the network atthe 2k{2 load as shown in Fig. 2. 12v 3k 2kO Figure (2) Step 3 of 9 Applying KVL to the loop ‘acdba’ 0= (4) (3k) + (h—4m) (2k + lke) 1=2mA Step 4 of 9 Also, again using KVL to the loop ‘abfea’ 12= (4+4,,)(3k) 12= (2m +2,)(3k) L,=2mA Step 5 of 9 By replacing current source with open circuit and voltage sources with short circuit, find the Norton equivalent resistance as shown in Fig. 3, | AWW WW Figure (3) Step 6 of 9 The 3k, 2k and ik resistors are in series and their combination is a 3k+2k+1k=6kQ resistor as shown in Fig. 4 3kQ ™ 6kQ Figure (4) Step 7 of 9 The 6k resistor is in parallel with 3k resistor and their equivalent is a (6k)(3k) = resistor, thus Ry = 2kQ Now Norton equivalent circuit consisting of Ry and 1, is connected to the 2k load as shown in Fig. 5. Step 8 of 9 Ch) 2kQ L, Figure (5) Step 9 of 9 Using current division in Fig, 5, 1=( z= Jan 1-(F a)Step 1 of 7 5.057P Consider the circuit shown in Figure P5.52 in the text book. To apply Norton's theorem first short circuit the branch having current /, in the considered circuit as shown in Figure 1. Also the currents flowing in the loops of the circuit are shown in Figure 1 Step 2 of 7 Calculate the value of current J, in Figure 1 by using Ohm's law 7 at R Substitute 7 =1,, V=-12 V . R=2kQ from Figure 1 and solve for J, -12V i= 2kQ =-6mA Calculate the value of current J, from Figure 1. h-h=4mA Apply Kirchhoff voltage law to the outer loop of circuit in Figure 1 and solve for current J, by using equation (1). 2kf, +12 + 4k/, +2k/, +4k/, =0 (2k)(—6m)+ 12+ (4k)(/,-4m)+8k/, =0 —124+12+4 4k/, -16+8k/, =0 12kI, =16 Simplify the expression further. Step 3 of 7 Calculate the value of current J, trom equation (1). Iy2h-4mA =$ mA-4 mA =-8 ma 3 Calculate the value of current /,. in Figure 1 by applying Kirchhoff current law at node ‘a’. Step 4 of 7 Now short circuit the voltage sources and open circuit the current sources in Figure 1 to calculate the value of Rpy a8 shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 Step 5 of 7 Calculate the value of R,,, in Figure 2 for resistors connected in parallel by using the formula pa R,+R, Substitute R= Ry. KR, =2kQ, R, =(4 kQ4+2kQN4+4 kQ) from Figure 2 and solve for Ry, - _ (2 kQ)(2 kK +4 kQ+4 kQ) "2 KQ4+2k24+4 KO 4 KD _ (2. kQ)(10 kQ) "12K = 10k2 "6 = 1,667 kQ Rou Step 6 of 7 Now draw the Norton's equivalent circuit as shown in Figure 3. Step 7 of 7 R, Calculate the value of current J, in Figure 3 by using current division formula 7, (ez) . + Ky Substitute J, =/,, R, =2kOQ, R,=Ryy . 1 = 1, from Figure 3 and solve for J, . 1.667 kQ ) 10 ) 1, =| ———— || -— ma 2 kQ+1.667 kQ. 3 (4 kQ (-2 ma) 3.667 kQ 3 =(04sa)(-2 ma) =-1.51mA Therefore, the value of current J, in the circuit isStep 1 of 4 5.058P The load R, having current /, is connected to the terminals A-B of the considered circuit as shown in Figure 1. R TH A. V R, oc Figure 1 Step 2 of 4 The current J, is flowing in the circuit of Figure 1 and solve for V,. - =e Roy +R, Vy = (Ray + Ry) Initially 2 kQ, load is connected to the terminals A-B in Figure 1 and resulted in load current of 10 mA Calculate the value of V._ from equation (1). ¥,, =(10 mA)(R,, +2 kQ) ...... (2) Secondly 10 kQ load is connected to the terminals A-B in Figure 1 and resulted in load current of 6 mA - Calculate the value of V,_ from equation (1). ¥,, =(6 mA)( Ry, +10 kQ) ...... (8) Step 3 of 4 Now equate equations (2) and (3) and solve for Ry, (10 mA)(R,, +2 k) =(6 MA)(R,, +10 KQ) 1OR,y, + 20 KO = 6Ryy +60 kA Ryu = 40 KO Rey =10K2 Substitute Ry = 10 kQ. in equation (2) and solve for V,. . V,, = (10 mA)(10 kQ+2 kQ) = (10 mA)(12 kQ) =120V Step 4 of 4 Now calculate the current 7, in Figure 1 ifthe load resistance R, value is 20 k() from equation (1). i= Ry +R, ___120v 10KQ+20KR Therefore, the value of current J, in a 20 kQ load in the circuit is |4 mAStep 1 of 8 5.060P Refer to Figure P5.57 in the textbook. Disconnect the load resistor and short the terminals to calculate the short circuit current. Step 2 of 8 Apply Kirchhoffs voltage law to loop-3. (4-4)(6 k2)=0 4,-1,=0 Aah Therefore, the expression for the current #, is J, . Consider the relation between the currents J, and J, . 1,-h=2mA 4,=44+2mA Substitute J, for J, 4,24,4+2mA Therefore, the expression for the current f, is #,+2 mA - Step 3 of 8 Apply super mesh analysis for the loops 1 and 2. -244(4,-4,)(6 KO) + J, (3 kA)=O Substitute J, for J, and J, +2 mA for J, -244(1,-1,)(6 kQ)+(J, +2 mA)(3 kN) =0 -24+1,(3 kQ)+6=0 4,(3 kQ) = 24-6 4,(3 kQ)=18 Ig B-Tg 4,=6mA Therefore, the value of the current /, is 6 mA - Step 4 of 8 Apply super mesh analysis in Loops 4 and 5. (4.)(249)=0 1,20 Therefore, the value of the current /, is 0 A - Consider the relation between the currents /, and J, . dytt=2 mA Substitute Q A for J, - =2mA Therefore, the value of the current #, is 2 mA - Calculate the value of the short circuit current J... Iso =A tly Substitute 2 mA for J, and 6 mA for J Tog = 2 MA +6 mA =8mA Therefore, the value of the short circuit current Jy. is 8mA - Step 5 of 8 Deactivate the sources from the circuit. 6kQ 2 kQ 3 —R, Figure 2 Step 6 of 8 Calculate the value of the Norton's resistance. Ry = 6 KQU[3 kK] 2kQ (6 kQ)(3 kQ2)(2 kN [6 KE2)(3 KAD) +(3 k)(2 kQ)-+(6 KD)(2 KA) 36 “1846412 =1k2 Therefore, the value of the Norton's resistance is 1 kQQ Step 7 of 8 Draw the Norton's equivalent circuit. 8ma(t ) Figure 3 Step 8 of 8 Calculate the value of the output current using current division rule. 1=(8 ma ate) sm sa 21.6 mA Therefore, the value of the output current dy isStep 1 of 11 5.063 Figure (1) Step 2 of 11 To find open circuit voltage, break the network at the 2h load as shown in Fig 2 Figure (2) Step 3 of 11 Using Ohm’s Law, ¥,'= (A)(2k) ~() Applying KVL, 20 = (4) (2k +4k) +27)" + (2) 20 = (6k) +4k/, 20 =10k4, A= 2mA 7. = (2m) (2k) w=4v Step 4 of 11 Hence , ¥,,=20-¥,' ¥,, = 20-4 ¥,,=16V Step 5 of 11 To find short circuit current, short circuit the network at 2kQ load as shown in Fig. 3 + ve Figure (3) Step 6 of 11 Applying KVL, 20 = (2k) i, =10mA Using Ohm’s Law, Step 7 of 11 Again applying KVL, 2¥,"= (4K) -2 5 ke 4=10mA Step 8 of 11 Hence, Laht+h 1, =10m +10m 1, = 20mA Step 9 of 11 Now, aN Be Je _ 16 20m Ry =0.8kQ Step 10 of 11 Now Thevenin equivalent circuit consisting of Ry and V,, is connected to the 2k load as shown in Fig. 4. Figure (4) Step 11 of 11 Using KVL in Fig, 4, PStep 1 of 5 5.064P Refer to Figure P5.59 in the textbook. Open circuit the network at 4 kQ load to find open circuit voltage. + v, Figure 1 Step 2 of 5 Apply Kirchhoff’s voltage law to the circuit in Figure 4 -124+(4kQ)/, +(2 kO)/, =0 1,(4kQ42kQ)=12 _12V Eka =2mA Use Ohm's law to find the voltage ye in the circuit. Vj =1,(40) =(2 mA)(4kQ) =8V Find the open circuit voltage, V,, V,, =(2kQ), -2V;, =(2 kQ)(2 ma)-2(8 V) =4V-16V =-12V Step 3 of 5 Short the network at 4 kQ load to find short circuit current. vy" + A Figure 2 Step 4 of 5 Use Ohm's law to find the voltage V7’ in the circuit. Vi=(Iy+1)(4kO) Apply Kirchhoff’s voltage law to the right loop of the circuit in Figure 2 (2kQ)/, = 24%" Substitute the expression for V7" . (2 kQ)1, =2(4 kQ)(L, +1,.) (2 kO)s, -(8 KO), =(8 kQ)(7,,.) ~(6k)/, =(8k0)1, 1341, Apply Kirchhoffs voltage law to the left loop of the circuit in Figure 2. 12=(4kQ)(L, +4,)+(2kQ)z, Substitute the expression for J, 12=(4 kQ)(/,, -1.341,,.)+(2 kQ)(-1.34)/,, 12=(4 kQ)L,, -(5.34 kQ)1, -(2.67 kQ)/,, -(4kQ)s, =12 1,=-3 mA Find the Thevenin's equivalent resistance. Step 5 of 5 Draw the Thevenin equivalent circuit consisting of R,, and V,. connected to the 4 kQ load resistance. Figure 3 Use voltage division method to find the output voltage. r=v,( se) & "1 4kOe4 kg 4kQ =(-12 v)}| —— (-2 (#2) =-6V Thus, the output voltage, V, is, [6 V] -Step 1 of 4 5.065P Consider the circuit shown in Figure P5.60 in the text book. Let the open circuit voltage V,, present across the | kQ resistor having voltage V, in the considered circuit as shown in Figure 1. I Figure 1 The value of open circuit voltage from Figure 1is 6 V =6V Step 2 of 4 In the circuit of Figure P5.60 in the text book, short circuit the branch having resistance of 1 kQ with voltage yy as shown in Figure 2. I 4 L kQ 6V 2 1kQ

21, I, Figure 2 The value of current J, is equal to J, - Apply Kirchhoffs current law at node ‘a’ in Figure 2 and solve. 142,21, T=1,-21, l=-l, Apply Kirchhoff voltage law to the outer loop of the circuit in Figure 2 and solve for current J, Iki + kf, -6=0 Ik(-F,)+ 2k, -6 Iki, =6 Therefore, the value of current f,. is also 6 mA . Step 3 of 4 Now, calculate the value of Thevenin’s resistance R,,, by using the formula R = ¥ . I Substitute R=R,, .V=V,.. 2=1,, and solve for Ry, - Step 4 of 4 The Thevenin’s circuit is drawn as shown in Figure 3. Ry 1kQ oc 1kQ V Figure 3 Calculate the value of voltage V, in Figure 3 by using voltage division rule V, (3 a 7 : + nt, Substitute W, =V,, Ry =1kQ., R,=R,, . V =6 V from Figure 3 and solve for F, V= 1kQ (6v) 1kQ+1kQ. 1kQ =| —— |(6V (FB ) Ben =3V Therefore, the value of voltage V, in the circuit is |3 Y]Step 1 of 7 5.067P Consider the circuit shown in Figure P5.61 in the text book. Let the open circuit voltage V,, present across the 2 kQ resistance having current /, in the considered circuit as shown in Figure 1. 8kQ toe 12kQ Figure 1 Step 2 of 7 Calculate the value of voltage ¥, in Figure 1 by using voltage division rule ¥, (ae Vv. th, Substitute R, =4 kQ , Ry =8kQ, 7 =12 V from Figure 1 and solve for voltage V, . oeitgjow (22 vy) (See vy) 4Vv Step 3 of 7 Calculate the value of voltage ¥, in Figure 1 by using voltage division rule , = [ z <. } . + +R, Substitute R, =4kQ, R, =12 kQ , V = 2¥, from Figure 1 and solve for voltage yy, . "(aera)" -(loew -(GJaev =2V Now calculate the value of open circuit voltage ¥,, in Figure 1 Step 4 of 7 Now, short circuit the 2 kQ resistance branch having current J, in Figure P5.61 in the text book is shown in Figure 2 8kQ Ja vy, 12kQ Figure 2 Apply Kirchhoffs current law at node ‘a’ in Figure 2 and solve for voltage V, . a AA Are 8k 4k 4k) OK 3(¥, 12) | oF, , 6, , 2(-¥,) _4 24 24 24h 3V, -36+6V, +6, -2V, =0 13V, =36 Simplify the expression further. y, =36 B Vi=271V Step 5 of 7 Now apply Kirchhoffs current law at node ‘a’ and solve for current #,_ in Figure 2. 1,=I-1, Why 8 4k 212-277 _ 2.77 8k 4k Step 6 of 7 Simplify the expression further. f= 1.153m-0.7m = 0,453 mA Now calculate the value of Thevenin’s resistance R,,, by using Ohm's law R af I Substitute R=R,,.V=V,,. 2=1,, andsolve for Ry, - Rny - __2V ~ 0.453 mA =44 ko Step 7 of 7 Now draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit as shown in Figure 3. R TH 4.4kQ I Vi. he 2kQ Figure 3 Calculate the value of current J, in Figure 3 by using Ohm's law J -4 . Substitute 7=1,, V=V,,. R= Ry +2 KO and solve for J, - ¥. Ryy +2 KQ ___2v © 4.4kQ42kQ = 0.3125 mA Therefore, the value of current /, in the circuit is [0.3125 mA]Step 1 of 9 5.068P Consider the circuit shown in Figure P5.62 in the text book. Let the open circuit voltage V,, present across | kQ resistor having voltage V, in the considered circuit as shown in Figure 1. y 2X py ike x > 6 es Figure 1 The nodes J, and ¥, in Figure 1 forms a super node. W=W,-12......1) Calculate the value of current 7, in Figure 1 by using Ohm's law J -t : Substitute J/=/,. V=V,. R=1kQ from Figure 4 and solve for /, . =e 1kQ Step 2 of 9 Now apply Kirchhoff's current law at super node in Figure 1 and solve by using equation (1). yw wv, 21, +—++242—"2=0 ‘Ik Ik Ik o[i)-4-2 hte Ik Ik Ik Ik 5V,-V,, 212 ¥, +12 Vane tl* gy as Step 3 of 9 Apply Kirchhoff's current law at node ¥__ in Figure 1 and solve by using equation (2). Veh ik Ve t12 5 SV, -V,, =12 vi =3V vy, 0 Step 4 of 9 Now short circuit the 1 k@ resistance having voltage ¥, in Figure P5.62 in the text book as shown in Figure 2. Also the currents flowing in the loops of the circuit is shown in Figure 2. 12V 1kO Step 5 of 9 The value ofcurrent J, in Figure 2is J, —[, . Calculate the value of current J, in figure 2. =-2, =-2(1,-4) =-2/, +24, Now apply Kirchhoffs voltage law to the loop having current J, in Figure 2 and solve. Ik(f, -/,)-12 +1k(1,-7,)=0 2ki, —Ikf, —Ik/, = 12 2k/, —(Ik)(—2F, +2/,)-Ik/, =12 2Ki, + 2k/, — 2k, —Ik/, = 12 Simplify the expression further. Aki, =12+3k/, 7, -3Kytl2 a ak Step 6 of 9 Now apply Kirchhoffs voltage law to the loop having current J, in Figure 2 and solve. Ik(1,-4;) +1k/, = 0 2k, -Ik/, =0 3k/, +12 2k/, -1k] —2— |=0 ; ( 4k } 8k/, —3k/, -12=0 Step 7 of 9 Simplify the expression further. Sk, =12 _12 ~ 3k =2.4mA i The value of current J, from Figure 2 is equal to 2.4 mA - Step 8 of 9 Calculate the value of Thevenin's resistance Ryy Ke Ru = __3V 24mA =12509 Step 9 of 9 The Thevenin’s equivalent circuit for the considered circuit is shown in Figure 3. R TH 1250 Q oe, Figure 3 Calculate the value of voltage V, in Figure 3 by using voltage division rule V, (; al! y+ v Substitute V, =V,. R, =1kQ, R, = Ry, V =3 V trom Figure 3 and solve for ¥, - ¥, -(attiale v) . (si88 a5] ¥) (le v) 34V Therefore, the value of voltage V, in the circuit isStep 1 of 10 5.069P Consider Figure P5.64 from the text book. Disconnect the load resistor and open the terminals to calculate the open circuit voltage. 6kQ v 1000 /, v. 1kQ Figure 1 Step 2 of 10 Apply super node analysisatnodes-1 and 2. M3 imo 2k 6k y,{(++),3-1m=0 2k 6k) 6k “( Z}-o5m=0 6k ¥,(4)-3=0 Vv ale Therefore, the value of the voltage V, is 3 Vv. Step 3 of 10 Calculate the value of the open circuit voltage V,,. Vo. = 10001, +, Substitute Hh for I, 2k Vy, Yoo =1000{ Ze Substitute 3 Vitor iV, . ‘(3 Voc = 2 9 siv 3 Therefore, the value of the open circuit voltage is 3 Vv Step 4 of 10 Disconnect the load resistor and short the terminals to calculate the short circuit current. 6kQ y, 1000 /, y. 1kQ Figure 2 Step 5 of 10 Consider the relation between the voltages V, and V, ¥,-¥, =1000/, Substitute Ka for I, 2k ¥, ¥,-¥,=1000{ #.) Therefore, the expression for the voltage V, is 2 ¥,. 3 Step 6 of 10 Apply super node analysis at nodes-1 and 2. 1 1 v3 —+— |4+ 2+ -I m= X{ +; a3 Im=0 (4) +¥,(6)-3=0 cates 2 Substitute A for ¥, (34,]9+1(6)-3-0 $y, +¥,(6)=3 Be Therefore, the value of the voltage V, is 2 Vv. Step 7 of 10 Calculate the value of the short circuit current. Is I= “v1 x Substitute 2 V for V, . 26 Rie ” Therefore, the value of the short circuit current is a mA 26 Step 8 of 10 Calculate the value of the Thevenin's resistance. Yoo Rao sc 7 9 9 Substitute — mA for Jy. and = V for V, 26 sc 8 oO fore Ry " 3 415 o/2 lo 5 Therefore, the value of the Thevenin's resistance is 2 kQ Step 9 of 10 Draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit diagram. 27 gq KQ 27 Figure 3 Step 10 of 10 Calculate the value of the output voltage. (S|; 2k+ 7 k 9 __8k (lls k+13 z) ays (5a) =3v 7 0} Therefore, the value of the output voltage V, is 7 .Step 1 of 9 5.070P Consider the circuit shown in Figure P5.66 in the text book. Let the open circuit voltage V,, present across the 4 kQ resistor of circuit in the considered circuit as shown in Figure 1. 6kQ yy, 2000, 4K Figure 1 Step 2 of 9 The value of current J, in Figure 1 is x . The nodes Y, and V, forms a super node in Figure 1. Calculate the value of voltage V, V, -V, = 20001, (2)(K +6) 6%, _(Bm)(12k) | B)YV-Ke) _9 kk «L2k 12k 2V, +12+ 6, -36+ 3V, -3¥,, =0 8V, +3Y, -3V,, = 24 Simplify the expression further. (0) }e3 -3V,, =24 TW, =, +24 y,=Mat24 Step 3 of 9 Apply Kirchhoff's current law at node Vin Figure 1 and solve. VenVe 9 4k Step 4 of 9 Now short circuit the branch having V,, in Figure 1 as shown in Figure 2. Also the currents flowing in the loops of the circuit is shown in Figure 2. 2 kQ Q), ft oO a. Figure 2 Step 5 of 9 The value of current J, in Figure 2 is -3 mA Apply Kirchhoff's current law at node ‘a’ and calculate the value of current J, in figure 2 +h+l, Lh k =1,+3m-1, Now apply Kirchhoffs voltage law to the loop having current J, in Figure 2 and solve. 6ki, + 2k/, +6=0 6k/, +(2k)(/, +3m-/,)+6=0 OKI, + 2k/, + (2k)(3m)- 2k/, +6=0 8ki, -2k/, =-6-6 Simplify the expression further. 8k/, =-12+2k/, _ 2kfy-12 1, 1 8k Step 6 of 9 Now apply Kirchhoff's voltage law to the loop having current J, in Figure 2 and solve. —2ki, +4k/, — 2k/, =0 —(4k)(7,+3m-1,)+4k/, =0 ki, 12+ 4k/, + 4k/, = 0 Aki, +8k/, =12 Simplify the expression further. ~(48)( 742), =12 ~(0.5)(2k/,)+(0.5)(12)+8k/, =12 Tk, =12-6 1,=0.857 mA The value of current J, from Figure 2 is equal to 0.857 mA - Step 7 of 9 Calculate the value of Thevenin's resistance R,,, by using the Ohm's law R = . Substitute R=R,, .V=V,., 2=1,, and solve for Ry, - V, Ry = meds 6v 0.857 mA 27kQ Step 8 of 9 Now the Norton's equivalent circuit is drawn as shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 Step 9 of 9 R, Calculate the value of current J, in Figure 3 by using current division formula 7, -( z R } q. + "TK, Substitute J, =/,. R,=7kQ. R, = 4k. 1 =0,857 mA from Figure 3 and solve for J, Ls TkQ (; k2+7 kK (7S ossr mA) 11kQ (0.636)(0.857 mA) .545 mA oss mA) Calculate the value of voltage V, in Figure 3 by using Ohm's law V = JR Substitute V=V,, 1 =0.545 mA : R=4 kQ from Figure 5 and solve for V, . V, =(0.545 mA)(4 kQ) =218V Therefore, the value of voltage V, in the circuit isStep 1 of 10 5.071P Consider Figure P5.66 from the text book. Disconnect the load resistor and open the terminals to calculate the open circuit voltage. 4kQ vy, 4kQ V, 2kQ — 12V 1000 Figure 1 Step 2 of 10 Calculate the value of the voltage, V, . 2k V,=(6 * ( i 2k+4 3) 2k =(6)| — (02%) =2V Therefore, the value of the voltage V, is 2 V . Step 3 of 10 Calculate the value of the voltage . y=12- 4k ' -(ibss) ) =12-4¥, Substitute 2 y for V, ¥,=12-4(2) =12-8 =4V Therefore, the value of the voltage V; is 4 V Step 4 of 10 Calculate the value of the open circuit voltage. le BV, = Substitute 4 V for and 2 ¥ for Y, Von = 2-4 =-2V Therefore, the value of the open circuit voltage is -2 V . Step 5 of 10 Disconnect the load resistorand short the terminals to calculate the short circuit current. 4kQ @ Tee - im Ge G - Figure 2 Step 6 of 10 Apply Kirchhoff's Current Law at node 1. Therefore, the value of the voltage V, is 2 Vv. 4 Step 7 of 10 Calculate the value of the short circuit current vin ea V, 1 sak Too “Geti) ae “(apa ae (ia Substitute 3 V for V,. (et Vahaks 4k 245 12 16k 4k _45-12(4) 16k _ 45-48 ~ 16k " i Therefore, the value of the short circuit current is -3 mA - 1 Step 8 of 10 Calculate the value of the Thevenin's resistance. Ry = 2 Toe. Substitute -4 mA for fg, and -2 V for Wye Therefore, the value of the Thevenin's resistance is 2 kQ Step 9 of 10 Draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit diagram. 32 3 KO -2V Figure 3 Step 10 of 10 Calculate the value of the output voltage. Therefore, the value of the output voltage V, is 79 .Step 1 of 9 5.072P Consider Figure P5.67 from the text book. Disconnect the load resistor and open the terminals to calculate the open circuit voltage. Step 2 of 9 Apply Kirchhotf's Current Law at node 1 1,421,=-2m 3I,=-2m 2 = mA 3 Therefore, the value of the current J, is 2 mA . Step 3 of 9 Consider the expression for the open circuit voltage Voc =12427, (1k) Substitute 2 mA for J, he =1242(-2 ml k) =12-4 3 _ 36-4 3 2y 3 Therefore, the value of the open circuit voltage is 2 v Step 4 of 9 Disconnect the load resistor and short the terminals to calculate the short circuit current. Figure 2 Step 5 of 9 Apply Kirchhoffs Current Law at node 1. f,42f,=-2m 3, =-2m Therefore, the value of the current J, is 2 mA - Step 6 of 9 Apply Kirchhoff's Current Law at node 2. v he #27 Substitute 2 mA for J, and -12 V for V . en2(- 2) 2 3 1k -4 m+12m 3 _~4+36 3 Therefore, the value of the short circuit current is RB mA - 3 Step 7 of 9 Calculate the value of the Thevenin's resistance. by =o Rua sc Substitute 2 mA for I5, and 2 V fol Foe 32 3 Rn = 35 —m 3 =1kQ Therefore, the value of the Thevenin's resistance is 1 kQ. Step 8 of 9 Draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit diagram. 1kQ Figure 3 Step 9 of 9 Calculate the value of the output voltage. to-(3 rman) 3 Alk+lk (Fe) 3 2k 16 3 =533V Therefore, the value of the output voltage V, is | §,33 V | -Step 1 of 7 5.073P Consider the circuit shown in Figure P5.71 in the text book. Let the open circuit voltage V,, be present across the 3 kQ resistor having voltage V, in the considered circuit as shown in Figure 1. Also the currents flowing in the loops of circuit are shown in Figure 1. Figure | Step 2 of 7 The value of current 7, in Figure 1 is | mA - Calculate the value of voltage V, by using Ohm's law V = JR - Substitute ¥=V,, J=1mA . R=3kQ from Figure 1 and solve for ¥, ¥,=(1mA)(340) =3V Calculate the value of voltage V, byusing Ohm's law Y = JR - Substitute V=h. = » R=1kQ from Figure 1 and solve for F, . 2000 ' =(tig way (he ka) alu =0.75V Apply Kirchhoffs voltage law to the right side loop in Figure 1 and solve for V,. . Heah+¥, =0.75V43V Step 3 of 7 Now, short circuit the voltage ¥,, in Figure 1 is shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 Sima - Calculate the value of voltage V, by using Ohm's law Y = JR . Substitute V=V,. /=1,-J,.. R=3 kQ from Figure 2 and solve byusing /, = 1 mA ¥, = (3k) Te) 40001, = (3k)(Im-1,,) 4ki, =3-3k/,, Stop 4 of 7 Apply Kirchhoff's voltage law to the loop having current J, in Figure 2 and solve for J), Ik(1,, -4,)+3k(I, -4)=0 kd, ~Ikf, + 3k/, -3kf, =0 aul, (0) kl )- (3k){Im)=0 (4)(4k1,.)-3+ 3k, -(3)(4)=0 Simplify the expression further. 16K/,, + 3k/,, =3 +12 I9k/,, =15 15 L=— “19k 1,,=0.79 mA Step 5 of 7 Calculate the value of Thevenin's resistance R,,, by using Ohm's law R = : Substitute R=R,,.V=V,.. 2=1,, and solve for Ry, - 3.75 V_ 0.79 mA. 24.75kQ Ray = Step 6 of 7 Now the Thevenin's equivalent circuit is drawn as shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 Step 7 of 7 R, Calculate the value of current J, in Figure 3 by using current division rule /, (3 a qT. + Ry Substitute #,=/,. R,=4.75 kQ., R, =3kQ. 1 =0.79 mA fom Figure 3 and solve for 7, _(_4.75k °° "\4.75k+3k (2 po mA) 7.75k =(0.613)(0.79 ma) = 0.484 mA ors mA) Calculate the value of voltage ¥, in Figure 3 by using Ohm's law 7 = JR Substitute V=¥,. =/,, R=3kQ from Figure 3 and solve for ¥, . Vi=1,R = (0.484 mA)(3 kQ) =1.452V Therefore, the value of voltage F, in the circuit is |1.452 V] -Step 1 of 8 5.074P Consider the circuit shown in Figure P5.72 in the text book. Let the open circuit voltage V,, present across 2 kQ resistor having current J, in the considered circuit as shown in Figure 1. Also the currents flowing in the loops of the circuit are shown in Figure 1 Figure 1 Step 2 of 8 The value of voltage V, in Figure 1 is Ik(J,-J,) - Apply Kirchhoffs voltage law to the loop having current /, in Figure 1 and solve. Iki, +2¥,+¥,=4 Iki, +34, =4 Is, + (3)(Ik)(4-1,)= 4 Ik/, +3k/, -3k/, =4 Simplify the expression further. 4ki, -3ki, =4 4ki, = 44 3k/, Step 3 of 8 Apply Kirchhoff's voltage law to the loop having current J, in Figure 1 and solve by using equation (1). Ik(Z, -7,) +1k/, +1k/, =-2 TKI, — Iki, +1kF, + Iki, =-2 =Ikf, +3kI, = -2 (10) 4) 34, =-2 Simplify the expression further. ~(1)(4+3k/, )+(4)(3k/, )= -(2)(4) ~4=3ki, +12k/, =-8 OKI, = B44 1,=-0.45 mA Step 4 of 8 Calculate the value of current J, from equation (1). i= 4+(3k)(-0.45 mA) _ 4k Calculate the value of voltage V, from Figure 1 ¥,=(1)-h)Ik = (Ik)(0.66 mA +0.45 mA) =(Ik)(1.11 mA) SLllVv Now calculate the value of ¥,, by using Kirchhoff voltage law. V,. = 2V, + 1k, =(2)(1-11)+(1k)(-0.45m) = 2.22-0.45 sl77V Step 5 of 8 Now, short circuit the ¥,. in Figure 1 and calculate the value of #,. as shown in Figure 2. L se © ko avC) C)av Figure 2 Step 6 of 8 Calculate the value of current 7, in Figure 2 by using Kirchhoffss voltage law in loop having current J. WV, =(1,.-1,)Ik 2(I.11)=1k/,, -(Ik)(-0.45m) 2.22 = Iki, +0.45 Ik/,, = 2.22-0.45 Simplify the expression further. Step 7 of 8 Now draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit as shown in Figure 3. R TH Vie 2kQ Figure 3 Step 8 of 8 Calculate the value of ,,, in Figure 3 by using Ohms law ret : Substitute R= Ry VV, P= 1, andsolve for Ry - ¥, = Ron ZL. _ ITV 177 mA =1kQ Now, calculate the value of J, in Figure 3 by using Ohm's law 7 -t : Substitute /=1,, V=V,.. R= Ry +2 kQ from Figure 3 and solve for /, . L=—=_ oO Ry +2KD __1I7V ~1kKQ4+2kQ _LITV ~ 3kQ =0.6 mA Therefore, the value of current /) in the circuit isStep 1 of 4 5.075P Consider the circuit shown in Figure P§.73 in the text book. Let the open circuit voltage V,, be present across the | kQ resistor having voltage V, in the considered circuit is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 Calculate the value of voltage V,, in Figure 1 by using Kirchhoff's voltage law. ¥,, +12-(2m)(Ik) =0 ¥,.=-124+2 ¥=-10V Step 2 of 4 Now short circuit the open circuit voltage V, fa) Figure 1 to calculate the value of i, and is shown in Figure 2 Step 3 of 4 Calculate the value of current J, in Figure 2 by using Ohm's law [ of * R Substitute 4=/,. ¥=-12 V. R=1kQ from Figure 2 and solve for current 7, . _oRV TQ =-12mA Apply Kirchhoffs current law at node ‘a’ in Figure 2 and solve for current {,. 1, =1,+2mA =-12 mA+2 mA =-10 mA Calculate the value of Thevenin's resistance R,,, by using Ohm's law R = . Substitute R= Rp, .V=V,.. f=1,, andsolve for Ry, . Step 4 of 4 The Thevenin’s circuit is drawn as shown in Figure 3. -10V - Figure 3 Calculate the value of voltage V, in Figure 3 by using voltage division rule F, (ee) . + thy Substitute V,=V,. R, =1kQ. R, = Ry, . V =V,, from Figure 3 and solve for ¥, 1kQ -10V o=(- (atta 2a] “Cow (B) “on =-5V Therefore, the value of voltage V, in the circuitis |-5 VJStep 1 of 5 5.077P Consider the circuit shown in Figure P5.75 in the text book. Let the open circuit voltage V,, be present across | kQ) resistor having voltage V7, in the considered circuit is shown in Figure 1. Also the node voltages and currents flowing in the branches are shown in Figure 1 The value of current J, is | mA and current J, is —4 mA from figure 1. The value of voltage V, across 1 kQ resistor in figure 1is QV . Calculate the value of current /, in Figure 1. 2¥, = T000 -(ioa}™ =0A Step 2 of 5 Apply Kirchhoff current law at node ‘a’ in figure 1 and solve for current 7 . I+h=h 1+1mA=0 mA =-1 mA Apply Kirchhoffs voltage law to the top loop in figure 4 and solve for voltage V,. - 2kI, +1kI,—V, + ¥,, — Iki, -1kf =O -V,+V,, =Ukh, +1kI—3ké, ¥,, =(1k)(-4m)+(1k)(-1m) -(3k)(Im) =-8V Step 3 of 5 Now short circuit the ¥,, in Figure 1 and solve for current /,, as shown in Figure 2. 1kQ a 1kQ The value of voltage V, is —IkF, and current J, is —4 mA - Also the value of current J, is equal to J, athe 000 -(Z)m) =-U, Step 4 of 5 The value of current J, by using Kirchhoff current law at node ‘a’ in figure 2is 1 mA +J, Apply Kirchhoff's voltage law to the top loop in figure 2 and solve for current J... Sky, + Ik, +1k(7,, —Ly)+1k(4, -4,) =0 3k (1 mA +2.) +1kE, +1kE, 1k(-4 mA)+1k(I mA+/,.)-Ik(-24,,)=0 343K/, +1K/, 41k, +4414 41k, +2kI, =0 BkI, +8=0 Simplify the expression further. -8 1, 38 8k =-l mA Step 5 of 5 Calculate the value of Thevenin's resistance R,, by using Ohm's law R = a Substitute R= Ry, .V=V,.. 2=1,, and solve for Ry, - ¥, == Ru = 7 ie 3Vv -lmA =8kQ Now draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit as shown in Figure 3. Ri 8 kQ -8V ~ Figure 3 Calculate the value of voltage V, in Figure 3 by using voltage division rule V, -( z 4 } : + , +R, Substitute V,=V,. R, =1kQ. R, =8kQ, vy =-8 V from Figure 3 and solve for V, . ¥, -(pata) v) 8kQ41kQ, i han =(0.11)(-8 V) =-0.88V Therefore, the value of voltage V, in the circuit is 88 VIStep 1 of 12 5.078P Consider Figure PS.76 from the text book. Disconnect the ioad resistor and open the terminals to calculate the open circuit voltage. I, 32 Figure 1 Step 2 of 12 Calculate the value ofthe current J, . h=4l-l, =3l, Therefore, the expression for the current J, is 3/, Step 3 of 12 Consider the expression for the voltage V, =, (12) Therefore, the expression for the voltage ¥, ts £, (12) Step 4 of 12 Apply Kirchho*t's Voltage Law in Loop-1. 1,(12+3)+2¥, -4,(6)=0 Substitute f, (12) for ¥, and 3/, for J, 1,(12+3)+2f, (12)-3/, (6)=0 1, (12+3424-18)=0 1,=0A Therefore, the value of the current /, is 0A - Step 5 of 12 Calculate the value of the open circuit vottage Vig. Hoe =12+1, (6) Sustiute QA for f, - Vo. = 12+(0)(6) =12V Therefore, the value of the open circuit vottage Vis 12 V Step 6 of 12 Disconnect the load resistor and short the terminals to calculate the short circuit current. I 32 + 12 vy, ® SA 1 62 Figure 2 Stop 7 of 12 Apply Kirchhoft's Voltage Law in Loop-t 4,(1243)+2¥, +(4,-)(6)=0 £,(1243)42¥, +(4,-4)(6)=0 1{15+6)-1,(6)+2¥, =0 1,(21)- #, (6)+2¥, =0 Substitute f,(12) for V, 4,(21)- 6, (6) +24, (12)=0 4 (21)~4(6)+1,(24)=0 f,(21+24)-7,(6)=0 1(85)-4,(6)=0 4,(45)=1,(6) Here, J, 18 L, 2 1,-4(2) ttn scat tctsne (2) Stop 8 of 12 Apply Kirchhotf’s Voltage Law in Loop-3. (4.-4)(6)-12=0 (4-4 )(6)=12 2 hohe 2 6 h-h=2 Substitute (2) for Therefore, the value of the current J, is * A Step 9 of 12 Calculate the value of the short circuit current. fgg hy Ay, Substitute f, for f, - fg =y-4h , 2 Substitute 4(2) for /, Substitule 2 A torl, Ga Therefore, the value of the short circuit current is 4 A Step 10 of 12 Calculate the value of the Thevenin’s resistance. a, =f Fe Substitute 8 A for fe and 12 V for Ko - 12 Ry =o "Ta 13 nf) 156 14 =Bo 7 Therefore, the vaiue of the Thevenin’s resistance is z a Stop 11 of 12 Draw the Thevenin's equivaient circuit diagram. Bo 7 12 V' 70 Figure 3 Step 12 0f 12 Calculate the vaiue ofthe current f,, 12 Therefore, the value of the current fy isStep 1 of 8 5.079P Refer to Figure P5.77 in the text book. The Thevenin voltage can be calculated from the circuit is shown in Figure 1. 22 4Q Step 2 of 8 Write the mesh equation for the loop 2_ “2, +1,(241)-V, =0 3V, = 31, V,=1, Hence, the expression loop 2is V, = From the Figure 1, write the expressions for V,,/, and /, - V, =81, and, =1,-2A ...... 2) Write the current equation at the center node. 3 +224 41, 122, +2 Hence, the current expression at center node is /, = 2/, +2 ...... (3) Substitute equation (2) in equation (1). Vj=h Substitute equation (3) for J, . 81, =1,-2 8(2/, +2)=1,-2 161, -1, =-2-16 1,=-12A Step 3 of 8 Write the mesh equation for the bottom half part. ~V,, +(5)(2)+V,4+9=0 =8(21,+2)+19 Substitute -1.2A for/, . ¥,, =8(21, +2)+19 =8(2(-1.2)+2)419 =15.8V Step 4 of 8 The circuit for calculating short-circuited current is shown in Figure 2. 2Q 4Q Figure 2 Step 5 of 8 Write the mesh equation for the loop 1. 1s, +21, +2¥, +8(/,-1,)=0 1Mf, -8f, +2V, =0 But the expression for the voltage V, = 8(/, - 44) 11s, -8/, #2, =0 11, -8/, +16(/,-)=0 271, - 241, =0 Step 6 of 8 But the currents are as follows: Wath heh-t, and 1,-1,=31, =t,-3l, 271,241, =0 27(1,-1,)-24(1,-31,) <0 27h, -271, -241, +721, = 0 451, =-271, + 241, But the value of current J, = 2A 451, =-271, +241, =-27(2A)+241, 54424), 45 =-1.240.533/, Step 7 of 8 Apply Kirchhoff voltage law (KVL) around the bottom loop. ~9-V, +(5Q)(1,-1)=0 ~9-(8Q)(,- 1) +(52)(, 2) =0 -9—(8Q)(1, - 1, - 1, 431,) +(5Q)(1, -2) =0 —9-(82)(2 +21, -1,)+(SQ)(Z,-2) =0 Further simplification -9-(8Q)(24+2/,-1,)+(5Q)(4,-2)=0 —9—(82)(2+2(-1.2+ 0.5337, )-7,)+(5Q)(4,-2) =0 -9- (82) (-0.4 +0.066/,)+(52)(7,-2)=0 44721, =9-3.2+10 1,23.533A Write the expression for the short-circuited current. dy 533A Write the expression for the Thevenin resistance. y, Ry eo Th Tey _ 15.8V © 3.5334 =44722 Then the simplified circuit is shown in Figure 3. 44722 issv(@) y Figure 3 Step 8 of 8 Apply voltage division rule, calculate the voltage V, . v,-[ 37S) Ry +22. Calculate the voltage Y, by substituting 15.8 V for V,, and 3.32 for Ry, v,-|72 |v.) Ry, +22 _ 22 (sata )59 =4,883V Therefore, the voltage V, is|4.883 V].Step 1 of 9 5.080P Refer to Figure P5.69 in the textbook. Open circuit the right side unknown value resistor and calculate the open circuit voltage across the open terminals, Draw the modified circuit. Figure 41 Step 2 of 9 There is a voltage source between nodes V, and V, . Write the voltage expression Apply Kirchhoff's current law at super node. Ka2h Kah am Ik kok Le Ik Ik Ik 2m 2, 4V,-W, 22... Q@ Apply Kirchhoffs current law at node V, . Eh Lam Tk Tk wh ae "og 1k tk” W=,-4....8) Step 3 of 9 Substitute 2V, -4 for V, in ¥, = V, +12 equation (3). 2h, -4=¥, +12 V,=2V,-16 ...... (4) Substitute 2V, -16 for W, and 2¥, —4 for ¥, in 2V, +, —3¥, =2 equation (4). 2(2V, -16)+2V, -4-3V, =2 (44+2-3)¥, =24+4432 3V, =38 V, =12.67V The voltage, ¥, is nothing but the open circuit voltage. Therefore, the open circuit voltage. V,. is Step 4 of 9 Short circuit the resistor right side unknown value resistor and calculate the short circuit current through shorted path. Draw the modified circuit. 4mA Figure 2 Step 5 of 9 There is a voltage source between nodes V, and V, . Write the voltage expression. ¥,-V,=12 ¥,=K 412 «....6) Apply Kirchhoff's current law at super node. Ww, KW wv pop tam Ik lk 1k Mi sam Ik 1 Ik Step 6 of 9 Apply Kirchhoffs current law at node V, . VV Ve Me cam 1k 1k Ik i am k 1k Substitute 3V, —4 for V, in ¥, =, +12 equation (7). BV, -4=V, +12 ¥,=3V,-16...... 8) Substitute 3V, —16 for V, and 3V, —4 for ¥, in 2h, + ¥, -3V, =2 equation (8). 2(3V, -16) +3V, -4-3Y, =2 (6+3-3)¥, = 244432 OY, = 38 V,=633V Step 7 of 9 Calculate the short circuit current. A 1k = 633 "1k =633 mA Calculate the Thevenin’s equivalent resistance. Vo Rn _ 12.67 633m =2kQ Therefore, the value of the Thevenin's equivalent resistance, R,, is Step 8 of 9 The value of the resistor is not given and all the values of remaining resistors are 1 «Q) . So, consider the value of the resistor as | kf - Draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit along with the load. 2kQ 12.67V Figure 3 Step 9 of 9 Apply voltage division rule to calculate the output voltage. r-(Seere 267 -(F e260) = (0.33)(12.67) =4.22V Therefore, the value of the output voltage, V, is 22 Vi -Step 1 of 7 5.081P Refer to Figure P5.78 in the text book. The Thevenin voltage can be calculated with the circuit shown in Figure 1. yo TKO 2 Figure | Step 2 of 7 Apply Kirchhoff current law at the node 2. ¥, ¥.-¥, ely te 9 Ik Ik 2, =V, +4, Hence, the expression at the node 2is 24, =, +¥, ...... (1) The voltages ¥, = 6VandV, =2V ...... (2) Substitute equation (2) in equation (1), 2v,. =V +¥, =642 V.=4V Step 3 of 7 The short-circuited current can be calculated with the circuit shown in Figure 2. vy 1KQ 4 Figure 2 Step 4 of 7 Write the expression for the current /,, . 4h 1 “1k “1k Calculate the current /,,, by substituting 6 V for ¥, and2 V for 4, yy, ety 1k Ik 6V 2V =— 4s Ik Ik =624+22 =82 Write the expression for the current /,, . Step 5 of 7 Write the expression for the Thevenin resistance. You aan Calculate the Thevenin resistance by substituting 4V for V,, and 8mA ford, - Vou ime -4V_ ~ 8mA =05kQ Step 6 of 7 The Thevenin equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 3. av (+) 2kQ Figure 3 Step 7 of 7 Apply Ohm's law and calculate the current /,,. 4v L=—— °° 0.5k+2k =1.6mA Therefore, the current J, is|1.6mAStep 1 of 10 5.082P Refer to Figure P5.79 in the text book. The Thevenin voltage can be calculated from the circuit is shown in Figure 1 Figure | Step 2 of 10 Write the expression forthe current J, 1-2, Then write the expression for the current J, h=-2l, = 2h -h) 2-21, + 2h (1) Write the mesh equation for the loop 2 ~441(1,-4) +1, - 4) =0 hed hy a4 on Write the expression forthe current J, i, =-2mA Write the mesh equation for the loop 3. W(t, -4) +14, 4) #14 1) +620 -l- hy +3l,-1,=-6 Substitute -2mA for /, in the equation. -h-h+3l-h = -h-h+3i,-(2)=-6 -h-f+3h=-8 Step 3 of 10 Substitute equation (1) in equation (2). -h+dh-h=4 ~(-2l, +2h,)+20,-=4 Aly Bly = 4 one (A) Subslitute equation (1) in ecuation (3) ~(-2h, + 2h)- 0, 43h =-8 h+h=-8.. 6) Multiply equation (5) with 4 and subtract from equation (4). Step 4 of 10 Calculate the expression for the current f feh-h =~S.14—(-2) =-3.14mA. Write the equation for the Thevenin voltage. 6-1k(1) +1, +V,, = 0 Substitute -3.14 mA for / and ~2 mA for , in the equation. ~6-1K(I)+1k( 1) 4K = 0 ~6-1k(-3.14mA)+1k(-2mA)+¥,, 0 ¥,, = 6+1k(-3.14mA)-1k(-2mA) =4.86V Step 5 of 10 The circuit for calculating short-cireulted current is shown in Figure 2 Step 6 of 10 Write the expression for the current J, 12-2, But, Leah-h Then write the expression for the current 7, 42h, - 2,206) Write the mesh equation for the loop 2. 441(L, =f) 410-4) =0 -h+2h-h=4-.@ Write the expression forthe current f, 1-1,=2mA 8) Write the mesh equation for the loop 3. 14, -h)+1(4-4)41(4,- 1) 4620 aha byt Bly hye 6 9) Write the expression for super mesh. “6411-44, 20 -h+2l, =6 4=2,-6 6) Step 7 of 10 Add equation (6} to equation (9}. -h-t+3h-1,=-6 1,428, -2 htk- Ty hfe) Add equation (6} to equation (7). 1,+2l,-24, =0 +21, -1,=4 eevee 12) _4t3h 4 A Substitute equation (712) in equation (11). [y+h-h=6 AB, A826 4 443 +40, -4f,=-24 Th -4l, =-28 ...... (13) Step 8 of 10 Substitute equation (10) in equation (13). Th, -4l, =-28 (24, -6)-44, = -28 14l, 42-41, =-28 1, =1.4mA Subslitute 14mA for f, in equation (8). I,-1,=2mA 1,-1.4mA = 2mA 1,=34mA. Write the expression for short-circuited current Write the expression for the Thevenin resistance. role fy, 486V = 143kQ Step 9 of 10 Then the simplified clreult is shown in Figure 3. 1.43 kQ asov() 1kQ = ¥, Figure 3 Step 10 of 10 Apply voltage division rule, calculate the voltage F,, Calculate the voltage V, by substituting 4.86 V for V,, and 1.43k22 for 2, 1k =| ___|ia.s6v (etna) ) =2V Therefore, the voltage V, iStop 1 of 4 5.083P Refer to Figure P5.80 in the text book. Since the circuit having dependable source, break the circuit left of the 2kQ. resistor and apply current source at the terminals and compute the terminal voltage V, as shown in Figure 1. 1kQ Figure | Step 2 of 4 Apply Kirchhoff current law (KCL) at top node. V, V, <4 fo 1000" «Ik ah he ~ 1000 1k =0 Write the expression for the resistance. Since the current / is 0, the resistance is oo _ Then the simplified circuit is shown in Figure 3. 2kQ Figure 3 Step 3 of 4 Write the expression for the Thevenin resistance. Ry =(R+2k) INK Since the resistance R is oo , the parallel combination with the |k resistor is almost equal to the lower resistance among them. Ry = 1kO Therefore, the Thevenin resistance fs [1kQ]. Step 4 of 4 Since the circuit contains only dependent source, the Thevenin or Norton equivalent is only the Thevenin resistance as shown in Figure 4. 1kQ A Figure 4 Therefore, the Thevenin’s equivalent of the network is shown in Figure 4.Stop 1 of 4 5.084P Refer to Figure P5.81 in the text book. Since the circuit having dependable source, apply current source at the terminals A-B and compute the terminal voltage , as shown in Figure 1. 1kKQy, 1kQ OF Figure 1 Step 2 of 4 The dependable source forms a super node. Write the expression at super node. V,-¥, =1000/, Hence, the expression at super node is V, - V, = 1000/, - id foo (2 and 1, 254) Substitute equation (2) in equation (1), ¥,-¥, =1000/, =1000( “ ‘ = 00{ ¥) OSV, =F, =m, y- Hence, the expression at node 2 is V, = 2¥, ...... (3) Step 3 of 4 Apply Kirchhoff current law at the super node. A ALM ye Tk+lk 2k 2k /*° +h, +¥, =1(2k) 2v, +¥, =1(2k) Substitute equation (3) in the expression. 2V, +¥, =1(2k) 2(2V,)+¥, =1(2k) ¥, 2k I 5 = 4002 Write the expression for the Thevenin resistance. hf nat = 4002 Therefore, the Thevenin resistance is [4009]. Step 4 of 4 Since the circuit contains only dependent source, the Thevenin or Norton equivalent is only the Thevenin resistance as shown in Figure 2. 400 ©} A Figure 2Step 1 of 8 5.085P Figure (1) Step 2 of 8 For circuit containing only dependent sources, so for the above circuit only Thevenin resistance is there thevenin voltage will be zero To find Ry, use a 1 V source as shown in Fig. 2. Let the currents be as shown in Fig. 2. Step 3 of 8 Figure (2) Step 4 of 8 By analyzing Fig, 2 we get, Y,=1V wn 1) ¥, 2%, wn) 1-% ig=— oe @ Step 5 of 8 By using KCL at node 1 in Fig. 2, w-% Hs 2k Ik %-¥, =0 By) v=, wl) Step 6 of 8 -3V, -K) + 20-7) -644,) =0 -30V,,-1,) + 201- 5) - 247, =0 617, 42-6, - DAV, =0 367, =2 i Keay (5) Step 7 of 8 LWys3 z) v By (5)) 1 L=—8 BG) Step 8 of 8 Therefore,Step 1 of 8 5.086P Figure (1) Step 2 of 8 For circuit containing only dependent sources the Thevenin equivalent is only Ry, and thevenin voltage is zero. To find Ryg.use a | mA source as shown in Fig. 2. Let the currents be as shown in Fig. 2. Figure (2) Step 3 of 8 By analyzing Fig. 2 we get, Wav, () Step 4 of 8 By KCL at node B in Fig, 2, tm+ Zit" _9 % Ik 240 -V,- 2, =0 Vi -3¥, +2=0 (@By(1)) Y= 3-2 (2) Step 5 of 8 By KCL at node A in Fig 2, Y-V,-4-2,=0 Wy=%-4 Wy = W,-2-4 (By (2)) Vy=¥,-2 QB) Step 6 of 8 By KCL at node 1 in Fig. 2, 2Y, -24,-¥)-(A-¥) =0 QV, - 3, + Wy Vy = 0 2, -3GV, -2)+2V,+¥,-2=0 @y (1),@) and @) -4V,,+6-2=0 ¥=1V A) Step 7 of 8 LWslV¥ By (1) ¥,=1-2¥ By 3) ¥,=-1V Step 8 of 8 Therefore,Step 1 of 5 5.087P Given cirouit diagram 2002, Higuze (1) Step 2 of 5 For circuit containing only dependent sources, the Thevenin equivalent is only Ry, and Thevenin voltage is zero. To find Ry, use a 1 Vtest source as shown in Fig 2. Let the mesh currents be as shown inFig. 2. 2000 1, 6kQ Figure (2) Step 3 of 5 By analyzing Fig, 2 we get Vay =1V L=-h -@ L=h-h veces B) Vz = 20004, vee @) By Ohm's Law in Fig. 2: Fa =(h-hYGW) =>h, shal we Step 4 of 5 Apply Kirchhoff s voltage law in the loop dBd in Fig. 2: (i, - 4 )(2k) + 4(6k) = 0 = 8/,-2/,=0 1 >h=5h =>h= i{4 + zn] [From Equation (5)] 1 1 Shaghtyem see ©) Step 5 of 5 Apply Kirchhoff s voltage law in the loop deABd in Fig, 2: —£, (2000) +2, (4k) + (2, — 45 )4k) + -— 4)(2k) = 0 ” -20,- 4) +42, +4 - 4) +2(-4)=0 (4-4) +28, +20, -4)+h-h=0 -21,461,-2%, =0 1,,1 1 . - ($4 te n)+a( i +1) -h=0 [By equations (5) and (6)] h=-h [By equations (2) and (7)]Step 1 of 9 5.088P c c Figure (1) Step 2 of 9 The 12¥ source and4k2 in Fig.1 ts transformed to awa and 4k0 asin Fig 2 Replace the parallelresistances (4k +2k) and 12k in Fig 1 between node a andc as shown in Fig 2, _ Ake + 26) (12k) (k++ 12k) Ruy = 4k Step 3 of 9 1) 12kQ 4kQ c c Figure (2) Step 4 of 9 Replace the parallelresistances 4k and 12k in Fig 2 between node & ande as shown in Fig 3, _ (2k)(4k) 1 (12e-+4k) => Ry =3kQ Step 5 of 9 at, hm ~ 4 3 mA c ¢ Figure (3) Step 6 of 9 The 3mA source and 3kQ in Fig.3 is transformed to (3m}(3k) =9V and 3kQ as in Fig, 4. The 2mA source and4kQ in Fig.3 is transformed to (2m)(4k) = 8V and 4kQ as in Fig. 4. Step 7 of 9 Figure (4) Step 8 of 9 Applying KVL in the loop in Fig. 4 Jg(4k) + Fg(3K) +1y 3K) +9-8 = 0 Jy(10) =-1 Iy=-O.1mA Step 9 of 9 By Ohm’s Law,Step 1 of 6 5.089P 6kQ 6k Qw San on saa) Figure (1) Step 2 of 6 The &¥ source and Gk0] in Fig. 1 is transformed to = =ImA and 6k& as in Fig. 2 Figure (2) Step 3 of 6 Replace the parallel resistances in Fig 2 between node a andd as shown in Fig 3, (6k x6k) Ry = (6-46) Ry = 3kQ Figure (3) Step 4 of 6 The ImA source and 3kQ in Fig.3 is transformed to (1m)(3k) = 3V and 3kQ as in Fig. 4. a b d € Figure (4) Step 5 of 6 Replace the series resistances in Fig. 4 as shown in Fig 5, Re = Gig +6) => Ry = 9kKQ Ay Figure (5) Step 6 of 6 The 3V source and 9kQ in Fig.5 is transformed to —" and 9kQ as in Fig. 6. mw Figure (6) By Current Division Rule , ton (5-0 (55) 2/9 ig=-=|—|ma ° 2(2) 2 Jg=-=msA Z, mAStep 1 of 4 5.O090P Refer to Figure P5.85 in the text book. Since the 2 mA current source is in parallel with 6kQ resistor, the source transformation is equal to 12 V voltage source in series with 6kQ resistor. The 24 V voltage source is in series with 12 kQ resistor, the source transformation is equal to 2 mA current source in parallel with 12kQ resistor. Then the modified circuit is shown in Figure 1. 6kQ 6V 2v(*) (}) 2ma Figure 1 Step 2 of 4 Since the two 12 V and 6 V voltage sources are in series, the resultant voltage is 18 V and 6kQ resistor is in series with it, the source transformation is equal to 3 mA current source in parallel with 6 kQ resistor. Then the equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 2. 3ma(f) (1) 2ma Figure 2 Step 3 of 4 The resultant current source is 1 mA upward. The resistors 6k and12k are in parallel. Calculate the equivalent resistance. pa (SkMI2K) © 6k+12k =4kQ Then the simplified circuit is shown in Figure 3. + 1ma(f) V, Figure 3 Step 4 of 4 Apply current division rule, write the expression for the current /,. 4 Frallma) =0.5mA Write the expression for the voltage V,. Vy = 1, (4k) Calculate the voltage V, by substituting 0.5mA for /y Vo = 1g (4kQ) = (0.5mA)(4kQ) =2V Therefore, the voltage V,, is}2 VJ.Stop 1 of 4 5.091P Refer to Figure P5.88 in the text book. The resistors 2kQ.and4kQ are in series. Their equivalent resistance is 6kQ . Since the 2mA current source is in parallel with 6 kQ resistor, the source transformation is equal to 12 V voltage source in series with 6 kQ resistor. Then the modified circuit is shown in Figure 1 6KQ.OO 6kQ C+) 12VvG) (+) 3V Figure 1 Step 2 of 4 Since the two 12'V and 6V voltage sources are in series, the resultant voltage is 6 V . Then the equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 2. 6kQ 1 6kQ 6v G) 2kQ (+) 3v Figure 2 Step 3 of 4 Apply Kirchhoff current law (KCL) at the node 1. K+6 % K-3 K+6 HU -3 0 6 2 6 Vi +645, +h -3 4 6 sH=-3 w=-2V Step 4 of 4 Write the expression for the current J, ¥ ~2ka Io Calculate the current 7, by substituting -v for ¥, =0.3mA Therefore, the current J, is |-0.3mA| .Step 1 of 4 5.092P Refer to Figure P5.86 in the text book. The 9kand3k resistors are in series and resultant is in parallel with 4k resistor. Calculate the equivalent resistance. R=4iI(9+3) = 44/12 _(4)(12) 4412 =3kQ Since the 4 mA current source is in parallel with 3kQ resistor, the source transformation is equal to 12 V voltage source in series with 3kQ resistor. is a Then the modified circuit is shown in Figure 1. 6kQ 3kQ 12V 6v(+) 3kQ Figure 1 Step 2 of 4 The 3kand3k resistors are in series, the resultant is 6k resistor that is in series with 12 V voltage source. The source transformation is equal to 2 mA current source in parallel with 6k resistor. The simplified circuit is shown in Figure 2. 6kQ 6v(+) 6kQ (t) Figure 2 Step 3 of 4 The 12kand6k resistors are in parallel, the resultant is 4k resistor that is in parallel with 2 mA current source. The source transformation is equal to 8 V voltage source in series with 4k resistor. The simplified circuit is shown in Figure 3. 6kQ 4kO _—_ 1 6v(*) sv @) Figure 3 Step 4 of 4 Apply Kirchhoff voltage law (KVL) around the loop. 6+6k(1,)+4k(/,)+8=0 10k/, =-2 -2 i,=— ° 10k =-0.2mA Therefore, the current J, is|—0.2mA|Step 1 of 3 5.093P Refer to Figure P5.87 in the text book. Since the 6 V voltage source is in series with 6kQ resistor, the source transformation is equal to 1A current source in parallel with 6kQ resistor. The 12 V voltage source is in series with 3kQ resistor, convert into source transformation, 4 current source is in parallel with 3kQ resistor. Then the modified circuit is shown in Figure 1. 2kQ Figure | Step 2 of 3 The 6kQ and 3kQ resistors are in parallel. Calculate their equivalent resistance. aL) 6+3 =2kQ The simplified circuit is shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 Step 3 of 3 The 3A current source in parallel with 2 kQ resistor, convert into source transformation, 6 Y voltage source in series with 2 kQ resistor. The simplified circuit is shown in Figure 3. 2kQ 2kQ Figure 3 Apply voltage division rule, write the expression for the voltage V, . 4 —(-6V 24244 (-6¥) =-3V Therefore, the voltage V, isStep 1 of 8 5.O094P Refer to Figure P5.82 in the text book. The circuit has no independent sources and it has only dependent sources only. Therefore, there is no Thevenin voltage in the circuit and there is only Thevenin resistance Ryy. Step 2 of 8 To determine Thevenin resistance R,, . consider a test voltage source of | V across terminals A and B. Draw the modified circuit diagram. Figure 1. Stop 3 of 8 Apply Kirchhoffs Voltage Law for loop 4 6(1-1,)+7(1-41,)-1=0 61-61, +7/-28/,-1=0 137-341, <1... (1) Apply Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law for loop 2. 121,431, +2V,-6(1-1,)=0 21, +2V,-61 =0 ...... 2) Step 4 of 8 Apply Kirchhoffs Voltage Law for loop 3. 51,+9()-41,)-2¥, = 51, +91, -361,-, =0 141, -361,- 2, =0 ...... 8) Apply Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law for loop 4. -9(1,-41,)-7(1-41,)=0 91, +361,—71 +281, =0 -91,+641,-71 20... 4) Step 5 of 8 From equation (2), 2V, =61-2u, Substitute 6f-21/, for 2¥, in equation (3). 14f, -36f,-(61-211,)=0 8/,-151, =0 15 qagh Step 6 of 8 Substitute eh, for J, in equation (4), —91,+641,-77=0 (2 é)t +641,-77=0 47.1251, -11 = 0 ...... ©) Step 7 of 8 From equation (5), 47.1251, = 71 _ 4 4° 47.125 Substitute UW a i for 7, in equation (1). 35 4 neg (1). 1-34, ——_ 8 »(ts) 7.951 =1 1=0.126A Stop 8 of 8 Determine the Thevenin resistance. Ve Fay Substitute | V for V,, and 0,126 A for J in the equation. Fn= O36 =7.942 Thus, the value of Thevenin resistance, Rp, iStep 1 of 13 5.Q95P The following is the circuit diagram: Figure | Step 2 of 13 Replace the series resistances (4 KOQ+8 kO) and (3 KQ+3 kQ) in Figure 1 and the 12 Vsource and 4 kQ resistance in Figure 1 is transformed to 3 mA and 4 KO as shown in Figure 2. Step 3 of 13 Replace the parallel resistances 4 kO and 12 KO in Figure 2 between node a andd as shown in Figure 3. _ (12k) (4 0) © (1240+4 KO) a AMM; b © € 3kQ =3kQ d Figure 3 Step 4 of 13 The 3 mA source and 3 kQ resistance in Figure 3 is transformed to 9 Vand 3 kQ as shown in Figure 4. b c AWM > 3kn 3kQ ov OV 2ma 3k. 6 zo d Figure 4 Step 5 of 13 The 9 Vsource and3 kQ+3 kQ.=6 kQ in Figure 4 is transformed to 1.5 mA and 6 kf as shown in Figure 5. Step 6 of 13 Figure 5 Step 7 of 13 Clearly in Figure 5, the two parallel current sources 1.5 mA and —2 mA are linearly combined as shown in Figure 6. / —O-F Figure 6 Step 8 of 13 The 0.5 mA source and6 kO resistance in Figure 6 is transformed to -3Vsource and 6 KO resistance as shown in Figure 7. a Figure 7 Step 9 of 13 Clearly, in Figure 7, the two serics voltage sources -3 V and 9 V are linearly combined (-3V-9V =-12V) as shown in Figure 8. a b e Figure 8 Step 10 of 13 12 Vsource and6 kQ resistance in Figure 8 is transformed to —2 mA source and 6kQ resistance as shown in Figure 9. Figure 9 Step 14 of 13 Replace the parallel resistances 6 kO. and 6 kQ in Figure 9 between node b andd as shown in Figure 10. _(620)(619) 545 ‘@” (6kN+6KQ) Step 12 of 13 b c (1) 3kQ ko -2mA T, d Figure 10 Step 13 of 13 Use Current Division Rule in Figure 10. 3k n=O may; 143 a) =-lmA Thus the value of current I. is [-l mAl_Step 1 of 12 5.096P Figure (1) Step 2 of 12 The 2rA source and 3k in Fig.1 is transformed to (2m)Gk) = 6V and 3k? as in Fig. 2. a Step 3 of 12 The two series voltage sources 6V and —6V in Fig, 2 are linearly combined as 6V -(-6V) =12V_ as shown in Fig 3 Step 4 of 12 The 12V source and 3kQ in Fig.3 is transformed to ata and 3kQ as in Fig 4. Figure (4) Step 5 of 12 Replace the parallel resistances 3k and 6m Fig 4 between node b andé as shown in Fig 5, _ GOGH) Bae @k+6k) => R, = 2keQ Figure (5) Step 6 of 12 The 4mA source and 2kQ in Fig.5 is twansformed to G@m)(2k) = 8V and 2k82 as in Fig. 6, b c ad Figure (6) Step 7 of 12 The 8V source and 2kQ4+2k2=4kQ in Fig 6 is transformed to Be aamA and 6422 as in Fig. 7. Step 8 of 12 The two parallel current sources 2mA and - ImA inFig. 7 are linearly combined as shown in Fig. 8. Figure (8) Step 9 of 12 The mA source and4kQ in Fig.8 is transformed to (Im)(4k) =4V and 4k as in Fig. 9. e ad NY Figure (9) Step 10 of 12 The 4V source and 4k62+4kQ = 8k02 in Fig.9 is transformed to za SmAand 8kQ as in Fig. 10. Figure (10) Step 11 of 12 The two parallel current sources 0.5mA and - 2mA in Fig. 10 are linearly combined as shown inFig. 11 a 8kO -1S5mA e Figure (11) Step 12 of 12 By Current Division Rule in Fig, 10, 8k I= may(=) Slg=-lmA Hence , leStep 1 of 9 5.097P Figure (1} Step 2 of 9 The 2mA source and 6kQ in Fig. | is transformed to (2m)(6k) =12V and 6kQ as in Fig, 2. The ImA source and 18kQ in Fig. 1 is transformed to (1m)(1 8k) = 18V and 18kQ as in Fig. 2. 6mA e c Figure (2) Step 3 of 9 The 6mA source and 3kQ2 in Fig.2 is transformed to (6m)(3k) = 18V and 3k(2 as in Fig. 3. * 18V 4kQ a b C)}—- wv AW 3kQ Figure (3) Step 4 of 9 The two series voltage sources -12V and 18V in Fig. 3 are linearly combined as 18V-+(-12V) = 6V as shown in Fig4 Also the series resistances 6kQ+3kQ=9kQ are added as inFig. 4 Figure (4) Step 5 of 9 pee gc. ov 2 a The 6¥V source and 9kf2 in Fig.4 is transformed to a gmAand SQ as in Fig 5. The 18V source and 18kQ in Fig 4 is transformed to ey ima and 18k as in Fig. 5 Step 6 of 9 Figure (5) Step 7 of 9 Add the parallel current sources in Fig 5 as shown in Fig 6. Replace the parallel resistances 9k and 18kin Fig. 4 between node b ande as shown in Fig 6, _ (9k x18) Ra (kH18k) Ry = OK Figure (6) Step 8 of 9 The yma source and 6kf2 in Fig.6 is transformed to (5) (6k) = 2V and 6kQ2 as in Fig. 7. b 6a ° Figure (7) Step 9 of 9 By KVL around the loop in Fig. 7, jG H124+h(6K)+2=0 Jy(10k) =—14 Iy=-14 mA Hence , 4mA|Step 1 of 4 5.098P Refer to Figure P5.89 in the text book. Since the 2mA current source is in parallel with 6kQ. (3kQ4+3kQ) resistor, the source transformation is equal to 12 V voltage source in series with 6kQ resistor. Then the modified circuit is shown in Figure 1. 6kKQ 1 3kQ 5 4kQ 12v G) (=) 6v Figure 1 Step 2 of 4 Apply Kirchhoff current law (KCL) at the node 1. W+2 WK WK, 6 2 3 2V, +2444 +4V,-4V, 12 TW, -aV, = -24 =0 Hence, the expression at node 1 is 7%, —4¥, =-24 ...... (1) Apply Kirchhoff current law (KCL) at the node 2. +6 YnK 0 4 2 3 BY, +1841, +4¥, -4Y, 12 - 4V, +8V, =-18 -2V, +4V, =-9 Hence, the expression at node 1 is -2V, + 4V, =-9 ...... Step 3 of 4 Add equation (1) to equation (2). 1V, - AV, =-24 —2h, +4¥, =-9 SV =-33 Vi =-66V Substitute the value —6.6V for V, in equation (2). “2, +4¥, = -9 ~2(-66) +4, =-9 AV, = -22.2 ¥,=-5.55V Step 4 of 4 Write the expression for the voltage, V, . Calculate the voltage V,, by substituting -6.6 V for V, and ~5.55V for V, “4%, =~6.6—(-5.53) OSV Therefore, the voltage ¥, is |=1.05 V| .Step 1 of 5 5.099P Refer to Figure P5.90 in the text book. Since the 2mA current source is in parallel with 12kQ. resistor, the source transformation is equal to 24¥ voltage source in series with 12kQ resistor. The 4mA current source is in parallel with 3kQ. resistor, the source transformation is equal to 12 V voltage source in series with 3kQ resistor. Then the modified circuit is shown in Figure 1 Step 2 of 5 The 4mA current source is in parallel with 3kQ resistor, the source transformation is equal to 12 V. voltage source in series with 3kQ resistor. Then the modified circuit is shown in Figure 2. 3kQ 9 12V 4kO Figure 2 Step 3 of 5 This 12 Vand12V voltage sources are in series, the equivalent voltage is 24.V and 3kQand3kQ resistors are in series, the equivalent resistance is 6kQ . The source transformation of this is equal to 4mA current source is in parallel with 6kQ resistor. The 24 V voltage source is in series with 12kQ resistor. The source transformation is equal to 2mA current source is in parallel with 12kQ resistor. Then the modified circuit is shown in Figure 3. 4kQ |. 4mA 6kQ f) Cf) (*) 12V Figure 3 Step 4 of 5 Since the 4mA and2mA current sources are in upwards, the equivalent current is 6mA upwards. The 6kQand12kQ resistors are in parallel, the equivalent resistance is 4 kQ . The source transformation of this is equal to 24 V voltage source is in series with 4kQ resistor. Then the modified circuit is shown in Figure 4. 4kQ 4kQ (*) Vv (+) 12v Figure 4 Stop 5 of 5 Apply Kirchhoff voltage law (KVL) around the loop. -2444k([g)+4k([p)+12=0 8k/y = 12 12 lp =— o8k =15mA Therefore, the current J. is |I.SmA] -Step 1 of 5 5.100P Refer to Figure P5.91 in the text book. The resistors 6kQand6kQ. are in series. Their equivalent resistance is 12kQ . Since the 6 V voltage source is in series with 4kQ resistor, the source transformation is equal to 1.5mA current source in parallel with 4kQ) resistor. Then the modified circuit is shown in Figure 1. 3kQ 12V 3kQ 12kQ Cd) dd) Figure 1 The 12kQ and4kQ resistors are in parallel. Calculate their equivalent resistance. The 1.5mA current source is in parallel with 3kQ resistor. The source transformation is equal to the 4.5V voltage source is in series with 3kQ. resistor. The simplified circuit is shown in Figure 2. 3kQ 3kQ 12V 3kQ Step 2 of 5 The 4.5V voltage source is in series with 6 kQ. resistor convert in to source transformation, 0.75mA current source in parallel with 6kQ resistor. Adding this 0.75 mA source to 2mA current source, the simplified circuit is shown in Figure 3. 12V- 3ka C2» 6kQ = 2.75 mA be Figure 3 Step 3 of 5 The 2.75 mA current source is in parallel with 6kQ resistor. The source transformation is equal to the 16.5 voltage source is in series with 6kQ resistor. By adding the adjacent 12 V voltage source, the simplified circuit is shown in Figure 4. 6kQ 3 kQ 3kQ w < oS Figure 4 Step 4 of 5 The 4.5V voltage source is in series with 6 kQ. resistor, convert it in to source transformation, 0.75mA current source in parallel with 6kQ resistor. This 6kQ and 6kQ(3kN+ 3kQ) resistors are in parallel. Their equivalent resistance is half of the one of the resistor. That is equal to 3kQ) . The simplified circuit is shown in Figure 5. Figure 5 Step 5 of 5 Apply current division rule, write the expression for the current /,, 3 fy == (-0.75 mA, om zeal ) =-0.375mA Therefore, the current /, is]|-0.375 mA].Step 1 of 6 5.101P Refer to Figure P5.98 in the text book. Convert the 12 V voltage source into an equivalent current source. pe 6k =3mA Convert the 2 mA current source into an equivalent voltage source. V =(2 m)(3k) =6V Draw the modified circuit. Figure 1 Step 2 of 6 In Figure 1, the resistors 6 k{2 and 12 kQ are connected in parallel. Calculate their equivalent resistance. Rega = (6k) II (12k) _ (6k)(12k) © 6k +12k =4kQ In Figure 1, the resistors 3 kQ2, 6 kQ and 3 kQ are connected in series. Calculate their equivalent resistance. Rygz = 3k + 6k + 3k =12kQ Draw the reduced circuit of Figure 1 12 kQ 2mA (\) 4kOQ 62 (*) ev 1, Figure 2 Step 3 of 6 Convert the 6 V voltage source into an equivalent current source. po 12k =0.5 mA Draw the reduced circuit of Figure 2. omA (1) 4kQ 6kQ 12k (1) o5mA 1, Figure 3 Step 4 of 6 In Figure 3, the two current sources are connected in parallel. Calculate the equivalent current source value. f=2m-0.5m =15mA In Figure 3, the resistors 4 k€Q and 12 k§Q are connected in parallel. Calculate their equivalent resistance. Regs = (4k) || (12k) _ (4k)(12k) © 4k +12k =3kQ Step 5 of 6 Draw the reduced circuit of Figure 3. 1.5mA 3kQ 6kQ Figure 4 Stop 6 of 6 Calculate the current flows through 6 kf resistor. -1.5m\(545) -(-1.5m)(3) =-0.5 mA Therefore, the current flowing through 6 k§2 resistor, J, is [0.5 mAStep 1 of 3 5.102P Refer to Figure P5.99 in the text book. In Figure 1, the 12 V voltage source is in series with 6kQ resistor, the source transformation is equal to 2. mA current source in parallel with 6kQ resistor. The modified circuit is shown in Figure 1. 8kQ 2ma(f) VY, oO Figure 1 Step 2 of 3 In Figure 1, the 6kQand3kQ resistors are in parallel. Calculate their equivalent resistance. pu (SkK2)(3k2) © 6KQ43KQ =2kn The 2 mA Current source is in parallel with 2k resistor. The source transformation is equal to the 4 V voltage source is in series with 2 kQ resistor. The simplified circuit is shown in Figure 2. 2kQ 8kQ av (*) Yo S Figure 2 Step 3 of 3 Apply Kirchhoff voltage law (KVL) around the loop. 4+ (2x10?) +(8x10°) 14+ (4x10°)/-44(2x10°) 7 =0 (16x10") 1=8 1-—_ Teale 1=05mA Write the expression for the voltage across the 4kQ resistor. Yo =(1)(4k2) Substitute 0.5 mA for / in the equation. ¥, =(0.5mA)(4kQ) =2V Thus, the value of voltage, V, is]2 VJ.Stop 1 of 5 5.103P Refer to Figure P5.101 in the text book. The circuit is re-arranged as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 Step 2 of 5 Since the 4 mA current source is in parallel with 6kQ resistor, the source transformation is equal to the 24 V voltage source is in series with 6kQ resistor. The 2 mA current source is in parallel with the 4kQ. resistor, the source transformation is equal to the 8 V voltage source is in series with 4 kQ resistor. Then the modified circuit is shown in Figure 2. (+) 8V 4kQ 6kQ |) 2k Figure 2 Step 3 of 5 The 24 V and 12 V voltage sources are in series, the resultant voltage is 12 V is in series with 6kQ. resistor, the source transformation is equal to the 2 mA current source is in parallel with 6kQ resistor. The 8 V voltage source is in series with 6kQ resistor, the source transformation is equal to the 1.33 mA. current source is in parallel with 6kQ resistor. Then the modified circuit is shown in Figure 2. 6kQ 6kQ 1) 1.33 mA Step 4 of 5 Since the current sources 2 mA and 1.33 mA are in parallel, the resultant current is 0.67 mA upwards. The resistors 6k,6k and 6k are in parallel. Calculate their equivalent resistance. 1 R Then the simplified circuit is shown in Figure 4. Step 5 of 5 Apply current division rule. Calculate the current /, 2k “2k+3k =0.268mA (0.67mA) Therefore, the current J, is}0.268mA].Step 1 of 3 5.104P Refer to Figure P5.103 in the text book. In Figure P5.103, the 6 V voltage source is in series with 3kQ resistor, the source transformation is equal to the 2 mA current source is in parallel with 3kQ resistor. The 12 ¥ voltage source is in series with 6kQ resistor, the source transformation is equal to the 2 mA current source is in parallel with 6 kQ resistor. The 12 V voltage source is in series with 2kQ resistor, the source transformation is equal to the 6 mA current source is in parallel with 2kQ. The modified circuit is shown in Figure 1. Figure | Step 2 of 3 The 3kQand6kQ resistors are in parallel. Calculate their equivalent resistance. pa BkKA)6KQ) ~3kQ+6kO =2kQ In Figure 1, the 2 mA current sources are cancelled and the resultant current is 6 mA-2 mA =4 mA upwards. The simplified circuit is shown in Figure 2. 4mA Figure 2 Step 3 of 3 Apply current division rule to calculate the current J, . to= (Se aaa) 2kQ+2kQ+4kQ =lmA Thus, the value of current 4, isStop 1 of 5 5.106P Refer to Figure P5.104 in the text book. The 4k and4k resistors are in parallel. Calculate the resultant resistance. PACA) 4k+4k =2kQ Since the 2 mA current source is in parallel with 6kQ resistor, the source transformation is equal to the 12 V voltage source is in series with 6kQ resistor. Then the modified circuit is shown in Figure 1 CO) (Tt) 3kQ Figure | Step 2 of 5 The 18 V voltage source is in series with 6kQ resistor, the source transformation is equal to the 3 mA. current source is in parallel with 6 kQ. resistor. The 12 V voltage source is in series with 12kQ (6k +6k) resistor, the source transformation is equal to the 1 mA current source is in parallel with 12kQ resistor. Then the modified circuit is shown in Figure 2. 2kQ | Figure 2 Step 3 of 5 Since the current sources 3 mA and 1 mA are in parallel, the resultant current is 2 mA upwards. The resistors 6kand12k are in paralle|. Calculate their equivalent resistance. pa (Ok(I2k) 6k+12k =4kQ Then the simplified circuit is shown in Figure 3. 2kQ 2mA 4kQ ima (f) 3kQ Step 4 of 5 The 2 mA current source is in parallel with 4 kQ resistor, the source transformation is equal to the 8 V voltage source is in series with 4kQ resistor. This 4kQ resistor is in series with 2kQ resistor. The resultant resistance is 6kQ. . Then the modified circuit is shown in Figure 4. v(t) imA (f) 3kQ — o Figure 4 Step 5 of 5 The 8 V voltage source is in series with 6 kQ. resistor, the source transformation is equal to the 1.33 mA current source is in parallel with 6 kQ resistor. Since the current sources 1.33 mA and 1 mA are in parallel the resultant current is 2.33 mA upwards. Apply current division rule. Calculate the current J, . Therefore, the current J, is|1.55mA.Step 1 of 3 5.107P Refer to Figure P5.92 in the text book. The 20mA current source is in parallel with 6k resistor. The source transformation is equal to the 120V voltage source is in series with 6kQ resistor. The two 120 Vand 6V voltage sources are in series. The equivalent voltage is 126V . This 126 V voltage source is in series with 6kQ resistor, the source transformation is equal to 21 mA current source in parallel with 6kQ resistor. Then the modified circuit is shown in Figure 1 21 mA sv(*) Figure 1 The 6kQand3kQ resistors are in parallel. Calculate their equivalent resistance. (6k2)(3k92) "GRR + SER =2kQ The 21mA current source is in parallel with 2kQ resistor. The source transformation is equal to the 42V voltage source is in series with 2kQ resistor. This 2kQ is in series with 4kQ resistor. The equivalent resistance is 6kQ . The 42 V voltage source is in series with 6 kQ resistor convert in to source transformation, 7 mA current source in parallel with 6kQ resistor. The simplified circuit is shown in Figure 2. 7mA 8V Figure 2 Step 2 of 3 The 6kQand12kQ resistors are in parallel. Calculate their equivalent resistance. Re (6kQ)(12kQ) 7 6kQ+12K2 =4kQ This 4kQ_ resistor is in parallel with 7 mA current source. The source transformation is equal to the 28 voltage source is in series with 4kQ resistor. The two 28 Vand 8 V voltage sources are in series. The equivalent voltage is 36 V . This 36 V voltage source is in series with 4 kQ resistor, the source transformation is equal to 9mA current source in parallel with 4kQ resistor. The simplified circuit is shown in Figure 3. 9mA (f) Figure 3 Step 3 of 3 The 4kQand3kQ resistors are in parallel. Calculate their equivalent resistance. (4k2)(3kQ) 4kQ+3kQ =L714kQ Apply current division rule, write the expression for the current /, . 1.714kQ ( ) 1,714kQ+6kQ =2mA Therefore, the current J, is[2mAlStep 1 of 5 5.108P Refer ta Figure P5.93 in the text book. The top left two 6 kQ resistors are in series. The equivalent resistance is 12kQ . The bottom left two 6kQ resistor are in series. The equivalent resistance is 12kQ . Convert the three 4kQ resistors star connection in to delta connection. = Rae + RaRe + RR, = z RR, + RR + Re Re RiRy + RyRe + RoR, R, R, Here the resistors values are as follows: AKQ)(4 kQ) + (4kQ)(4kQ) +(4kO)(4kQ) (449) =12kQ (4402)(4k0) + (4k02)(4k) + (440)(4 KO) (4k) =12kQ _ (4k2)(4k2) + (4kQ)(4 KQ) + (4kQ)(4KQ) - (4k2) =12kQ Then the modified circuit is shown in Figure 1. 12kQ 6V 6kQ Figure 1 Step 2 of 5 The resistors 12 kQand12kQ are in parallel. Calculate the equivalent resistance. (12kQ)(12kQ) (12kQ) + (12kQ) =6kQ The resistors 12 kQand12kQ are in parallel. Calculate the equivalent resistance. __(12k0)(12kQ) * © (12kR) + (12k) =6kQ The resistors R, and R, are in series, their equivalent resistance is 12kQ. The resistors 12 kQand12kQ are in parallel. Calculate the equivalent resistance __(12k0)(12kQ) © (12kQ) +(12kQ) =6k2 Then the simplified circuit is shown in Figure 2 6V 6kQ Figure 2 Step 3 of 5 The two 6V voltage sources are in series. Their equivalent voltage is 12'V . This is in series with 6kQ. resistor. Convert it in to source transformation, itis equal to 2mA current source is in parallel with 6kQ. resistor. The 2mA current source is in parallel with 4 kQ resistor. Convert it in to source transformation, it is equal to 8V voltage source in series with 4kQ . Then the simplified circuit is shown in Figure 3. 3kQ (f)) 2ma 6K ang sv (+) Figure 3 Step 4 of 5 The resistors 6 kQand6 kQ are in parallel. Calculate the equivalent resistance. (6kQ)(6kQ) (6kQ) + (6KQ) =3ka R, The 2 mA current source is in parallel with 3 kQ resistor. Convert itin to source transformation, it is equal to 6V voltage source in series with 3kQ . Then the simplified circuit is shown in Figure 4. 3kQ to 3kQ 4kQ (+) ov sv) Figure 4 Step 5 of 5 Apply Kirchhoff voltage law (KVL) around the loop. 6 +3i, +3i,4+4i,+8=0 10%, = -2 =-0.2mA Therefore, the current i, is [-0.2mAl -Step 1 of 7 5.109P Refer to Figure P5.95 in the text book. The 2kQand1kQ resistors are in series. The equivalent resistance is 3kQ . This 3kQ resistor is in parallel with 2 mA current source. Convert in to source transformation. It is equal to 6 V voltage source in series with 3kQ. resistor. The two 12kQand12kQ resistors are in parallel. Calculate the equivalent resistance. (12kQ)(12kQ) 12kO + 12kQ = 6k2 This 6kQ resistor is in series with 24'V voltage source. Convert it in to source transformation. It is equal to 4mA current source in parallel with 6kQ resistor. Then the modified circuit is shown in Figure 1 Step 2 of 7 The bottom 6 Y voltage source in series with 6kQ resistor is no effect since it is shunted. The 6V voltage source is in series with 3 kQ resistor. Convert it in to source transformation. It is equal to 2mA current source in parallel with 3 k&2 resistor. The simplified circuit is shown in Figure 2. Step 3 of 7 The resultant current is 2 mA current source upwards. The two 3kQand6KkQ resistors are in parallel Calculate the equivalent resistance. _ G2) (6k) 2" 3kN+6kD =2kQ This 2k resistor is in parallel with 2 mA current source. Convert it in to source transformation. It is equal to 4V voltage source in series with 2 kQ resistor. The simplified circuit is shown in Figure 3. Q 1kQ wh) 2kQ Figure 3 Step 4 of 7 Write the expression for the loop 1 4421, 41(4, -7,)+2(4,-4)=0 $I, -1, -21, 24 Hence, the expression for super mesh is 5/, —J, — 2/, =4 ...... (1) Write the expression for the loop 2. 84 2h, +2(f,-1,)+1(4, -4,) =0 -h+5ly-2h =-8 Hence, the expression for super mesh is —/, + 51, - 2/, = Write the expression for the loop 3. 2(1,-4,)+2(1,-4,)=0 -2h - 2, +41, =0 -I, - 1, +21, =0 Step 5 of 7 Hence, the expression for super mesh is. -i, - i + 2/, =0 Subtract equation (3) from equation (1). 51, -hy-2h =4 -I,-h, +21, =0 61-4124 3I,-21, =2 Hence, the expression for super mesh is 3/, — 2/, =2 ...... (4) Multiply equation (1) with 5 and add to equation (2). 251, - 54, - 101, = 20 =I, +5h,-2h, =-8 241, 2h-h=1 Hence, the expression for super mesh is 2/, — 7, =1 ....-. (5) Step 6 of 7 Multiply equation (5) with 2 and subtract equation (4). 41, -21, =2 34, -24, =2 Substitute OmA for /, in equation (5). 2h-h=l 1,=2h,-1 =2(0)-1 =-ImA Step 7 of 7 Substitute OmA for /, and -ImA for /, in equation (3) -1,-y +21, =0 ~0-#, +2(-1)=0 I, =-2mA Write the expression for the current J, . Therefore, the current J,Step 1 of 3 5.110P Refer to Figure P5.96 in the text book. The three 12kQ ,6kQand12kQ resistors are in parallel. Calculate their equivalent resistance 1 1 1 1 — =—— + —_ + —_ R, 12kQ 6kQ 12kQ _l+24+1 12kQ 4 “T2kQ R =3kQ The 8kQ resistor is shunted. Hence, it is nullified. The two 4kQand 4kQ. resistors are in series. Their equivalent resistance is 8kQ . Then the modified circuit is shown in Figure 1 2kQ 3kQ 2kQ WO Dam GeV 8kO 3kQ 8kO Figure 1 Step 2 of 3 The 8kQand8kQ resistors are in parallel. Calculate their equivalent resistance. _ (8kQ)(8kQ) ~ 8KQ4+8kKQ =4kQ This 4kQ is in series with 8kQ resistor. The equivalent resistance is 12kQ . This 12kQ is in series with 2 kQ resistor. Calculate the equivalent resistance. (12k9)(2ka) 12kQ+2kQ _12 oT =1,714kQ kQ The simplified circuit is shown in Figure 2. 2kQ 3kQ 2kQ WO Dont Gv Figure 2 Step 3 of 3 Write the expression for the super mesh 31, +24, -1243/, =0 61, + 2h, =12 31, +1, =6 Hence, the expression for super mesh is 3/, +/, =6 ...... (A) Write the expression for currents. -1,+4,=2 Hence, the expression for super mesh is —/, + fy = @) Subtract equation 92) from equation (1). UM, +h, 26 -h+h=2 ane 1, =1mA Calculate the current J, . I, =IlmA Therefore, the current 7,Step 1 of 10 5.111P Refer to Figure PS.97 in the text book, The medifiee circu diagram bs shown in Figure 7 4kQ 3kQ A Step 2of 10 in Figure 1, there isa short circull between the nodes (A) and (B). Te simpliied circul diagram is shown i Figure 2, 4kQ nage ang sa 2kQ 2kQ Ig Figure 2 Step 3.0f 10 in Figure 2, he resistors 3kOQand 6kA are in peratiel Req = (3 KQYIN(E KO) _ Bk) x(6 kn) (BAR) (6KQ) =2ka Step 4 of 10 The simpified circuit diagram is shown in Figure 3. 12 V' Figure 3 Step Sof 10 in Figure 3, the resistors 4 kfand 222 are in series. The series combination 's replaced by single 6k and peratle! combination 2 mA current source and 3k02 resistor is replaced by 6 V voltage scurce and in series with 3kO2 resistor. The simplified circull dlagram is shown in Figure 4. wv(*) 2kO 6vG) 2kQ 3kQ 49 Figure 4 Apply source transformation to 4 mA current source an 3KS? resistor and repiaced by 12 voltage sourcein series with 31QQ resistor. The series combination of 412 V and 6 V can te replaced by a single + 6 ¥ voltage source. The simplified circutt diagram is shown in Figure 5. 3kQ 6kQ 12V 2kQ 6V 2kQ 3kQ Figure 5 Step 6 of 10 The series combination of 3k and 6k resistors is replaced by single 9 kA resister is shown in Figure: 6. 2kQ 9kQ 3 kQ ly Figure 6 Step 7 of 10 The network shown in Figure 6 can be redrawn as folows: nv@) e 2kQ 2kO 9kQ. Step 8 of 10 Apply source transformation to series combination of 12 Vwith kA and 6 Vwi 3KO voltage scurce shown in Figure 7 can be replaced by paralfei combination of ma with 9kO and 2mAwith 3kO - The modifie¢ ciruil diagram ts shawn Figure B. 4 4 2ko sma (1) 2ma 2a tg Figure 8 Step 90f 10 The parallel combination ~Gma ‘and 2 mA can be replaced by sie ZmAcauren source in Figure 8, the resistors 9 kO,3 kA and2 kO2 are in paraie The modifieé cicuil diagram ts shown Figure 9. Step 10 of 10 Appiy curert dlision rue to determine he value ot curert. fy 18 Bin u-(2 aa] tt iy kite ko -Goras) 3 6 = 230.77 4A Tis. the value of curent, 4 5[250.77 AlStep 1 of 7 5.112P Refer to Figure P5.106 in the text book. First calculate the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the network exclusive of the load. The Thevenin voltage ¥,, can be calculated from the circuit shown in Figure 1. 2kQ 2kQ Figure 1 Step 2 of 7 Write the mesh equation for the first loop. -12+(2x10?) 2, +(2x10*)(7,-4,)=0 (4x10°)4, -(2x10°)s, =12 (2x10?) /, -(1x10") 4 =6 |.) Step 3 of 7 Write the mesh equation for the second loop. (2x10°) 4, +(2x10")s, +(2x10*)(7,-4,)=0 ~(2x10°) 1, +(6x10*)z, =9 ..... @) Step 4 of 7 Add equation (1) and equation (2). —(2x10°)/, +(6x10°)/, =0 (2x10°) J, -(Ix10")/, =6 1,=1.2mA Write the expression for the Thevenin voltage V,_ =F, (2kQ) Substitute 1.2 mA for J, V,, =(1.2mA)(2kQ) =2.4V Step 5 of 7 The circuit for calculating the Thevenin resistance is shown in Figure 2. 2 kQ 2kQ 2 kQ «— Figure 2 Step 6 of 7 Calculate their equivalent resistance. Ry =((2kQ112kQ) +2kO) | 2k = (1kQ+2kQ)|]2k2 _ 3kQ)(2k0) 3kQ+2kQ =1.2kQ For a maximum power transfer, the Thevenin resistance is equal to the load resistance. Therefore, the load resistance R, is[I.2kQ]. Step 7 of 7 Write the expression for the maximum power transferred to the load. Substitute 2.4.V for ¥., L.2kQ for R,, and 1.2kQ for R, in the equation. ee 2 24 A (xX x) (12k) =1.2mW Therefore, the maximum power transferred to the load is /1.2 mW|Step 1 of 5 5.113P Refer to Figure P5.107 in the text book. First calculate the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the network exclusive of the load. The Thevenin voltage ¥,, can be calculated from the circuit shown in Figure 1. 1kQ 2kQ Figure 1 Step 2 of 5 Apply current division rule, calculate the current through the 4kQ resistor. [1 kQ+2 kQ] Lr (4 mA 7° [PkQ+2 kQ]+ [2 kQ44 a] ) 3 ==(4mA’ 5(4ma) =1.33mA Write the expression for the Thevenin voltage Ke V,,=1,(4kQ) Substitute 1.33 mA for /, in the equation. #1, (4kQ) =(1.33mA)}(4kQ) =5.32V Step 3 of 5 The circuit for calculating the Thevenin resistance is shown in Figure 2. 1kQ 2kQ 2kQ 4kQ Rn Figure 2 Step 4 of 5 Calculate the Thevenin resistance. Ry = (2KQ+1k2+2KQ) | 4K = 5kQ|]2kQ _ (Sk2)(4k2) SkQ+4kO = 2,220 For a maximum power transfer, the Thevenin resistance is equal to the load resistance. Therefore, the load resistance R, is|2.22kO}| Step 5 of 5 Write the expression for the maximum power transferred to the load. 2 ¥, Paley | CR) Rm +R Substitute 5.32 V for V,., 2.22kQ for R,, and 2.22 kS for R, in the equation. 2 5.32 | (2.22k (sate) ( ) =3.2mW PB Therefore, the maximum power transferred to the load is |3.2 mW|Step 1 of 8 5.114P Refer to Figure P5.108 in the text book. Calculate the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the network exclusive of the load. The Thevenin voltage V,_ can be calculated from the circuit shown in Figure 1. 2mA Figure 1 Step 2 of 8 Since the 6V voltage source is in series with 3k resistor, the source transformation is equal to 2mA. current source in parallel with 3k& resistor. The simplified circuit is shown in Figure 2. 2mA Figure 2 Step 3 of 8 The resistors 3kQand 6k are in parallel, calculate their equivalent resistance. (3k2)(6k2) 3kO + 6k = 2kQ Since the 2mA current source is in parallel with 2kQ resistor, the source transformation is equal to 4'V voltage source in series with 2kQ. resistor and also the other 2mA current source is in parallel with 2kQ1 resistor, the source transformation is equal to 4'V voltage source in series with 2kO resistor. The simplified circuit is shown in Figure 3. 2ka 2KQ «=4V Figure 3 Step 4 of 8 Calculate the Thevenin vollage V. - =4Ve4V =8V The circuit for calculating the Thevenin resistance is shown in Figure 4. 3 kQ 2kQ Figure 4 Step 5 of 8 Calculate the Thevenin resistance. Ry = 2k +4 (3kA |] 6k2) . (3k2)(6k2Q) aT PTT.) =4ko Step 6 of 8 For a maximum power transfer, the Thevenin resistance is equal to the load resistance. Therefore, the load resistance R, Is . Step 7 of 8 The Thevenin equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 5. 4kQ Figure 5 Step 8 of 8 Write the expression for the maximum power transferred to the load. 2 ¥, Pp -|—=— | (Rx (gg) Calculate the maximum power transferred to the load by substituting 8V for¥,.,.4kQfor Rp, and 4kQ for R, . rola) = (atta) (4k0) =4mW Therefore, the maximum power transferred to the load isStep 1 of 14 5.11 Step 2 of 14 Remove the 2, and Thevenin equivalent between node a and is found as shown in Fig. 2. Calculation of Fay: Step 3 of 14 By analyzing Fig. 2 we get, maG)) .Q) Step 4 of 14 By using KCL at node g in Fig 2, 2m-4,-Im =0 =>h=imA 8) Step 5 of 14 By using KCL at node & in Fig 2, 2m+i,—1,=0 i,=2m+im @y@)) y= 3mA eA) Step 6 of 14 We have in Fig 2, ReaK—Y, £,(0.5k) = % - (-6) ---By (1) ¥, = GmX0.5k)-6 V By (4) Y=4A5V O Step 7 of 14 By Ohm’s Law in Fig. 2, = A(1k) = (m)(1k) - By @) =1¥ (8) eves 5S Step 8 of 14 Therefore, Vin =¥,-% Vg = 1-45) +. By (5) and (6) Fog = 5.50 a) Step 9 of 14 For Calculation of Ap,,open circuit the current sources and short circuit the voltage sources as shown in Fig 3 Step 10 of 14 Step 11 of 14 From Fig 3, Rygy = Te +0.5k yep = 1.5K 8) Step 12 of 14 The Thevenin equivalent is drawn and R, connected as shown in Fig. 4 Rry 7 15kO Pg S.5V R, Figure (4) Step 13 of 14 Therefore for Maximum Power Transfer to R; , Step 14 of 14 Maximum Power Transferred to R, is oPStep 1 of 12 5.116P Step 2 of 12 d Figure (1) Remove the R, and Thevenin equivalent between node 4 andd is found as shown in Fig 2 Calculation of Fy: Step 3 of 12 ByKCLatnode b Fig. 2, Ya=¥s _ om 4m =0 4] -¥ = (6m)(4k) % V=W+2 wn D) Step 4 of 12 By using KCL at node a@ in Fig. 2, ahs Ya ym 20 2k 2%, KA) +H % = (Bm)(4b) 2, - 2, = 32 XY, + 24)—2Y, - = 32 By (1) 2, + 72-32 = 2Y, ¥, =F, +20 vel) Step 5 of 12 By using KCL at node ¢ in Fig 2, Fee AM a = 0 2k 4c ~2U7, -V)+¥,-K, = Am) (4k) -2(%, +24) +3, + 20)-%, =16 (By (1) and (2)) ¥,-48+60-16=%, w=4,-4 @) Step 6 of 12 By using KCL at node c in Fig. 2, Be oma 2k 2, -V,-V,) = (2m) (4k) 3, —4)—(Y, + 20) =8 (By (2) and (3)) 2, = 1242048 %=20V wn) Step 7 of 12 Therefore, Vag =Ve-Ve Vig = 20-0 - By 4) Veg = 200 . 6) Step 8 of 12 For Calculation of Rpyopen circuit the current sources as shown in Fig. 3 e Figure (3) Step 9 of 12 From Fig 3, Roy = 4k + 2+ 4k +2k Roy = 122 6 Step 10 of 12 The Thevenin equivalent is drawn and R, connected as shown in Fig. 4 R Vy =20V Step 11 of 12 14 7 DKA R, Figure (4) Therefore for Maximum Power Transfer to R; , Step 12 of 12 Maximum Power Transferred to R, isStep 1 of 12 5.117P Figure (1) Step 2 of 12 Remove the R, and Thevenin equivalent between node b and is found as shown in Fig.2. Calculation of Poy: Step 3 of 12 From the Fig. 2, a = h=1,+05m 2) Step 4 of 12 By using KVL around loop aecda in Fig, 2, Vi + Vi, +¥ig tig = 0 -3+1,(2k) + £,(Ik) + (3k) = 0 (iy- lm)(2k) +(f, +0.5m)(1k) +(3e) = 3... (By (1) and (2)) £,(2k+1k +3k)-2+0.5=3 = 4,=075 mA weno) Step 5 of 12 2 = 075m — tm => h=-0.25m 4) 1 = 075m $0.5 = y= 125m 3) Step 6 of 12 By using KVL around loop ecbe in Fig. 2, Vi, thy th, =0 (28) +(4,- tll) Vg = 0 (-0.25m)(2k)+(-0.25m — 1.25m)(1k)+¥zy = 0 ....By (4) and (5)) Voy = 0.5415 Vy = 2V (6) Step 7 of 12 For Calculation of Ry open circuit the current sources as shown in Fig. 3 ¢ a Figure (3) Step 8 of 12 Replace series resistances, 3k+Ik=4k in Fig 3 as shown in Fig. 4 Rry —> 4k 1kQ Figure (4) Step 9 of 12 k)(2K) _ 4g Replace parallel resistances 4k(|2k = (ket) 3 in Fig 4 as shown in Fig. 5 Ry — wip x dD 1kQ Figure (5) Step 10 of 12 From Fig 5 Rog = tk $k 7 Roy = > kQ m3 Step 11 of 12 Therefore for Maximum Power Transfer to R, , Ryo Ree Step 12 of 12 Maximum Power Transferred to R, isStep 1 of 5 Refer to Figure P5.112 in the text book. 5.118P The Thevenin voltage can be calculated from the circuit is shown in Figure 1. 5kQ 5kQ Figure | Step 2 of 5 Apply Kirchhoff current law (KCL) at the top node. Ya="2 i997 20 Sk+5k -1-100/ =0 -101/ =0 7=0 -¥, But the expression for current /is / = 12 oe. 5k+3k (1) Step 3 of 5 Substitute Ofor / in equation (1). paleo 5k 45k _ 12-4, oF ok V=12V The circuit for calculating shorted-circuit current is shown in Figure 2. 5kQ 5kQ [1 1007 Figure 2 Stop 4 of 5 Apply Kirchhoff current law (KCL) at the top node. Ty =7 +1007 =10u Hence, the expression for current J, is , = 1017 ..... Calculate the current, /. 7-2 3k+5k =1.2mA Substitute 1.2 mA for / in equation (2). Jy = 10 =101(1.2mA) =121.2mA Step 5 of 5 Write the expression for the Thevenin resistance. 2) ye a Calculate the Thevenin resistance by substituting 12 Vfor¥,, and 121.2mA for /,, - Ke fn __ Vv 121.2mA =992 For a maximum power transfer the load resistance is equal to the Thevenin resistance. Therefore, the value of load resistance for maximum power transfer is [99.Q]Step 1 of7 5.119P Refer to Figure P5.113 in the text book. The Thevenin voltage can be calculated from the circuit is shown in Figure 1. vy 2ko 3kQ x Figure 1 Step 2 of 7 Apply Kirchheff current law (KCL) at the node 1. wima+ a4 aoe 9 Ik 2k 3V, -V,, =2 Henee, the expression atnode 1 is 3¥, - VW = 2... (1) Apply Kirchhoff current law (KCL) at the node 2. vy, Vo-Y, oc 1000 «2k WV, +V,,=0 Hence, the expression atnode 2is 7¥, +¥,, = 0... (2) Add equation (2) to equation (1) Substitute 0.2 V for V, in equation (2) WV, + Vg =0 7(0.2)+v, =0 Vi =-14V Step 3 of 7 The circuit for calculating short-circuited current is shown in Figure 2 vy, 2kQ y, 3kO Figure 2 Step 4 of 7 Apply Kirchhoff current law (KCL) at the node Y, . imate, 4a "e 29 Ik 2k BV, —Vy =2 Hence, the expression at node 1 is 3V, -V, = 2... (3) Apply Kirchhoff current law (KCL) at the node ¥, . Ma". Yong 1000. 2k 3k 24V, +p -3V, +a _ 6k - 2IV, +5Y, =0 0 Hence, the expression at node 2is 21V, +5V, =0 (4) Multiply equation (3) with 3 and add it to equation (4) 15, -5¥, =10 2IV, +5V, =0 36V, =10 V, =0.278V Substitute 0.278 V for V, in equation (4) 2IV, +5¥, =0 21(0.278) + 5%) =0 5V, = 5.83 ¥, =-1.467V ° Step 5 of 7 Write the expression for the current J, Ko 3k Calculate the current J, by substituting 1.167 V for¥, Yo 3 1.167V 3k = 0.389 mA Step 6 cf 7 Write the expression for the Thevenin resistance. ¥, =e Rae i Calculate the Thevenin resistance by substituting -1.4 V for, and 0,389mA for/,, - Rn= Lav ~ —0.389mA =36kQ For a maximum power transfer, the Thevenin resistance is equal to the load resistance. Therefore, the load resistance R, isB.6kQ] The simplified circuit is shown in Figure 3. 3.6 kQO -1.4V (*) 3.6 kQ Figure 3 Step 7 of 7 Write the expression for the maximum power transferred to the load y, Calculate the maximum power transferred to the load by substituting 14 Vfor¥,,,3.6k2 for Ry, and 3.6kQ for R, - n-(qag} 2 14 (és) (36%) = 0.136 mW Therefore, the maximum power transferred to the load is |0.136mW)