Shaded pole single phase induction motor

Explain the construction and operation of shaded pole single phase induction motor

It has squirrel cage rotor and salient pole stator. The stator poles are shaded partially by short circuited
conductor(copper wire) band to create the phase difference between the fluxes emerging from shaded
and un-shaded portion. These phase differing fluxes produce the required torque on the rotor for
motion.

When a single phase supply is fed to the main winding, an alternating flux is produced in the pole. A
portion of this flux links with the shading band(by mutual induction like in transformer) and induces a
voltage in it. As shading band is short-circuited, a large current flows in it. The current in the shading
band causes the flux in the shaded portion of the pole to lag the flux in the un-shaded portion of the
pole. Thus, the flux in the shaded portion reaches its maximum value after the flux in the un shaded
portion reaches its maximum. The phase difference in fluxes causes equivalent rotating magnetic field
in the air-gap and torque is exerted on the squirrel cage rotor.

Universal motor
Working principle

Construction
 Construction of universal motor is almost same as DC series motor. But as it operates with AC supply
also, stator is laminated to reduce eddy current (and hence heat created due to eddy current will be
reduced).
 High resistance brushes to reduce sparking

Working of universal motor with DC supply

 When the universal motor is fed with a DC supply, it acts as DC series motor.
 The same DC current flows through the armature conductors and the field winding
 It produces an electromagnetic field in field winding.
 When a current carrying conductor is placed in the magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force
and torque exerted on current carrying armature therefore rotor starts rotating.

Working of universal motor with DC supply

 When universal motor is fed with AC supply, same ac current flows through armature and field
winding. So current carrying armature conductors are in magnetic field experiences mechanical
force and ultimately produces unidirectional torque, because armature winding and field winding
are connected in series, they carry same current
 The direction of magnetic field and the direction of armature current reverses in such a way that the
direction of force experienced by armature conductors remains same

Justify the name “Universal motor”

A series motor which can operate on both AC supply or DC supply is termed as Universal motor. It has
high starting torque and variable speed characteristics. Due to its design features, its performance is not
affected much when supply type changes i.e it gives out approximately same speed and output for
equivalent voltage conditions in AC and DC supply. Since the motor exhibits almost same performance
on both AC and DC supply conditions, we can operate it universally on available supply, hence it is
termed as “Universal Motor”.

How the direction of Universal motor is reversed

Reverse the flow of current through either the field winding or armature winding. Usual method is to
interchange the leads of brush holders as shown below.

Speed control

Method
 Resistance control

Resistance is used in series with field winding e.g.

Speed is changed by changing field winding.

Applications

Domestic appliances such as vacuum cleaners, food processers, mixers, grinders, sewing machines,
portable drilling machines, coffee grinders, electric shavers etc.

Stepper motor
The name is given stepper as it rotate through a fixed angular step in response to each input current
pulse received by its controller. They are popular because they can be controlled directly by computers,
microprocessors and programmable controllers.

The step angle can be as small as 0.720 or as large as 900. But the most common steps are 1.80, 2.50, 7.50,
150

Types

Stepper Schematic diagram Working

Rotor is constructed from ferromagnetic material (iron/cobalt etc) and equally placed
poles (also called teeth) with field winding. Rotor might be solid or laminated. Because
shape of rotor, there is variable magnetic reluctance to flux between stator and rotor
that’s why this motor is called variable reluctance step motor. As shown in fig., there are
6 coils i.e. 3 phases with 2 coils connected in series like A-A’, B-B’, C-C’.
Single phase ON mode: At a time only one phase coils are activated which causes rotor
to rotate through angle of 300.
Two phase ON mode: If 2 coils are activates at same time then rotor can rotate through
angle of 150

Permanent
magnet
 Rotor is made of permanent magnet and stator has multiple poles with field coil. We
can get different rotating angle by activating particular phase coils (A-A’ and/or B-B’) as
mentioned below.

Hybrid It combines features if variable inductance and permanent magnet stepper motor. Rotor
consists of permanent magnet that is magnetized axially to create pair of poles N & S.
 Two end caps are fitted at both ends of this magnet. These end caps consist of equal
number of teeths which are magnetized by axis magnet. Teeth of one cap end are offset
by half tooth pitch so that tooth at one end coincide with a slot of other cap teeth.

As shown in fig, there are 8 poles. Each pole has 5 teeth so total 40 teeth on stator and
rotor has say 50 slots. Which gives step angle of 1.8%. Coils A & B are energized in
particular sequence with +ve/-ve supply to achieve this step angle.

Applications

It is ideally suited for open loop operation because by keeping a count of number of input pulses, it is
possible to know exact position of rotor shaft and hence no need of sensor and feedback position to
controller as in closed loop operation.

 Robotics,
 CNC machines
 Computers,
 Printers,
  Tape readers
 Watches
 Biomedical applications such as X-ray machines, CT scan,
 In Process control systems.

Servo motors
Servo motor can rotate with greater precision. It is just made up of simple motor but it runs with servo
mechanism i.e. Use closed loop control system where sensor is used to sense current position and feed
back is given to controller which in turn send appropriate signal to motor to rotate it in desired angle.

Types

If motor used in servo motor is DC powered then it is called DC servo motor

If motor used in servo motor is AC powered then it is called AC servo motor

Applications

 Toy cars
 Helicopters
 Planes
 Robotics
 Closed loop circuits

Advantage

 High torque
 Light weight