f254 PDF
f254 PDF
McLaren Racing Limited
Sports Technology McLaren is a registered trademark
of McLaren Racing Limited
INTRODUCTION We will solve this problem in three steps as
follows:
Step 1: How long will it take to reach the first
pit stop?
From the scenario, we have the following
information:
Fuel Consumption C = 3 kg/lap
How much slower our lap E = 0.03 sec/
time is for every kg of fuel on (lap kg)
board (also called the “weight
effect”)
Time to complete a lap with 1 t 1 = 100.045
lap of fuel on board sec
Figure 1: A Vodafone McLaren Mercedes driven by Lewis
Hamilton Using this, we can calculate how much slower the
McLaren Racing, the company behind Vodafone car goes for every lap’s worth of fuel we have on
McLaren Mercedes, operates in the highly board. We call this the Fuel Laps Weight Effect
competitive and technological environment of ( W ) and this is calculated as follows:
Formula One. McLaren Racing comprises a W = Fuel Laps Weight Effect
multitude of administrative and engineering = Fuel Consumptio n ´ Weight Effect
departments, ranging from vehicle design and
aerodynamics, to materials science and the paint = 3 ´ 0.03 = 0 . 09 sec/(lap lap of fuel)
shop. As one of the most successful teams in the The extra time taken to complete a lap when we
history of Formula One, McLaren has won more have fuel on board can be calculated as follows:
Grand Prix than any other Constructor since it Extra time taken to complete lap due to fuel on board
entered the sport in 1966.
= Average number of laps of fuel on board
IMPORTANCE OF EXEMPLAR IN REAL LIFE
´ Fuel Laps Weight Effect
Every F1 team must decide how much fuel their
cars will start each race with, and the laps on … (2)
which they will stop to refuel and change tyres. In We call this the Fuel Load Effect and the value of
the sport, this is known as Race Strategy. A wise this is listed in the 4 th column of Table 1 for each
choice can get a driver to the finish quicker, of the first twenty laps, e.g. for the first lap, we
helping him gain more points and maybe even a have:
world championship. Extra time taken to complete lap due to fuel on board
SCENARIO æ 2 0 + 19 ö
=ç ÷ ´ 0 . 09 = 1 . 775 sec
McLaren have entered a race of length 50 laps. è 2 ø
We plan to stop once on lap 20 to refuel. Our fuel Next, we need to calculate the perfect laptime
consumption is 3kg a lap. Each kg of fuel we have ( t 0 ). This is the time it would take to complete a
in our fuel tank at the start of a lap makes us
lap if the car had no fuel on board (but was
0.03sec/lap slower than our fastest possible lap
magically still able to run normally!):
time of 100.045sec/lap. When we stop to refuel,
we take 20 seconds (plus the time to put the fuel t 0 = Time to complete a lap with 1 lap of fuel on board
in) longer to complete that lap. It takes 0.5 sec to - (Average no. of laps of fuel on board ´ W )
put in one lap’s worth of fuel. How long will it take
éæ 1 + 0 ö ù
us to complete the race if we stop only once? = t 1 - êç ÷ ´ W ú
ëè 2 ø û
MATHEMATICAL MODEL
= 100 . 045 - (0.5 ´ 0 . 09 ) = 100 sec
According to the scenario, we have:
Finally, we can calculate the time to complete a
Total Race Time =Time to reach first stop lap as follows:
+ Time for first stop …(1) Lap Time = Fuel Load Effect + t 0 … (3)
+ Time to end of race
This is calculated and listed in the 5 th column of Extra time for a lap with a pit stop
Table 1. = Fuel flow time
Laps of
Laps of Fuel + Extra time to complete a lap with a pitstop
fuel on Lap
fuel on Load
Lap board at Time but without refuelling
board at Effect
start of (sec) = 15 + t p = 15 + 20 = 35 sec
end of lap (sec)
lap
1 20 19 1.755 101.755 Hence, it will take 35 seconds more to complete
2 19 18 1.665 101.665 the lap with the pit stop on lap 20.
3 18 17 1.575 101.575 Step 3: How long will it take to complete the
4 17 16 1.485 101.485 rest of the race after the pit stop on lap 20?
5 16 15 1.395 101.395 This can be calculated in a similar way to step 2.
6 15 14 1.305 101.305 However, this time we begin with 30 laps of fuel
7 14 13 1.215 101.215 and have 30 laps to complete. The table for this
8 13 12 1.125 101.125 second stint is shown below:
9 12 11 1.035 101.035 Laps of
Laps of Fuel
10 11 10 0.945 100.945 fuel on Lap
fuel on Load
Lap board at Time
11 10 9 0.855 100.855 board at Effect
start of (sec)
12 9 8 0.765 100.765 end of lap (sec)
lap
13 8 7 0.675 100.675 21 30 29 2.655 102.655
14 7 6 0.585 100.585
22 29 28 2.565 102.565
15 6 5 0.495 100.495
23 28 27 2.475 102.475
16 5 4 0.405 100.405
17 4 3 0.315 100.315 24 27 26 2.385 102.385
18 3 2 0.225 100.225 25 26 25 2.295 102.295
19 2 1 0.135 100.135 26 25 24 2.205 102.205
20 1 0 0.045 100.045 27 24 23 2.115 102.115
Table 1: Calculations for time taken to complete each lap 28 23 22 2.025 102.025
When we add all the values in column 5 of Table 29 22 21 1.935 101.935
1, we get the total time taken to reach the pit stop 30 21 20 1.845 101.845
on lap 20. This is 2018 seconds, which is
31 20 19 1.755 101.755
approximately 33.6 minutes. This is known as the
time to complete the first stint. 32 19 18 1.665 101.665
Step 2: How long will the pit stop on lap 20 33 18 17 1.575 101.575
take? 34 17 16 1.485 101.485
Again, we have the following data from the 35 16 15 1.395 101.395
scenario: 36 15 14 1.305 101.305
Total number of laps L end = 50 37 14 13 1.215 101.215
Stop lap L 2 = 20 38 13 12 1.125 101.125
t f = 0.5 39 12 11 1.035 101.035
Time to add one lap of fuel
sec 40 11 10 0.945 100.945
Extra time to complete a lap t p = 20 sec 41 10 9 0.855 100.855
with a pit stop but without
refuelling 42 9 8 0.765 100.765
C = 3 43 8 7 0.675 100.675
Fuel consumption
kg/lap 44 7 6 0.585 100.585
Using this data, we calculate: 45 6 5 0.495 100.495
Number of laps of fuel to add at pit stop 46 5 4 0.405 100.405
= Total number of laps - laps already done 47 4 3 0.315 100.315
= L end - L 2 = 50 - 20 = 30 laps of fuel 48 3 2 0.225 100.225
49 2 1 0.135 100.135
Fuel flow time during stop 50 1 0 0.045 100.045
= Laps of fuel to add ´ Time to add one lap of fuel Table 2: Calculations for time taken to complete each lap
= 30 ´ 0.5 = 15 sec
When we add all the values in column 5 of Table The solution to this integral is:
2 we get the total time taken to reach the end of L 2
the race from lap 20. This is 3040.5 seconds. é Wl 2 ù
Stint Time = êt 0 l + L 2 Wl - ú …(7)
Hence, if we are planning to stop only once during êë 2 úû
L 1
the race on lap 20, it will take approximately 85
minutes to complete the race. For the first stint, we have the following data from
the scenario:
Total Race Time = 2018 + 35 + 3040 . 5
t 0 = 100 sec
= 5093 . 5 sec
= 84 . 9 minutes L 1 and L 2 = 0 and 20 laps respectively
ALTERNATIVE MATHEMATICAL MODEL W = 0.09 sec/(lap lap of fuel)
Let’s review what we’ve just done. We’ve Substituting these values, we get:
calculated the time it took to complete each lap, First Stint Time
then added all the lap times up to give the total
æ 0 . 09 ´ 20 ´ 20 ö
race time. Essentially, we are summing the area = (100 ´ 20 ) + (20 ´ 0 . 09 ´ 20 ) - ç ÷
under graphs like the one shown in Figure 2 è 2 ø
(below). = 2018 sec
First Stint: lap 1 to 20 This is the same answer as that calculated in step
1 but with a lot less work!
105
104
EXTENSION ACTIVITY – 1:
103 Using the solution to the general integral formula
for calculating stint time given in equation (7),
Lap time (sec)
102
101
calculate the time for the second stint and verify it
100
with the one achieved in step 3.
99
98
EXTENSION ACTIVITY – 2:
97 a) Would we have a longer or shorter race time if
96 we didn’t stop at all?
95
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2 0
b) Which lap should we stop on if we want to
Lap make our race time as short as possible?
c) Why is this not the halfway lap?
Figure 2: Lap times in first stint
This can be done much more easily using
integration rather than summing values in a table
with the help of a calculator.
Using Integration, we have:
Total Race Time
= Integral of lap times over first stint
… (4)
+ Time for first stop
+ Integral of lap times over second stint
The formula for the lap time on any given lap is
similar to the one we used to calculated column 5
in our tables above:
Lap Time = [t 0 +(L 2 - l )W ] … (5)
where l is the number of laps completed. The
fact that l is now continuous over a lap
automatically averages the fuel load over the lap.
Check this yourself: if you integrate it over any
specific lap it will give the correct lap time.
Integrating equation (5) over a stint, we get:
L 2
Stint Time = ò [t 0 +(L 2 - l )W ]dl …(6)
L 1
Did you know? WHERE TO FIND MORE
The only reason stopping for fuel is quicker than 1. Basic Engineering Mathematics, John Bird,
starting with enough fuel to finish the race is 2007, published by Elsevier Ltd.
because the average mass of a car which refuels 2. Engineering Mathematics, Fifth Edition, John
during a race is lower than when it doesn’t. When Bird, 2007, published by Elsevier Ltd.
the car is lighter it takes less time to complete a 3. Visit www.autosport.com or any website on
lap. The reason behind this is as follows: Formula One Car Racing for more
Essentially, Newton’s second law (F= ma) applies information.
to the car as it travels around the track. From this,
we can see that if mass goes up but forces
remain unchanged then accelerations must
reduce and lower accelerations mean increased
lap times.
In reality, it is slightly more complicated all of the
forces don’t stay the same when fuel load (and
hence car mass) changes. Tyre frictional forces
( F = mN , where m is the coefficient of friction and
N is the normal force) change substantially, but
Aerodynamic forces stay largely the same (lift and
drag) and these are large. However, the net effect
is that a heavy car (i.e. one that is full of fuel)
takes longer to get around the track.
William Mulholland, Vehicle Dynamics Engineer, McLaren Racing Limited
William holds an MEng from Cambridge University.
Photograph “As a Formula one engineer, I use mathematics and physics every day to try and help
Awaited
McLaren win more F1 races. If you like maths problems, and get a buzz from solving ones
like in this exemplar, then you should think about going on to study engineering at university
and coming to work at McLaren”.
INFORMATION FOR TEACHERS
The teachers should have some knowledge of
§ Simple calculations using empirical formulae and a calculator
§ Tabulating the findings in each step
§ Representing data graphically
§ Using derivatives to find optimum points
§ Integration
§ Area under the graph
TOPICS COVERED FROM “MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERING”
§ Topic 1: Mathematical Models in Engineering
§ Topic 4: Functions
§ Topic 6: Differentiation and Integration
LEARNING OUTCOMES
§ LO 01: Understand the idea of mathematical modelling
§ LO 04: Understand the mathematical structure of a range of functions and be familiar with their graphs
§ LO 06: Know how to use differentiation and integration in the context of engineering analysis and
problem solving
§ LO 09: Construct rigorous mathematical arguments and proofs in engineering context
§ LO 10: Comprehend translations of common realistic engineering contexts into mathematics
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
§ AC 1.1: State assumptions made in establishing a specific mathematical model
§ AC 1.2: Describe and use the modelling cycle
§ AC 4.1: Identify and describe functions and their graphs
§ AC 6.2: Use derivatives to classify stationary points of a function of one variable
§ AC 6.3: Find definite and indefinite integrals of functions
§ AC 6.4: Use integration to find areas and volumes
§ AC 8.1: Summarise a set of data
§ AC 9.1: Use precise statements, logical deduction and inference
§ AC 9.2: Manipulate mathematical expressions
§ AC 9.3: Construct extended arguments to handle substantial problems
§ AC 10.1: Read critically and comprehend longer mathematical arguments or examples of applications
LINKS TO OTHER UNITS OF THE ADVANCED DIPLOMA IN ENGINEERING
§ Unit1: Investigating Engineering Business and the Environment
§ Unit4: Instrumentation and Control Engineering
§ Unit6: Investigating Modern Manufacturing Techniques used in Engineering
§ Unit7: Innovative Design and Enterprise
§ Unit8: Mathematical Techniques and Applications for Engineers
§ Unit9: Principles and Application of Engineering Science
ANSWERS TO EXTENSION ACTIVITIES EA2 (b):
EA1: Which lap should we stop on if we want to make
Using equation (7): our race time as short as possible?
L
2
First, let’s assume only one stop. The equation for
é wl 2 ù the time taken to complete the race with one stop
Stint Time = êt 0 l +L 2 wl - ú
ëê 2 ûú is already given in equation (1). If we stop on Lap
L
1
L 2 , then using equation (7) for first and second
with: stint together, we get from equation (1):
t 0 = 100 sec Total Race Time
L
L 1 and L 2 = 20 and 50 respectively é Wl 2 ù
2
W = 0.09 sec/(lap lap of fuel)
= êt 0 l +L 2 Wl -
2 ûú
[
ú + (L end - L 2 ) ´ t f + t p ]
ëê L1
we get: end L
é Wl 2 ù
Second Stint Time +êt 0 l +L end Wl - ú
ëê 2 ûú
é æ 0 . 09 ´ 50 ´ 50 öù L 2
= ê(100 ´ 50 ) + (50 ´ 0 . 09 ´ 50 ) - ç ÷ú … (8)
ë è 2 øû
é where all the terms are same as defined earlier.
æ 0 . 09 ´ 20 ´ 20 ö ù
- ê(100 ´ 20 ) + (50 ´ 0 . 09 ´ 20 ) - ç ÷ú Expanding this with L 1 = 0 gives:
ë è 2 øû
= 3040 . 5 sec Total Race Time
EA2 (a): é WL 2 ù
Would we have a longer or shorter race time if we
= êt 0 L 2 + L 2 WL 2 - 2
2 ûú
[ ]
ú + (L end - L 2 ) ´ t f + t p
ëê
didn’t stop at all?
é W ( L 2 2 ù
end - L 2 )
For a non stop race we have only one stint. This + êt 0 ( L end - L 2 ) +L end W ( L end - L 2 ) - ú
means we can use equation 4 for the whole race. ëê 2 ûú
t 0 = 100 sec …..(9)
Differentiating equation (9) with respect to L 2 and
L 1 and L 2 = 0 and 50 respectively
setting the LHS to zero, we can find the stop lap
W = 0.09 sec/(lap lap of fuel) L 2 that gives the minimum value for race time:
Substituting these values, we get: 0 = 2 WL 2 - t f - L end W … (10)
Total Race Time
Solving for L 2 gives:
æ 0 . 09 ´ 50 ´ 50 ö
= (100 ´ 50 ) + (50 ´ 0 . 09 ´ 50 ) - ç ÷ L end t
è 2 ø L 2 = + f … (11)
= 5112 . 5 sec 2 2 W
Substituting the known values, we get:
This is 19 seconds longer than it took the car that
stopped once on lap 20. This is shown in Figure 3 50 0 . 5
L 2 = + = 25 + 2 . 78 = 27 . 78
below: 2 2 ´ 0 . 09
which we round up to the nearest lap: 28. So, if
140 we plan to stop once, then stopping on lap 28
135 One stop on L20
gives the quickest race time. You can check this
130 No stops
by calculating the total race time for each of the
Lap time (sec)
125
stop laps between 20 and 30 using the method in
120
part (a) and (b) of this extension. The answers to
115
this are shown in Figure 4.
110
105
100
95
90
1
6
11
16
21
26
31
36
41
46
Lap
Figure 3: Race Lap times
the half way point. In this term, t f is the time
5094
taken to add one lap of fuel, while W is the Fuel
5093
Lap Weight Effect. So, if it takes a longer time to
5092
add a lap of fuel (i.e. t f is larger) then the second
Total Race Time (sec)
5091
term will be greater and the optimal stop lap will
5090
be further away from the halfway point.
5089 Conversely, if carrying one lap of fuel adds more
5088 t
to our lap time (i.e. W is larger) then f will be
5087 2 W
5086 smaller and our stop lap will be closer to half race
5085 distance.
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
This arrangement gives us a clue to the physical
Pit s top Lap
meaning of this relationship. It accounts for the
fact that the fuel you begin the race with is put in
Figure 4: Total race times, varying first stop lap the tank before the race starts (and so doesn’t
The quickest race time is 5088.06 sec, stopping count toward total race time) whereas the time to
on lap 28. This is 5.44 sec quicker than one stop add fuel during a pitstop counts toward total race
on lap 20. time. So, if it takes a long time to fill up with a lap
of fuel (i.e. t f is large), then it is quicker to start
EA2 (c): with more fuel and go further into the race before
stopping. This means you add less fuel during the
Why is this not the halfway lap? stop. Of course, this only works if the lap time
Equation (11) gives us the optimal stop lap. The penalty for being heavy in the first stint is low (i.e.
first term on the RHS is the halfway point. We add W is low).
a second term to this, which moves us away from