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IOT Lecture 9

The document discusses various communication protocols used in Internet of Things applications, including IEEE 802.15.4, Zigbee, 6LoWPAN, and others. It focuses on explaining IEEE 802.15.4, the standard for low data rate wireless personal area networks, and Zigbee, the most widely used enhancement of 802.15.4. Key features of 802.15.4 include low power consumption, short packet transmissions, and mesh networking topologies. Zigbee builds on 802.15.4 with additional layers that enable authentication, encryption, and routing to support large mesh networks.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
96 views25 pages

IOT Lecture 9

The document discusses various communication protocols used in Internet of Things applications, including IEEE 802.15.4, Zigbee, 6LoWPAN, and others. It focuses on explaining IEEE 802.15.4, the standard for low data rate wireless personal area networks, and Zigbee, the most widely used enhancement of 802.15.4. Key features of 802.15.4 include low power consumption, short packet transmissions, and mesh networking topologies. Zigbee builds on 802.15.4 with additional layers that enable authentication, encryption, and routing to support large mesh networks.

Uploaded by

Keshav Patel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Connectivity Technologies – Part I

Dr. Sudip Misra


Associate Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
IIT KHARAGPUR
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/

Introduction to Internet of Things 1


Communication Protocols
The following communication protocols have immediate importance to consumer and 
industrial IoTs:
 IEEE 802.15.4
 Zigbee
 6LoWPAN
 Wireless HART
 Z‐Wave
 ISA 100
 Bluetooth
 NFC
 RFID

Introduction to Internet of Things 2


IEEE 802.15.4

Introduction to Internet of Things 3


Features of IEEE 802.15.4
 Well‐known standard for low data‐rate WPAN.
 Developed for low‐data‐rate monitoring and control
applications and extended‐life low‐power‐consumption uses.
 This standard uses only the first two layers (PHY, MAC) plus 
the logical link control (LLC) and service specific convergence 
sub‐layer (SSCS) additions to communicate with all upper 
layers
 Operates in the ISM band.
Source: L.Fenzel, “What’s The Difference Between IEEE 802.15.4 And ZigBee Wireless?”, Electronic Design (Online), Mar. 2013

Introduction to Internet of Things 4


Introduction to Internet of Things 5
 Uses direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) modulation. 
 Highly tolerant of noise and interference and offers link 
reliability improvement mechanisms. 
 Low‐speed versions use Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK).
 High data‐rate versions use offset‐quadrature phase‐shift 
keying (O‐QPSK). 
 Uses carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance 
(CSMA‐CA) for channel access.
 Multiplexing allows multiple users or nodes interference‐free 
access to the same channel at different times.
Source: L.Fenzel, “What’s The Difference Between IEEE 802.15.4 And ZigBee Wireless?”, Electronic Design (Online), Mar. 2013

Introduction to Internet of Things 6


 Power consumption is minimized due to infrequently occurring 
very short packet transmissions with low duty cycle (<1%).
 The minimum power level defined is –3 dBm or 0.5 mW.
 Transmission, for most cases, is Line of Sight (LOS).
 Standard transmission range varies between 10m to 75m. 
 Best case transmission range achieved outdoors can be upto
1000m.
 Networking topologies defined are ‐‐ Star, and Mesh.

Source: L.Fenzel, “What’s The Difference Between IEEE 802.15.4 And ZigBee Wireless?”, Electronic Design (Online), Mar. 2013

Introduction to Internet of Things 7


IEEE 802.15.4 Variants
A/B
• Base version
C
• For China
D
• For Japan
E
• Industrial applications
F
• Active RFID uses
G
• Smart utility networks (Smart Grids)

Introduction to Internet of Things 8


IEEE 802.15.4 Types
PAN 
coordinator
Networks
FFD Router
Non‐Beacon 
Enabled
802.15.4 Device

Beacon 
Enabled RFD Device

(a) (b)

Introduction to Internet of Things


• Full Function Device (FFD)
• Can talk to all types of devices 
• Supports full protocol 

• Reduced Function Device (RFD) 
• Can only talk to an FFD
• Lower power consumption
• Minimal CPU/RAM required

Introduction to Internet of Things


IEEE 802.15.4 Frames
Beacon

MAC

Frames Command

Acknowledgement

Data

Introduction to Internet of Things


Beacon Enabled Networks

• Periodic transmission of beacon messages
• Data‐frames sent via Slotted CSMA/CA with a super 
frame structure managed by PAN coordinator 
• Beacons used for synchronization & association of 
other nodes with the coordinator
• Scope of operation spans the whole network.

Introduction to Internet of Things


Non-Beacon Enabled Networks
• Data‐frames sent via un‐slotted CSMA/CA (Contention 
Based)
• Beacons used only for link layer discovery
• Requires both source and destination IDs.
• As 802.15.4 is primarily, a mesh protocol, all protocol 
addressing must adhere to mesh configurations
• De‐centralized communication amongst nodes

Introduction to Internet of Things


Zigbee

Introduction to Internet of Things 14


Features of ZigBee
 Most widely deployed enhancement of IEEE 802.15.4.
 The ZigBee protocol is defined by layer 3 and above. It works with 
the 802.15.4 layers 1 and 2.
 The standard uses layers 3 and 4 to define additional 
communication enhancements.
 These enhancements include authentication with valid nodes, 
encryption for security, and a data routing and forwarding capability 
that enables mesh networking. 
 The most popular use of ZigBee is wireless sensor networks using 
the mesh topology.
Source: L.Fenzel, “What’s The Difference Between IEEE 802.15.4 And ZigBee Wireless?”, Electronic Design (Online), Mar. 2013

Introduction to Internet of Things 15


Introduction to Internet of Things 16
Important Components

• ZigBee Device Object 
ZDO (Device management, Security, Policies)

• Application Support Sub‐layer 
APS (Interfacing and control services, bridge 
between network and other layers)

Introduction to Internet of Things 17


ZigBee Topologies

Source:  T. Agarwal, “ZigBee Wireless Technology Architecture and Applications”, Electronics Projects Focus (Online)

Introduction to Internet of Things 18


ZigBee Mesh
 In a mesh, any node can 
communicate with any other 
node within its range.
 If nodes are not in range, 
messages are relayed through 
intermediate nodes.
 This allows the network 
deployment over large areas.
Source: L.Fenzel, “What’s The Difference Between IEEE 802.15.4 And ZigBee Wireless?”, Electronic Design (Online), Mar. 2013

Introduction to Internet of Things 19


ZigBee Mesh (Contd.)
 Meshes have increased network 
reliability.
 For example, if nodes C and F 
are down, the message packets 
from A can still be relayed to G 
via B and E.
 ZigBee mesh networks are self‐
configuring and self‐healing.
Source: L.Fenzel, “What’s The Difference Between IEEE 802.15.4 And ZigBee Wireless?”, Electronic Design (Online), Mar. 2013

Introduction to Internet of Things 20


ZigBee Types
 ZigBee Coordinator (ZC): 
 The Coordinator forms the root of the ZigBee network tree and might 
act as a bridge between networks. 
 There is a single ZigBee Coordinator in each network, which originally 
initiates the network.
 It stores information about the network under it and outside it.
 It acts as a Trust Center & repository for security keys.

Sources:
•"Wireless Sensor Networks Research Group". Sensor-networks.org. 2010-04-15.
•"Wireless Sensor Networks Research Group". Sensor-networks.org. 2009-02-05.

Introduction to Internet of Things 21


ZigBee Types
 ZigBee Router (ZR): 
 Capable of running applications, as well as relaying information between 
nodes connected to it.
 ZigBee End Device (ZED): 
 It contains just enough functionality to talk to the parent node, and it 
cannot relay data from other devices. 
 This allows the node to be asleep a significant amount of the time thereby 
enhancing battery life. 
 Memory requirements and cost of ZEDs are quite low, as compared to ZR 
Sources: or ZC.
•"Wireless Sensor Networks Research Group". Sensor-networks.org. 2010-04-15.
•"Wireless Sensor Networks Research Group". Sensor-networks.org. 2009-02-05.

Introduction to Internet of Things 22


ZigBee Network Layer
 The network layer uses Ad Hoc On‐Demand Distance Vector (AODV) 
routing.
 To find the final destination, the AODV broadcasts a route request 
to all its immediate neighbors.
 The neighbors relay the same information to their neighbors, 
eventually spreading the request throughout the network.
 Upon discovery of the destination, a low‐cost path is calculated and 
informed to the requesting device via unicast messaging.
Source:  “Zigbee”, Wikipedia (Online)

Introduction to Internet of Things 23


Applications
 Building automation
 Remote control (RF4CE or RF for consumer electronics)
 Smart energy for home energy monitoring
 Health care for medical and fitness monitoring
 Home automation for control of smart homes
 Light Link for control of LED lighting
 Telecom services
Source: L.Fenzel, “What’s The Difference Between IEEE 802.15.4 And ZigBee Wireless?”, Electronic Design (Online), Mar. 2013

Introduction to Internet of Things 24


Introduction to Internet of Things 25

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